ciGRE International Conference on Large High Tension Electric Systems 112, boulevard Haussmann — Pars 18 Session — 10-20 June 22-06 T THE USE OF SOIL MECHANICS METHODS FOR ADAPTING TOWER FOUNDATIONS TO SOIL CONDITIONS by J. BIAREZ YY. BARRAUD fessor at the Universty of Grenoble Engineer ED (France) Calculation, Experiment, Foundation, Practice, Soil Mechanics, Theory, Tower. REPORT 1. INTRODUCTION ‘The design of uplift foundations practically determines the sizes of the foundations required for the four-legged towers of overhead lines, Until practical conclusions to investigations were reached, which will be described in this report, use was made of simplified, rather inaccurate methods whose disadvantages, felt not only in France but in other countries as well, led to the formation within the framework of Study Committee No, 7 of CIGRE, of a Working Group whose terms of reference were to study precisely this problem. ‘The most commonly used method consisted in calculating the uplift resistance of a foun- dation as that given by the weight of soil included in a truncated cone whose small area was equal to that of the base of the actual foundation and whose semi-angle at the top was assessed, as well as could be, in function of the assumed soil "resistance", ‘The limits of such approximation had never been properly assessed notwithstanding the fact that, for many years, a large number of tests had been performed on full size foundations (in most cases, when starting actual work on a given line), no synthesis being possible because of the lack of a suitable theory. To overcome this difficulty, it was necessary to investigate means of connecting methods of uplift foundation design to soil mechanics principles. Such was the aim that B.D.F. attempted to reach with the collaboration of the GRENOBLE, UNIVERSITY (Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics, section of sofl mechanics, Mr. BIAREZ and Mr, MARTIN). Besides its own test results obtained either in a laboratory (reduced models) or on site (full size) in natural soils (properly detailed by investigations into thelr mechanieal charac~ teristics) #.D.F. had available, through the Working Group of CIGRE Study Committee No, 7, the results of a lange number of full seale tests (with sufficient data on geotechnical measu- ements) performed in many countries. ‘The advantages of this international cooperation will become obvious later on in the report. The purpose of this report is to give the results of this work, Successively, the following points will be covered : I. general study of the design method, Il, its practical application with some practical examples, II], a small survey of measurement methods "in situ" of soil mechanical properties, IV, some comments on the technique of foundation installation,22-06 -2- 2, GENERAL STUDY OF THE DESIGN METHOD ‘The different experimental investigations performed on foundations models subjected to uplift, either in a two-dimensional system, on analogical models, with rollers, of the TAYLOR- SCHNEEBELI type, or in a three-dimensional system on reduced models consisting of river sand, then of glass marbles and, finally, of saturated and unsaturated clay, have actually con- firmed the existence in the soils of zones in the shape of truncated cones which become part of the uplifted foundation ; except in the particular case of pad foundations set at a very great depth where local shear appears in the neighbourhood of the pad, ‘Thus, it has been possible to single out some "models" or "schemes" reproducing rea- sonably closely the physical process of shear likely to become the basis of a theoretical design of uplift resistance. It will be seen in the latter part of this paper that, as a first approximation, practically all foundation types (except the pad type set at a great depth, which will be dealt with in a separate paragraph) can be reduced to the generic case of a revolution foundation, i.e. the cylindrical pile, ‘This is why the latter scheme will form the basis of the theoretical design by consider ing a "soil which has both cohesion and internal friction, To study the condition of equilibrium in such a medium, we apply CAQUOT's theorem of corresponding states which enables us to consider that the limiting state of equilibrium of a cohesive medium is equivalent to that of a powdery medium of the same shape and same internal friction "g"", in equilibrium under the action of external loads acting in the cohesive medium, but inereased by a constant hydrostatic pressure acting at all points and everywhere equal to H = C . cotang. ‘This principle enables us to define the shear line, generating the surface of failure, by starting with an experimental investigation in powdery medium, All the experimental results indicate that the shear surfaces have their origin at the base of the foundations and extend towards ground level, ‘The photographs, figures 1a and 2b opposite, show on an anslogical model with rollers, in a plane system, the general shape of this shear line for piles as well as for pads, when the latter have a planting depth smaller than the critical depth, The schematic diagram shown in figure 1c illustrates the physical shear line, Calculations based on perfect plasticity give results which are very satisfactory in a homogeneous medium, but the complexity of actual cases prevents the application of such theo- retieal design which becomes quickly inextricable, This is why we have assumed that the zones of large strains would have a straight line as a boundary where the stresses vary in accordance with KOTTER's equations. This simplification was in fact justified by more complex calculations, By adopting such a straight line, with a variable angle of slope a, we have more facility in adapting the design to the various factors likely to modify the ideal conditions on which it is based : quality of contact between soil and foundations, values of absolute and relative depths, heterogenelty of different soil layers above the same foundation, etc... 2,1, Présentation of the straight line method 2.1.1, Foundation : cylindrical "pile" - Having thus idealised the behaviour of the zone solidly connected to the uplift foundation, various physical considerations enable us to accept that the "screen" AB is under pressure and that the stresses on its surface are acting at an angle 9 to its normal in powdery medium, Under such conditions, the maximum uplift load @,, will be the resultant of the stresses acting on the above truncated cone area, by accepting af an approximation, acceptable in some cases, the sum of the following limiting equilibrium states in homogeneous media 1 ~ equilibrium under the action of dead weight alone (figure 2), to which corresponds the load Q,g, called friction term,22:06 Figure 1 - Representation of the line of shear. = On anslogieal model with rollers 1, = for a pile 1, = for a pad foundation = Simplified geometrical representation. 1, = equivalent" atraight line AB, Figure 2 - Distribution of etresses due to frietion Figure 3 - Distribution of stresses representing the ‘The Integration of KOTTER's equation along the line intluence of cohesion in a soll whose angle is @ AB gives PEY-8. cos. (p +a).22-06 -4- 2 - equilibrium in weightless but cohesive medium (figure 3), to which corresponds the load Q,, called cohesion term, 3 - equilibrium in weightless medium under the influence of an overload q borne by the free surface at ground line, to which corresponds the overburden term Qy 4 - in order to define the total uplift load Q,,, we must add to the above : = the weight Q, of the truncated cone, solidly connected to the foundation, called the gravity term = the dead weight : P of the foundation itself. Hence, Qy can be expressed as Qe ‘The following expressions can be obtained by calculation, Qe + Ge + q+ HP ~ friction term Qrq - Figure 2 shows the distribution of the stresses "p'" on the area AB of the dihedron ABC ‘wich is considered in active earth pressure, Calculations give where with ‘This becomes 0 when a = - 9 - cohesion terms Q, : Figure 9 explains the distribution of the stresses "t" on the face AB of the dihedron ABC of a weightless medium with angle of friction g and loaded with @ fictitious burden H + C . cotan 9. We obtain the equation Qe = 2 RDCM, where with tat tan Mota eee (+e) where the active earth pressure coefficient t/H (g, a) within the mathematical boundaries of the parameters a is given by graph I figure 4, It will be noted that M,(@)=1 for @=-@ anda+-0.89-% has a maximum for af -0.99-22.06 oT — Tae = ° ro vo Figure 4 - Graph No, 1 - Pressure Coefficient in weightless cohesive medium, fie Besides . for =-4- an fanaa My (0) = 0 for a e-E-B ona ; 2 - overburden term , - This is calculated exactly as the cohesion term by subs- tituting q for H in the previous