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Pa er No. 141- 1
539.43.014
By TomokazuMATAKEdede
'
the Gough's emptrical formula fer the brittle materials under combined
stress. As the plane of the maximum shearing stress is varied by the
various combination of torsion-and bending, the isotropic material
present.
obtain the informatien of the fatigue en- mens having thetr axes coincide with the
durance of the machine under such stress rolling direction. However, such rolling
state. therefore, it must be praeticaUy ratio, and the direction of the maximum
tmportant to guess it from the known fa- shearing stress vartes by the modes of
tigue limits undeT much simpler stress eombination of torsion and bending. There-
states. Several criteria for fatigue fail- for, it should be regarded to use the
ure under combtned stress have already fairly isotropic materials in order to'in-
proposed{1)(2) some investigations between vestigate the intrinsic behavior under the
cornbined stress have appeared, in whtch eombined stress statte.
the endurance was obtatned with consider- In this paper, the fatigue experi-
ei:5:.:::,i::i'i
ing the repetition's of shearing stress be-
ing dhe substance of fatigueg3J The rela-
in crystals, but its propqgation is caused The materials u$ed -are 7:3brass, high
by the normal tensile stress, the eritical. strength steel and nodular cast iron,
shearing stress on the presumed fracture which are censidered as tsetrepte. The 7;3
plane to tnitiate eraek, may be reduced brass is manufactured so as to have the
considerablly by the effect of nermal ten- same grain stze especially in the rolled,
sile stress acting on the same plane. In transverse and thtckness directions, and
polyerystalline tuetals, however, the ini- its mean size tn each direction is O.05mm.
tial eracks insually appear and propagate AfteT machined, the speeimens were an-
tn sltp bands and hence it is difficult to
nealed at 400eC for half an hour and re-
presume the fatigue plane. Then, in this
moved about 50u of their surface !ayers by
electro-polishing. The specirnehs from the
htgh strength steel(VIT80C), which was man-
k
Reeeived 26th Augu$t, 1974 ufactured and heat-treated by Nippon Steel
ft* ?rofessor, Faeulty of Engineering, Co., their
were polished on surfaces with
Nagasaki University, Nagasaki. Ot6 emery paper. The specimens from nodu-
25S
Mitsubishi Heavey lndustries Ltd., were As the testing machine mainly used ts
removed their surfaee layers for about 10v a Schenck type bending and torsion fatigue
by eleetro-polishing after machined.
.but (capacity:4 kg-m, 3500 cyclelmin)
machine
The rolled steel(Block D) is employed an Ono type rotary bendtng machine
as anisotropic material.(14) It has many (3500 rpm) ts used also for bending test
sulfide inelusions and the lowest strength of the high strength steel and nodular
plane is in the rolled section, then so as cast tron, and a Baldbifin type universal
to make this plane to be the ma.ximum fat gue machine (ctipacity: 2t. 2700 cyele/
shearlng stress plane, these specituens min) for combined stress of the' htgh
were cut sudh that the axis of specimen strength steel and thenodulaT east tron
directs w= OO, 78.750, 69.5" and 45e from and tersion of the latter material. So as
the To!led direction. As mentioned later ' to combine torsional and bending stresses,
these angles cor=espond to the cases ef the special grips(15) are employed, which
angle e=O", 22.5", 41e and 90" between the hold the specimen inclining to the axis of
axis of speeirnen and testing maahtne, re- the machine by e, so that e=O" corresponds
spectively. The surfaces of specimens were to torsion and e=90e to bending. In this
polished with O16 emery paper. expeTiment two combinations are adopted; e
Metallographie photographs taken on 422.5e and 410. .
the longitudinal and cross sections of the The dtmensiens of specimens are shown
specimens from four materials are shown in in Fig.3, and their diameters are 10 mm in
Fig.1, these chemteal composittons and de- the universal fatigue machine and rotary
gree of cleanness in Table 1, and these bending machine and 6 mm.. for torsion of
mechanical properties in Table 2 and Fig.2. the high strength steel, 8 mn for bending
(cross section) (longitudinal section)
eeesy"w-=';rm-fu.-=-;;;=..
dn...mu..... L:.
(a)7:3 brass
eskrk
it.i.
