REINFORCED EARTH

Construction and Quality Control

Procedures Manual
Construction Manual: Square Panels

Square Panels
 CONSTRUCTION AND QUALITY CONTROL
PROCEDURES MANUAL

CONTENTS

I. Preface................................................................................................................................................4

II. Non-Disclosure and Disclaimer...........................................................................................................5

III. Introduction..........................................................................................................................................6
A. Purpose......................................................................................................................................6
B. Responsibilities..........................................................................................................................6
C. Plans, Specifications, Layout.....................................................................................................6
D. Components..............................................................................................................................7
E. Materials and Services Provided by The Reinforced Earth Company.......................................7
F. Equipment, Materials Tools and Work Supplied by the Contractor............................................8

IV. Handling Reinforced Earth Materials

A. Concrete Facing Panels............................................................................................................9
B. Reinforcing Strips, Fasteners and Joint Materials...................................................................10

V. Construction Procedures...................................................................................................................12
A. Overview..................................................................................................................................12
Erecting Tolerances.................................................................................................................14
B. Foundation Preparation...........................................................................................................14
C. Erecting the Initial Panel Course.............................................................................................15
D. Joint Materials.........................................................................................................................17
E. Backfilling................................................................................................................................17
F. Reinforcing Strips....................................................................................................................19
G. Constructing Second and Subsequent Courses.....................................................................20
H. Completion of Wall..................................................................................................................22

VI. Condition-Cause Relationships..........................................................................................................23

VII. Appendix
A. Facing Panel Types and Nomenclature...................................................................................24
B. Glossary of Terms....................................................................................................................26
C. Safety Tips for Unloading Reinforced Earth Products.............................................................27
D. Company Locations and Contact Information..........................................................................28
 I. Preface

This Construction and Quality Control Procedures Manual has been prepared as a guide in building
Reinforced Earth structures.

Its contents should be thoroughly reviewed by the Contractor, the superintendent and the foreman responsible
for construction prior to the delivery of Reinforced Earth materials to the job site.

The Reinforced Earth Company will provide construction advisors to assist the Contractor in the implementation
of correct construction procedures. However, in the event of any conflict between the Plans, Specifications
or Contract Documents and this Manual, the former will prevail. If there is any doubt with regard to any
aspect of the Reinforced Earth construction, contact The Reinforced Earth Company before commencing or
continuing work.

The Reinforced Earth Company supplies precast concrete facing panels and accessories to be used in
conjunction with other materials in the construction of Reinforced Earth retaining walls detailed from the
construction drawings. The construction and quality control procedures manual furnished by The Reinforced
Earth Company is intended to provide a general explanation of the system. It is the Contractors obligation
to devise and execute a project specific erection sequence, panel unloading, handling and bracing system,
and fall protection system. The bracing system shown in the construction and quality control procedures
manual is general in nature and does not account for project specific criteria. Compliance with the guidelines
in this manual does not relieve the contractor of its responsibility to adhere to the project plans, specifications
and contract documents or compliance with all fall protection, safety laws, standards and procedures at the
job site. Contractors should take special precautions to prevent the panels from shifting or falling during the
erection process.

2011 The Reinforced Earth Company. The information contained in this Construction and Quality Control Procedures Manual
is provided as a guideline for the construction of Reinforced Earth structures comprised of certain materials supplied by The
Reinforced Earth Company. This Manual is not be used for any other purpose. Reproduction of the contents of this document in
whole or part without the written consent of The Reinforced Earth Company is expressly prohibited. All rights reserved.

Reinforced Earth, the cruciform shape of the panels and the Reinforced Earth logo are registered trademarks of The Reinforced
Earth Company.

4 w w w. r e i n f o r c e d e a r t h . c o m
 II. Non-Disclosure Notice and Disclaimer

1. This Document is the property of The Reinforced Earth Company, with headquarters at 8614 Westwood
Center Drive, Suite 1100, Vienna, Virginia, 22182, and contains information, which is proprietary to The
Reinforced Earth Company. This Document is being made available solely for use in connection with
your interest or participation in the proposed Reinforced Earth project, and for no other purpose.

2. Except as specified in the paragraph above you must not, without the prior express written consent of The
Reinforced Earth Company, use any of the information contained in this Document whether to construct,
design, manufacture, fabricate, assemble, produce or install, or otherwise utilize - or cause the same or
any of them to be done - any elements of Reinforced Earth (whether or not patented), or special forms
of equipment unique to the production, manufacture, fabrication, assembly, installation, or utilization of
Reinforced Earth, or for any other purpose.

3. This Document and the information contained herein must not be copied or disclosed in any manner or
form, in whole or in part, to any third party without the prior express written consent of The Reinforced
Earth Company.

4. Receipt of Document gives no entitlement to any property right in the Document or in the information
contained therein by virtue of the temporary supply of the Document in accordance herewith.

5. Reinforced Earth structures designed by The Reinforced Earth Company comprise or are based solely
upon:

(a) The internal stability of the Reinforced Earth structure based upon the design assumptions
noted on all drawings provided by the The Reinforced Earth Company relating to the
structure and the external loads, surcharges and site geometries supplied by or on behalf of
the Owner.

(b) The layout and geometry of the structure based upon survey details, plans and
drawings supplied by or on behalf of the Owner; and
(c) The Job Specifications.

The design does not include a check of the overall stability of the foundation soils below or behind the
structure, nor a check of any potential failure planes external to the structure, nor a check of the stability
of any permanent or temporary slopes above or below the wall or temporary excavations. Based on the
completeness and accuracy of the above information used or relied upon in designing the structure, The
Reinforced Earth Company warrants the internal stability of the structure only.

6. Upon demand, the Document and all copies thereof must be immediately surrendered and returned to
The Reinforced Earth Company.

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 III. Introduction
Reinforced Earth is a composite material formed by
the interaction between a frictional soil and reinforcing
strips. In concept, it is like reinforced concrete; that is,
Reinforced Earth is an economical means of improving
the mechanical properties of basic material, earth, by
reinforcing it with another, steel.
The reinforcing strips resist stresses produced within
the soil mass; stresses are transferred to the strips via
friction.
A Reinforced Earth structure constructed using this
technique is shown as the reinforced volume in Figure
1. Precast Concrete panels are used at the face of the
reinforced volume to prevent erosion of the backfill and
to provide an attractive, finished appearance.
Select granular backfill
B. Responsibilities
It is the Contractors responsibility to complete
construction in strict accordance with the Plans,
Specifications, and Contract Documents. To assist
the Contractor in this regard, The Reinforced Earth
Company provides recommended erection procedures
in this manual. Nothing in this document is intended to
relieve the Contractor of the responsibility of complying
with all safety standards and construction procedures,
including fall protection, at the job site.
The Contractor and Owner should verify that
the Contractors on-site erection personnel
are in possession of and are familiar with
the recommendations of this Procedures
Manual.