calculation, its value is Q, = 22 RDM, where A i D My, (i -g ten ag) with E Msn g(t + BEE tan 9 M ) tan @ in the equation M, + M, = OM, +M,,) (1 --ptane 2) It will be noted that the function Q,,, for small setting depths, has a maximum for values slightly smaller than ~ 9, In fact, M, (a) has its maximum for q # - 0.9 9 - r/12< - 9 whereas that of (M, + M,) occurs fof a = - 9. Generally speaking, the maximum will occur for values of a dedFeasin with depth, the optimum value being always < - @ A comparison of graphs I and II shows that "M+ Mm," 15" (yeas Colm de sol golidatre de ta plague « Wedge of soil becoming part of the plate, Such 2 pseudo pile has a dead weight equal to that of the actual foundation (plate or pad and chimney) increased by the weight of soil included in the fictitious pile above the pad. The volume of soil to be taken into account is the net volume i.e, deduction being made of the volume of the chimney if there is one, With this approximation, the method of calculation for the pile type can be applied inte- grally, due account being taken of the following explanations : a) Soils of the first category (figure 8) - The general formula for piles will be used, but in the equations for M,, M, + M,, M,, a positive value for "a" will be inserted, which, by experimental results, seems fo have a fairly constent value in the field of application considered, ie. : @ = n/18, This corresponds to a unique value of the relative critical depth D,/R = 5. When the pad or the plate are rectangular in section, for the purpose of calculations, we shall consider a cylinder whose equivalent radius is defined by a reasoning similar to that given above for negative values of "a", We assume that "conical" gurface of shear will be generated by a straight line starting from the plate (or from the external edge of the pad) and inclined at an angle "a" to the vertical. Figure 10 iIlustrates the effective lateral area S,, which is that of a cylinder of equivalent radius R, = p/8 where p is the perimeter of the pad, ‘When dealing with a "pad and chimney" foundation, the calculations are the same as for a simple plate of the same size as the pad, since the chimney has no influence on the shear in the ground and acts only by its own dead weight, b) Soils of the second category (figure 9) - The method of calculations follows the same principles as above, but the resistance factors M,, M,+M,, M, are calculated by using negative values for "a' 7 We are back again in the case of true piles, and the equivalent radius of pads or rec- tangular plates is equal to p/2x, The chimney of "pad and chimney" foundations influences the calculations only by its dead weight. 2,1,8,2, Pad foundations set at a great depth D > D, in solls of the first category - For pad or pad and chimney foundations installed in eoile of the Hirst oategory and set al a great depth, the schematic representation of the equivalent cylindrical fictitious pile is as follows For simple plates, we assume that they are set at the eritical depth in a block of soll located below the plane of the dihedron ABC (figure 8) of height D., ise. with an overburden 4 + y (D ~ D,). In other words, the pseudo-pile has a length limifed to D, ; its dead weight is therefore equal to that of a pile of length D, and its resistance to uplift is caleulated with the positive value of « = x/16. ‘When dealing with a pad and chimney foundation, the uplift resistance of this entity includes two terms (see figure 11).22-06 -10- 28028 D>De ‘igure 10 - Rectangular Plate | Schematic representation of the outline of the shear aurface in a oll of the first category (a > 0) ‘Yue en plan = Plan view Figure 11 ~ Pad and Chimney Foundations coe eon Schematic representation of shear in solle of the ret category. 9 < 15" 2Rf or 2 BE + 2 RE or 2 BE = one corresponds to the action of the pad set at a depth D,, exactly as in the case of the plate (previous case), but due allowance being made for the weight of the chimney over the length D,, with positive a given above, = the other corresponds to the resistance provided by the chimney over a depth D-D, which would be obtained by a "pile" under a generalised shear condition in a soil, but "q''” would then be negative. Ik must be understood that the lateral areas are defined : either by the exact radius of the pad (foundation of ciroular section), or by the equivalent radius R= p/8 (when « is positive) or R, = p/2n (when a i negative) for rectangular pad and chimney. 2.2, Presentation of the particular method of localised shear circles - case of a pad foun- dation set at a great depth in soils of the second category. 2.2.1, Schematic representation particular to this case - We have already briefly described the possible process of shear in soll of the second category subject to uplift by foundations set at a great depth ; shear is localiged around the plate or pad of those deep foundations (figure 9), The shear surfaces have, either cylindrical appearances for a two dimensional system (plate or very long rectangular pad, or running"), or the appearance of a torus (annulus) for a ‘three-dimensional system of revolution : "simple plate” or "pad with chimney" see figure 12. Sueh schematic representation seems to reproduce fairly well experimental observations in powdery media or in numerous cohesive soils with a reasonable angle of friction. On the other hand, when dealing with compact clays, this schematization requires the consideration of the following phenomenon ; since the material is in a semi-solid state, the pushing back effect occurs in a similar manner but is not extended by its rotation under the pad ; because of the strong cohesion of this medium, a vertical bank is formed which tends to leave a hollow cylinder umderneath the uplifted pad. However, full scale testing seems to indicate that we can accept the same schematic representation, i.e. the formation of a torus or annulus for the caleulation of uplift load resistance in these two soils of the second category.Si 22.06 ‘The Kinematic analyses taken on analogical models with rollers, as well as observation, behind glase, of modele in sand, permit a schematic representation of the phenomenon of loca- Lised pushing back. A small "wedge" of soil, becoming part of the plate or pad, is formed above ‘the latter ; this wedge pushes back soil particles in the vertical along circular paths on either side of the plate (pad). The uplift resistance of the plate (or pad) can thus be assessed by con- sidering the shear forces developed on the cylindrical or torus surfaces generated by the pushed back circles, hence its name of "Method of circles" of localised shear. 2.2.2, Caloulation with the method of "shear circles" of the uplift resistance Q, and of the eritical depth - In what follows, we summarize the readoning leading to the establishment Of Uplift resistance due to shear along lines generated by the localised pushed back circles, First, we have considered the case of "plates" (in two-dimensional and three-dimensional sys- tems), and after, the case of "pad and chimney", ‘The critieal depth is defined in both cases. A ~ Simple plates a) Calculation of uplift resistance Q, - In a two-dimensional system, which is the case of a semi-infinite plate, we assume that the shear surface is composed of two cylindrical portions cutting each other along the upper edge of the wedge in the longitudinal axis of symmetry of the plate, The circles gene- rating the sliding cylinder "EZ" are located on a Tine parallel to the longitudinal edge of the plate, near to it, with a radius practically equal to half the width : B (see figure 12a). wt Figure 12 - Schematic representation of shear loads under localised conditions, Figure 128 - For smi-intinite plates : eylindrical surface, Figure 125 - For circular plates : torus surface Figure 12¢ = For pads with ehimneys ; part of torus surface, The uplift load Q, on the plate is balanced by the shear forces appearing along the sur- face of those two cylinders, Investigations performed in a laboratory have shown that the moment of rotation of such a rough cylinder was proportional to the mean stress in its centre, By reasoning on the transversal half section of figure 12a, where "ft" is the shear stress at the surface of the rough cylinder (after assessing the values of the parameters "c" and "r" which give Q, minimum, ,e, in practice © = 0 and r = B), we obtain the felationship : Q@ =4 BLM (yD tang +C) where ma 4m 14+E tan 922-06 -1- = Ina three-dimensional_system of revolution (circular plate), the circles pushed back generate then a shear surface in the form of a torus (annulus). The principle of calcu- lation is the same as above, by reasoning on a section through the half-plane issued from the axis of revolution, figure 12b, The values of the parameters "e" and "r" which give