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BOTANY REVIEWER FOR FIRST QUARTER Proponent of Oxygen

FIELDS OF BOTANY Joseph Priestly discovered oxygen

Plant Taxonomy classification of Proponent of Light Independent/Dark reaction


plants Phase
Plant Anatomy parts of the plants
Melvin Calvin proponent of Calvin
Plant Morphology form and structure
Cycle
of the parts of plant
Plant Physiology functions of parts PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Plant Ecology interrelationships
Process by which plants make their own
among plants and between plants and
food in the presence of sunlight
their environment
Horticulture ornamental plants and
fruit & vegetable crops
Forestry forest conservation & forest
products Different reactions in Photosynthesis
Economic Botany plants w/
Light Dependent Phase/Light
commercial importance
Reaction
Characteristics of Plants o Occurs in the thylakoids
o End product : ATP and NADPH
1. Highly organized
o By product : Oxygen
2. Take in & use energy
o Sunlight is present
3. Respond to stimuli
o Raw material needed : water
4. Grow and develop
Glycolysis the breakdown of glucose
5. Reproduce
by enzymes, releasing energy and
6. Plant DNA transmits information from
pyruvic acid
one generation to the next
Chemiosmosis allows the production
7. Plant populations undergo genetic
of not only NADPH but ATP as well
changes over time
Granum a stack of thylakoids
Importance of Plants Stroma space inside the thylakoid
Thylakoid flattened sacks inside a
Fundamental source of food
chloroplast (Burger Patty)
Source of medicine
Chloroplast contains chlorophyll and
Provide fuel, shelter, and paper
this is where photosynthesis occurs
products
Chlorophyll responsible for
Photosynthesis sustain life on earth
absorption of light
o Provides almost all of the
Photosystem II This is where sunlight
worlds oxygen
is trapped or harvested
o Organisms get their energy
Electron Transport Chain series of
directly/indirectly from it
electron carriers that shuttle high-
o Sugar it produces (glucose) are
energy electrons
the building blocks of life
ATP Synthase enzyme used in
photosynthesis
Light Independent/Dark reaction 6. Plants reproduce in two ways
Phase/Calvin Cycle a. Asexual reproduction
o Occurs in the Stroma b. Sexual reproduction
o End product : Glucose
PLANT KINGDOM
o By Product : Water
o Sunlight is absent Cuticle a non-cellular waxy covering
o Raw materials needed : Carbon over the epidermis of the aerial plant
dioxide, ATP, and NADPH parts that reduces water loss
For every 6 carbon dioxide molecules Stomata a small pore in the plant
that enter the cycle, a total of twelve epidermis that provides for gas
3-carbon compounds are produced exchange for photosynthesis
o Lower epidermis most of the
FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
stomata are located here
Availability of water Gametangia sex organs of most plants
Intensity of Light o Each gametangium has a layer
Temperature (0-35deg.C) of sterile cells that surrounds
the gametes, to prevent
dessication
PLANT CHARACTERISTICS

