Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Woodward

    Uploaded by

    mary
    16 views134 pages
    mj1

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    mj1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    16 views134 pages

    Woodward

    Uploaded by

    mary
    mj1

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 134
    Collocations with BIG & STRONG step deal event wind failure skills change belief surprise A leader mistake oe feeling decision economy moment 7 tu network difference evidence improvement argument accomplishment connection VERB OPPOSITES 5 FF float / sink float sink /flovt/ /sigk/ fo stay on or near the top to go down below tho of a liquid; to move: surface of a liquid, such slowly on water or in air as water, mud, etc. = =o a We went to thesconcert although the tickets were Wad 8. om a) even ali d) in spite of IDIOM OF THE DAY ‘easier said than done’ When something seems easy to do but is in fact very difficult. “Solving a Rubik's Cube is easier said than done.” “Learning English is easier said than done. You need to study a lot!” “Finding a cure for cancer is easier said than done.” “Getting a job is easier said than done. You always need experience.” “| want to speak perfect French, but that’s easier said than done.” IDIOM to bury the hatchet to end an argument and become friends again _— “To be perfectly honest, | don’t think we'll ever bury the hatchet.” "You and James should bury the hatchet. Life’s too short to be fighting.” “I think it’s time to bury the hatchet. Let’s both say sorry and move on.” “You two ought to bury the hatchet and talk to each other again.” Cae TAKE OUT =to borrow something froma place (Transitive) When you take something for temporary use from a formal establishment. - You can take out those books from the library. - took out a loan to help pay for my tuition. =to remove (Transitive) When something is extracted or removed from its current place. - The trash smells bad. Can you take it out please? ~- Have you had your appendix taken out? = to go out with someone (Transitive) When you go out with someone, often on a date. fy - He took me out to the movies last night. ~_B¥ - Let me take you out to dinner some time. =to destroy or kill (Transitive) To kill or disable a person or destroy a place. - The sniper took out many enemies before his hiding place was discovered. A SUBJECT « The person or thing in « sentence that does an action. ‘example: Mather rated the letter PREDICATE - The part of the sentence that contains the action or ‘state of being (verb). sremptes My voter and lua home afte aches OBJECT - The person oF ting affected by the action of the subject. ‘example: The baby donk her mile SENTENCE - A group of words that malies sense al by itself. A DECLARATIVE SENTENCE - A sentence that states an oplaion or fact. ‘examples: Myteacher ie ice Mvbook has # paves. IMPERATIVE SENTENCE - A sentence that gives + command. ‘examples: Toke home your workbook. Be kind to your brother INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE - A sentence that asks a question and ends with a question mark. ‘examples: How for con you run? What mets a? PARAGRAPH - One or more sentences in a group related to the same dea or tople (he first senses of» paragraph end identet) | ‘example: The name of mp school is Medison Middle School. ts | Tocated on Pre Street ust down from my house thas a large Playground end tweloe clesronma Wels o great place for children 10 Tm and ted. Conditionals (CONDITION) (RESULT > ZERO If you stand in the rain, you get wet. conditional If you heatice, it melts. PRESENTSIMPLE + | PRESENT SIMPLE USES: Facts which are generally true or scientific facts The condition always has the same result FIRST — [fitrains, ‘we will cancel the trip. conditional If you study, you will pass the exam. PRESENT SIMPLE | +) | WILL/WONT+VERB { USES: A possible situation in the future Predicting a likely result in the future (if the condition happens) iflwonthelottery, I would travel a lot. oy If they sold their house, tt | PASTSIMPLE | +) USES: Hypothetical or unlikely situations Unreal or improbable situation now or in the future THIRD. [fyouhadstudied, —_ youwould have passed the exam. conditional if! hadn’tbeensick, I would have gone to your party. PASTPERFECT + | WOULDHAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE USES: The person is imagining a different past Imaginary situation that did not happen This - That - These - Those LEZ Demonstratives [ those books te (there/not close) Gra TAKE ON = to accept additional responsibility (Transitive) To accept additional work or responsibility for a task or job. - I wanted to make a good impression so I took on two new projects at work. = to add; to acquire (Transitive) To add, acquire, bring in or introduce. - Stores take on extra employees during Christmas. - Many students take on a lot of debt while they are studying at university. = to fight or compete against (Transitive) To attempt to fight or compete against someone. - Even though we are a little company, | know we can take on the big ones. = to begin to have the appearance of (Transitive) To begin to have a characteristic, appearance or quality of something else. - Her voice took on a more serious tone with the kids. cum PLURAL NOUNS Regular Nouns add -S lear -2cars 1dog 2dogs 1book — 2 books house 2 houses apple 2apples Ends in VOWEL + Y add -S day -2days Tkey 2 keys boy 2 boys Tguy 2guys 1donkey 2donkeys Ends in VOWEL +0 add -S 1z00 2z00s Iradio 2 radios 1 stereo 2 stereos 1 video 2 videos 1 kangaroo 2 kangaroos Ends in S, CH, SH, X orZ add -ES 1bus 2 buses match 2 matches 1dish_ 2dishes box 2 boxes quiz 2 quizzes Endsin CONSONANT +Y remove add -IES 1dty —_2cities lbaby 2 babies 1story 2 stories lparty 2 parties country 2 countries Ends in CONSONANT +0 add -ES Thero 2heroes lecho 2 echoes 1 tomato 2 tomatoes 1 potato 2 potatoes Exceptions: pico pianos Cetra oboe HOW TO BE SYMPATHETIC Ends in F or FE remove FFE add -VES leaf 2 leaves 1wolf 2. wolves Alife 2iives 1knife 2 knives Exceptions: roof -roofs clit- cits Irregular Nouns Iman 2men 1child 2 children 1 foot 2 feet 1 tooth 2 teeth mouse 2 mice 1person 2 people No Change Isheep 2sheep deer 2deer 1fish 2 fish Iseries 2 series 1 species 2 species HOWTO BE EMPATHETIC Subjects (vouns! Pronouns That Parform the Actcn) a> ph" FPribune tad enter ace Wns eyanaFin/an na on Tah - Can you give my keystoJack? = - Thereweren't nice to him. t When two verbs are together, the second verb isin - [need to study more. the infinitive (except with Modal Verbs and To Be) TOO + Adjective TOO+ Adverb i es ro a -Icantgo. Thave too much work to do. TOO MUCH + Uncountable Noun - There were too ai Beco in theroom. TOOMANY + Plural Noun \ nM) -1was tired | and my friend was too. (= my friend was ako tired) TWO) Only used as a number) TWO =2 I can speak two languages. Puasa. TAKE FOR VERBS (Transitive) = to consider; to regard This phrasal verb is used when you regard someone or something in a certain way, either correctly or mistakenly. ea - My mother looks young; people often take her for my sister. -Doyou take me for a fool? - Sorry, I took you for someone else. ‘vom TAKE FOR GRANTED IDIOM, =to fail to appreciate something or someone (Transitive) When a person fails to appreciate something or someone, especially as a result of overfamiliarity. EXAMPLE SENTENCES: - He doesn’t appreciate how lucky he was to get a job as soon as he had finished university. He just takes it for granted. - [twas only when she left that the company realized that they had taken her for granted. . . eee, Profession vs. Occupation Lazens What is the difference between Profession and Occupation? PROFESSION A profession requires a degree or completed studies at a university or other institution of higher education. It involves extensive training and special knowledge. Examples of professions include accountant, architect, doctor, engineer, lawyer, teacher. You needa degree to workin these areas. » OCCUPATION An occupation is the job you are paid to do. It is the way you earn a living. Think of it as the activity that occupies your time and from which you receive money for doing it. COMPARE I studied teaching at university and | am a teacher right now. My profession and my occupation are the same. I studied teaching at university but | am an actor right now. My profession is teacher though my occupation (or my job right now) is actor. Positive Question Tags Question tags are used when asking for agreement or confirmation. anegative statement + a positive question tag Negative Statement Positive Tag You aren't) a teacher, are you? He isn't crazy, is he? He wasn’t relaxed, was he? They [weren't late, were they? Ytispeak French, you? You didn’tstudy forthetest, did you? You haven't been here all week, have you? You hadn't done itbefore then, had you? You won't fail the exam, will you? You can't drive —acar, can you? You couldn't do it forme, could you? We mustn't say anything, must