Q, mi- nimum result in siting the centre of the pushed back circles on the vertical through the edge of the plate and for values of © nearly equal to 0 and for values of r equal to R. Henee to obtain : @, +S, . M, (yD tan g +C) where S,= mR" and 2 16 M, 2 146 tan (-=) ‘The values of the dimensionless coofficients M, ; rectangular plates of infinite length and Mi; cireular plates are given as a function of } by the curves on graph No, 4 (figure 13), A wide difference will be observed between ihe values of these two coefficients, 0 ° 0 20 30 “0 (8 Figure 12 - Plates under Conditions of Shear slong a Torus. Graph No, 4 for uplift force factore for "Circles" and "Rectangle! according to the formala 128 -——_2s Taine @-3) 6,-4.2 for somt-intintte rectangles) 1+ pty = 1.6 (circles) and estimated M for limited squares and rectangles by analogy with elreles where : L k EL + tength and 28 = width of rectangles) = Ina three-dimensional system : square or rectangular plat Because of an insufficient number of results from full scale tests, it has not been possible to determine the values of "M" applicable for a square or for a more or less elongated rec- tangle, It is probable that these values would lle somewhere between M, and M,, as would be-13- 22-06 suggested by the equivalence between square and circle adopted by authors such as TERZAGHI- PECK or CAQUOT-KERISEL for pads subjected to thrusts. We could thus assume, for example, the equivalence in resistance of a square plate with that of a circular plate whose diameter would be equal to the side of the square, The order of magnitude corresponding to this as- sumption is illustrated by the dotted lines on the graph (figure 13), For the time being, it will be safer to accept the three-dimensional factor "M" for squares and rectangles as. being equal to its two-dimensional value M,. This will lead to an under-estimation which will only be felt for simple plates, Such under-estimation will be less important for the case of "pad and chimney" foundation because of the influence of the reduction coefficients “Rt and "ml" defined further and because of the influence of the chimney. b) Determination of the eritieal depth of plates - The critical depth D, ean be defined fas the boundary between the two different types of shear : generalised truneated shear and loca- lised torus shear ; it is thus found at the intersection of the curves representing the relation- ship between “uplift force and setting depth" corresponding to the two model representations adopted. For a thin plate, the depth D, is given as the solution of the following equation, (in homogeneous soil) : 2n "R" D(C M, +7 D, (My+ Ml +P +2 = S,M (yD, tang +C+ P) where M, ; (M, + M,) are also function of D, Henee, we highlight the influence of the "relative depth" D/R or D/B (R = radius of base ; B = half width of a rectangle), which enables us to define D, in the simple case of plates, due account being taken of the remarks made on this issue concerning the approximation in M, for the "rectangles", ‘The following table summarizes the results of the calculations in homogeneous soil, without overburden : Soils in which | Auxiliary parameter | Value of D,/R D,JB - two- 20°< p< 40" | R/C or y B/C | circular plate | dimensional plate Powdery soils 10 to 6 10 to 8 Cohesive (18 to 14) (12 to 11) soils 15 to 13 11 to 10 12109 10 to 9 B = Case of pad and chimney foundation a) Calculation of uplift load - The value of D, is no longer proportional to the base radius R (or to the half width B,.,) but is proportional to the width of the overhang of the pad with respect to the chimney. Physically, it is in fact the value of the "step" defined as (R-R,) or (B-B,) ... with respect to D which governs the transition from a generalised shear condition to a localised shear condition, The surface of torus shear is now only that of the external ring of the pad (and no longer the whole of its area as was the case for simple plates) ; it is observed that the whorls of flow of soll particles generate a part of torus whose generating line (circle of radius R-R,) is based on the apparent outline of the pad (circle of radius R) figure 12c, where a system of revolution is considered, ‘The influence of the "pad" is therefore limited to a small zone go that the chimney is practically effective throughout its length and affects the total uplift resistance which can be expressed as the sum of the loads taken by the chimley (F) and the pad (D).22-06 -14- Qe = Sep + Sep - The uplift resistance of the chimney is calculated by the formula for piles Que = 5 (CM, + 7D (My + My) +a M) +B = The uplift resistance of the "ring" on the pad is calculated by the following formula obtained by a reasoning similar to that applied to the plates, Figure 12c explains the ‘case of systems of revolution circular chimney and circular pad : hence, the expression for Qi in this case is as follows : Quy = SS) m. My D tang +O) +R where §, = area of the pad = (nR') S, = area of chimney at pad level (wR) R, = dead weight of the pad. ‘The expression for the coefficient of resistance to uplift M is similar to that given for a circular pad, but it is then not only function of but also of the ratio R,/R which allows for the influence of the "overhang" of the pad with respect to the chimney. ‘It becomes : (Reg) »=—______ tan 19 Re R m (#, ¢) Teme Gees) 1.6(1-1.9pt+ 0.9 Bf) which for-ph becomes equal to ——4 © * 1+ Etang x % 20) ° ° Py Fa o 8 Figure 14 - Pad and Chimney Foundations in Torus System GraphiNo, Sof tactors of uplift resistance according (0 the equation : 0 12x Rr Re m, @ 9) ——__,_#* _,___- 6 - no By 00) 1s 6 tan 9 @—2) +2 +S tang) Limiting value when Pe a aay ey = 1+ Stang15 22-06 It will be noted from graph V (figure 14) giving the values of M, that when the ratio Re increases (1.0, a8 soon as the overstepping of the pad with respect 10 the chismney decreases), the value of Mf detreneee and at the Limiting value of BL» 1, it tends towarde the two-dimen- sional value of M. It follows that the formula for Qyp given above can be considered as being also valid for systems of pad and chimney with rectangular section, for which we assume M = M, whatever the value of the ratio B,/B. As far as the reduction factor ""m'' is concerned, this ie function of the thickness of the pad and of the overhang (R-R,). It is expressed as the ratio of the real whorl arc length to the length of the complete circle of this whorl (case which would correspond to a thickness of the pad "e" as being equal to 0). The value of "m" Mes between 0.75 and 1, b) Determination of the value of eritieal depth - As ph Sp atom in the case of plate foundations, the critical depth can be found at the intersection of the curves representing the two shear laws : generalised shear for pad and chimney (Q,.,) and localised shear for the pad combined with generalised shear for the chimney (Q,). The simplest method for solving the equation Qj, * Qus, and hence of finding D, seems to be a graphical method, See the example given on figure 19 showing the Figure 15 - Graphical determination "WO cubic curves for such a foundation in a given soil ; ot'the critical depin of a given ipsa they intersect at Dy. Bi variable depen eae AN Practically, it will therefore be necessary, for all Cane 1 aeneratisea foundations of the pad and chimney types set reasonably Eaoefee ier cnciat deeply, to calculate the uplift resistance in the two systems of shear and to accept as effective uplift resistance, the Curve Qny : localised shear puericee rnmatiess ft the base and generalised shear on the chimney. 3. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF DESIGN METHODS. 