Precast Original Technical Advisors from the Reinforced Earth Company

concrete REINFORCED grade are available on site during initial construction and
facing VOLUME Random
thereafter on a request basis. They may assist the
panels Contractor with material scheduling and coordination
backfill
and provide advice on recommended construction
procedures for Reinforced Earth structures as set out
Temporary
construction in this manual.
excavation
Technical Advisors are not available on-site
Unreinforced on a full-time basis, and are not provided
Reinforcing strips
concrete leveling pad with the intent of replacing the Owners and
TYPICAL SECTION OF A Contractors designated quality control and/
REINFORCED EARTH STRUCTURE or inspection staff.

Figure 1 Only the Engineer can Enforce the

requirements of the Plan, Specifications,
A. Purpose and Contract Documents.

This document is intended to provide the Owner,
Contractor, Engineer and the inspection staff, those who
are responsible for overall quality control and inspection
during construction with the criteria necessary to
monitor the erection of Reinforced Earth structures for
compliance with the Plans, Specifications, and Contract
Documents.
C. Plans, Specifications, and Layout
Prior to commencing any site work, the contractor
should verify that the latest issue of the Plans,
Specifications, and Contract Documents-approved
for construction-are being used to build the retaining
wall.
The Contractor should also confirm that the retaining
wall is being constructed at the proper location by
verifying elevation, line, grade, offset, and all other
location criteria.

6 w w w. r e i n f o r c e d e a r t h . c o m
D. Components
Reinforced Earth structures consist of the following:
Concrete Leveling Pad A cast-in-place or precast
unreinforced concrete leveling pad serves as a smooth,
level surface for placing panels. Generally this pad
is 6-in. thick and 12-in. wide. Refer to the Plans and
Specifications for dimensions and requirements.
Precast Concrete Facing Panels
Full-size or An panels are used for the majority
of the structure. The subscript n in panel
designations indicates the number of reinforcing
strip connections or tie strips on each panel.
Alternating full and half height panels of varying
heights are typically required in the initial course.
Top-course panels may have a flat top and vary in
height to provide a stepped transition at the top of
the structure.
Specially cut, bent, or sloping panels as required by
the geometry of the structure.
Facing Panel Joint Materials
Rubber bearing pads are placed in the horizontal
joints throughout the structure to prevent concrete
to concrete contact. Rubber shims are used as
needed to adjust for minor variations in panel height.
Filter cloth is applied with adhesive to the backfill
side of the panels to cover all the horizontal and
vertical panel joints.
Reinforcing Strips
Ribbed strips are supplied in a 50-mm (2-in.) width
and varying lengths as required by the design of the
structure.
High Adherence (HA) ladder strips are supplied in
100-mm (4-in.) width and varying length as required
by the design of the structure.
Both types of reinforcing strips are either galvanized
for permanent applications or black steel for temporary
applications.
Fasteners During construction, reinforcing strips
are fastened to tie strip connections embedded in the
back of each facing panel using -in. diameter bolts,
washers and nuts made of galvanized structural steel.
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Select Granular Backfill Backfill conforming to
Contract Specifications must be used within the
reinforced volume.
E. Materials and Services Provided by
The Reinforced Earth Company
Engineering and design of the Reinforced Earth
structure
Precast concrete facing panels
Horizontal and vertical joint material and adhesive
Reinforcing strips
Bearing pads and shims
Structural bolts, washer and nuts
One set of panel lifting devices
Delivery of The Reinforced Earth Company
furnished materials to the site (F.O.B.) with two
hours of time allowed for unloading
Initial on-site technical assistance
Reinforcing strips, bolt sets, filter fabric, adhesive,
bearing pads, and other special items provided by The
Reinforced Earth Company are bundled and packed to
minimize damage in unloading and handling.
Materials should be thoroughly inspected
upon delivery to the job site. Any damaged
items should be set aside and The Reinforced
Earth Company notified immediately.
Materials should be handled and stored
to prevent damage or theft. Filter fabric
must be stored in a sheltered location and
protected from sunlight. Adhesive must be
stored in dry location and protected from the
elements.
Certificates of compliance with project specifications
for all materials are furnished by The Reinforced Earth
Company. However, it is the Contractors responsibility
to verify that all materials received at the job site are
in accordance with shipping documents and project
requirements. Any discrepancies should be reported
to The Reinforced Earth Company immediately.
To prevent construction delays, the
Contractor should continuously monitor the
quantity of materials on hand to ensure an
adequate supply consistent with the Plans,
Specifications, and Contract Documents.
7
F. Equipment, Materials, Tools and Work Summary of Work Performed by Contractor
Supplied by Contractor
Site preparation including shoring, excavation and
Materials and Equipment supplied by the installation of drainage systems as required.
Contractor:
Forming and pouring concrete leveling pad(s).
Panel lifting A hydraulic crane, boom truck or Mark wall layout line on leveling pad(s).
similar equipment is required. A standard 5-in. Construction of the Reinforced Earth structure
thick An facing panels weighs 1,700 lbs; the heaviest consisting of the erection and positioning of facing
plain finish panel weighs 2,700 lbs. Panels with panels, installation of joint materials, connection
architectural finish may be heavier. of reinforcing strips, placement and compaction of
Backfilling Dump trucks, scrapers, dozers, Select Granular Backfill.
graders, front-end loaders, water trucks, etc, are Placement of any concrete coping, traffic barrier, or
used for hauling dumping and spreading backfill. other C.I.P. Concrete as required.
(Specific equipment selection will depend on backfill,
lift thickness, compaction specifications, etc).
1 " Clamp must be
Compaction Large smooth-drum vibratory rollers able to open to 7"

are used for mass compaction of most backfills.