we? You shouldn't be so busy, should you? You _wouldn’t stop me, would you? Statements using barely, hardly, neither, no, nobody, none, nothing and seldom are treated as negative statements. Nobody (went tothe meeting, did] they? Nothing is ready, is it? Negative Question Tags Z2Zz# Question tags are used when asking for agreement or confirmation. a positive statement + a negative question tag ive Statement Negative Tag You (are) a student, aren’t you? very busy, ‘isn't he? happy, ‘wasn't he? surprised, ‘weren't they? Negative English, ‘don’t! you? clues Spanish, ‘doesn’t he? Verbs in tags forthetest, didn’t you? siausely intheir all week, haven't your | S4 beforeheleft, hadn't you? mn) the exam, won't you? two languages, can’t you? it forme, couldn't you? patient, mustn't we? now, shouldn’t you? You would like anew job, wouldn't you? —@ES late, aren't I? er Nian Ue home, shall we? Question Tags A question tag is a small question at the end of a statement. Question tags are used when asking for agreement or confirmation. a positive statement + a negative question tag You are) astudent,, [aren't] you? Assbiet pronoun ‘a negative statement + a positive question tag S + ‘Asubjec pronoun Mary jisn’t ateacher, |is| she? aoe ‘the noun or noun Intonation and Meaning The intonation of a question tag shows the exact meaning of it. If the intonation of the question tag goes up, it means you are not sure and you want to know the answer. John doesn't speak Spanish, does he? If the intonation of the question tag goes down, it means you are checking / confirming information or making conversation. John (doesn't|speak Spanish, (does| he? Your vs You're ‘Common Mistakes in English — You're sox, To Be + Age To Be + number + years old He is forty years old, She is 36. - lam 23 years old. The grandfather @ | The boy is - You are 16 years old. Bu ee pete - He is 32 years old. - Mary is 45 years old. Years old is optional. You can say: -lam 18 years old. OR 3yearsold. 5 months old. -lam 18. With babies, you can use months instead of years. BUT... +old a - The baby is 4 months old. are always together -lam eA - She is nine months old. -lam 21 years. 9§ Be Careful - In English we use the -lam 21 years old. verb TO BE and not another verb. You can write the age as -Ihave 18. 96 -lam 18.97 numbers or as words. - Ihave 18 years. 3 -lam 12 years old. - Ihave 18 years old. 3¢ -lam twelve years old. - lam 18 years old. 7” The Question: How old are you? -I'm____ years old. vocaBULAny asthma a broken leg acold | . ° S * x ? acough an earache afever the flu Ls aheadache heartburn (the) measles arash Pf es asore throat 2 stomachache dsomach ache ep sunburn a toothache 3 SUBJECT PRONOUNS IN ENGLISH WALL FLASH CHARTS * EREES ess) WILL vs. GOING TO a Yn Prior Plan -1'm thirsty. think | will buy a drink, = The decision was made before (Offer the moment of speaking. ul “tie| | -l'm going to the beach next Tat looks heavy. | will help you with it. iveciend wih Ai Donner went iekanere: Evidence / Signs =When there are signs that - Ifyou dont stop, | will tell your mother. something is likely to happen. ~My stomach hurts a lot and | think | am going to throw up. - She won't listen oanyting I say. - It’s 70-0. They’re going to win. You can use both Will and Going to for making predictions. - | think it will rain tomorrow. = -|think it is going to rain tomorrow. _ COMPARE: ‘Areyou busy this evening?» -Ihaven’t made ary plans. - Yes, 'mgoing to the movies. | think Iwill probably watch TV. Only Going to is possible I'm probably going to watch TV. because this isa prior plan. Iland going to are both possible ay al here. We are “predicting” what will In spoken English Going to happen because nothing is planned. is often pronounced as “gonna” Grammar YUNiversity The YUNiversily - 10h * Confused about “hangar” and “hanger”? Don’t be. One is for ¢ plAnes (hangAn); the other is for clothes (hanger). Hangar Hanger “English Under the weather When someone is under the weather, it means that the person: © > -is slightly ill Aperson can... - feels a little sick | BE under the weather - doesn't feel well | FEEL under the weather EXAMPLES) ~ feel a little under the weather so I don’t think I will go out tonight. m ~ He didn’t go to work today because he was a little under the weather. \, ~ Mary was under the weather this morning. | hope she feels better soon. Grammar YUNiversity The YUNiversily - 10h * Confused about “hangar” and “hanger”? Don’t be. One is for ¢ plAnes (hangAn); the other is for clothes (hanger). Hangar Hanger You do not make a conscious decision to hear. You physically experience the sense of sound. Sometimes the sound you hear is sudden or unexpected like a noise, an alarm or an explosion. ‘EXAMPLES | can’t hear you. Could you speak louder please? My grandmother likes to listen to the radio. Did you hear the thunder last night? You make a decision to listen. You deliberately pay attention to the sounds. Listen + to + object (something) You can hear somebody talking but you need to listen to them to understand what they are saying. He cannot hear the dog barking because heis listening to music. The vet is listening to the dog's heartbeat. a (AFFIRMATIVE | ai am happy. | (amnot*sad. ropa = You are atschool. You aren't athome. isnotpossibie 3 He is hungry. He _— isn’t thirsty. _amnit__ & me is a nurse. She | isn’t apilot. isn't= is big. It | isn’t small. 5 isnot Se We | are | early. We RE ite. bs a i You are students. You aren't teachers. ue i 2 They are quiet. They aren’t noisy. (QUESTIONS | + Afnrmative They are happy. x. rich. a oauestion (Are they happy ? IS she rich? ; ‘Short Answer Yes, they are / No, they aren't ‘Yes, she is / No, she isn’t So CONTRACTIONS. lamnot.. Heisnot.. You are not... Weare not... They are not... Vmnot.. He'snot.. You'tenot.. We'renot... They’renot.. X (not possible) Heisn’t... Youaren't.. Wearen't.. They aren't... INCLUDES rea twenty) ET eT PAST /TO it - 1d exercises - He does exercises - I did my homework -He did his homework -Ihave done many things -He has done many things Wa The ONLY difference between a question in the present tense and a question in the past tense is the auxiliary (Do/Does or Did). (00 youlspeak English?) (Goes he speak English Did) youlspeak English?) Cid) he|speak English® The Out-of-Office Reply from fo. © imterious dates 7 My poor oeeistoe a. forurmontmattery Please contact os only in cone of the Apocshiese For all other inquiries, | will reply to you'as soon as | return! Best Wishes Secs ue! ‘Several days star | get back, Whee! tn Smith a 9 vocston!!® Coa A-AN The difference between A and AN Aand AN have the same meaning. A and ANare indefinite articles. The difference depends on the sound at the beginning of the next word. When the next word starts with a When the next word starts with a CONSONANT SOUND VOWEL SOUND AD AND a book a frog an apple an| orange acar a lemon anegg an umbrella adog a truck an insect an! actor BECAREFUL!) The SOUND of the letter is important The Hat the beginni ahouse BUT anhour > iglittnepeshrina anuncle BUT auniversity | TheVatthe beginning of wre university sounds like YOU. This rule applies to all words after A or AN (including adjectives, adverbs...) a cold day an easy lesson a very crazy person _an interesting class eas) Possessive Adjectives SUBJECT PRONOUN ! Thave a shirt. YOU You havea book. HE = Hehas apillow. SHE _ Shehasadog. IT It has a bone. WE We have a bird. YOU_ You havea house. THEY They have a car. YOUR = Possessive Adjective -You need to bring your dictionary. YOU'RE = You are (contraction) -You're an excellent student. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE MY Myshirtis green. YOUR Your book is new. HIS — His pillow is soft. HER Her dogis small. ITS _ Its boneis old. OUR Ourbirdis noisy. YOUR Your house is big. THEIR Their caris slow. ITS = Possessive Adjective ~The dog played with its ball. IT’S = It is (contraction) -It’s very hot right now. venus, COUNTRY - NATIONALITY TOBE) + FROM + ow lam from Sydney. TOBE + FROM + CO lam from Australia. TOBE + NATIONALITY lam Australian. He is from ‘Venice’. He is. from He is from | Italy . He is’ from He is Italian . He is Canadian . Where are you from? 2013 _” +number + time word When we measure the duration of something or how long it lasts. Ithasa start point and an end point and can be used in different tenses. - | studied English in Ireland for 2 years. -I will be there for around two months. -We have been married for 14 years. for ten minutes for eight hours for five days for six months for three years for two centuries fe (_ www.grammarcl \ have been living in Japan for 4 years. 