3,1, Adaptation principles - For the practical application of the method, some adaptation is necessary, in order to take into account the influence of several factors random in nature, such as the quality of contact soil-foundation which is not as good on a site than in a labora- tory, the frequent heterogeneity of the soil layers, etc. The contact between the soil and the foundation is very much function of the technology used on site, for example, in the case of widely opened excavations, if the backfill is not properly tamped, there is a danger of reducing the uplift resistance of the foundation not only by the loss of the mechanical characteristics of this soil but also by the loss of contact soil- foundation .., Besides, it seems obvious that the anchorage to the soil is, generally, better with a pad than with a pile, Soils are seldom hornogeneous ; generally most often the heterogeneity is measured in a discontinuous manner during soil exploration and in the calculations average values are taken with a view to reduoing the number of layers to be considered, Several theoretical or experimental considerations lead to accepting the assumption that adaptation must be made by modifying the schematic representation of the shear along the trun- cated cone by changing the absolute value of the angle "a" which defines the development of shear surfaces and whose value decreases when D increases. But the method of selection of the practical laws for the variation of (2) can only be based on the analysis of numerous full scale tests, performed in a large variety of soils. This is precisely what has been done through the activities of the "Foundation Working Group" of Study Committee No. 7 of CIGRE, which enabled us to analyse a large number of full scale foundation tests, based on the most commonly applied techniques in various countries.22-06 —16~ From their synthesis, we have been able to deduce the practical rules which we shall now suggest. ‘The values of such an international cooperation cannot be overemphasized and we wish to thank, here, all the companies which shared the results of their work with us, Finally, on the basis of an experimental choice of the value of the significant parameter "a", we have assumed that 4 classes of estimating Q,, under generalised shear condition, could be distinguished, Those classes are characterized by 4 different values of the angie "a" ; they correspond either to the form of the foundation or to a given combination : foundation - soil category. ‘They are defined as follows : for piles a =~ 9/8 uniformly for pad © +4 5/16 in saturated cohesive soils (g < 15") a+ ~ 9/4 in cohesive soils of the 2nd category 9 > 20° and C > 0 a-- 9 in powdery soils 9> 20° and C 0 To apply the equation giving Q,,, use will be made, in each of the 4 cases, of values of resistance factors M,, (M, + M,)"and M, corresponding to the characteristic values of "They will be found on the following, particular graphs : fora=-/8 graphn®6 figure 16.2: M, ; (M, + M), 3 M, ass n/16 graph n’ 7 — figure 16 bs Ms (M, + M4), | M a=- 9/4 graph nt 8 figure 16 ¢ : M, ; (My +B), ; My. as-9 graph n’ 9 figure 16d: My ‘Those graphs have been drawn starting from the general graphs given in chapter 2.1 (figures 5 and 6) and by giving to the angle "q" its particular value. On the other hand, no adaptation is necessary in the use of diagrams defining the values of the resistance coefficients "M' in the conditions of localised shear, In order to facilitate the use of the new method of design, we have summarized it in the form of a synoptic table which will be found in figure 17, Besides, we give as an appendix three examples of application to particular cases, similar to those which can be met in prac- tice. 3.2, Additional remarks for practical designs - For performing practical designs, the fol- lowing clarifications on some particular points may be useful. a) Stratified soils - An exact theoretical ealeulation in the cage of heterogeneous media would lead to lengthy and complicated designs, hence, we have admitted the approximation which consists in accepting that the interaction from one layer to the next can be represented by a vertical overburden at each interface by the layers of soll above it, ‘Thus, let us consider a soil consisting of "n" heterogeneous horizontal layer along the depth D of the foundation (see figure 18). Let us examine the case of shear of the first type and let us consider A,B, the segment of a straight line generating the truncated cone shear surface with semi-angle a, through the "i" th layer of thickness D,, let R, be the radius of the lower section of this layer and FR the weight of the cylindrical volume of radius R, and of lateral area S,, included in the layer "i". We have D, 2 P =P (dead weight of pile) Ban a - RYT, D, and-17- 22-06 ° © © 30 ” 3R Figure 163 - GraphNo, 6 for the design of piled foundations where @ - - 9/8 4, S,(CM, +y DIM,+ My, +a MQ) +P22.06 —18- 0 2 #6 8 wR as {nl Oem ot 4 6 8 ROR Figure 16b - Graph No.7 for the design of pad foun- Figure 160 = Graph No, 8 forthe a dations in soils of the firet category foundations in soils of the second category * cohesive eae oases veith angle of internal friction > 15" and at depth oie with D 45" to 20" dep D «<, [ - easy DM, with a= 9 1 mys0 and = 0) 1 a a . 5 © 78 2 mn-19- 22.06 Soils of the first category saturated cohesive with Tow consistency CFO 06g <10 tots ee TT A. Piles of any depth | FOUNDATION TYPE ‘ = Mode of shear and angle a 1 Radius of cylinder equivalent = to prismatic pile = Graph for Oy, C. "Pad and chimney!" D Graph giving Q,, Pad = Mode of shear gener = Representative angle 0: Radius of equivalent cylinder for rectangular sections R, = Useful ceptn fl D, C Weight ‘of goi2 in Hetitious cylinder = Overburden at depth D 8 © Graph for Quy Re 1G- 90 7+ @- Dd) wt vit Solle of the second category cohesive unsatured powdery soils with marked internal Triction c CHo y>is fner o> 20° generalised & = = 9/8 Re ple uo Pla xv wv se generalized or. ae arn R= Pits Ro pit pao Ry G- sD nee wk generaliges a 9/8 R pee svt localised (torus) Usetul depth = D Resistance according to formulae and graph Rectangular section M, Cireular section 3, Depending on values R,/R and m. N.B, Simple plates are designed ax pads with chimneys in which the term for chimney ig nil, in the cage of generaliced shear representation (L.e, in ‘For the olher two cases of localised’ shear corresponding to and the first of C). e 2 eases of B folle of the second category with D> D,, use graph n" IV to obtain BM, (ovith yor My, Figure 17 ~ Synoptic table for the application of the design method22-06 —20- Sew Ren Be SYMBOLS = Total setting depth Radius of cylindrical piles Radius of cylindrical pile equivalent to a prismatic pile (rectangular, square section) having a perimeter "p"" Lateral area = 2." RD or 2.1 Re D = Pile dead weight ‘Theoretical uplift resistance or pad and chimney = Depth above the upper face of the pad critical value of this depth = radius of pad or plate of cireular section = width and 2L = length of a rectangular plate or pad = equivalent radius of a rectangular pad or plate with perimeter "p", + radius of circular chimney + Bquivalent radius of rectangular chimney with sides 2B, and 2L,. = Total area of the pad = Total area of the chimney = Bdge thickness of the pad = Total dead weight of pad and chimney P = R for pad + for chimney = Weight of earth included in a cylinder whose base is equal to that of the pad and height at the most equal to D,, after removing the volume of the chimney (and the stepped pads which may form part of a particular design) = Lateral area of cylindrical piles or of piles equivalent to Lateral area of cylindrical piles or of piles equivalent to = Active area of rings under localised shear condjtions i.e. circular section §, = x (R’ - Rj) or x (R’- Ry) rectangular sections S, = 4(BL ~ ByL,) or 4(BL - BULB) (case of non horizontal pads), = Radius of pushed back whorls in localised shear = Ratio of length of geometrically valuable whorl to that of = Uplift resistance due to chimney Uplift résistance due to pad Ree + Sep the pads the chimneys complete circleai 22-06 | ee | Lop + wea oi KA | shear condition) of a multi-layer soll. Figure 19 - Foundation type "pad and chimney of revolution” (clreular foundation block tation of torus shear for @ pad Schematic repr with an angle For each layer, we calculate the resistance of the element of pile thus defined, i.e. with its individual factors M,,. (M, + M,) and M,,, by replacing the medium above each layer by the overburden it represents and expressed as + Hence, if we take into account the effect of the different layers, we have Bn DESIG Me + 1, Dy, OMys My), + a, MQ + RY In the case of pad type foundations, we can admit that for the pad (or the plate), only one layer need be considered, because of its generally small relative thickness. If we have to deal with @ thick or stepped bottom pad, it will be necessary to take into account the mean values of the characteristics of the layers touched by the shear circle of radius (R - R,) for circles and (B - B,) for rectangles, For the chimney portion, we are back in the previous case, b) Submerged soils - Due account will be taken of the maximum water table by reducing the dead weight of the foundation (ARCHIMEDE's principle) and the weight of the soil. Generally, the apparent weight of the soil can be taken as 1 T/m’, ©) Influence of some particular configurations of the combination pad and chimney - C.1~ The first remark concerns thick pads whatever the mode of shear. This pad thickness "e"" is equivalent to a pile of height "e" or e - (R - Rj) if D > Dg; its own resistance to uplift (@,,) is ealeulated by considering an overburden "q" at ite upper level equal to (27, D,) of the layers above within the space delimited by the angle a applicable to Ne" or e — (R - Ry). This term Q,, will be added to the expression of the resistance of the plate or of the pad with chimney set at the really useful