Fine uniform sands are compacted using a smooth- "
all-thread
drum static roller. bolt
Small walk-behind vibrating rollers or flat-plate 12"
Nut
compactors are needed for compaction within 3 ft.
Washer
of facing panels.
-in. Wooden Spacers (Figure 2). 2 X 6 lumber
12"
Wooden wedges in a quantity at least sufficient to
provide 4 to 6 wedges per vertical joint for the length
CLAMP
of structure under construction (Figure 2). One per vertical joint plus clamps for initial course
Clamps, one per vertical joint for the length of Required clamp opening may be wider than
7 if panels have an architectural finish
structure under construction. Additional clamps
will be needed to brace the initial course of panels 1 "
(Figure 2).
Nylon slings for unloading panel stacks. 1 "
Lumber for the initial course of panels (Figures 1)
24-in. to 30-in. Crowbars (pinch bars) 3/8" max
4"
A 4 ft. carpenter level
Wrenches or socket sets (7/8-in.)
WOODEN WEDGE
Claw hammers and 16 penny duplex nails
Six per vertical joint required
A Sledge Hammer
Chalk line
Brooms or brushes Approx 1" to 2"

A plumb bob
Equal length cables with shackles to connect to 3/4"
panel lifting devices Approx 3" to 4"

Large Size Caulking Gun for (2) lb tubes

3/4" WOODEN SPACER
Survey Equipment
One per vertical joint on initial course

Figure 2

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 IV. Handling Reinforced Earth Materials
A. Concrete Facing Panels

Panel Delivery - Prior to the start of construction, the

Contractor should establish a panel delivery schedule
that will allow The Reinforced Earth Companys
precaster to match their panel production and delivery
to the Contractors construction schedule.

Panels are usually delivered on flatbed trailers in stacks

of four or five panels high. The delivery point is made ATTACHING "RAPID LIFT" DEVICE
as close to the retaining walls as a truck can be driven
under its own power. Figure 3A
Panels should be free of any surface defects that may
occur in transportation, unloading, or storage at the
construction site, including:
Chipped or broken front corners.
Permanent stains on exposed face.
A crack in panels exposed face.
These panels may be repaired before they are used in
the structure.

Any repairs to panels must be completed to

Figure 3B
the satisfaction of the Engineer.

Never re-stack panels without dunnage.

Unloading Panels - Under normal conditions, a two- Never place panels face down directly on the
hour unloading period is allowed per delivery to unload
ground. Never stand panels up on end.
panels. In this time, panels may be placed directly into
the structure being constructed or temporarily stacked
following either of these methods:

1. by using lifting devices to lift and handle individual

panels (Figure 3A and 3B) OR
2. by using nylon slings to lift and handle individual or
stacks of panels (Figure 4)

Care must be taken to protect facing panels from

damage during handling and storage.

Panels can be stored at the job site by re-stacking.

Select a location with firm, level ground for both
stability and to protect panels from staining. Carefully
lift and place each panel face down on the nylon pads
of the dunnage. Stacks should be no more than five
panels high with dunnage used between each panel as
illustrated in Figure 5.
Figure 4

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Panel Storage - Panels should be securely set and
blocked on firm, level ground to prevent damage and
staining during storage.
Not more than 5 high

Dunnage
Figure 6A

Figure 5
PANELS RE-STACKED ON SITE

Note: All dunnage and pallets remain the

property of The Reinforced Earth Company.
They should be stacked and made available
for pick-up as soon as they are no longer
needed for panel storage.

B. Reinforcing Strips, Fasteners, and

Joint Materials

Reinforcing strips - Strips may be up to 32 ft. long

and are delivered to the site in bundles of 25 each.
Each bundle weighs approximately 30 lbs. per linear ft.
Storage in the open is acceptable but bundles should
Figure 6B
not be placed directly on the ground (Figure 6A).

High Adherence (HA) Ladder Reinforcing Strips -

alternate reinforcement type (Figure 6B).

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Bearing Pads - Rubber bearing pads are packed in
cartons each weighing 50 to 75 lbs (Figure 7).
Fasteners - Sets of 500 bolts, washers and nuts are
packed in containers, each weighing 125 lbs (Figure
7A).
Figure 7
Figure 7A
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Filter cloth - Filter cloth is supplied in 12-in or 18-
in. wide rolls. Foam strips (if required) are supplied in
plastic bags, each containing up to 100 of the 2-in2, 7 to
9 ft. strips. In addition to normal security, filter cloth and
foam must be stored in a sheltered location, protected
from the elements (Figure 8).
Figure 8
Adhesive - Adhesive for filter cloth is supplied in
appropriate containers. Adhesive tubes must be stored
in a dry location and protected from the elements
(Figure 9).
Figure 9
11
 V. Construction Procedures
A. Overview
The basic erection sequence for a Reinforced Earth
structure can be summarized in these steps:
Prepare the site including excavation and installation
of drainage systems if required.
Form and pour leveling pad (see Step B-3 for
tolerances).
Set and brace the initial course of facing panels,
which consists of alternating half- and full-height
panels.
Use wood wedges and clamps to hold panels in
position.
Attach filter cloth with adhesive.
The following position, alignment and
procedures should be reviewed prior to the
start of construction.
Lifting, Placing and Spacing Panels - Panels can be
lifted from the horizontal, or stacked position, directly to
a vertical position by attaching a lifting device to each
of the two cast-in-place lifting inserts at the top edge
of the panel (Figure 3). Use dunnage as blocking to
prevent damage as each panel rotates from horizontal
to vertical (Figure 10).
Lift

Spread and compact backfill in lifts up to 1 to 2 Lift

inches above the lowest level of panel tie strips Lift

Wood
Connect reinforcing strips to panel tie strips. blocking Swing
Spread and compact backfill in lifts to within 3 to 5
inches of the top of the half panels.
Place bearing pads and set the second course of
full panels
Repeat cycle of backfilling and compacting in lifts,
connecting strips, placing filter cloth and bearing
pads and setting panels until design height is Truck bed or ground

reached. LIFTING PANELS FROM STACKS

As each course is completed, remove the wooden
wedges from the panels in the course three levels
below.
Set top panels; connect strips, complete backfilling
and compaction.
Remove all wedges and clamps.
Install concrete coping, traffic barriers, or any C.I.P.
concrete as required.
The finished appearance of a Reinforced Earth
structure depends to a large extent on the care taken in
erecting and positioning facing panels. For this reason,
particular attention must be paid to the initial course of
facing panels and to backfill placement.
Figure 10
When placing the initial course of panels, insert a
spacer to create a joint wide between each panel at
the base of the front face of the wall (Figure 11B). Note:
A minimum of one spacer should remain in place until
the next panel joint (in the direction of panel placement)
has been established by a spacer. Subsequent courses
of panels will be placed by centering the panel in its
respective slot (Figure 26).