20 2s 2016 Ge) + emis point +atime/adate When something started in the past and continues until now. Since is mostly used in the present perfect and perfect progressive tense. - He hasnt eaten since 7 o‘clock. - Ihave been working here since June. - We have been married since 2002. Every day - Everyday Uazecn Phrase that acts Sey day, as an adverb everyday Adjective It describes the frequency... It describes something as ... = onall of the days, = ordinary, regular, on each day normal, common place ve of these days everyday) +( noun ) L L A lias _ (everyday activities Mon Tue) Wed) Thur) Fri Sat Sun “everyday occurrence Examples: Example: Istudy English every day. Even though he had won the lottery, Woodward English puts a new word it hadn't changed his everyday life. with its definition on twitter every day.—__, Tue! See it at @WoodwardEnglish rien SIM ee ee en itty ALL - EVERY - EACH oeag We use ALL to talk about — We use EVERY to talk We use EACH to talk the total number of things about things collectively about the individual considered asa group and asa group more than members of a group as not individually individually. separate items. Minimum of three things Not for two things For two things or more ALLisused forthe entire EVERY is usually for EACH is usually for amountof something. —_alargenumber, a small number. All+ plural noun Every +SingularNoun Each + SingularNoun All houses need tohave —_- Everyhouse onthe street - Each house on the street aroof. looks the same. has a different number. ALL can be used tomake Can beused for how often Each of + You/Us/Them a generalization. remedy ppa - She gave each of usa “Alleenpartsnrestiowe ||| Lee breakaway Oro 4c iis OUTS, (every + Number + Pura Noun) | say goodbye to ALL of thestudentsas __Isay goodbye to EACH studentas they they leave the room. leave the room. = ’Goodbye students” = "Goodbye Mary” “Goodbye Daniel”. (I just say goodbye once) (say it to each student individually) ne 2a itty ALL - EVERY - EACH oeag We use ALL to talk about — We use EVERY to talk We use EACH to talk the total number of things about things collectively about the individual considered asa group and asa group more than members of a group as not individually individually. separate items. Minimum of three things Not for two things For two things or more ALLisused forthe entire EVERY is usually for EACH is usually for amountof something. —_alargenumber, a small number. All+ plural noun Every +SingularNoun Each + SingularNoun All houses need tohave —_- Everyhouse onthe street - Each house on the street aroof. looks the same. has a different number. ALL can be used tomake Can beused for how often Each of + You/Us/Them a generalization. remedy ppa - She gave each of usa “Alleenpartsnrestiowe ||| Lee breakaway Oro 4c iis OUTS, (every + Number + Pura Noun) | say goodbye to ALL of thestudentsas __Isay goodbye to EACH studentas they they leave the room. leave the room. = ’Goodbye students” = "Goodbye Mary” “Goodbye Daniel”. (I just say goodbye once) (say it to each student individually) ne 2a PHRASAL ras TAKE UP = to fill or occupy time or space (Transitive) € y The meeting took up the entire morning. - The new sofa takes up a lot of space in the living room. = to start a new hobby or interest (Transitive) - Mike has taken up running to lose some weight. -He took up karate at a young age and is now an expert. @ = to make a piece of clothing shorter (Transitive) 4 - My trousers are too long. | need to take them up. ‘Qe - She asked for her skirt to be taken up above the knees. = toresume after an interruption (Transitive) -Let’s take up where we left off. ~ The sequel takes up where the first movie finished, = to address an issue (Transitive) =I would like to take this up with the manager. - We will have to take it up with the city council. GRAMMAR FEW - LITTLE AFEW-ALITTLE =assmall quantity; a small amount FEW + Plural Countable Nouns A FEW + Plural Countable Nouns LITTLE + Uncountable Nouns ALITTLE + Uncountable Nouns FEW =NOTMANY (FEW normally conveys a negative idea) - He has few good friends. (negative idea - not enough) - Few people went to the concert. - There are few honest politicians. , =SOME (a small amount) (A FEW normally conveys a positive idea) - He has a few friends that will help. (positive idea - a small amount) -| have a few days offnext month. - She has won a few awards. =not many; not enough; nearly no. some; a small amount Jot much; not enough; nearly no... =some;a small amount (LITTLE normally conveys a negative idea) - There was little time to finish it. (negative idea - nearly no time) -He has little patience with others. - They have little money to spend. B =SOME ~~ (a small amount) (ALITTLE normally conveys a positive idea) -! have alittle milk you can use. (positive idea -a small amount) - She has alittle time to relax now. - Ihave eamed a little extra money. MEANING: to quit; to give up; to concede defeat EXAMPLE: - She was ready to throw in ORIGIN When a boxer has great the towel, but remembered difficulty to continue in her goal and kept going. Dis comings nis - Even though learning English (en may be difficult at times, never boxing ring to signal throw in the towel. CE ec Pi cor ee Leape idioms: Leap at the chance By leaps and bounds Aleap in the dark aa aea ys Pelle re Sealab eae Pert | ec ad tog aa See ao i a=, || BEES ie AROYAL PAIN semen whole AXING CASTLES IN ‘THE AIR Pongyon stor souare meri, ‘ne erie ventana FOOTBALL ARCHERY ATHLETICS wou {sks BASKETBALL BOXING CRICKET ae eae (FOOTBALL (SOCCER) ou HOCKEY a © Woodward English OFFERING SOMETHING TO SOMEONE Would you like ? the most usual way ofoftering something to someone or inviting es ‘them to do something have ? Used when asking someone Do you want ? ‘what they would Ike,especiaty inaresteurant, bar or café ‘amore informal way of offering something to someone Do you fancy .. ? Who warts ..? How about .. ? uses for ortering something to an ‘2 oroup of people informal way of asking someone if they would tke something ‘Would you care for ? Can|get you.. ? ‘amore formal way of asking someoneittneywagaesometnng. uses especay when eferrgsomecne food aoe Student ews TAKE APART =to disassemble something (Transitive) When a machine (or device etc.) is separated into different parts, sometimes in order to find out what is wrong with it. When you dismantle something. - The mechanic took the motor apart to see what was making the noise. - She took her laptop apart to see if she could fix it. = to analyze and criticize (Transitive) When a thing or person is analyzed in an effort to discover flaws or weaknesses. - The teacher took my essay apart in front of the class. - The presidential candidate's proposal was taken apart in the debate. = to easily defeat someone or a team (Transitive) To thrash someone or beat someone severely. *” - Woodward United took the other team apart in last night's cup game. s sealing? Wow eachthe phone fst? WHEN men can tgo.on vacation? HOW iy How do | stop the Baby from crying? ais Where should go? Why aryeumnayt WHICH Which dish should choose? EXPLANATION want to know the. Who? _ Person Where? Position, Place When? Time, Occasion, Moment Why? Reason, Explanation What? Specie thing, object Which? Choice, Alternative How? Way, Manner, Form ©» Couch Potato LZZz MEANING: A person who spends a lot of time watching television with little or no physical activity. EXAMPLE: Stop being a couch potato! Turn off the TV and go out and do something with your life. Waa eae SIU Cty tea nein ed Pat yven Un Lien NTL eS SUM Gaetan te POU tae NO NOUN ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY 100% Always | always study after class 90% Usually | usually walk to work 80% Normally / Generally | normally get good marks 70% Often/Frequently | often read in bed at night 50% Sometimes | sometimes sing in the shower 30% Occasionally | occasionally go to bed late 10% Seldom | seldom put salt on my food 5% Hardly ever/Rarely | hardly ever get angry 0% Never Vegetarians never eat meat Subject + Adverb + Main Verb Subject + BE + Adverb Daniel always passes his exams. He is always happy. was MUCH - MANY ALOT OF - LOTS OF =a large quantity of something Much and Many are mainly used in negative sentences and questions. They are not common in affirmative sentences though still possible. Much is used with uncountable nouns. Many is used with plural countable nouns. -MUCH > MANY + UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS + PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS -/ don’t have much time. - There aren’t many chairs in the room. - He doesn’t need much money. -I don't have many friends. - Does it use much electricity? - Doyou think many people will go? With affirmative sentences, we prefer a lot of instead of much/many. Alot of /lots of are not common in negative sentences or questions. Alot of can be used with countable nouns and uncountable nouns. alot of =lots of LOT.OF LLOTOP + UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS + PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS -I needa lot of coffee. - She has a lot of friends. (I need lots of coffee.) ( She has lots of friends.) - There is a lot of traffic today. - There are alot of cars on the street. eS == SS SE When we want to know the quantity or amount of something, we ask questions starting with How much and How many. HOW MUCH?) | | want to know the QUANTITY or AMOUNT | HOW MUCH + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN - How much sugar would you like? - How much money did you spend? - How much time do we have to finish? - How much milk i in the fridge? HOw MUCH?) | want to know the PRICE HOW MUCH + SINGULAR OR PLURAL NOUN (or with the verb COST or BE). - How muchis this dress? - How much did your jacket cost? - How much are these shoes? - How much will it cost me? HOW MANY + PLURAL (COUNTABLE) NOUN - How many daysare there in January? - How many books did you buy? - How many students are in this room? - How many cousins do you have? The nounis often omitted in the question when it is obvious what we're talking about. - A: | would like to buy some cheese, - B: How much (cheese) would you like? - A:Ineed some coins, -B: How many do youneed? - A: need some sugar. - B: How much do you need? (S284 DID - SHORT ANSWERS PRESENT Do youlike surprises? Yes, Ido. PAST Did you like my surprise? Yes, I did. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE aoe ens SHORT SHORT ANSWERS ANSWERS Did I pass the test? ; ae Did Lipskea ict? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t. Did you need help yesterday? h Did you sleep welllast night) =! ald. Nola Didyou and John study? Yes, wedid, No, we didn't. Did you both like the movie? Did they arrive on time? Did Mike and Jack pay for it? Yes, they did. No, they didn't. Did he answer your question? Did Steve enjoy the game? Mes be did: Rept eee eee, Neuse Nested 2 Did it rain last night? Yes, it did. No, it didn't. Did your dog bite someone? “evcusi WAS - WERE seal SHORT ANSWERS PRESENT Are youhappy? Yes, |am. PAST Were you happy? Yes, | was. EXAMPLE QUESTIONS Was | correct? Was | early? Were you busy yesterday? Were you cold last night? Were you and John ready? Were you both embarrassed? Were they hungry? Were Mike and Jack worried? Was he late again? Was Steve frustrated? Was she a good student? Was Mary at home last night? Was it difficult? Was your dog sick last week? AFFIRMATIVE SHORT ANSWERS, Yes, you were. Yes, | was. Yes, we were. Yes, they were. Yes, he was. Yes, she was. Yes, it was. NEGATIVE SHORT ANSWERS No, you weren't. No, | wasn’t. No, we weren't. No, they weren't. No, he wasn’t. No, she wasn’t. No, it wasn’t. ceamnax, COMPARATIVES - SUPERLATIVES The dog is faster than the elephant. The horse is the fastest. The horse is bigger than the dog. The elephant is the heaviest. A The dog is more energetic than the elephant. : ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE -ER -EST ONE syllable fast faster the fastest young younger the youngest R “ST a pee nice nicer thenicest ncing ine late later the latest ONE syllable Double the last consonant and add Consonant + / ER EST Short Vowel + big bigger the biggest Consonant hot hotter the hottest Remove the -Y and add TWO syllables “ER ~EST Ending in-Y happy happier the happiest crazy crazier thecraziest MORE + THE MOST + Teens famous more famous the most famous manic’ beautiful more beautiful _ the most beautiful Common good better the best Exceptions bad worse the worst cust) Transitive & intransitive [277 cman a Cae TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE VERBS ‘VERBS: NEED AN OBJECT CANNOT HAVE AN OBJECT I bought acar. The baby smiled. Wansitive direct intransitive verb object verb You buy something (an object). You cannot have an object What did you buy? A car. after an intransitive verb. a i a (in this case smite) You cannot just say “I bought’ You cannot “smile something” (incomplete -incorrect) ° ene enr ire You need a direct objectafter We waited but nobody came. a transitive verb. (in this case buy) transitive intransitive intransitive Verbs that are Transitive and Intransitive ‘Some verbs can be transitive in one sentence and intransitive in another. | stopped thecar. The car stopped. wansitive direct intransitive theres Verb object verb noobject Sometimes the meaning of a verb changes depending on whether that verb is transitive or intransitive (especially with phrasal verbs). He runs asmall grocery store. He runs along the beach every morning. (transitive: run = manage) (intransitive: run - the sport) PaRasAL TAKE OFF em =to leave the ground and begin to fly (intransitive) = Sx - The plane took off once the runway was clear. ‘= - The helicopter took off from the platform. = to remove (clothing / things) (Transitive) - He took his tie off. = He took off his tie. - Can you please take your feet off the coffee table? =to leave a place (quickly) (intransitive) ~ He saw me coming and took off in the other direction. - The burglars took off before the police arrived. = to become popular or successful (intransitive) ~ Sales of their new product have really taken off. ~ Her new song has taken off in the charts. =to not work for a period of time (Transitive) - | felt sick so I took a couple of days off work. - He took two weeks off work for his honeymoon. ecm _ ADJECTIVES Ending in -ED and -ING BORING ADJECTIVES my Describe the characteristic of a person, THAT END IN -ING a thing or a situation. It CAUSES a feeling. The books are boring. We are describing a characteristic of these books. What do these books cause? They make people feel bored. ADJECTIVES ED Describe a feeling or an emotion. THATENDIN \~ It is how we FEEL about something. Hes bored. Thisis his feeling right now. This feeling was caused by the books. He is not going to be bored for eternity. He feels bored fornow. (Its temporary) Example Sentences (compare the difference) Jam tired right now. My flight was tiring (because it was a twelve-hour flight). Public toilets are sometimes disgusting. |am disgusted by the smell of them. Your speech was inspiring. 'm now inspired to do great things with my life. \€ =e = contempt optimism = remorse eas NEITHER - EITHER NEITHER and EITHER are used to agree with negative statements (said by Person A). NEITHER + AUXILIARY T+SUBJECT [heeaiatyaeh (a fabio ar HAVE) (orBE ree with the verbtense in Person A Person B toon staternent (by Person A). Jam not hungry. Neither am |. = Imnot (hungry) either. Youaren’ttrying. Neither are you. You aren't (trying) either. Idon't need help. Neither dol. =Idon't (need help) either. Steve doesn't like fish. Neither doesSam. = Sam doesn't (like fish) either. Iwasn’tbored. Neither was | =I wasn't (bored) either. They weren't invited. Neither werewe. = We weren't (invited) either. Ididn'tlike the book. Neither did |. =I didn’t (like the book) either. can’t swim. Neither can |. =I can't (swim) either. I couldn't see him. Neither could |. couldn't (see him) either. Shewon'tbe there. Neither will | =I won't (be there) either. Iwouldn’teat that, Neither would|. =I wouldn't (eat that) either. | shouldn't worry. Neither should!, =I shouldn't (worry) either. They haven't studied. Neitherhavel. =! havent (studied) either. He hadn't finished. Neither had |. hadn't (finished) either. Sometimes you will see/hear NOR + Auxiliary + Subject. Iimnot hungry tdo.—+ Too és for positive A:lwosn'tready. 8: Norwas! (= Neither was 0. Imnothungryeither. statements sais SO-TOO SO and TO0 are used to show agreement with positive statements (said by Person Al. so+ AUXILIARY + SUBJECT | Tesmniieny voc (us! avd (or BE / HAVE) yeeds to agree with the verb tense in PersonA Person B catia actereert oboe lam happy. Soam|. =lam happy too. You are making a noise. Soareyou. = Youare making a noise too. I need more money. Sodol. =I need more money too. Steve likes pizza. Sodoes Mary. =Mary likes pizza too. Iwas tired this morning. Sowasl. =I was tired too. We were late. Sowere they. =They werelate too, I watched a movie last night. So did |. =I watched a movie too. She can play the guitar. Socanl. =I can play the guitar too. We could see the stars. Socould|. =I could see the stars too. She will win an award. So willl. = Iwill win an award too. | would like a cup of coffee. Sowould!. — =! would like a cup too. He should study more. Soshould|., =I should study more too. They havefinished early. Sohavel. have finished early too. He had eaten too much. Sohad|. =I had eaten too much too. Sometimes you can use So-+ Auxiliary + Subject asa continuation of the first part of the sentence. John can sing well, and so can his brother. = John cansing well, and his brother can sing well too. wgrammarc! _www.woodwardengiish.com _www.vocabulary.ct J) Television or The television When do we use the article THE? When we talk about television in the sense of television programs (UK = programmes) that are broadcast (= transmitted), we DO NOT use the article THE. - Television became widely available in the 1950s. - 1 wonder whatis on television tonight. We use the article THE when we refer to television as a device or the ‘piece of furniture’ - The television didn't fit in the wall unit. - Don‘ sit so close to the television. When we talk about more than one television, or televisions in a general sense, we do not use the article THE. - While televisions were available in the 1930s, their