1. Plants are multicellular PLANT LIFE CYCLE


a. Plants are also autotrophs
i. Autotroph ability to Alternation of Generations this is
make their own food which plants spend part of their life in a
2. Plants are capable of photosynthesis multicellular 2n sporophyte stage
3. Plants have cell walls composed of Gametophyte generation this is the
cellulose haploid portion of their life cycle
a. Cellulose fibers Sporophyte generation this is the
4. Plants have two adult forms that diploid portion of their life cycle
alternate in producing each other Meiosis this is the process when the
a. Spores reproductive cells that sporophyte generation produces
can develop into adults w/o haploid spores
fusing w/ another reproductive Mitosis division of cells
cell Cell Division increases the number of
b. Embryo Sperm + Egg sex cells
5. Plants can continue to grow throughout Fertilization this occurs when the
their lives antheridium fuses with archegonia
a. Indeterminate growth growth Antherida male gametangia
is unlimited Archegonia female gametangia
b. Determinate growth
organisms stop growing after FOUR MAJOR GROUPS OF PLANTS
becoming an adult
Bryophytes moss
o Small nonvascular plants
o Do not form seeds
Pteridophytes Fern THREE TYPES OF TISSUE SYSTEM
o Seedless vascular plants
Dermal Tissue System
Angiosperms Flowering plants
o Seeded vascular plant o Provides protective covering
Gymnosperm Non flowering plants o Composed of 2 complex tissues
o Seeded vascular plant Epidermis layer of tissues in
Xylem conducting water and herbaceous plants
dissolved materials o Outermost tissue layer
Phloem conducting organic molecules o Contains trichomes
such as sugar Outgrowth of the
Lignin sugar strengthening polymer epidermis
o Support and conduction o Secrets cuticle [waxy layer]
o Enables plants to grow tall Periderm several to many cell layers
o Provides new protective
PLANT STRUCTURE
covering
Root system generally underground o Replaces the epidermis
Shoot system the aerial portion Plant Fibers used in textile fabrics
o consist of vertical stem bearing o Divided into three groups
leaves, flowers, fruits that Bast Fibers/Soft Fibers
contain seeds Leaf Fibers/Hard Fibers
Surface Fibers
TYPES OF PLANTS BASED ON STRUCTURE Root Hairs simple unbranched
Herbaceous Plants do not develop trichomes
persistent woody parts above ground o Increases the surface area of
Woody Plants trees and shrubs the root epidermis
Periderm outermost layer of cells
TYPES OF PLANTS BASED ON LIFESPANS covering a woody stem or root
Cork Cells are dead at maturity
Annuals herbaceous plants that grow
o Coated with a waterproof
and reproduce in 1 year or season
substance called suberin
Biennials takes 2 years to complete
Helps reduce water loss
their life cycle
Cork Parenchyma Cells
Perennials woody or herbaceous
o Also called phelloderm
plant that lives for 2 years or more
o Functions as storage
CELLS AND TISSUES OF PLANTS
Ground Tissue System
Cell basic structural and functional
o Photosynthesis
units of organisms
o Food storage
Tissues group of cells
o Regeneration
o Simple Tissues composed of
o Support/protection
only one kind of cell
Parenchyma cells also called filler
o Complex Tissues have two or
cells
more kind of cell
o Thin primary cell walls
o Abundant and common
o Have large central vacuoles Tracheids highly
o Soft edible part of a plant specialized for
o Ability to differentiate into conduction of water
other kinds of cells and minerals
o Chlorenchyma cells Pits always
Cells w/ chloroplast & occurs in pairs
edible Vessel Elements
o Aerenchyma cells efficient water-
Cells with connected air conducting cells in
spaces flowering plants
o Para beside, chyma in filling Perforations -
Collenchyma Cells hole in ends of
o Elongated cells vessel elements
o Mainly found along leaf veins Vessel stack
o Unevenly thickened primary of vessel
walls elements
o Provides strength & support Phloem conducts food and materials
o Arranged in tube like o Provides structural support
strands/Cylinders o Composed of four different cell
o Greek word kolla glue, types
enkhuma infusion Sieve-tube elements
Sclerenchyma Cells long thin cells that are
o Both primary and secondary cell stacked from end to
walls end
o Thick secondary walls Solution food
o Greek work sclero hard materials are
o Dead at maturity conducted in this
o Has two types Sieve plate holes
Sclereids short cells from one element to
common in shell nut another
Fibers long, tapered o Companion Cells consist of
cells that often occurs sieve-tube element/assist
in groups or clumps o Plasmodesmata narrow
thread that allows
VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM
communication
o Embedded in the ground tissue
PLANT MERISTEMS
o Transports needed materials
through 2 complex tissues Cell Division increases number of cells
Xylem conducts water and dissolved Cell Elongation lengthen the cell
materials to the stems and leaves Cell Differentiation differentiates or
o Provides structural support specializes into cell types
o Complex tissue composed of
four different cell types
MERISTEMATIC GROWTH ROOTS