Close attention to detail and accuracy at this point will

help ensure trouble free and rapid construction of the
remainder of the structure.

12 w w w. r e i n f o r c e d e a r t h . c o m
 Note: Panels are set consecutively and
may be set starting from either end
Direction of construction
Panel
being
placed
2 4 6
1 3 5
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Figure 11A
Figure 11B
Care should be taken to assure that the panel
remains centered and properly located until
it has been aligned, battered, and clamped.
Check alignment - Visually check the alignment of
each panel in relation to either the control line on the
leveling pad for the initial course of panels or to the
panel below in subsequent courses. Make adjustments
with a crowbar on the fill sides of the panel (Figure
12) so that the surfaces of successive panel courses
are aligned. Do not attempt to adjust the panel by
using the crowbar on the front side this can result in
unacceptable chipping or spalling.
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Adjust panel base Adjust panel base
to the front to the rear
ADJUST PANEL ALIGNMENT
Figure 12
Check horizontal level. The horizontal level of each
panel should be checked and adjusted in order to assure
a uniform appearance and even joints throughout the
structure. Small rubber shims are provided to aid in
leveling the panels.
Sight along
Direction of Construction panel tops
4 - ft level
VERIFY HORIZONTAL LEVEL
Figure 13
As shown in Figure 13, use a 4 ft. level to verify that
the new panel is level. Then sight back along the tops
of the panels to ensure that the new panel is at the
elevation of the others in its course.
Correct any variations by lifting the panel slightly and
inserting rubber shims in the horizontal joint at the panel
base. Recheck the horizontal spacing and alignment
after any such adjustment.
Set Batter - Panels must be given a slight batter, or
tilt, toward the backfill in order to compensate for a
subsequent outward movement, which occurs during
backfill placement and compaction. This movement
will tend to push the panel to a true vertical position.
Measure batter using a 4 ft. level (Figure 14).
13

Figure 14
Set the batter by adjusting the panel using a crowbar
from the fill side. Batter of the initial course can be set
with turn buckles. To maintain the batter, drive one
wooden wedge from the face of the structure into each
of the short horizontal panel joints at the shoulder of the
panel and/or the vertical joint and clamp the panel to
the adjacent panels (Figures 16,17 and 18).
The horizontal panel joint wooden wedges
should remain in place during the erection
of three subsequent courses but must be
promptly removed. If wedges are left in place
for more than three courses, removal will be
difficult and spalling can occur. Vertical joint
wooden wedges must be removed prior to
placement of the next panel course.
The amount of batter varies and depends on the
type and moisture content of the backfill, required
compaction, type of compaction equipment, and length
of the reinforcing strips. A batter of -in. in 4 ft. is
generally used as a starting point. Coarse backfill,
such as crushed stone, may require less batter, while
fine backfill, such as sand, may require more.
14 w w w. r e i n f o r c e d e a r t h . c o m
Monitor the actual movement of panels during the
placement and compaction of each lift of backfill; adjust
the amount of batter according to field conditions.
Vertical Alignment Check - During construction, check
the overall verticality of the structure using a plumb bob.
This should be done on panels completely backfilled.
Make any changes in batter necessary to assure that
final verticality is within tolerances (see specifications),
in subsequent lifts of panels.
Erection Tolerances
The overall vertical alignment tolerance, or
plumbness, from top to bottom of the structure,
shall not exceed -in., per 10 ft. of height.
Vertical and horizontal alignment tolerance,
and plumbness, shall not exceed 3/4-in. when
measured with a 10 ft. straight edge on a
selected wall section. Vertical and horizontal
alignment should be checked at every course
throughout the erection process.
The maximum allowable offset between any two
panels shall not exceed one inch.
Horizontal and vertical joints should be uniform in
appearance.
Corrective action should be taken
immediately when any of the specified
tolerances are exceeded.
B. Foundation Preparation
Step B-1: Excavation - Excavate the site to the depth
and width specified on the Plans for the length of the
section to be built. Remove all unsuitable material and
replace it, as necessary, with compacted fill as directed
by the Engineer.
If required by the Specifications and as directed by the
Engineer, proof-roll the foundation to a density suitable
for the bearing pressure shown on the Plans. In the
event of an over-excavation of the sub-grade, the
Engineer must approve the gradation, placement, and
compaction of replacement material.
 Evaluation and approval of foundation
suitability is the responsibility of the
Engineer. Any foundation soils found to be
unsuitable shall be removed and replaced
with material approved by the Engineer. The
material shall then be compacted, as directed
by the Engineer, to a density suitable for the
bearing pressure as shown on the Plans,
as
Specifications, and Contract Documents. indicated
on plans

Foundation evaluation and control are

critical; the behavior and performance
of a Reinforced Earth structure is largely
dependent upon the foundation on which 9" TYP.
the reinforced volume is placed.

Step B-2: Drainage System(s) - Install any drainage

system(s) as required by the Plans and Specifications 2.46'

or as directed by the Engineer.

Step B-3: Leveling Pad - An unreinforced smooth

finish concrete leveling pad is formed and cast at each
foundation elevation. Leveling pads have nominal
dimensions of 6-in. thick by 1 ft. wide and are cast using
a minimum 2,000-psi, 28-day compressive strength
concrete. Leveling pads should cure for a minimum of
12 hours before the setting of panels.
Leveling pads must be cast to the design elevations
as shown on the Plans. The allowable elevation
tolerances are +0.01 ft (1/8-in) and 0.02 ft. (1/4-in.) at
design elevation.
LEVELING PADS AT PANEL STEP UP
Figure 15
Step B-4: Wall Line - On the leveling pad establish a
layout line for the front face of the structure. This may
be different than the walls LOL given in the contract
documents.