popularity only increased during the late 1940s. Sometimes we informally call the television Tele or TV. The word TV (written with capital letters) is pronounced as the individual letters T—V. xen The Catfish Joke Have you ever No. How does seen a catfish? it hold the rod? Catfish : (noun) a species of fish. It appears to have whiskers. like a cat. To fish : (verb) to try and catch fish, usually with a fishing rod. Rod : (noun) the pole/stick that has a (nylon) line and hook to catch fish. Rod is a short way of saying fishing rod. “The women understood "cat fish (@ cat doing the action of fishing) instead of the word "catfisy" (8 typeof Ash) “The women thinks that the man has asked her if she has ever seen a cat fishing (the klea ofa cat holding a rod and fishingin ¢ human ways emusing). The man actualy ashing f the women has seen a particular spectes of fish. \C » comwon MILLION vs. MILLIONS Choose the correct answer: New Zealand has a population of almost... A) 5 million people. OR 8) 5 millions people. ~~ For a specific number, or when you havea ‘MILLION ) number at the beginning, we do NOT put an S ~~ at the end of hundred, thousand, or million. We say five million (correct) We specify the number, so NOS wn “five millions (incorrect). fees twelve thousand (correct) incorrect because there is =— _number before the word million two hundred and sixty (correct) _——~__ Use an S at the end to express an approximate (MILLION: 5) number. This gives an idea of quantity though ine not a precise amount. _ Don’t puta number before it! pean aoe: —2llions (of people) died during World War Il. exact number = Thousands (of fans) went to the concert. sowe add the Sattheend —_hundreds/thousands/millions (+ of + plural noun) SO.. New Zealand has a population ofalmost... A) 5 million people. sauss, VERY - TOO - ENOUGH oo WORD ORDER = VERY + Adjective _ (very has. positive or a negative meaning) TOO + Adjective — (toohas a negative meaning) - The coffee is very hot, but! can drink it. (= hot, but possible to drink) - The coffee is too hot. | can’t drink it. (=not possible to drink) TOO + Adjective + (for someone) + (Infinitive) - The coffee istoo hot to drink. _ - lamtoo short to play basketball. - The coffee is too hot forme to drink, _ - itis too cold for us to swim. Adjective + ENOUGH + (for someone) + (Infinitive) - The coffee is hot enough to drink. - Itis cheap enough to buy. - Heis strong enough to climb the wall. - It is good enough for me. ENOUGH + Noun) + (Infinitive) -/don’t have enough money to buy it. - We don’t have enough time. COMPARE — VERY + Adverb Ss . re TOO + Adverb Eee ery youn: Adverb + ENOUGH ~ She is too young to drive. TOO MUCH + Uncountable Noun - She is not old enough to drive. TOO MANY + Plural Noun ENGLISH) \ IDIOMS / It’s raining cats and dogs = It is raining heavily = There is a heavy downpour DO vs. MAKE The difference between Do and Make Work, Jobs and Tasks Product Material / Origin Do the housework Made of gold Do your homework Made from grapes Do a good job Made in China Do your chores Made by me Non-Specific Activities Produce a Reaction Do something Make your eyes water. Do nothing Make you happy Do anything Make you sleepy Do everything Make you smile Replace Verb when Obvious Plans and Decisions Do your hair Make arrangements Do the dishes Makea decision Do the exam Make a choice Do the laundry Makea plan Food, Drink and Meals Speaking and Sounds Make a cake Make a noise Make breakfast Make a comment Make dinner Make a speech Make a cup of coffee Make a suggestion English Teacher Resources WAS - WERE to8e-Pesttense QZ _ AFFIRMATIVE Gikcanves _ ! happy. I wasn't sad. was He was hungry. He wasn't thirsty, | wasn’t= She was anurse. She wasn't ateacher. wasnot It was big. It wasn't small. We were early. You were atschool. They were happy. She was rich. s g Were they happy?) Vas she rich ? i Yes, they were /No, they weren't Yes, she was//No, she wasn't - Where were you yesterday? - Who were those people? XC www.grammarel www.woodwardenglish.com _www.vocabulary.cl Present vs Past Tense Conjugation Summary Chart in Spain. past You lived in Spain. PRESENT You li PRESENT He lives in Spain. rast He lived in Spain. The verb only changes in affirmative sentences. You don’t live in Spain. You didn't live in Spain. Did you live in Spain? He doesn't live in Spain. Spain. Does he live in Spain? Did he live Spain? ‘\ In negative sentences and questions the verb doesn’t change. The base form of the infinitive is used. | COMMON o PROPER ) Used to name people, places orthings in Used to name a SPECIFIC (or individual) GENERAL. It refers to the class or type of person, place or thing. Propernouns person or thing (without being specific). begin with a capital letter. Examples: girl, city, animal, house, food Examples: John, London, Pluto, France | COUNTABLE =: UNCOUNTABLE Have a singularanda plural formandcan Cannot be counted. They often refer to be used with anumber ora/an before it. substances, liquids, and abstract ideas. They are sometimes called CountNouns __ They are sometimes called Mass Nouns. Types of Nouns Examples: car, desk, cup, house, bike Examples: wood, milk, air, happiness Refer to people or things that exist | Haveno physical existence. They refer to physically and that at least one of the ideas, emotions and concepts you cannot senses can detect. ‘see, touch, hear, smell or taste. Examples: dog, tree, apple, moon, sock _ Examples: love, time, fear, freedom Twoormore words thatcreateanoun. _Refertoa set or group ofpeople, animals They can be written as one word, joined —_orthings. They are often followed by by ahyphen or written as separate words. OF + PLURAL NOUN (eg. bunch of flowers) Examples: rainfall, son-in-law, credit card | Examples: team, pile, stack, flock, bunch Pronunciation of ED The pronunciation of words ending in ED depends on the final consonant sound. There are three ways to pronounce ED at the end of a word s in English: Ween) (oles 7 lid! AY fat All right vs. Alright Allright) (adjective/adverb): MEANING: in a satisfactory manner; acceptable; suitable - 1 was worried though everything turned out all right in the end. - The meal at the restaurant was all right though nothing special. ‘Alright (non-standard / informal version of all right) There is no logical reason for insisting that all right should be) written as two words... Nevertheless, Alright i regarded as being unacceptable in formal writing. (Although the spelling alright is nearly as old as all right, \ some critics have insisted alright is all wrong... Itis less frequent than All right but remains (common, especially in informal writing. Every day - Everyday every day) vase thatacts (eyeryday) Adjective It describes the frequency. = on all of the days, It describes something as = ordinary, regular, on each day normal, common place All of these days everyday + noun LL L\ NN | pepper Mon) Tue) Wed) ‘Thur Fri Sat) Sun Leveryday occurrence Examples: Example: Istudy English every day. Even though he had won the lottery, it hadn't changed his everyday life. Woodward English puts a new word with its definition on twitter every day. True! See itat eWoodwardEnglish Telling the time It’s ... o'clock It’s five fo ... It's ten fo... It’s (a) quarter to = It's twenty to ... It's twenty-five to ... It's five past ... t's ten past... It’s (a) quarter past ... It's twenty past ... It’s twenty-five past... It's half past... 00- It's two o'clock. 2:05 - It's five past two. 2:10 - It's ten past two. 2:15 - It's quarter past two. 2:20- It’s twenty past two. 2:25 - It's twenty-five past two. We use AT+TIMEwhen giving the time of a specific event. ~The class starts at nine o'clock. ~The flight leaves at ten to three. 2:30 - It's half past two. 2:35 - It's twenty-five to three. 2:40 - It's twenty to three. 2:45 - It's quarter fo three. 2:50 - It’s ten to three. 2:55 - It's five to three. Weuse IT IS or IT’S to answer a question that asks for the time right now. What timeisit? - Itishalf past four. What's the time? - It’s twenty to five. A-An- Some - Any A/JAN + singular countable nouns A +consonantsouns = Thereis a bottle on the table. (AN + vows souno There is an apple on the table. SOME/ANY + plural countable nouns & uncountable nouns @affirmative SOME There is |some cheese in the fridge. ©)negative ANY — Thereisn’t any| cheese in the fridge. @questions* ANY Is there any cheese in the fridge? UNCOUNTABLE @) affirmative negative questions * questions 2.askfor can questions 3. suggest Whydon't we ..some..? @® @) | questions 1. offer ® @ The Temperature [22777c4 English Vocabulary thermometer F °F = degrees Fahrenheit (United States) °C=degrees Celsius (Rest of the World) @ hot When we talk about Swarm __ the temperature we use: U cool It + is/was + adjective O chilly It is warm today. G cold It was cold yesterday. G freezing — {t will be hot tomorrow. Water freezes at 0°C (32°F) [I Water boils at 100°C (212°F) If | were you... You imagine yourself in the position (MEANING) or situation of the other person. ~~ It is used TO GIVE ADVICE, | Hlwereyou, | (+) | Iwould+verb | If were you, I would study more. If were you, | wouldn't do that. a > E iflwere you, | wouldn't eat that. \_Iwould+verb | (4+) |_ if were you Iwould go to the doctor __ if | were you. I wouldn't go there if | were you. TN Why /f/ were and not /f/ was? “ot This is the SUBJUNCTIVE mood which is used for HYPOTHETICAL situations. Itis a condition which is contrary to fact (the fact is, 1am NOT you). Iwould be careful if were you. With TO BE, use WERE for all subjects in the SUBJUNCTIVE. Travel vs. Trip 'm planning to travel to Peru.