depth "D" which will always be asses- sed from the level of the pad if the latter is horizontal of from the external edge if there is a sloping surface around it, ©.2 - Particular remark to the scheme of torus shear : soils of the second cate- gory. We have seen in paragraph 2.2.2 that the uplift resistance of the pad - of a foundation pad and chimney - whose upper surface was horizontal, was given by : Quy +E, - 8) mM (y D tang +0) +P22-06 —22- (where S, = S, represents the area of the ring delimited by the section of the chimney at the level of the pad) and depending on the ratio of the radii R and R, as to "m' it depends on the pad thickness. If the upper surface of the pad makes an angle A with the horizontal, it can be assumed, provided it does not exceed 25 to 30°, that the shear surface Z is generated by circles whose centres lie on the upper edge of the pad, but passing through the intersection of the chimney and the inclined surface (see figure 19). ‘Their radius ''r" will therefore be slighly in excess to the difference (R - R,) ; its value is then defined geometrically (see figure 19) and so is the angle 1. For the calculation of the uplift resistance @,,, on this sloping pad, the above formula will be applied by considering a fictitious foundation having the same base but with a chimney whose radius has become Ri = R- r. From this new value, the active area S, - S} = sR? - x(R - rf and the ratio Rj/R determining the resistance factor M, will be deduced, This will apply in the case of circular section foundations. If the foundations were rectangular, the rectification to the active areas would be deter- mined in the same manner : the sides of the chimney, from the point of view of the effect of the plate, would be slightly reduced, whence a new value of the area S,~ S}... On the other hand, the value of the resistance factor M will not be affected since we have ascumed, by an approximation to a minimum, that for such foundations we would systematically take into account the two-dimensional coefficient M,. If we want to design foundations with stepped pads, we shall consider successively that the whorls of the localised pushing back effect start from the junction of the first and second steps, and then from the junction of the pad and the chimney ; then, we shall deduce geome- trically (see figure 20) the useful areas Su,, Su, and the values of the corresponding coeffi- cients M and m.., To determine the minimum fesistance to uplift of such foundations, we calculate (e.g. the case on figure 20) three combinations of values instead of two in the case of a simple pad. The lowest of the three values will obviously be accepted. y | hemi 1 | Ay) 4 | ul & | cy R Lo] su2. itedtna dl afi ei, tame ded des Figure 20 - Schematic representations of design assumptions for "Pad and chimney" foundations with stepped bottom block# in soils of the second ostegory. Su = Active surfaces for localised shear Su, = Overhang of bottom pad alone Su) + Overhang of both bottom pads hhypothése + assumption 4) Possible extrapolation of the design method to guy anchor foundations - Experience shows that this Kind of foundation must be set at right angle to the axis of the guys which are inclined to the vertical at an angles. Laboratory checks on reduced models indicate that as long as the inclination of the direction of pull f did not exceed 20 to 30° the asymmetry of the shear surfaces in the trun- cated cone pattern was not important, and hence, anchor blocks could be designed as in the-23- 22-06 "classical" case of our method, provided the depth of setting was calculated as D! = D/eoss. In the case of localised shear, we can assume as a first approximation that the failure surface remains unaltered and that no correction is necessary. Such extrapolation is quite adequately checked by the analysie of full ecele tests on guy anchor blocks performed in Finland and mentioned below. 3.3, Comparison : Calculation against full-scale test results - The appendix gives a series of tables showing the results of analysis performed on test full-scale communicated by different countries to the Foundation Working Group of Study Committee No. 7. They include = a brief summary of geometrical characteristics of the tested foundations, of soil characte- ristics, of construction details and they algo give two values of Q,, : the experimental value and the theoretical one calculated with our design method, ‘They are grouped by foundation types, Tables Nos, 1 to 5 are for piled types. The tables Nos. 6 and 7 arevalid for pad type foundations at small planting depth in medioore soils (9 < 15°) ; whereas tables 8 and 9 apply to the same type of anchorage at small depth, but in soils of good quality (@ > 15° and C # 0), Finally, in the last table, pad foundations are found which correspond to depth slightly in excess of the critical depth, It Is this very valuable documentation which has permitted the choice of a significant value of "a" which permits a representation of true occurrence with an acceptable error, in general less than 20 %. It would be desirable if the efforts of the companies were proceeded with to permit even- ‘tually an appreciation of the corrections to be introduced to the values of the experimental para- meters in our method of calculation, So far as pure plates are concerned, full scale data are only available for a particular case of application : that of inclined guy anchors. They have been obtained in a practically homogeneous soil (with global mechanical characteristics supplied for the test site), Clt/m) 9 ya(t/m) Wy (t/m4) Minimum 0.49 20" 1.37 4.47 Average 0.57 2 1.47 6 1.56 ‘Maximum 9.05 22 1.78 8 1.88 We have accepted the approximation outlined above to allow for the slope of the line of pull (22°6 to the vertical) ; it can be noted that the whole of the 27 points Ke very closely to the resistance curve calculated with average soil characteristics and within the limits corres- ponding to extreme values, 4. MEASUREMENT METHOD OF SOIL CHARACTERISTICS “IN SITU" 4.1. Presentation of the problem - The design method which has been described is based on a knowledge of soil main mechanical properties, Hence, its use implies that for the cons- truction of overhead transmission lines, it will be necessary to abandon, go far as soll recon- naissance is concerned, the inaccurate and qualitative assessment of soll properties, which, up to now, frequently governed soil classifications, and this without belittling the subjective and often real experience of site engineers, and to perform systematically measurements of soil mechanical properties by classical methods developed for this technique. But the choice of the methods must be governed by a proper consideration of the circums- tance applicable to our type of work where a large number of relatively small foundations are dissiminated in the field, It follows therefore that we can only advocate measurement methods "in situ!" requiring simple, not bulky, equipment, permitting none the lees a quick determination of soil properties, hence relatively cheap but obviously sufficiently accurate. The use of labo- ratory facilities must be excluded except in very exceptional circumstances because of cost and time factors. Among classical equipment available, three types of apparatus meet almost completely, with22.06 aa this first requirement : = the static penetrometer = the dynamic penetrometer or method of "Standard Penetration Test", - Vane test or shear vane. ‘Their main characteristics are described below. We shall also mention, very briefly, two other similar pieces of equipment which are now being developed in France, 4.2, Brief description of classical equipment adapted to problems of overhea Line foundation a) The static penetrometer - It consists of a tube provided with a separate end fitting comprising @ cone with the apex directed downwards. It is driven into the ground by means of a hydraulic jack which supplies the total force ; on the other hand, a special device gives the point load, This is an improvement on the old "cone test" since two curves can be ob- tained with this equipment : one is the resistance at failure under the point and the other is the total driving load (point load plus lateral friction), Some varistions of this equipment permit the hammering of the internal rod system (point) and of the external tube (friction), ‘The practical interpretation of the penetration graphs requires a good experience, since generally an assumption must be made for one of the two parameters C or (e.g. by means of qualitative assessment of driving tests by the penetrometer, due account being taken of subsidiary information such as a lithological "section" deduced from auger sampling). This instrument is frequently used in Europe. b) Standard Penetration Test (S.P.T.) with dynamic