~

FAN ;m fs'Mp\
,70 ~\

N~

ENGINEERING SURVEYING
Sf
Horizontal controls ~11"c established through methods such :1, Tr:l\'ersin~. Tn:lllgu!atiol1.

Trilatcration. Intersection. Resection. and Satellite Position Fixill~.

Vertical controls arc established throuph Spirit k\'L'lling i.c. lelclling 01':1 hii'h"r orrlc.

COORDINATE SYSTEMS

A plane rectangular l'llordin:ltc system is adopted tor all S\lr\'cys. This sys\cm uses t wo ,I"~,
at right :lIlgks to each other termed the Northern axes and the Fastertl rcspectil'l;ly.

}> The origin or the semictie conuo] network in (;balla is taken to be the inter~eeti\ln \l

latitude 4 -to' Nand klngitude I"\\'.

}> This point is :lssigneci values ufO in northern and LJOOOOO feet in eastern.

Survey Grid
This is a rcctnngular coordinate system on which the originallOpographic survey of

the project site is carried out and plotted.

The grid points have known Eastings and Northings related to the National grid or

some arbitrarily origin.

The control points on this grid arc represented by the original control stations

Site Grid
This defines the position and direction of the main building. lines ofthe project.
When a site grid does not coincide \\'ith a survey grid. the coordinates of the site grid

arc translated to those of the survey grid using the following rrunsfornuuion tormuia

E = ~E + E1 e - ~\'-1sin e
COS

jY = ~ \7' + ~\~1cos e - E1 sin e

where

~E. boN = difference in eastings and northings of the respective grid origins

EI, N, = the coordinates of the point on the site grid

e = relative rotation of the two grids

E. N = the coordinates of the point transformed to the survey grid