An improperly placed leveling pad can
result in subsequent panel misalignment and
decreased wall construction productivity.
If the Plans call for the structure to have a step-up in
elevation, pour the higher leveling pad as indicated on
the Plans. Leave a 12-in. maximum (9-in typical) gap
between the higher pad and the centerline of the joint of
the last panel of the lower course (Figure 15).
C. Erecting the Initial Panel Course
Step C-1: Panel Placement - Panel layout usually
begins at the lowest leveling pad or a fixed point such
as a corner or existing structure (Figure 16). Place the
first panel [1], this may be a full or half height panel, on
the leveling pad. Check the horizontal level and shim
as needed. Align the face of the panel along the layout
line; and using bracing in addition to wooden wedges at
the base of the panel, set the batter for the panel.

Brace the initial course of panels by securing an

adequate lumber brace to each full height bottom
panel in excess of 3 ft. in height and two adequate
lumber braces to each panel in excess of 6 1/2 ft. in
height (Figures 18 and 19). Bracing is not required on
subsequent courses.

1-800-446-5700 15
 Step C-3: Setting Panel Batter - Set the panels batter
Throughout construction it is of utmost
as before. Clamp the panel to panel [1] as shown in
importance that the panel type and number Figure 17. Tighten clamps sufficiently to hold the panel
of tie strips of each panel match the in position without movement.
requirements as shown on the approved
Wooden wedges may be used at the base of the panels
Plans.
to temporarily set batter in the initial course of panels.
These wedges must be removed during subsequent
Bearing pads are not used under the first course of construction.
panels between the leveling pad, unless specifically
shown on the Plans or separately authorized in writing
by The Reinforced Earth Company. If needed, only
rubber shims may be used to shim between the leveling
pad and first course of panels. Permanent wood shims
are not permitted at any point in the structure.

Panels must be braced as shown in Figures

18 and 19 prior to releasing the crane from
the panel. Bracing must remain in place
until all braced panels have had reinforcing
strips attached and have been backfilled
and compacted up to the top of the braced
panels. Figure 17
Step C-2: Second Panel Placement - Place the
second panel [2] on the leveling pad and place a
spacer to create a joint -in. wide between it and panel
[1] (Figure 16). Spacers must be used during panel
erection. Spacers are supplied by the Contractor and
may be fabricated from any available -in. material.

Direction of construction

Note: Numbers in squares

show order of placement
Full panels
Half panels Clamps

2 4 6
1 3 5

Concrete 3/4 Spacers

leveling pad (typ.)

PLACEMENT OF PANELS IN INITIAL COURSE Figure 18

(Bracing is not shown for illustrative purposes.)

Figure 16

16 w w w. r e i n f o r c e d e a r t h . c o m
 2 braces per full panel
Bearing pads are placed on top of each panel.
Thickness and/or quantity at various levels within
the structure may differ and must be in strict
accordance with the Plans. Bearing pads should
2X4
Lumber be placed 1/4 clear of back panel lip.
2 X 4 Lumber
(minimum)
Bearing pads are designed to compress
during the construction process. The
initial joint created by the bearing pads may
decrease in size when the wall is completely
constructed.
BRACED INITIAL COURSE OF PANELS

1' - 0" typical

Figure 19
Bearing Blok
Step C-4: Place a third panel [3], aligning the panel horizontal joint
material (typ.)
with the control line and use a -in. spacer to ensure
spacing. Check the horizontal level of the panel and Foam joint
Filter cloth
material
shim as necessary. Set the panels batter. (may not be
required)

Step C-5: Continue setting the panels in this manner

and site back along the tops of the full height panels
to assure that each new panel is at the elevation of
the others in that course (Figure 13). After ten panels
have been set, recheck the walls alignment by sighting
along the wall face. Adjust panels if needed to obtain a
true line.
D. Joint Materials
Step D-1: Joint materials are installed from the backfill
side of the structure only. Filter cloth prevents the loss
of fine backfill particles while allowing the structure to
be free draining. Bearing pads prevent concrete-to-
concrete contact between facing elements vertically.
Filter Cloth is affixed to the backfill side of both the
vertical and the horizontal panel joints (Figure 20)
using several dabs of a contact adhesive.
The adhesive provides a temporary
attachment for the filter cloth and should
be used sparingly. It is not recommended
that the filter cloth be glued solid to the back
of the panel. Filter cloth is not generally
required at the base of the wall where the
panel rests on the leveling pad.
(Not to scale - joint spacing expanded for illustration)
JOINT MATERIALS
Figure 20
E. Backfilling
The constructibility and performance of a Reinforced
Earth structure directly relates to the quality of the
Select Granular Backfill and to the manner in which it
is installed.
Prior to placing the Select Granular Backfill, the
Contractor shall certify to the Engineer that the material
conforms to the requirements stated in the Plans,
Specifications, and Contract Documents for Reinforced
Earth structures.
Select Granular Backfill material to be
used in the reinforced volume must be
tested and shown to strictly conform to the
Specifications. Material, which does not
conform, cannot be used as Select Granular
Backfill.

1-800-446-5700 17
Step E-1: Place and compact initial lifts of Select 2' - 0" +
Granular Backfill up to bottom row of panel tie strips Panel
(Figure 21). Note that the uniform loose thickness face Bolt connection
placement of each lift of backfill material must not Reinforcing strip
2" +
exceed 1 ft. The level of the compacted backfill should Tie strip
cast in
be 2+ inches above the tie strips as shown in Figure panel
22. In order to avoid pushing the braced panels out of
Place backfill to
alignment, initial lifts of backfill are neither placed nor level as shown
compacted against the back of the panels

Only after the first layer of reinforcing strips has been

connected to the panel tie strips as detailed in Section BACKFILL SLOPE AT CONNECTION
F and a lift of backfill placed and compacted over
the strips can backfill then be placed and compacted
against the back of the panels illustrated in Figure 23.
Figure 22

Compact each backfill lift using a large smooth-drum

vibratory roller except within a 3 ft. zone directly behind
the panels where a small hand-operated vibratory
compactor must be used to avoid undue panel
movement. 3 - 4' Dumped backfill

After compaction has taken place, check wall alignment Height of half panel

visually and with a level adjust panels as necessary.

Do not backfill against panel

until connecting first layer of strips
and backfilling over them SECOND COURSE OF BACKFILL

Figure 23
12 " +
The gradation of the Select Granular Backfill should
be tested periodically during construction to assure
compliance with the Specifications. This gradation
testing should be performed for every 2,000 cubic yards
of material placed and/or whenever the appearance or
FIRST COURSE OF BACKFILL behavior of the material noticeably changes.