“ atts) rf a nae atrip to Peru. oe = zis _ Traveled Travelled ‘m planning apravel to Peru. Peer aaneens VERB ) | NOUN MEANING: ACTON 0) | penne: THING To go from one place to another, “Act of going to a place for a short especially over a long distance. period of time and returning. - like to travel by plane. _-We went on a trip to the beach. -Mary travels to Italy onceayear. - John is ona business trip. NOUN aavet) GEKEERTIONSID tmp > VERE witha completely MEANING: MEANING: | diferent meaning The act/concept of travelling. To: Bote or almost fall while BUT don't say:actravel | walking or running. - You should write about your travels, -| tripped in front of everyone. - Travel broadens your mind. | -He tripped over the cat in the dark. ES Conditionals (CONDITION) (RESULT ZERO. fyoustand inthe rain, you get wet. conditional If you heat ice, itmelts. PRESENTSIMPLE + | PRESENT SIMPLE USES: Facts which are generally true or scientific Facts The condition always has the same result FIRST Mitrains, ‘we will cancel the trip. conditional If you study, you will pass the exam. (PRESENTSIMPLE) (+) | WILL/WON'T+VERB_ USES: A possible situation in the future Predicting a likely resuit in the future (ifthe condition happens) Iflwon thelottery, I would travel a lot. SSR) they sold their house, they would be rich. | PASTSIMPLE | +) | WOULD+VERB USES: Hypothetical or unlikely situations Unreal or improbable situation now or in the future THIRD lfyouhad studied, you would have passed the exam. conditional Iflhadn’tbeen sick, _ I would have gone to your party. PASTPERFECT + | WOULD HAVE+PASTPARTICIPLE USES: The person is imagining a different past Imaginary situation that did not heppen words that describe someone's voice ‘appealing ‘heneamesy disembodied small hoarse sbciedvoee arene soci high-pitched monotonious "sz" low Jaiglemnceeiee, guttural iu “rocccacpnmos nasal tie, ese SR sebetdiaete sem ‘ewstt— smuourocee Sheri renee penetrating “sess rough grating seimytte weten SIVEIY utes Boe, aie er, see ers ringing som Spill Searle wt singsong sega mind asainee, — SMOKY strident “Gr? ‘evacrivey quietly ahi “arc taut sie tee Ted hesepeccrrsnety gee sco, 20m | n, mite Se “eaaanee wate eee! Kea, Plummy strangled sasate”” thick Matter-of-fact sgmareccum! alg, AER, game scoot, See mettre ies SEES venous SRS whey 8S tight isnot seas wobbly throaty SE, celta dpsed Se, iadwee tpapan ety ‘pronto To sit on the fence MEANING: When a person does not take sides in an argument or is hesitant to choose between two sides in a dispute (in order to remain neutral). 0 EXAMPLE: You can't sit on the fence any longer - you must choose whose side you are on. € Mustn’t vs. Don't have to ey Lh BE CAREFUL: There is a difference in meaning between Mustn’t and Don’t have to. Mustn’t | MEANING It is prohibited; it is not allowed. Itis important that you do NOT do something. MEANING There is no obligation; you are not required to do something, especially if you don’t want to. You must not drink that. ) = It is forbidden to drink that. = Don't drink that, it is not allowed. (You mustn't tell John. _ } = Do NOT tell John. = You are not allowed to tell John. You don’t have to drink that. | = You don't need to drink that but you can if you want to. You don’t have to tell John. | = You can tell John if you want to but it is not necessary. cS) Shall Uses of Shall: | Suggestions | SHALL - Shall | get a pizza for dinner tonight? The modal verb Shall is not Fe used much nowadays. It may | Offers / Volunteering "| still be found in formal speech - That bag looks heavy. Shall | carry it for you?_| and some legal documents. (Instructions aking tocorgiima)l) | lhe mostcommonuseof - : : | shall in everyday English is in - What shall | do with your mail when it arrives?) questions that offer or suggest. (Promises ) | -Shalll..? -Shall we...? ‘You shall be the first person to know, «MES IRallb Sheall Wersiteedt instead of Will in first person (Confirmation (statementoffact) |_| (with | and We) when talking -I shall meet you there at 7 about the future. ~- You shall be the first person to know. Inall of the examples above, shall can be replaced by another modal verb. Suggestion/Instructions - Should —Offers-Can/Could — Promises/Confirmation - Will E> May - Expressing Wishes (The Hunger Games) May the odds be evel in seuaeL Modal verb {=chances Base form of the lways || = to your toexpress | of winning infinitive =td be advantage (your wish J May |the Force be with you. starwa:s) (More examples ) May - Modal Verb - May the New Year[bring you happiness. | Mayisa modal verb that has : different uses. One of its uses -May you both|hiave a happy life together. |i, t9 express your wishes - May all your wishes come true, forsomeone. ©) May- Might Uses of May and Might: Possibility J May or Might? = It might rain later so take an umbrella. May and Might can normally Gi ae | be interchanged without a ive permission | significant difference in -You may have another cookie if you like. meaning, However, Might FET oSias F often implies a smaller chance Ask for permission | of something happening ~ May | borrow your pen please? (when expressing possibility). Express wishes is -Itmay rain. (70% chance) It might rain. (40% chance) - May the New Year bring you happiness. isto etna GSH er Speculate about past actions Soa pets only May is used. ~ She is late. She may have missed her plane. Wake uP. vs. Get up WAKE UP. GET UP MEANING: MEANING: . To stop sleeping and To get out of bed, open your eyes. usually to start your day. EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: - Lwake up at 7 o'clock. - Inormally get up at 7.45 - My alarm clock rang and - [have to get up early | woke up immediately. tomorrow because it will bea busy day. - | wake up at 6 and then get up five minutes later. ‘PresentTense jy Pastense - I|do exercises - I did my homework " HelBnis homework -Ihave d6h@ many things -He has done many things azmumav suru The ONLY difference between a question in the present tense and a question in the past tense is the auxiliary (Do/Does or Did). (60 you'speak English?) (Goes he speak English? id) youspeak English?) Cid) hespeak English? Questions with Do / Does We use Do or Does'to make a question in the i % “Exceptions: Questions with To Be and simple present tense. Modal Verbs (can, might, should etc.) AUEUEIAY _DO_ + I/you/we/they he DOES + he/she/it f j i: | "The base form Affirmative: You speak Pare atinene Question: Doyo Nnglisi =16 go, td need, to speak, t6 live Affirmative: He speaks English. Look: Third person . A verbs lose the final Question: Es 2s” in questions extraordinary out-of-the-way (flea) tule uncan abnormal more BRITISH ISLES GREAT BRITAIN ‘ IRELAND — rt Wes England ) Ons DEPENDENCIES Repub of helo Northern end ‘Gucensey Sersey CROWN DEPENDENCIES le of Man. Guesnsey. Jersey [BRITISH SLES. England Scotland, Wales, Northam Ireland Republic of etn, he of Man, Guetrsey,ersey The History of the English Language Catt Roman Germanic Viking_——_Norman Renaissance Empire Migrations Occupation Settlements Invasions Invasions Mixing Imports riomace — 43- 410CE late 400s 787-1000 1000s- 1164 14005-16008 17005 present ‘angl-Nonman French Latin na, Persian pa Gest naan Able, TUK Malay Latin Anglo-Saron ree OK French ‘ican sion = Augustine Anglo-Norman French // 1384 yest 1376 Peintng Press + issonaries Stagg worestoasy”/ sileinngisy ‘comes england ‘afte parma Norse North Geman) 1587-148: {Continous toae:“ng™ " eee Te Great Vowel St” Ssliengiantosay Frenen dovaluea Engen wine foe 2 Dovperiphass ad yeu wrt ths?” 5: Place names. Wiest Germanie languages ecomenew anguage’ OS ENGIN" Ceaman” Beowulf Chala ‘Hymn 700s Canterbury Tales “1584-1616 6508 1343-1400 Negative Question Tags Question tags are used when asking for agreement or confirmation. a positive statement + anegative question tag Positive Statement Negative Tag You are) a student, aren't) you? He is | very busy, ‘isn’t he? He was | happy, “wasn't They were surprised, Negative You English, EW aleirescutet He Spanish, Ween ines You for the test, exsuscully in their You have studied all week, haven't you? Geis You ‘had arrived beforeheleft, hadn't you? You will pass the exam, won't you? You can speak twolanguages, can’t you? You could do it forme, couldn't you? We must be patient, mustn't we? You should go now, shouldn't you? You would like anewjob, wouldn’t you? Exceptions — ~@E 1 ‘am | late, aren't I? IGAREFUL Let's go home, shall we? Positive Question Tags Question tags are used when asking for agreement or confirmation. a negative statement + a positive question tag Negative Statement Positive Tag You aren't a teacher, are| you? He isn't crazy, is he? He wasn't relaxed, ‘was’ he? They weren’t| late, ‘were’ they? You ‘don’tspeak French, ido you? You didn’t study for the test, did you? You haven't been here all week, have you? You hadn't done itbeforethen, had you? You won't fail the exam, will you? You can't drive —acar, can you? You couldn't do it forme, could you? We mustn't say anything, must we? You shouldn't be so busy, should you? You wouldn't stop me, would you? Statements using barely, hardly, neither, no, nobody, none, nothing and seldom are treated as negative statements. Nobody (went) tothe meeting, did|they? Nothing is) ready, is it? Question Tags A question tag is a small question at the end of a statement. Question tags are used when asking for agreement or confirmation. Ositive statement) + [a negative question tag) + You are astudent, aren’t you? AEE Eoeom a Negative statement + |a positive question tag) = + Mary lisn’t| teacher, (is) she? ‘Asabject pronoun Intonation and Meaning The intonation of a question tag shows the exact meaning of it. If the intonation of the question tag goes up, it means you are not sure and you want to know the answer. John [d6ési't| speak Spanish, oes he? If the intonation of the question tag goes down, it means you are checking / confirming information or making conversation. John (doesn’t speak Spanish, (does) he? Silent T witch fasten , castle watch butcher scratch listen match Christmas mortgage soften often | | [4 [ | | | | | | | | |_kn Silent K g/2 aig aoa a | Jige | ioe | ioe | tae | ize | tae | ie | tae aa iz | Peaans @Q 2° 3 2 S28 aka Ole Silent B | crumb climbing ] | bomb comb doubt | plumber limb debt | tomb Every day - Everyday a) day» Phrase that acts every) day as an adverb It describes the frequency. = on all of the days, on each day All of these days JL Agha Mon) Tue) Wed) Thur) Fri) Sat’ Sun. Examples: I study English every day. Woodward English puts a new word ed everyday ) Adjective Itdescribes something as = ordinary, regular, normal, common place everyday + noun { everyday —_ activities Leveryday occurrence Example: Even though he had won the lottery, it hadn't changed his everyday life. with its definition on twitter every day. True! See tat @WoodwardEnglish Every day - All day every day = onall days / each day Answers the question. How often? All of these days Lela Ve Mon) Tue) Wed) ‘Thur Fi Sat) Sun Examples: I study English every day. Woodward English puts a new word Beginning oftheday all day = the entire day Answers the question How long? End of the day «—— all day coruntit Examples: Ihave studied English all day. It rained all day yesterday. with its definition on twitter every day. —_, rue! see it at @WoodwardEnglish The Icing on the Cake MEANING: Something that makes a good i situation even better orabad = “"*" wes situation even worse. cing EXAMPLE: cake Not only was | offered a higher salary, but the additional bonus | got was the icing on the cake. Both - Either - Neither Both=the two Either= one of the Neither = none alternatives two alternatives =not this AND = this AND that = this OR that not the other « BOTH | ( NEITHER a, > AND “OR | NOR I can speak both Icanspeakeither —_| can speak neither English and Spanish. English or Spanish. French nor Arabic. Which is easier for you to understand? Woodward English Another - Other - Others Lzenas singular another book (is) another (is) ES plural other books (are) others (are) the final-s is only used i ‘ . fora plural singular the other book (is) the other (is) pronoun plural the other books (are) _ the others (are) ANOTHER @ ne more; an additional; an extra an alternative; a different more in addition to the one already mentioned OTHER ® alternative; different THE OTHER © a specific alternative; the rest of a specific group IELTS S Wiking Task1 (297 Academic Version DESCRIBING TRENDS Z Conjugation Summary Chart present You live in Spain. Youdon’'tlivein Spain. Do youlivein Spain? rast You livedin Spain. Youdidn’tlivein Spain. Did you live in Spain? Present vs Past Tense @ present He lives in Spain. He doesn’tlive in Spain. Does he live in Spain? past He lived in Spain. Hedidn'tlivein Spain. Did he live in Spain? The verb only changes In negative sentences and questions in affirmative sentences. the verb doesn't change. The base form of the infinitive is used. . sparkinsight com The Cone of Learning After 2 weeks, Ise and | forget. we tend to remember ... Thear and I remember: Ido and I understand. — Confucius * 10% of what we READ + 20% of what we HEAR + 30% of what we SEE + 50% of what we SEE & HEAR Meet} * 70% of what ERE we SAY + 90% of what we SAY & DO Source: Edgar Dale (1969) i Ete have your head [1% intheclouds ju MEANING: 1. To be daydreaming and not paying attention to what is happening or being said. 2. To be out of touch with the everyday world and to be unrealistic because of it. 3. To have impractical ideas or dreams. € put your foot ju==y in your mouth MEANING: To say or do something that offends, upsets or embarrasses someone else. To say something inappropriate. EXAMPLE: (Seeing Mary is larger than normal) John: So, when is the baby due? Mary: I’m not pregnant! Qohn just put his foot in his mouth) ©) Couch Potato MEANING: A person who spends a lot of time watching television with little or no physical activity. EXAMPLE: Stop being a couch potato! Turn off the TV and go out and do something with your life. Toburnthe candle [220= at both ends © ) MEANING: EXAMPLE: To work from early in A; You look terrible! the morning until late @ You should get some at night with very ey sleep. little rest. B: | know. I've been To work more burning the candle than you need at both ends to or should. m trying to get my To overwork. ,) Presentation ready. Zip yout lip! - Zip it! English Idioms MEANING: Keep your mouth shut and don’t say anything. Zip your mouth! (> Zip your lip! Be , Close your mouth and be quiet. Zip it! a Keep quiet about .. (something). Cat got your tongue? English Idioms This is a shortened form of: Has the cat got your tongue? This idiom is used to compel someone to speak, say something or give a response when they are (unusually) quiet. It is similar to saying: Have you nothing to say? DO vs. MAKE Yee Ce The difference between Do and Make Work, Jobs and Tasks Do the housework Do your homework @® Do a good job Do something Do everything © Do the dishes Food, Drink and Meals Make dinner Do your chores Non-Specific Activities Do nothing Do anything Replace Verb when Obvious Do your hair Do the laundry Makea cake Make breakfast > Make a cup of coffee Product Material / Origin Made of gold Made in China CinaKe) Made by me Make your eyes water Make you happy Make you sleepy Make you smile Make arrangements Make a decision > Make a plan Speaking and Sounds Make acomment Make a speech Made from grapes Produce a Reaction Plans and Decisions Make a choice Make a noise Pronunciation of S Plural Nouns - Verbs in Third Person The pronunciation of words ending in S depends on the final consonant (sound). There are three ways to pronounce the S: z/ EY /2z/ BTW VOICELESS VOICED There - Their - The Common Mistakes in English Bete rot) BH Yyig (eee Cetra) Bac SU Ree etsy) APOSTROPHE S - ('S) [ZR7E POSSESSIVE CASE - GENITIVE CASE WHAT IS THE APOSTROPHE S? ae cnr a ee CaP aed LUT e On lean ey SINGULAR NOUNS ENDING IN -S AS A PART OF A PHRASE NONOUN Prepositions of Time AT-ON-IN Lee Pronunciation of ED The pronunciation of words ending in ED depends on the final consonant (sound). There are three ways to pronounce ED: Aw VOICELESS VOICED via) Funny Fun vs Funny Common Mistakes in Englis| Fun Funny The roller coaster ride was fun. Her jokes were very funny. STILL - YET- ALREADY LZ Pai N) a PRONOUNS IN ENGLISH 222g AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE PRONOUN PRONOUN ADJECTIVE PRONOUN mms TAKE OUT = to borrow something from a place (Transitive) When you take something for temporary use from a formal establishment. - You can take out those books from the library. -| took out a loan to help pay for my tuition. = toremove (Transitive) When something is extracted or removed from its current place. - The trash smells bad. Can you take it out please? - Have you had your appendix taken out? = to go out with someone (Transitive) When you go out with someone, often on a date. iy - He took me out to the movies last night. - Let me take you out to dinner some time. = to destroy or kill (Transitive) To kill or disable a person or destroy a place. ee - The sniper took out many enemies before his hiding place was discovered. OBJECT « The person or thing affected by the action of the subject. ‘example: The baby éronk her milk ‘SENTENCE - A group of words that makes sense all by Itself. A ‘sentence always begina with a capital