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ChE 413N Problem Set: REVIEW OF FUNDAMENTALS July 5, 2016

Instructions: Answer the questions and write the answers on a long bondpaper. Submit the
answers today.

1. Discuss the reasons why most covalent solids are low-density materials, ionic solids
are intermediate density, and metals are high density.
2. Determine the coordination number for NiO, ZnS, and CsI.
3. If atoms are located at all the 1, 0, 0 and , , 0 type positions in a cubic system,
what is the Bravais lattice?
4. At what angle does diffraction occur in Ag from (1110 using incident radiation with a
wavelength of 1.54 .
5. A cubic metal shows diffraction from (111) at = 22.62 . May the metal be Al, Cr, or
Cu? The wavelength is 1.54 .
6. Indicate whether the following statements are correct or incorrect, and justify your
answer.
a. The number of atoms intersected by the [110] direction in an FCC is the same as
the number intersected by the [111] direction in a BCC.
b. The linear density in the [110] direction in an FCC is the same as the linear
density in the [111] direction in a BCC.
c. The planar density on the (110) plane of a BCC is the same as the planar density
on the (111) plane of an FCC.
7. Find the perpendicular distance between (111) planes in the molybdenum carbide lattice,
which is FCC with a = 4.28 x 10-10m. If the n = 1 reflection from the (111) plane gives
= 36.5o, find the wavelength of the X-rays. There are two molybdenum carbides, MoC
and Mo2C. Determine which formula applies for this unit cell size and find the density
of molybdenum carbide.
8. Cesium chloride, bromide, and iodide form interpenetrating simple cubic crystals
instead of interpenetrating FCC crystals like the other alkali halides. The length of
the side of the unit cell of CsCl is 412.1 pm. (a) What is the density? (b) Calculate
the ion radius of Cs+, assuming that the ions touch along a diagonal through the unit
cell and that the ion radius of Cl- is 181 pm.
9. Suppose a virus can be regarded as a sphere and that it stacks together in a
hexagonal close-packed arrangement. If the density of the virus is the same as that
of water (1.00 g.cm-3), what is the density of the solid?
10. Calculate the density of an FCC aluminum and BCC iron. Then discuss why the aerospace
industry prefers aluminum-based alloys to iron-based alloys and why iron-based alloys
are preferred over aluminum alloys in structural members of bridges and buildings.
Al: M = 26.98 g/mol, r = 1.43 x 10-8 cm
Fe: M = 55.85 g/mol, r = 1.28 x 10-8 cm
11. Calculate the percent volume change that accompanies the polymorphic transformation of
ZrO2 as it is cooled through 1000oC. The unite cell for the low-temperature phase is
monoclinic with a = 0.5156 nm, b = 0.5191 nm, c = 0.5304 nm, and = 98.9 o. The unit
cell for the high-temperature polymorphs is tetragonal with a = 0.5094 nm and c =
0.5177 nm.
12. Copper forms cubic crystals. When an X-ray powder pattern of crystalline copper is
taken using X-rays from a copper target (the wavelength of the K line is 154.05 pm),
reflections are found at = 21.65o, 25.21o, 37.06o, 44.96o, 47.58o, and other larger
angles. Atomic mass of copper is 63.55 g.mol-1 and radius is 0.128 nm.
a. What type of lattice is formed by copper?
b. What is the length of a side of the unit cell at this temperature?
c. What is the density of copper?
13. A cubic metal shows diffraction from (111) at = 22.62o. May the metal be Al, Cr, or
Cu? The wavelength is 1.54 . Data on the metals is given below.

Metal Crystal structure Atomic radius


(nm)
Al FCC 0.143
Cr BCC 0.125
Cu FCC 0.128

14. Molybdenum forms body-centered cubic crystals and, at 20oC, the density is 10.3 g/cm3.
Calculate the distance between the centers of the nearest molybdenum atoms.
15. Use the band model to explain why each of the following increases the conductivity of
a semiconductor. (a) increasing temperature and (b) adding an impurity.

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