Figure 21 Immediate gradation and moisture testing is

required if either excessive panel movement
or backfill pumping occurs during
construction.

Step E-2: Compaction - Large smooth-drum vibratory

rollers are used to accomplish mass compaction of
Select Granular Backfill materials, except for fine
uniform sands.

Sheep foot Rollers are never to be used for

compaction of Select Granular Backfill.

18 w w w. r e i n f o r c e d e a r t h . c o m
Fine uniform sands, which contain more than 60 percent
passing a No. 40 sieve used for Select Granular Backfill,
must be compacted using a smooth-drum static roller.
Vibratory compaction equipment should not
be used to compact fine uniform sands.
Compaction within 3 feet of the back face
of the panels shall be achieved by at least
three passes using a lightweight mechanical
tamper, roller or vibratory compactor.
Compaction testing should not be performed
in this 3 foot zone.
At a minimum, Select Granular Backfill material must be
compacted to 95% of maximum density, per AASHTO
T-99, methods C or D (with oversize correction as
outlined in Note 7).
If 30% of the Select granular Backfill material
is greater than -in. in size, AASHTO T-99
is not applicable. For such material, the
acceptance criterion for compacting is either
a minimum of 70% of the Relative Density of
the material as determined by ASTM D-4253
and D-4254, or a Method Specification based
on a test compaction section which defines
the type of equipment, lift thickness, number
of passes of the specified equipment and
placement moisture content.
Moisture content of Select Granular Backfill material
during placement should be approximately 1% to 2%
less than its optimum moisture content.
The minimum frequency of compaction
testing shall be one test per lift of Select
Granular Backfill material placed. Test
locations are determined by the Engineer.
Step E-3: Grading - At the end of each days work,
backfill must be graded to slope away from the back
of the panels in order to divert water runoff from the
structure area.
Failure to properly grade the backfill can
result in excessive water in the Select
Granular Backfill and cause subsequent
movement of the panels beyond alignment
tolerances.
1-800-446-5700
F. Reinforcing Strips
Step F-1: Place reinforcing strips on the compacted
backfill. Position strips perpendicular to the facing
panels, unless otherwise shown on the Plans.
Reinforcing strips are supplied in lengths as shown on
plans, with a tolerance in length from 0-in. to + 8-in.
Connect each reinforcing strip to the embedded panel
tie strip by inserting the end of the reinforcing strip into
the gap between the two exposed ends of the tie strip.
Match the three holes and push a bolt through the
holes from below, placing a washer on top, threading
on a nut (Figure 24), and tightening. Bolts must fit up
through both tie strip flanges, perpendicular to the steel
surfaces, and have full bearing of the bolt head and
washer/nut against the tie strip flanges. Use a crescent
or socket-head ratchet to securely hand tighten the nut.
REINFORCING STRIP CONNECTION TO FACING
Figure 23
Figure 24
Reinforcing strips should be placed perpendicular to
the back of facing panels. However, in specific, limited
situations, it may be necessary to skew a reinforcing
strip from its design location (perpendicular to the
facing panel) in either the horizontal or vertical plane.
Design of the Reinforced Earth structure is
based on the perpendicular placement and
connection of reinforcing strips, unless
otherwise detailed on the Plans, and on
installation of the correct density and length
of strips to each panel.
The placement of any reinforcing strip
in a skewed manner, unless shown on
the Plans, Specifications, and Contract
Documents, must be authorized in writing
by The Reinforced Earth Company prior to
placement in the field.
19
Step F-2: Dump backfill onto the reinforcing strips so
that the toe of the backfill pile is 3-4 ft. from the panels.
Spread the backfill by pushing the pile parallel to the
panels and wind rowing it toward the panels and toward
the free end strips. If strips are long, a second load may
be required to backfill to the ends of the strips. If so,
dump and spread this load only after spreading the
first. Continue to backfill to the full height of the half
panels (Figure 23).
G. Constructing Second and
Subsequent Courses
Step G-1: Only after backfill has reached the top of
the half panels can construction of the second course
begin. Throughout construction, panels should only be
set after backfilling and compaction to grade has been
completed.

Metal tracks of earthmoving equipment must
never come in contact with the reinforcing
strips. Rubber-tired vehicles, however,
can operate directly on the exposed strips
if backfill conditions permit and care is
exercised.
Step F-3: Step-up: If required to make a step-up in
elevation of the wall, use the following procedure.
Mark a wall layout line on the upper level pad to establish
a wall-face control line. Place the next required panel
along the control line, space -in. set its batter and
brace if necessary. Then continue construction of the
upper course using the procedure used on the lower
level.
Removing the clamps from a panel or
placing any panel atop a panel, which has
not been completely backfilled can create an
unstable situation, and lead to misalignment
of panels, and is strictly prohibited.
Begin the second and subsequent courses of panels at
the end of the wall where construction began (Figure
26).
Step G-2: Remove the clamp holding the full height
panels [1] and [3] to the half height panel [2]. (As each
course proceeds, remove only two clamps at a time to
allow for setting of each new panel. Clamps should not
be removed prior to complete backfilling of the affected
panels.) To prevent concrete-to-concrete contact at
horizontal joints, set four bearing pads onto the top
edge of panel [2]. Allow for 1/4 clearance between
bearing pad and back of panel lip.

Direction of Construction Direction of construction

Note: Numbers in squares

show order of placement.

101
102 103
1 3 5
2 4 6

PLACEMENT SEQUENCE FOR SECOND COURSE

SEQUENCE OF PANEL PLACEMENT AT STEP-UP Figure 26

Figure 25

20 w w w. r e i n f o r c e d e a r t h . c o m
Step G-3: Set the full height panel [101] onto the half
height panel [2] (Figure 26), centering the panel to
Second course
ensure equal vertical joints and matching the panels of full panels
front face to that of panel [2]. Set the batter of the panel (bracing not shown for clarity)

as for the panels of the first course and clamp the full
Top row of tie strips,
height panel [101] to the initial course panels [1] and first course of full panels
[3]. Dont over-tighten the clamps as they may remove
the batter set in the panel.

Step G-4: Remove the next pair of clamps; place 1

horizontal joint material onto the half panel [4]; and set
the full height panel [102] onto it. Center the panel to
assure equal vertical joints. Match the face of the panel
just placed to that of the panel below, and set its batter.
Clamp the panel [102] to adjacent panels [3] and [5].
Continue to set full height panels in the same sequence. 1) Backfill from tops of half panels
As work proceeds, check the walls alignment frequently. up to next row of tie strips

Install joint material as in Step D-1.