Primary Growth increase in plants Roots generally downward in the


length direction of gravity
o Occurs at the tips of stems and o Perform important functions for
roots due to the activity of plants
apical meristems Anchorage
Secondary Growth increase in a Absorption
plants girth due to the activity of Conduction
Lateral Meristems Storage
Root cap covering of cells over the
PRIMARY GROWTH
root tip
Apical Meristems area of cell division o Protects the delicate apical
at the tip of a stem or root [primary meristem
tissues] Root hairs short lived
3 Primary Meristems at the area of Cell o Unicellular extension of
Elongation epidermal cells
o Protoderm is a young, o Form continually in the area of
undifferentiated tissue of root cell maturation
or stem that develops into
ROOT SYSTEMS
epidermis
o Procambium is a Taproot System consist of one main
meristematic tissue that root with many smaller lateral roots
develops into Xylem & Phloem Fibrous Root System has several to
o Ground Meristem givesrise to many roots of the same size
the cortex, pith, & ground o Adventitious other term for
tissue fibrous root
At the area of Cell Differentiation ROOTS OF HERBACEOUS PLANTS

Bud dormant embryonic shoot that Endodermis innermost layer of the


develops into an apical meristem cortex of the root
o Shoot Apical Meristem dome o Prevents water and dissolved
of tiny, regularly arranged materials from entering the
meristematic cells Xylem
Leaf primordia developing leaves Casparian strip a band of waterproof
Bud primordia developing buds material around the radial & transverse
cells of the endodermis
SECONDARY GROWTH
o Ensures that water & minerals
Vascular Cambium forms a thin, enter the xylem only by passing
continuous cylinder within the stem and through endodermal cells
root Symplast a continuum consisting of
Cork Cambium thin cylinder or the cytoplasm of many plant cells
irregular arrangement of meristematic o Connected by plasmodesmata
cells in the outer bark region
Apoplast a continuum consisting of o Assist plants in getting oxygen
the interconnected, porous plant cell to the submerged roots
walls, along w/c water moves freely o Anchors the plant [mangrove]
Lateral Root Development Photosynthetic roots aerial roots of
o Grow from pericycle epiphytes
A layer of cell just inside o Specialized for food
the endodermis that manufacture of the plant
gives rise to lateral o Epiphytic roots may absorb
roots moisture
Pathway of water in the roots Contractile roots often found on
bulbs and corms
Root hair -> Epidermis -> Cortex (Symplast or
o Contracts and pulls the plant to
Apoplast pathway) -> Endodermis -> Pericycle
a desirable depth in the soil
Pericycle -> Xylem of root
ROOT ASSOCIATIONS
ROOTS OF WOODY PLANTS
Graft formed when two different
Plants produce stems w/ secondary
roots grow together by secondary
growth [wood and bark] also produce
growth
roots w/ secondary growth
Mycorrhiza a mutually beneficial
The production of secondary tissues in
association between a fungus and a
the roots of woody plants occurs due to
root
the activity of 2 lateral meristems
o helps the plant absorb essential
vascular cambium and cork cambium
minerals from the soil
ROOTS WITH UNUSUAL FUNCTIONS Nodules swelling that develops on the
roots and house millions of rhizobia
Aerial roots roots above ground, they o Nitrogen fixing bacteria
are almost always adventitious
o Found in diverse plant species, *The bacteria receive the products of
including epiphytes such as photosynthesis while helping the plant meet
orchids its nitrogen requirements by producing
Prop roots adventitious roots that ammonia [NHs]
develop branches or from a vertical
stem
o Grows downward into the soil
o More common monocots
that in eudicots
Buttress roots swollen bases or
braces
o Hold the trees upright and aid
in extensive distribution of
shallow roots
Pneumatophore aerial breathing
roots

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