BOTANY REVIEWER FOR FIRST QUARTER Proponent of Oxygen
FIELDS OF BOTANY Joseph Priestly discovered oxygen
Plant Taxonomy classification of Proponent of Light Independent/Dark reaction
plants Phase Plant Anatomy parts of the plants Melvin Calvin proponent of Calvin Plant Morphology form and structure Cycle of the parts of plant Plant Physiology functions of parts PHOTOSYNTHESIS Plant Ecology interrelationships Process by which plants make their own among plants and between plants and food in the presence of sunlight their environment Horticulture ornamental plants and fruit & vegetable crops Forestry forest conservation & forest products Different reactions in Photosynthesis Economic Botany plants w/ Light Dependent Phase/Light commercial importance Reaction Characteristics of Plants o Occurs in the thylakoids o End product : ATP and NADPH 1. Highly organized o By product : Oxygen 2. Take in & use energy o Sunlight is present 3. Respond to stimuli o Raw material needed : water 4. Grow and develop Glycolysis the breakdown of glucose 5. Reproduce by enzymes, releasing energy and 6. Plant DNA transmits information from pyruvic acid one generation to the next Chemiosmosis allows the production 7. Plant populations undergo genetic of not only NADPH but ATP as well changes over time Granum a stack of thylakoids Importance of Plants Stroma space inside the thylakoid Thylakoid flattened sacks inside a Fundamental source of food chloroplast (Burger Patty) Source of medicine Chloroplast contains chlorophyll and Provide fuel, shelter, and paper this is where photosynthesis occurs products Chlorophyll responsible for Photosynthesis sustain life on earth absorption of light o Provides almost all of the Photosystem II This is where sunlight worlds oxygen is trapped or harvested o Organisms get their energy Electron Transport Chain series of directly/indirectly from it electron carriers that shuttle high- o Sugar it produces (glucose) are energy electrons the building blocks of life ATP Synthase enzyme used in photosynthesis Light Independent/Dark reaction 6. Plants reproduce in two ways Phase/Calvin Cycle a. Asexual reproduction o Occurs in the Stroma b. Sexual reproduction o End product : Glucose PLANT KINGDOM o By Product : Water o Sunlight is absent Cuticle a non-cellular waxy covering o Raw materials needed : Carbon over the epidermis of the aerial plant dioxide, ATP, and NADPH parts that reduces water loss For every 6 carbon dioxide molecules Stomata a small pore in the plant that enter the cycle, a total of twelve epidermis that provides for gas 3-carbon compounds are produced exchange for photosynthesis o Lower epidermis most of the FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS stomata are located here Availability of water Gametangia sex organs of most plants Intensity of Light o Each gametangium has a layer Temperature (0-35deg.C) of sterile cells that surrounds the gametes, to prevent dessication PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
1. Plants are multicellular PLANT LIFE CYCLE
a. Plants are also autotrophs i. Autotroph ability to Alternation of Generations this is make their own food which plants spend part of their life in a 2. Plants are capable of photosynthesis multicellular 2n sporophyte stage 3. Plants have cell walls composed of Gametophyte generation this is the cellulose haploid portion of their life cycle a. Cellulose fibers Sporophyte generation this is the 4. Plants have two adult forms that diploid portion of their life cycle alternate in producing each other Meiosis this is the process when the a. Spores reproductive cells that sporophyte generation produces can develop into adults w/o haploid spores fusing w/ another reproductive Mitosis division of cells cell Cell Division increases the number of b. Embryo Sperm + Egg sex cells 5. Plants can continue to grow throughout Fertilization this occurs when the their lives antheridium fuses with archegonia a. Indeterminate growth growth Antherida male gametangia is unlimited Archegonia female gametangia b. Determinate growth organisms stop growing after FOUR MAJOR GROUPS OF PLANTS becoming an adult Bryophytes moss o Small nonvascular plants o Do not form seeds Pteridophytes Fern THREE TYPES OF TISSUE SYSTEM o Seedless vascular plants Dermal Tissue System Angiosperms Flowering plants o Seeded vascular plant o Provides protective covering Gymnosperm Non flowering plants o Composed of 2 complex tissues o Seeded vascular plant Epidermis layer of tissues in Xylem conducting water and herbaceous plants dissolved materials o Outermost tissue layer Phloem conducting organic molecules o Contains trichomes such as sugar Outgrowth of the Lignin sugar strengthening polymer epidermis o Support and conduction o Secrets cuticle [waxy layer] o Enables plants to grow tall Periderm several to many cell layers o Provides new protective PLANT STRUCTURE covering Root system generally underground o Replaces the epidermis Shoot system the aerial portion Plant Fibers used in textile fabrics o consist of vertical stem bearing o Divided into three groups leaves, flowers, fruits that Bast Fibers/Soft Fibers contain seeds Leaf Fibers/Hard Fibers Surface Fibers TYPES OF PLANTS BASED ON STRUCTURE Root Hairs simple unbranched Herbaceous Plants do not develop trichomes persistent woody parts above ground o Increases the surface area of Woody Plants trees and shrubs the root epidermis Periderm outermost layer of cells TYPES OF PLANTS BASED ON LIFESPANS covering a woody stem or root Cork Cells are dead at maturity Annuals herbaceous plants that grow o Coated with a waterproof and reproduce in 1 year or season substance called suberin Biennials takes 2 years to complete Helps reduce water loss their life cycle Cork Parenchyma Cells Perennials woody or herbaceous o Also called phelloderm plant that lives for 2 years or more o Functions as storage CELLS AND TISSUES OF PLANTS Ground Tissue System Cell basic structural and functional o Photosynthesis units