Top of first
Step G-5: When the course of panels is complete course of
full panels
and after vertical and horizontal filter cloth has been
installed, place backfill in lifts according to the Plans,
Specification, and Contract Documents up to 2-in. above 2
the tie strip level. Figure 27 illustrates the sequence for
backfilling the second and subsequent courses. 1

Step G-6: After backfilling, recheck the batter and

alignment of the wall, then place and connect the next
layer of reinforcing strips as in step F-1.

Step G-7: Backfill up to the top of the full height

panels of the initial course and the bracing can now 2) Backfill to tops of full panels
be removed. If after backfilling to the top of the full
height panels, panels of the initial course did not
Top row of tie strips,
become almost vertical, or if panels have gone beyond second course of
the vertical, adjust the amount of batter in the second full panels
course so that the third row will become vertical after
backfilling. 3

Placement and compaction of part or all of a berm or an 2

embedment at the lower front surface of the structure can
begin (Figure 28). Removal of the spacers at the base of 1
the wall must be complete prior to placing this material.

Reinforced Earth structures with a leveling pad at or

above existing grade requires placement of an earth
berm as toe protection along the face. Structures with a
leveling pad below existing grade require the placement
of an embedment in front of the wall. The height of the 3) Backfill up to next row of tie strips
berm or the depth of the embedment is shown on the
Plans. BACKFILL LEVELS
The berm or embedment must be placed immediately
to prevent erosion before the wall reaches 50% of its Figure 27
height or 20 ft., whichever is less.

1-800-446-5700 21
 Panel batter should be checked after backfilling each
course with necessary adjustments made in subsequent
courses to ensure plumbness.

Quality control requirements for Select Granular

Backfilling, including density and placement moisture,
Finish
are the same for the second and subsequent courses
grade as for the first course, unless otherwise indicated in the
Plans or Specifications.

(a) Berm in front of wall At least two, but no more than three rows of
Original
grade panel wedges should remain in place at all
times during erection. When construction is
complete, all wedges must be removed.

Original
and finish
H. Completion of the Wall
grade
Step H-1: In placing top course panels, the construction
sequence continues as previously outlined. However,
top course panels have either a flat or a sloping
edge and may be supplied in varying heights to meet
(b) Embedment
finished-elevation requirements. Refer to the Plans for
the location of specific top panels.
WALL TOE PROTECTION
Step H-2: After backfilling is complete, remove all
clamps and wooden wedges from the structure.
Figure 28 Step H-3: Install top wall treatment. If required. Several
types are commonly used:

Step G-8: When backfill reaches the top of the initial
course of full panels (which is halfway up the second
course), begin placing the next course of panels.
Repeat steps G-1 through G-5 for panel installation,
backfill placement and compaction, reinforcing strip
installation, and placement of horizontal/vertical joint
materials. Follow these same procedures for the second
and subsequent panel courses until the structure
is ready to be topped off. Bracing is not required on
subsequent courses.
Cast-in-Place - If required, rebar for connection will
protrude from top panels. All necessary attachment
details for a barrier, coping, parapet, or paved ditch
will be shown in the plans.
Precast Coping - If approved, precast coping will
be supplied. Attachment details will be shown in the
Plans.
Plain - The top of panels will remain exposed with
no further treatment necessary. Sometimes called
stepped top.

After the erection of each course of panels, the wooden

wedges of that course and the two courses below it
should be checked to ensure that they are securely
seated.

22 w w w. r e i n f o r c e d e a r t h . c o m
 VI. Condition-Cause Relationships
Reinforced Earth structures are to be erected in strict compliance with the structural and aesthetic requirements of the Plans,
Specifications, and Contract Documents. The desired results can be achieved through the use of quality materials, correct
construction procedures, and proper inspection. However, considering the nature of construction work, there may be occasions
when dimensional tolerances and/or aesthetic limits are exceeded. Corrective measures must be taken immediately to return the
structure to acceptable tolerances.

CONDITION CAUSE
1. Distortion in Wall Foundation (subgrade) material too weak or wet for
(a) Differential settlement or low spot in wall proper bearing. If fill material, poor quality or improper
(b) Overall wall leaning compaction.
(c) Panel contact, resulting in spalling/chipping

2. (a) First course difficult to set and/or maintain

level. Leveling pad not within tolerance.
(b) Panel-to panel contact resulting in spalling
and/or chipping.

3. Wall Leaning Out a) Panels not battered sufficiently.

b) Large backfill placing and/or compaction
equipment working within 3-ft. zone of back of wall.
c) Backfill material placed wet of optimum moisture
content.
d) Backfill contains excessive fine materials (beyond
the Specifications for percent of materials passing
a No.200 sieve).
e) Backfill material pushed against back of wall
before being compacted on strips.
f) Excessive or vibratory compaction on uniform
fine sand (more than 60 percent passing a No.40
sieve).
g) Backfill material dumped close to free end of
reinforcing strips, then spread towards back of
wall, causing bulge in strips and pushing panel out.
h) Wedges not seated securely.
i) Clamps not tight.
j) Excessive compactive effort.
k) Excessive lift thickness.
l) Plasticity index of backfill material in excess of
specification limits.

a) Excessive batter set in panels for Select Granular

4. Wall Leaning In Backfill material being used.
b) Inadequate compaction of backfill.

5. Wall Out of Horizontal Alignment (a) See causes 3C-G, and 3I.
(b) Backfill saturated (heavy rain or improper grading
Tolerance, or Bulging
of backfill after each days operation).

6. Panels Do Not Fit Properly in Intended (a) Panels are not level.
Locations Resulting In Subsequent (b) Differential settlement (see Condition 1).
(c) Failure to use spacers between panels.
Panels Spalling or Chipping (d) Leveling pad incorrect.