letter, ods with ‘punctuation mark, and contains « subject and a predicate. ‘example: The rosen dog chased the ball. ‘bec The brown dog predicate: chased the bal ‘SIMPLE SENTENCE - A sentence with one subject and one predicate, DECLARATIVE SENTENCE - A sentence that states an opinion or fact. ‘examples My teacher tenice. My book has 48 pogo. IMPERATIVE SENTENCE - A sentence dhat gives « command. ‘examples: Tate home yeur workbook Be kind to your brother INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE - A centence that asks a question and onde ‘with a question mark. sexampler: Howe for com you run? What time it? PARAGRAPH - One or more sentences in a group related to the same ‘ea or top. (The fe sentence af «prograph ely tere) exemple: The nome of mp schoo! is Madison Miadle School Ite Tecated an Pe Steet. just down from my house. I has a large playground und tweleeclasarooims Ii «great place for cildren 10 orm and study. This - That - These - Those LZZZz Demonstratives [O=onsetne) Singula) Thisis a red pen. ED [crsse Guan) ==) SN Demonstrative Pronoun + Verb” orby self, -€.g. Do you want this? here this these Demonstrative] Sinswlar This pen isred. there that those \_ Adjectives | plural”) These pens areblue. L JL Demonstrative Adjective + Noun this book ee that book (here/close) (there /not close) those books ne (there /not close) these books (here /close) Gres TAKE ON ms =to accept additional responsibility (Transitive) az To accept additional work or responsibility for a task or job. - wanted to make a good impression so | tookon two new projects at work. = to add; to acquire (Transitive) To add, acquire, bring in or introduce. - Stores take on extra employees during Christmas. -Many students take on a lot of debt while they are ie studying at university. = to fight or compete against (Transitive) To attempt to fight or compete against someone. - Even though we are a little company, I know we can — take on the big ones. = to begin to have the appearance of (Transitive) To begin to have a characteristic, appearance or quality of something else. - Her voice took on a more serious tone with the kids. aes PLURAL NOUNS Regular Nouns Ends in S, CH, SH, X orZ Ends in F or FE add-S add -ES remover/FE add -VES 1 car 2cars 1 bus 2 buses leaf 2 leaves idog 2dogs 1match 2matches 1wolf — 2 wolves book — 2 books dish 2 dishes Vlife lives house 2 houses 1 box 2 boxes 1 knife 2 knives apple 2apples iquiz —_2quizzes Exceptions: 100-100 Ends in VOWEL+Y —_Endsin CONSONANT+Y Irregular Nouns add -S removey add -IES Iman 2men iday — 2days Icity 2 cities 1child 2 children Tkey 2keys 1 baby 2 babies 1 foot 2 feet Iboy — 2boys story 2 stories ltooth 2 teeth Tguy 2guys lparty 2 parties mouse 2mice donkey 2donkeys 1country 2countries 1 person 2 people Ends in VOWEL +O Ends in CONSONANT +O No Change add -S add -ES 1200 2z00s hero 2hetoes Isheep 2 sheep 1 radio 2 radios lecho 2echoes 1deer 2deer Tstereo 2 stereos 1 tomato 2 tomatoes 1 fish 2 fish lvideo 2 videos Tpotato 2potatoes Iseries 2 series 1 kangaroo 2 kangaroos == ceptions: _piano- pianos Tspecies 2 species photo- photos “ae TAKE FOR = to consider; to regard (Transitive) This phrasal verb is used when you regard someone or something in a certain way, either correctly or mistakenly. -My mother looks young; people often take her for my sister. -Do you take me for a fool? - Sorry, | took you for someone else. ‘oon’ TAKE FOR GRANTED = to fail to appreciate something orsomeone _(Transitive) When a person fails to appreciate something or someone, especially as a result of overfamiliarity. EXAMPLE SENTENCES - He doesn’t appreciate how lucky he was to get ajob as soon as he had finished university. He just takes it for granted. -Itwas only when she left that the company realized that they had taken her for granted. i 1 YY Profession vs. Occupation What is the difference between Profession and Occupation? PROFESSION A profession requires a degree or completed studies at a university or other institution of higher education. It involves extensive training and special knowledge. Examples of professions include accountant, architect, doctor, engineer, Jawyer, teacher. You need a degree to work in these areas. fy Sh OCCUPATION An occupation is the job you are paid to do. It is the way you earn a living. Think of it as the activity that occupies your time and from which you receive money for doing it. COMPARE | studied teaching at university and | am a teacher right now. My profession and my occupation are the same. I studied teaching at university but | am an actor right now. My profession is teacher though my occupation (or my job right now) is actor. Negative Question Tags Question tags are used when asking for agreement or confirmation. a positive statement + a negative question tag Positive Statement You |have studied You (had arrived You will pass You can speak You could do We must be You should go You would like astudent, very busy, happy, surprised, English, Spanish, for the test, all week, before he left, the exam, two languages, it for me, patient, now, anew job, late, home, XE eWedileieocu} Wars inetep Sreusually hace ‘ Geiicia el (omen won't you? can’t you? couldn't you? mustn’t we? shouldn't you? wouldn't you? x ~@ia aren't ||? NA shall we? Positive Question Tags Question tags are used when asking for agreement or confirmation. a negative statement + a positive question tag Negative Statement Positive Tag You aren't) a teacher, are you? He isn't crazy, is he? He wasn't] relaxed, ‘was he? They weren't late, ‘were they? You (don't’speak French, do! you? You didn’t|study forthetest, did) you? You haven't been here all week, have you? You hadn't done it beforethen, had you? You won't fail the exam, will you? You can'tdrive acar, can you? You couldn't do it forme, could you? We mustn't say anything, must we? You shouldn't be so busy, should you? You wouldn't stop me, would you? ‘Statements using barely, hardly, neither, no, nobody, none, nothing and seldom are treated as negative statements. Nobody (went tothe meeting, did! they? Nothing is ready, is it? Question Tags wese A question tag is a small question at the end of a statement. Question tags are used when asking for agreement or confirmation. a positive statement + a negative question tag) + 6 are I su You are’ astudent,, (aren't you? co | ‘auodlary or aform of the verb To Be: a negative statement) + a positive question tag) = + Mary lisn’t| ateacher, |is| she? Ae ‘the noun or noun ‘phrase Intonation and Meaning The intonation of a question tag shows the exact meaning of it. If the intonation of the question tag goes up, it means you are not sure and you want to know the answer. John (doesn't! speak Spanish, (does he? If the intonation of the question tag goes down, it means you are checking / confirming information or making conversation. John |doesn't| speak Spanish, (does) he? PaRASAL TAKE IN =to view your surroundings and absopb it. (ransitive) - [just want to sit here a minute and take in the view. - When in anew city, | like to sit in a café and take it allin. =to give shelter (Transitive) -|took in a stray dog last week. - Canada has taken in 10,000 refugees this year. =to deceive someone (Transitive) - He took me in completely with his sad story. - Dont be taken in by his charms. He doesn't tell the truth. = to reduce the size of a piece of clothing (transitive) ~My pants are loose. | need to take them in. - Your dress needs to be taken in around the waist. = to understand and absorb information (transitive) - It was a lot of information to take in all at once. - I could hardly take in everything he said. Siu) To Be + Age To Be + number + years old He is forty years old, Sheis 36. - Lam 23 years old. The grandfather | The boy is - You are 16 years old. Briyerson, ene -Heis 32 years old. ee al -Mary is 45 years old. Pei Bile ae Years old is optional. S You can say: The dog is "The Baby’ is -lam 18 years old. OR 3years old. 5 months old. -lam 18, With babies, you can use BUT. years + old months instead of years. are always together - The baby is 4 months old. -lam 21. - She is nine months old. -lam 21 years. 3 Be Careful In English we use the -lam 21 years old. verb TO BE and not another verb. You can write the age as -thave 18. 38 -lam 18. numbers or as words. - Ihave 18 years. 3 -lam 12 years old. -I have 18 years old. 3¢ -lam twelve years old. -lam 18 years old. The Question: How old are you? -!m____ years old. ‘Rapi on =m thirsty, | think | will buy a drink, Don't worry, | won't tell anyone. Nahe a =f you don't stop, | will tell your mother. ‘Refusal _ won’t=will not -She won't listen to anything | say. Prior Plan = The decision was made before the moment of speaking. ~'m going to the beach next weekend with my friends. Evidence / Signs =When there are signs that something is likely to happen. = My stomach hurtsa lot and | think lam going to throw up. - It’s 70-0. They’re going to win. You can use both Will and Going to for making predictions.

    You might also like