cone penetrometer - This instrument consists of a core-sampler attached at the extremity of bore tubes driven by means of a small drop-hammer. This core-sampler is fitted at the end with a cone similar to that of the static penetrometer. Hence its name of dynamic penetrometer. Its characteristics have been standardized under the name S.P.T, The core-sampler with its point weighs 7 kg., its diameter is 51 mm, and its length 613 mm. It is driven by a mass of 63 kg. falling 76 cm, ; as soon as it has been driven in by approximately 15 em into the ground, the penetration test can begin. The operator registers the number N of strokes necessary to drive the core-sampler by a further 30 om, Im fact, this can be looked at as a micro-pile, Initially, it was used for deducing by @ careful extrapolation (scale effect) the depth of setting and bearing load of piles intended for & particular job, This instrument, relatively simpler than the static penetrometer, is far less likely tan the previous one to be blocked by big stones or very dense sand (unless powerful equipment was used, hence heavy and not acceptable in our case). Actually, although this test cannot be theoretically interpreted, an international empirical knowledge permits the deduction of fundamental information. It must be remembered that the correlation for the measurement of C in clay must be regarded as a very rough approximation, while in powdery soils, the measurement of 9 is reasonably accurate. Here also, a qualitative probing, for example by a hand auger, giving a lithological section of the soil, can be useful for the interpretation of the penetrometric diagram. ‘This instrument is universally used and well knowa, c) Shear Vane or Vane Test - This instrument consists of a metallic cruciform obtained by 2 plates at right angles and fixed at the end of sampling rods, which can be driven to the desired measuring depth. The method consists in measuring the torsion couple necessary to turn the device, i.e, to shear the soil along the cylinder enveloping the 4 wings of the shear ‘This instrument gives a measure of the total stress acting on the cylinder of shear (whose tangential component is t and the normal component is o, both being related by COU--25— 22-06 LOMB's law : t-CHo tang In soils without friction, C is obtained with a good approximation ; however, when there is friction, C can only be obtained by accepting an approximate value for . This mea- surement cannot be used in powdery soils, ‘This instrument is also widely used, @) New instruments in France - Two new types of apparatus are now being experimented with, in France, under the leadership of Professor BIAREZ. ‘The first one consists of @ combination of the dynamic penetrometer and of the shear vane, where the head of a dynamic penetrometer is a shear vane forming body with the point of a penetrometer cone, Thus, we should have the advantages of each method by the mea- surement of the number of hammer blows (penetrometer aspect) and the measurement of the eylindrical shear couple (shear vane function). At the moment, calibration is being done through a large test programme in many types of various soils prior to its generalised utilisation, The second instrument is of the shear vane type, but has the possibility of applying a given normal stress on the shear surface, which permits the plotting of the intrinsic curve as it would result in laboratory shear test. With this instrument, a bore hole is necessary, but it gives directly, on the site, the required mechanical characteristics, ‘This instrument is also being experimented with, 4,3, Remarks - It is necessary to appreciate the accuracy of the measurements performed in order to deduce the range of uncertainty in the estimation of the uplift resistance load Qu» which we are calculating. From the equations written above, we can estimate that : if C is known with an appro- ximation of 15 to 20 % ; if the measured g has an error of 10 to 15 % and y of 3 to 5 %, then, according to the equation used, the errors in the results are likely to be of the order of 20 to 25% Another source of appreciable error comes from the indeterminate knowledge of the contact soil-foundation, for which the site organisation will remain responsible, this organi- sation depending itself upon a well adapted and carefully used equipment. Hence, we see the degree of accuracy which can be expected from a foundation, A first estimate of the mean probable error can be quoted as being of the order of + 20 to 25 %, on the basis of CIGRE tests, 5. COMMENTS ON FOUNDATION INSTALLATION PROCEDURE ‘The theoretical framework of the calculation methods explained in this paper can lead to some thoughts concerning tower foundation installation procedures, with the aim of obtaining a better utilisation of the natural soil properties. We shall give two examples relating to the two groups of usual foundations, ‘The pile type - The relatively small value of "a" which has been selected, i.e. - 9/8. illustrates the poor value of contact between soil and foundation, which is the resuit of actual installation practices : Excavation performed separately, then concreting in the hole. Any procedure which would help in restoring the loss of horizontal soil pressure (because of the excavation) would ensure a better utilisation of the maximum possible resistance of the ground, Similarly, the use of prefabricated piles installed by piledriving and vibration methods (when the ground is suitable, as was the case in particular instances in USSR, see CIGRE Paper, 1960) would warrant probably, in the calculations, the acceptance of larger "a", expressing the inherent improvement in the resistance @,, by the influence of factors M,, (M, + M,) and M, which would have higher values than for ~" 9/8,22-06 ~26- ‘The pad type foundations, even for reasonable values of D, can call into play localised shear conditions characterised by high value of uplift resistance factors (M,). Uplift tests on bored type foundation, expanded (bulb) at the bottom, and properly installed, show quite clearly the high values of resistance which can be achieved. But this requires a well adapted and pro- perly used boring equipment, On the other hand, the digging conditions for the installation of pad and chimney type foun- dations, of reasonably large size, lead to rather poor contact between natural ground and foun- dation unless special precautions or particular procedures are followed. With a view to obtain- ing @ good anchorage in the natural soil and a good compacting of the backfill so that the soil is returned to conditions of "closeness" at least equivalent to that of the surrounding ground, Remark - The difference between a "pad" and a "pile" foundation is characterised by another concept : that of uplift movement "u," corresponding to the ultimate resistance to uplift "Q," of a foundation, ‘This characteristic is important from the point of view of ultimate uplift resistance of a tower with respect to the sensitivity of a structure to differential leg movements, This was the subject of a contribution to CIGRE Study Committee No, 7 in MONTREAL in 1961 and to the SOCIBTE FRANCAISE des ELECTRICIENS in 1962. It can be observed, and this is quite important, that for the pile type foundation, the ratio "u,/D" is of the order of 1 % (with dispersions reaching almost 9 or 4), whereas for pad foundations, its average value is 5 % (with dispersions varying between 11 and 2), For anchor plates (pull at 20°), even higher values have obtained from 6 to 14 %. 