1-800-446-5700 23
 VII. Appendix
A. Facing Panel Types and Nomenclature

A. Panel Designations: All design and/or shop drawings, and precast panels, are designed as follows:

Key to Panel Designation:

XX X RX X.XX
Basic Panel Type
Panel Modification
Number of Tie Strips
Panel Reinforcement
Panel Width
Or
Deflection Angle (for bent panels)
Where (X) can be a letter or digit

24 w w w. r e i n f o r c e d e a r t h . c o m
B. Corner Elements: Corner elements are C. Slip Joint Cover: Slip joints are designed
designed to accept vertical cut panels and cover a to accept vertical cut panels and provide system
range of bends. The corner element designations flexibility and rapid changes in elevation. The
are CE1A, CE2A, CE3A, and CE4A. The letter cover designation is the letter J. The following
following indicates corner element height. Corner letter indicates the joint height.
element details and shape may vary. Refer to the
Plans and Specifications.

CE2A JA
CE4A
(Top views)
0 0
(Note): Joint covers are all plain (no liner) finish
90 - 117 30 - 62
0 0

CE3A
D. Blind Slip Joint: Again, the slip joint is
designed to accept vertical cut panels and provide
system flexibility for varying foundation conditions.
0 0
117 - 162
The cut panels are assembled with a -in. butt
joint. The letter Y designates the back-up panel
and the following letter indicates the panel height.

CE1A 3/4 (typ)

63 - 89
0 0
YA

(top view)

Note: Corners are all plain (no liner finish)

3/4
(Top views)

1-800-446-5700 25
 B. Glossary of Terms

The person(s), firm, or corporation acting as Agent for the Owner.

Agency

The Owner-Contract agreement, including the conditions of the Contract
Contract Documents (general, supplementary, and other conditions), the drawings, Specifications
and the provisions of the agreement between the Contractor and The
Reinforced Earth Company; and also including all addenda issued prior
to execution of the Contract, all modifications thereto and any other items
specifically stipulated as being included in the Contract Documents.

The individual, firm or corporation undertaking the execution of the Work

Contractor under the terms of the Contract, and acting directly through its Agents or
employees.

The person(s) designated by the Owner, as having authoritative charge

Engineer over certain specific engineering operations and duties.

The authorized representative assigned to make a detailed inspection of

Inspector any or all portions of the Work or materials thereof in the Owners behalf.

The Owner of a project. The agency, person, firm or corporation with which
Owner a Contract has been made for the payment of the Work performed under
the Contract.

The official approved plans, profiles, typical cross sections, working

Plans drawings and supplemental drawings, or exact reproductions thereof,
which show the locations, character, dimensions and details of the Work
to be performed.

A description, for contract purposes, of the materials and workmanship

Specifications required in a structure(s), as also shown on the related working drawings.
The written material containing the standard provisions and special
provisions, as may be necessary, pertaining to the quantities and qualities
of materials to be furnished under the Contract.

Representative of The Reinforced Earth Company who may be available

Technical Advisor to assist the Contractor with material scheduling and coordination, and
give advice on the recommended construction procedures applicable to
Reinforced Earth structures as set out in this manual.

The entire scope of the Work to be performed at the site of the construction
Work project including labor, materials, equipment, transportation and such
other facilities as are necessary to fulfill all obligations under the Contract.

26 w w w. r e i n f o r c e d e a r t h . c o m
 C. Safety Tips for Unloading Reinforced
Earth Products

1. Upon arrival of truck, examine the load for any shifting or unstable conditions prior to removing tie
downs.

2. The truck should be on level ground when unloading. Unloading on unlevel ground could result
in shifting of panels or possibly panels falling from trailer.

3. Lifting equipment (straps, cables, ring clutches, etc.) should be checked for excessive wear or
cracking prior to unloading truck.

4. Do not move the tractor while product is not tied down.

5. If drivers are required to remove chains or binders next to lane of moving traffic, cones and
flagman should be used to direct traffic away from the trailer and driver.

6. Drivers are not trained as riggers or swampers and should stay in cab or clear away from unloading
operations. The drivers are acting in a delivery capacity only.

7. Personal protective equipment required by the general contractor on site should also be required of
delivery drivers.

8. Personnel should not be allowed under a suspended load.

9. Once removed from the trailer, panels not placed directly in the wall should be stacked or secured on
flat ground to prevent tipping or falling.

10. Areas between the truck and crane should be restricted to personnel required to unload trailer.

11. If any unsafe situations exist while loading or unloading RECo products, contact The Reinforced
Earth Company immediately to eliminate any hazards or exposure to illness or injury.

1-800-446-5700 27
 D. The Reinforced Earth Company Offices

The Reinforced Earth Company maintains full-service offices throughout the United States.
Contact the office serving your area for technical service:

Southeast Region Atlanta, GA (770) 242-9415

Northeast Region Boston, MA (978) 664-2830

Central Region Dallas, TX (817) 283-5503

Midwest Region Chicago, IL (630) 898-3334

Southwest Region San Diego, CA (858) 576-2400

Western Region Denver, CO (303) 790-1481

Central-Northeast &
Mid-Atlantic Region Reston, VA (703) 547-8797

Florida Region Orlando, FL (407) 226-2840

Corporate Headquarters
The Reinforced Earth Company
12001 Sunrise Valley Drive, Ste 400
Reston, VA 20191

Telephone: (703) 547-8797 or (800) 446-5700

www.reinforcedearth.com

28 w w w. r e i n f o r c e d e a r t h . c o m
SAFETY BULLETIN
February 25, 2014

Re: Safety Reminder for Reinforced Earth Panel Installation

Please review the Reinforced Earth Construction Manual carefully and practice safety in
all aspects of handling and installing Reinforced Earth wall materials. The following provides
important safety reminders when handling and installing wall panels:

1. Panels at the levelling pad course should be externally braced as shown in the
construction manual upon installation and before additional panels are installed.

2. Panels must remain attached to lifting equipment until such time as external bracing,
wedges and shoulder clamps are in place and secured.

3. All subsequent panels must remain attached to the lifting equipment until alignment
adjustments have been made and wedges and clamps have been installed and secured.

4. Cut panels adjacent to a cast-in-place structure require special attention. Bracing,

wedging and clamping is required before releasing the panel from the lifting equipment.
Timber or steel angle can be anchored to the vertical surface of the adjacent cast-in-place
structure and then the cut panel can be wedged and clamped to the secured timber or
angle.

5. The last panel at the free end of wall should be externally braced on the free end as well
as secured with wedges and a clamp to the adjacent panel.

Please ensure your crew is aware of the above safety reminders.

REINFORCED EARTH

Corporate Headquarters
12001 Sunrise Valley Drive, Ste. 400
Reston, VA 20191
800.446.5700

www.reinforcedearth.com