of organisms o Food storage Tissues group of cells o Regeneration o Simple Tissues composed of o Support/protection only one kind of cell Parenchyma cells also called filler o Complex Tissues have two or cells more kind of cell o Thin primary cell walls o Abundant and common o Have large central vacuoles Tracheids highly o Soft edible part of a plant specialized for o Ability to differentiate into conduction of water other kinds of cells and minerals o Chlorenchyma cells Pits always Cells w/ chloroplast & occurs in pairs edible Vessel Elements o Aerenchyma cells efficient water- Cells with connected air conducting cells in spaces flowering plants o Para beside, chyma in filling Perforations - Collenchyma Cells hole in ends of o Elongated cells vessel elements o Mainly found along leaf veins Vessel stack o Unevenly thickened primary of vessel walls elements o Provides strength & support Phloem conducts food and materials o Arranged in tube like o Provides structural support strands/Cylinders o Composed of four different cell o Greek word kolla glue, types enkhuma infusion Sieve-tube elements Sclerenchyma Cells long thin cells that are o Both primary and secondary cell stacked from end to walls end o Thick secondary walls Solution food o Greek work sclero hard materials are o Dead at maturity conducted in this o Has two types Sieve plate holes Sclereids short cells from one element to common in shell nut another Fibers long, tapered o Companion Cells consist of cells that often occurs sieve-tube element/assist in groups or clumps o Plasmodesmata narrow thread that allows VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM communication o Embedded in the ground tissue PLANT MERISTEMS o Transports needed materials through 2 complex tissues Cell Division increases number of cells Xylem conducts water and dissolved Cell Elongation lengthen the cell materials to the stems and leaves Cell Differentiation differentiates or o Provides structural support specializes into cell types o Complex tissue composed of four different cell types MERISTEMATIC GROWTH ROOTS
Primary Growth increase in plants Roots generally downward in the
length direction of gravity o Occurs at the tips of stems and o Perform important functions for roots due to the activity of plants apical meristems Anchorage Secondary Growth increase in a Absorption plants girth due to the activity of Conduction Lateral Meristems Storage Root cap covering of cells over the PRIMARY GROWTH root tip Apical Meristems area of cell division o Protects the delicate apical at the tip of a stem or root [primary meristem tissues] Root hairs short lived 3 Primary Meristems at the area of Cell o Unicellular extension of Elongation epidermal cells o Protoderm is a young, o Form continually in the area of undifferentiated tissue of root cell maturation or stem that develops into ROOT SYSTEMS epidermis o Procambium is a Taproot System consist of one main meristematic tissue that root with many smaller lateral roots develops into Xylem & Phloem Fibrous Root System has several to o Ground Meristem givesrise to many roots of the same size the cortex, pith, & ground o Adventitious other term for tissue fibrous root At the area of Cell Differentiation ROOTS OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS
Bud dormant embryonic shoot that Endodermis innermost layer of the
develops into an apical meristem cortex of the root o Shoot Apical Meristem dome o Prevents water and dissolved of tiny, regularly arranged materials from entering the meristematic cells Xylem Leaf primordia developing leaves Casparian strip a band of waterproof Bud primordia developing buds material around the radial & transverse cells of the endodermis SECONDARY GROWTH o Ensures that water & minerals Vascular Cambium forms a thin, enter the xylem only by passing continuous cylinder within the stem and through endodermal cells root Symplast a continuum consisting of Cork Cambium thin cylinder or the cytoplasm of many plant cells irregular arrangement of meristematic o Connected by plasmodesmata cells in the outer bark region Apoplast a continuum consisting of o Assist plants in getting oxygen the interconnected, porous plant cell to the submerged roots walls, along w/c water moves freely o Anchors the plant [mangrove] Lateral Root Development Photosynthetic roots aerial roots of o Grow from pericycle epiphytes A layer of cell just inside o Specialized for food the endodermis that manufacture of the plant gives rise to lateral o Epiphytic roots may absorb roots moisture Pathway of water in the roots Contractile roots often found on bulbs and corms Root hair -> Epidermis -> Cortex (Symplast or o Contracts and pulls the plant to Apoplast pathway) -> Endodermis -> Pericycle a desirable depth in the soil Pericycle -> Xylem of root ROOT ASSOCIATIONS ROOTS OF WOODY PLANTS Graft formed when two different Plants produce stems w/ secondary roots grow together by secondary growth [wood and bark] also produce growth roots w/ secondary growth Mycorrhiza a mutually beneficial The production of secondary tissues in association between a fungus and a the roots of woody plants occurs due to root the activity of 2 lateral meristems o helps the plant absorb essential vascular cambium and cork cambium minerals from the soil ROOTS WITH UNUSUAL FUNCTIONS Nodules swelling that develops on the roots and house millions of rhizobia Aerial roots roots above ground, they o Nitrogen fixing bacteria are almost always adventitious o Found in diverse plant species, *The bacteria receive the products of including epiphytes such as photosynthesis while helping the plant meet orchids its nitrogen requirements by producing Prop roots adventitious roots that ammonia [NHs] develop branches or from a vertical stem o Grows downward into the soil o More common monocots that in eudicots Buttress roots swollen bases or braces o Hold the trees upright and aid in extensive distribution of shallow roots Pneumatophore aerial breathing roots