6. CONCLUSIONS ‘The analysis of full-scale foundation tests entrusted to CIGRE Study Committee No, 7 shows the degree of confidence which can be expected from a method which permits the adaptation of our construction to soil mechanics principles. Ifwe abandon, so far as soil reconnaissance is concerned, the intuitive approach (not- withstanding its real possibilities), and if we accept, instead, rational and hence quantitative measurements, this means nothing else than abandoning routine. It is to be hoped that the day is near, when taking correctly bore samples by properly trained men will be as easily accepted as Is, to-day, the fact that profiling must be done by a topographer. ‘The application of a foundation design method which is more rational than the present traditional one could not produce deceiving results. Besides, by the conception of an adjustable "a", the method will permit through collection of data, which will always be very valuable, an extended improvement, We hope that our method has one of the qualities recommended by TERZACHI for any method of design in applied soil mechanics: "The advantage of a simple design method is to highlight quickly the consequences of a variation in the fundamental assumptions, from which we can deduce immediately the sense and the importance of the corrections to be introduced and also the results which can be expected from such @ modification”. We wish that its future users would effectively share this opinion, IBLIOGRAPHY [1] BALLA A. - Uplift resistance of bulb type foundations for overhead line foundations (Mi- nutes of the 5th International Congress on Soil Mechanics and Foundations Works. (PARIS, 1961) [2] BARRAUD Y. - Fondations de pylones classiques ou haubannés, Recherches expérimentales (Bulletin Sté FRANCAISE des ELECTRICIENS, October 1958)(Classical and guy anchor foundations, Experimental Research)ate 22-06 (3) (a) (3) (6) cal (8) (91 f0) a fia) a3) BARRAUD Y. - Contribution a l'étude expérimentale des fondations sollicitées a I'arra- chement, (Contribution to experimental researeh on uplift foundations), (Bulletin de 1a SOCIETS FRANCAISE des ELECTRICIENS, September 1962). BIARBZ J. - Contribution A l'étude des propriétés mécaniques des sols et des matériaux pulvérulents (Contribution to investigations into mechanical properties of soils and powdery materials), (Thesis of Doctorat es-Seiences, Faculté des Sciences de Grenoble, July 1961), CAQUOT A. - Equilibre des massifs & frottement interne (Equilibrium of foundations with internal friction). (Gauthier-Villars (PARIS 1934)) HEIKKILA K, and LAINE J. - Uplift resistance of guy anchor plates, (CIGRE 1964, Paper No, 217). KILLER J, - Economical Foundations for overhead line towers (Minutes of the 3rd Inter- national Congress on soil mechanics and foundation work, (ZURICH, 1953) KRAVTCHENKO J. - Cours de mécanique des sols théorique. ((Leeture on theoretical soil mechanics), 3rd cycle, Faculté des Sciences de Grenoble (GRENOBLE, 1965)). MARTIN D. - Fondations profondes sollicitées a arrachement en milieu cohérent tri- dimensionnel (Deep uplift foundations in three-dimensional cohesive medium) (Thesis of Doctorat de Spécialité, Faculté des Sciences de GRENOBLE, July 1963), MARTIN D, - Btude a la rupture des différents ancrages sollicités verticalement (Study of failure of various vertical uplift anchorages). (Thesis of Docteur-Ingénieur, Faculté des Sciences de GRENOBLE, February 1966), MONTEL B, - Contribution & l'étude de fondations sollicitées a l'arrachement, Phéno- mene plan, milieux pulvérulents. (Contribution to the study of uplift foundations, plane phenomenon, powdery media) (Thesis of Doctorat de Spécialité, Faculté des Sciences de GRENOBLE, December 1963), MORS H, - Methods of uplift foundation design for overhead line towers. (CIGRE 1964, Paper No, 210), PATERSON G, and URIE R.L. - Full-scale uplift resistance tests on foundation of over- head line towers, (CIGRE 1964 Paper No, 203),22.06 —28- APPENDIX to CHAPTER IIL3 of the REPORT 10 TABLES ~ 129 TESTS ANALYSED COMPARISON TABLES : CALCULATIONS AGAINST RESULTS FROM TESTS PERFORMED IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES — ENQUIRY BY CIGRE STUDY COMMITTEE No.7 TABLE No, 1 Tests on bored piles (2 R = 0,50 m) a) BDF LINE AVBLIN/AMIENS - PLUSSIS/GASSOT Characteristics tower | Poe |——— x exp. | Qe tm | AH No a © ° y C) to” | Sa | cfm | (deg. | t/m% 1,30 2,9 35 2,08 32,5 | 30,6 + 6 10 1,70 | 10 ao 2,00 | ee 300 6.1 | 2,5 | 200 | 26,6 | sa | - 17 0,80 1 145 | 196 | 92 0530 | 10 as | 2io6 | 30,8 | 30,6 | + 1 1,90 6 3 2 | | 109 3,00 ” 14 | ass | 104 | + 28 7 1,00 3,5 | 2,08 | : 200 | 9 a0oi [eta cies iatasane | Beeeona| ut 3,00 40 2,00 | so¢ | 40.8 | + 4 124 3,00 j 9 zios | 26,7 | 27.2 | - 2 127 3,00 9 208 | 25 a2 | - 8 313 3,00 4 zz | 39,3 | 467 | - 16 315, 3,00 7 zoo | isa | ans | - 19 316 3,00 5 2.03 | 46,6 | 36.1 | + 29 320 3,00 10 200 | 41,5 | 35,4 | + 17 325 3,00 10 zoo | 40,6 | 40,4 | + 1 326 3,00 10,0 | 1,98 | iz6 | i ~ 10 374 3,00 n ziog | a2 | ae | + 4 b) 225 KV Line CHEVIRE CORDEMAIS 2,90] 6,5 | 2,01 82 5 75 | 214 | 29 22,7 | + 2829 22-06 TABLE No, 2 Driven or vibrated piles-Tests performed by ENERGOPROJEKT (Poland) Characteristics Dass axa | o>. Qn ep. | Qe th. | GOH of or Di re om Tests CD (m) a ¢ y «) w sat (t/m4 | (deg.) | (t/m*) 7 | 28 [1.95 | 19.90 | 19.6 + ° as | 1e0 21/10/57 | 0.22 x 0.22 6 | 5.7 | 155 | 1.98 noriz. form. |(18 | 5.7 | 0 | 2.00 10/s/se | 0.22 x 0.22 | 4.15 | 0 ao | 100 | 7a | ass | - 47 17/5/38 | 0.22 x 0.22 | s.a7 | 1 23 | 1.95 | 13.3 o.05 | + 38 22/5/38 | 0.18 x 0.18 | ais | o as | a0 | 6 s2 |. 3 21/s/se | oa x01] 3.10 | o 36 | 180 | 5.7 38 | - 2 20/5/58 | 0.18 x 0.18 | 3.16 | 0 36 180 | 3.7 6a | - 9 11/3/58 | 0.18 x 0.18) 2.93 | 1 2 | ues | 83 mi | yar 0.5 | 0.5 | 10 | 1.80 oa | us | 25 | 2.20 31/s/se | 0.18 x 0.18 0.4 | 7 we [zie | uz [as | - s oo | 4 a7 | 2.20 oar | 3 20 | 25 TABLE No, 3 Cast piles of 0,76 m, diameter Tests performed by the Commonwealth Edison Company (U.S.A) Characteristics Dou Qn Pae Me exp. | Oy tm | Bethe eee c @ y © fe ay (t/mt) | (deg.) | (t/m*) 1030 zis | 4 2 [ute | asa ws | + 2 1081 2.28 | 9.7 20 | 104 | ae sao | — 50 ies a | aaa | 2.2 2 | ier | is isa | - 6 | aia | ae a | aun 1085 B 20.4 a -3 o.o2 | 2.2 oon eee 1094 213 | 4.8 2 | ie2 | 26 a6 | - 622.06 —30- TABLE No. 4 Piles of 0,41 m, diameter cast in bored holes. Tests performed by ihe State Electricity of Victoria (Australia) Characteristics 7 8a Pile No. | 2 Qe expe | Qe the | Gee (mn) c 9 y wy ® they (ema | (aes. | a) xpi | 3.36 ° 3 1.68 1.3 10.9 +4 wpe | 2.6 ° a” 1.68 13.6 13a + eps | 3.97 ° 3t 1.68 11.0 15.6 + wpa | 4.27 ° a 18 12.5 18 - 44 xps | 8.36 ° a 16 18 10.8 +27 ces | 3.36 © a 1.68 13.1 10.9 +a TABLE No, 6 Foundations in cohesive medium without internal friction - 17 bored piles of which 10 are with a hulb at the bottom, of thickness e, ‘Tests performed by the "State Electricity Commission of Victoria", Australia aR 2 Pile No, amb) f(D ZY | D 7 id Aa | See (Bue) | m m tim? | 8 | tyme i P/Q zap 9 | 0.30 am | oar | oo | ao 50 35.4 | - 29 24 P12 | 0.30 370 | ot " |e 66,5 | 45.6 | - 31 24 P15 | 0.30 aso | ot vf ale 82 62.4 | 24 2 Pia | 0.30 sav | ae fou | ns 108 sts }- 8 30P 9 | 0.38 zt4 |ane | " | tos | 16 40.3 | 47 soPi2 | 0.38 3.70 | ia | " | rises | 110 52.6 | — 52 soPis | 0.38 iss | iss | " | toes | 168 82.5 | — 51 16/30 u 12 | 0.20 | 0.76 | 3.70 | 3,09 | 15s¢ | " | 1045 | 78.7 | 55.7 | - 29 zo/as u 9 )o.25 | 0.81 | 2.89 | 238 | as | * | x90 49.7 | 36. | - 13 zo/ss u 12 | 0.25 | 0.94 | 3.63 | s.o0 | 9.8 "| ie0 0.4 | gti | + 15 zo/as v 15 | 0.25 | 0.97 | 4:86 | 4:00 | 9.8 | * | aa9 so jus [+ ie 2afaz0 9} 0.30 | 1.12 | 2iza | azo | o.4 wT) aes 58.5 | 55 |- 6 zafa2 vie [0.30 | so7 | 3.97 | 3136 | ala “ ) aes 69.4 | 7.8 | +12 zfaz vis |o.80 | a.o9 | 41s | iar | 9a "1 ale6 7s | 100 | + 26 2/420 9 fo.s0 | alo | 3.35 | ass | v73 | ™" | aless | 45.9 | 53.2 | 4 a7 zafazo 12 [0.30 | aloa | aie | 3ias | ona | " | aiass | 74 asf 4 15 zajazo is |o.so | coo | aay | 212 | saa | " | ress | as | 108.5 | + 25 N,B.- 1, Values of Atterberg Himits of natural soll 91 LL. 110 Plastic clay (Residual Basaltic Clay) 22 PLO as 69 PL 86 2, The curves of actual uplift resistance Q = ? (ah, u of actual Q with small "u! for normal bored pile, whereas the curves for piles with bulb disclose @ level step on the value of actual Q for a higher "u" eplacement, disclose a peak at the value=31- 22-06 TABLE No. 6 Pad type foundation in cohesive soil with small internal friction (@ < 15%) and D D, n 1.58 | 6,95 | 3.5 | 2.05 0,78 x 0.78 u“ yao |- 19 3/12/58 6.95 3S 1 2 .33 | 6.95 | 35 | 2,05 0.30 x 0.78 15 wna |- ia 28/11/58 0.30 | 6.95 | ss fa WE naa fas fas [a2 0.85 x 0.85 2 ase |= 15 15/10/58 1.07 3.6 18. 1—33— 22-06 Pad type foundations at small depth TABLE No. 8 (D 15°) a) Tests performed by Iberduero (Spain) Characteristics Reterences | ppp | > a ate ou Dy se of tests (m) (m) c 9 ¥ () (t/m*) | (deg.) | (t/m*) rpist |1.e0x1,00 [1.45 | 3.05 | 30 | 1.39 | 63.0 | 520 | +42 1963 1Bis2 | 1,801.00 [1.45 | 3.05 | 30 | 1.9 | seo | 50 | - 9 1963 5 2.00 x 2.00 11.70 | 3.85 | so | a.ss | 0 | 01 - 8 b) Tests performed by the British Insulated Calenders Construction Co. and the Electrical Research Association (Great Britain), 7 1,53 | 1.26 | 19 | 2 2915 x 0.84 atone |e iateu aeetnG 6/11/30 ois | 1.26 | 19 | a 63 N 1.97 | 100 | 1 | 1.86 0.85 x 0.85 120 | is.7 | - 48 os2 | 1.00 | a | a 63s 197 | 1.00 | 1 | 1.86 0.85 x 0.85 uo | is.7 | = 20 11/10/57 0.32 1,00 dW 1 2.22 | 1.50 | 30 | 2.06 66 0.85 x 0.85 20.0 | 24.0 | - 17 22/10/57 0.07 | 1.50 30 1 3 1.80 | 11 | 2.05 0.85 x 0.85 isso | 154 | - 3 13/10/58 1,80 Bs 1 1.08 | 18 | 2.05 0.85 x 0.85 15.0 | 1a7 | 4 18 4/11/58 0,30 1,08 18 1 TABLE No, 9 Pad Foundations in powdery medium at small depth (D < D,) a) Tests performed by the State Electricity Commission of Victoria (Australia) Characteristics aR D Qn exp. | Qy th References | 7, ia e 5 5 o fa (tm | deg.) | (fm) Ke1 ast | 229 | 0 35 | 1.68 30.8 sos | +122-06 ~34- 2) Tests performed by - D.BLRLT, (France Cen Dow abe ‘tower No . 5 om) by) fe Tg ] 7, [anew] em] pote (t/m) | (deg.) | (t/m) (t) (t) “they ioe | ao xi | ago | 0 | a | ies | ane | soe | s 18 wos | 140x1.00 | 220 | 0 | or vo | as] - 1 1967 os | 0 | 28 La Baule 1,5-2.2 oO 28 1 | haved ra | ase | <7 Law 12 is | t63] - 4 circle 2 = 1.53 wf ana | c) Teste performed by the Commonwealth Raison Company (U.5.A.) 7 Characteristics. Z Q, Foundations | 2 | D qq exp. | Qe th | GAH No, (m) (m) c e Y (t) (t) th) (t/m4) | (deg.) | (t/m*) ross | a.02| 203) 0 | 95 | 1.0 | ae | 2.0 | + a0 ee hhh 4) Tests performed by Bnengoprojekt (Poland) a on Characteristics Retirenees | an | 2 Qu ox. | Qe te | ge of tests (m) (a) Cc 9 ¥ (t) (t) (%) (t/m ) (deg. ). (t/m ) i 22/11/61 0.70 1.35 0 32 1,60 7.05, 4.8 + 48 2 ow | aa | o a2 | 160 sor | sa [a a 23/11/61 3 om | ass | o v2 | 0 ace | as | - 2 30/11/61 ‘ ot | 180 | o ve | 160 an | 60 |e 2/iz/e1 1 oro | 190 | o 2 | 1.70 no faa fea apiaysn 2 sia | 07 | 100 | o 2 | 1.10 as | aa faa 3 5 aha | 088 | at | 0 wx | am | me | oa | +2 1 0.60 apajst | 1.20 1.0 | 20.9 | - 20 um }o 2 | 1.7 2 0160 9/12/57 1,20 16.8 20.9 - 20 0 vw | a10 3 8/12/57 1,35, 16.8 21.1 = 20 0 a | 1.7035 — 22-06 Références, Dor eeecoaatce! Date Di Qe | Q, th | GR Be (m) c 9 y Oy) to tha (t/m4) (deg.) (t/m’) 1 2.00 | 2.65 ° sz | 160 | ano | ane | - a6 22/31/61 2 2.00 | 2.65 ° sz | 1.60 | 303 | ar6 | - 36 ao/ti ou TABLE No, 10 Pad foundations, at great depth (D > D,) 8) Tests performed by Iberduero (Spain) Characteristics Références | 74% 2B | D Qe ew. | OQ th | GSE cc) m [¢ 9 y © to | Sat (ma | tee.) | fm vir-cu | o.8sx0.85| 1.05 | 3.5 | 20 | 1.98 | 2si6 | 25.2 0 2.25 R gom | 26.2 | - 18 PAL - cH | 0.85 x 0,85 | 1.95 | 12 35 | 202 | sc.09 | sia | + 3 2.25 R sais | 54.3 ° pat - esp | 1.45 x 0.40 | 1.95 | 12 as | 202 | 45.45 | sao | - 23 sso0 | 500 | 7 b) Tests performed by Energoprojekt (Poland) ene Characteristics | ac 2 D Qe exp. | Qe th rteate) (=) | (m) c ° y o to (t/m’) (deg.) (t/m’) a 70 | 2.85 ° 32 1.60 13.9 13.9 ° 30/10/61, 2 oto | 2.87 ° 32 1,60 10.2 13,9 | ~ 26 25/11/61, 3 0.70 | 2.90 ° 32 1,60 11.3 140 | - 19 29/11/61 4 0.7% | 2.90 ° 32 1.60 15.3 wo | + 9 7/12/6122.06 ~ 36— TABLE 10 (continued) Characteristics References 7 7 a. op | am | <2 Dates Qi, & of tests (m) (m) I ® y cc) tt) thy (t/m’) | (deg.) (t/mt) 1 0.70 | 2.40 0 32 160 | 13.0 | 119 | +15 20/11/61 2 0.70 | 2.33 0 32 1.60 | 120 | 10.9 | +10 27/ti/61 3 0.70 | 2.45 ° 32 1,60 9s | 116 | - 18 28/11/61 4 0.70 | 2,40 ° 32 1,60 as | is | 4 at 6/12/61 1 0.70 | 1.9 o 32 1.60 9.5 a1 f+ 4 at /it/6t 2 0.70 | 2.0 o 32 1,60 10.6 a7 | 4 8 24/in/er 3 0.70 | 1.9 ° 32 1.60 10.1 sa fa 29/11/61 ‘ 0.70 | 1.9 ° 32 1,60 at a1 | - 4 5/12/61 EXAMPLE 1 : SQUARE PILES IN MULTILAYER SOIL ‘The geometrical dimensions of the foundation are given in figure 21, The soil properties, of the three layers, from top to bottom 1,80 T/m* 3.5 te ive, Ze - 130" 12° , a 30° 1,75 T/m*" 2.5 T/m* § i.e, a,» -b=— ast Pov tures Figure 21 - 3 ae: ° . couche = ayer 2 thm es a safe = as niveau nappe = water level The third layer is completely below the water table, Dead-weight of foundation : P= 4,25 T (Le, 1.25 T. per m, = P/m) The figure shows also the geometrical dimensions of the 3 "circular" superimposed piles equivalent to the actual one, for the purpose of calculating the part of uplift resistance provided by each of them : * submerged weight.—37- 22-06 4x 0.75 R,, (at the base) «=P S275. 0.48 m R= R, +0, tan a, = 0.48 + 0,038 = 0,518 m R= B+ D, ten a, = 0.518 + 0,092 = 0,61 m We can deduce the weight of each elementary pile R ; the overburden at the layer inter- faces I-2 and 2-8, q, ; the relative depth applicable to each layer (D/R),, and its lateral area, S,. B= wR - RE) y, D, + P/m x (0.4 + 0.8) = 0,65 41,5 = 2,15 T RB = n (RE, ~ RY) y, D+ P/m x 1,40 = 0,3 4 1,75 = 2.05 T P, = P/m x 0,80 ~ wR x 1x 0,8 +1 - 0,45 = 0,55 T (allowing for hydrostatic uplift) at Bee BeB or 4.59 mt Ss an Rm © 2.40 mt a = 144 41,75 x 1.4 = 2.89 T/m? From graph n° V, we find the values of the uplift resistance coefficients for each layer : M, 0.70 a M, = 0.80 30° a pecans seuar 2a 5 (My +My) © 0.25 ot (at, +"M,) = 0.180 oe 5 Mi, * £0,335 (PPR 1.87 0° eg Yo 9. 265 ‘The equation for the resistance to uplift provided by each layer is written + * J4PR ue, WIG MAY ORF MA +a MI +R be Qpe. = 3-05 (8.5 x 0,9 4 1,8 x 0.8 x 0.1) + 2,15 = 1247 Op = AS52807 4168 x 164 x 0.28 4 1644 0,995) + 2.08 + 14,0 Qe = 2640 (2 x08 + 1 x 0.8 x 0,18 + 2.89 x 0,265) + 0.55 = 6.6 T Total uplift resistance of the foundation 93,9 T EXAMPLE 2. PAD AND CHIMNEY FOUNDATION OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS — SOILS OF THE FIRST CATEGORY (SATURATED CLAY) ~ te od Figure 22 gives the dimensions of the foundation mn Becton Peasy | Soll properties are : ; = Lf ‘ q C6 Tmt palo y= 2,05 t/t oe once, this 1s a soil of the first category, in ' which swat surfaces are of the tranested tone ype i 4 Thatever =D" ‘The representative angio "a" is > 0 for the pad over a height equal to D and < 0 for the chimney if D>, # Figure 22 - Rectangular pad and rectangle chimney22-06 38 — 0.30 $30. 1,50 m Here D > Q since D, = ‘The uplift resistance of the foundation will include two terms : - = one due to the pad over a height D, = 1,50 m ~ the other due to the chimney over a height (D - D,) = 0,75 m For the pad : Its action is represented by that of @ pseudo-pile of the same base, whose equivalent radius is + (3 +09) ZO? 2. 0,55 m Its lateral area is Di, = 2m x 0,55 x 1,5 + 5,2 mt ‘The included weight of soil is : R (Sy = 8) y Dy = 1.02 «2,05 x 1.5 = 3.157 ‘The relative depth i Its overburden at the level D, a=7@- Dd) 05 x 0,75 = 1.54 T/ ‘The uplift force coefficients "M" are found from graph n° 7. where 2 = 2.73 and 9 = 10°, we have M, = 0,52 ; (M+ M,) = 0,055 and M, = 0.16 Hence the term due to pad resistance Q,, : Quo = S (CM, Hy DUM, +My) +a MI +B, eo oy + = 5,2 (6 x 0,52 + 2,05 x 1.5 x 0,555 + 1.54 x 0,16) +P, +B 18,36 +3,15+P,, = 2.5T+ BL, For the chimney, of height (D - D,) = 0.75 m, the radius of the equivalent cylindrical pile is: R = 2(0,5 + 0,3) >= = 0,255 m, ie, D/R, = 3 Its lateral area 2n RD=12m From graph No, 6, when a +, p/R = 3 and 9 = 10° we find that M, = 0,94 ; (M,+ M) = 0,09 The resistance to uplift of a chimney 0.75 m, long is given as Ra = S. (CM, + y D Oly + My)I* Fey 1,2 (6 x 0,94 + 2.05 x 0.75 x 0.09) +P, = 6.9T +P.)39 22-06 Hence the theoretical resistance to uplift of the foundation is : Qn = Sip + ue = + 9FR +P = 2844 P = 28.4 + 1.45 = 29,85 T EXAMPLE 3, PAD AND CHIMNEY FOUNDATION ~ CIRCULAR SECTIONS POWDERY SOIL OF SECOND CATEGORY ia Figure 23 gives the dimensions of the foundation, whose dead-weight P = 0,75 T Soil properties are as follows : C2059 = 88 y = 1.67 tf The relative depth of the pad is 2,40/0.40 = 6 (which is very close to the critical relative depth of a simple plate of radius 0,40 m), Hence, it will be necessary to calculate the theoretical resistance along the two possible assumptions of shear at the pad ‘The left-hand side section (figure 23) illustrates the as- Figure 23 - Assumption No. 1 sumption (1) for truneated cone shear for D < D,, and the right Shear along truncated cone from hand side half section illustrates assumption (2) of torus shear, the pad with localised shear on the chimney when D > Dy. Assumption No, 2 Shear along truncated cone for < the chimney and torus shear Assumption (1) D < D, for the pad ‘The pseudo-pile for generalised shear has a radius R = Cireular pad and circular chimney. 0.40 m, Its lateral surface S, + 2x x 0.4 x 2.4 = 6,04 mt ‘The ground weight related to this fictitious pile is : The resistance coefficient M, (for a = - p) is found from graph No. 9, M (9 and D/R), we have for 9 = 35" and D/R = 6" M,= 0,84 In this assumption, the total uplift resistance is therefore : 22.6 T Qe = SLY DM, + P+ B= 604 x 1.67 x 2.4 x 0.84 + 0.75 + 1.6 Assumption (2) D > D, Pad and chimney contribute to resistance to uplift, For the pad - Its shear surface is generated by circles of oblique radius "r"' r = ¥(0,28)' + (0,15) = 0,266 m, The radius of circle, internal to the torus ring is Ri = R- r= 0,40 ~ 0,266 = 0.134 m. ‘The geometrical factors of torus shear are : 0,134 ag 0.994 m= Ry/R S,- Sf = x (0.4? - 0,134) = 0,445 m22-06 —40~ On graph No. 5: M = f(9R,/R) we have for 9 = 35%, RI/R = 0,334 ; M = 11.5 Hence Quy = Sum, My Dtang +B + 0.45 x 0.84 x 11.5 x 1.67% 2400.74 R © 12.14% For the chimney, whose useful Iength is 2,25 m, this is characterised by its truncated cone shear by : D/R (chimney) «228 6 12,6 and 8 = 2m O18 4 2.25 6 2.55 oF From graph No, 6(a » ~ 9/8) we have for (M+ M,) = f(p, D/R) for g = 35* and D/R = 12,6: My + M, = 0,30 Hence One SY DIM, + My) +B = 2.55 x 1.67 x 2.25 0,904 R = 315+ In the second assumption the uplift resistance would be Qua = Quo + Arp = 121 4 3,15 4 0.75 = 16 T Conclusion : The assumption (2) gives the uplift resistance to be accepted, Extrait de la Conférence Internationale des Grands Réseaur Electriques. Session 1968,