"
keeX"
"
rwpa
-
-
t:
-
'
Z
J
nt =
259
69.6O.OlTr.Bal.3.522.94O.64O.032O.O08O.060
(b) Highstrengthsteel
csiMn P s Cu CrN Mo v
O.21O.27O.95O.17O.O05O.26O.093O.04O.46O.O04
(d) Block D
Chemiealcomposition,7. Cleanness,Z(JISG0555)
dA6ox4oodB6ox4oodC60x400
csi}in P s
O.13O.17O.88O.O13O.183O.72O.05O,32
Ekgfmm2eo.2kg/mm2kg/l:tht2aTkgfmm2ip-/.te "%
Material
7:3brass 1.o2xlo411.532.610I.7'73.673,1
Highstrengthsteel2.Ilxlo477.682.5141.914.466.4
Nodularcastiron1.66xlo424.S48.654.414.910.6
to eo
o
)1'3
50si,.40s'.
gy lt l(tre.h"
o
x
pt eo-nJ
30c<."b20P.blO
''hx xsx=
''N (b)Rotarybending
)v'
NNTs machine
"
Vs W=04
o10 ZO 30 40 50 60 70 80 SO /s
a,IJ kgfmn2 o,ty% 'e
Fig.2 Mechanical properties of Bloek D 's!
(v= angle between the rolled direc-
tton and the axis of speeimen)
12 T224,S
s9
Z4.530
- 7S<D
combined
12
(i) torsion
f$tyt/t/resJ/t
xT --
s s-!
9
12
7S
(ii) combined 10soJ-To 1535
35-10
12e
gL p
(ii) torslon
s (c) Universal fatigue machine
(iii) bending
(a) Schenck type maehine Fig.3 Dimension of speclmens
260
TorsionO7.SOo7.50o TorsionO28.0o28.0o
22,5 22.5
Combined415.543.774.646.566.005.002.303.28 Combined4124.017.4!9.030.226.023.09.915.1
Bending90o8.504.254.25 Bending90o47.023.523.5
Torsiono19.oo19.0:o Torsionolt,.oo14.oo
Combined22.S41129.9,81017.8.o14,O13.0s8..4s Comh,ine(122.541128.o,710.015.01311.o.557.o.5
Bendtng90o20.o;o.o10.o Bending90o22.011.o11.o
11N:(10ipm
HS
d
Eiv
s
5
4
3
1 e
10S loE le: N
(a) 7:3 brass (b) High strength steel10fi
26NEE24xpmx
1'"-'' nSeeo-
.e=oee-22oe;"ee-sa
-f
22gS20
o'
/-o
2e T ---
h k 1.e.oh
IS E
"..le
'o etei - ' ee-22.sh-
oe-41ee1-e=sooIl
16 Ft g16
14 t.t..t e14
E
l
12 Axis 12
machinel.ote''iAxisotseclmen1 tsisefmachin-.'ISLeANisofspecLmen
le 10 -".i
B 8
los loS lo7 N lo8 blle
le+loS loF 10"NS.1
(c) Nodular cast iron (d) Bloek D
261
and the ordinates sheartng stresses in the normal stress at fatigue limit as shown in
same manner as before, and the curves fit Fig.4 and Table 3. From these facts, the
'{ocuses followimg thaybe
well the arc of ellipses with on relation proposed as the
the abscissae. first approximation,
stress and the miero-eracks exist a!so of Stuhlen et al.(7) andFindley et al.S8)
near fattgue limit; the maximum shearing but math difference frorn them is to decide
stress is reduced by the effeet of the the plane on which erack initiates as the
8"E<6xdiiv
30teE2ox"e
"oPdm
4or 'e
4 Sts'
q{51f
e'ss g.tux"
10
2
e-so e-so
e 24 6S 10 o lo ze 3o 4o se
d k31mm2 d k}hnl
20NgEX..15xP
lsNEEXexlON
do11osi
si
..o'"
10
b:L' "e
". 5 ".
5
die-so
e-so
o 5 10 15 20 25 o S 10 15 2e 25
d k}lmml ti k31mrre
tl
rit
)L ttr"")EINLII'l"
tt
:B'Ca}
N
'l Lx
lk v Ls. Nx
NX
N t ia
NN
N
su ', xN i-1
N
B B'stressstressB- B'
Torsion Cb)[ombhned L[)Bendine
262
plane on whieh the maximum shear ng stress presses an ellipse wtth focuses on the
acts, beeause of the observatien that al- normal stress axis.
most all the first fatigue crack initiates Now, Eq.(1) can be transformed easily
in the slip band having the same direction to Eq.(2) by using the Mohr's stress
as one of the maximum shearing stress. circles(se'e appendi)c). Namely, Eq.(1) and
The Mohr's stress circles for these Eq.(2) are the same. As shown in Table 2,
crystals under repeated stress are shown the materials used in this paper are not
in Fig.6; the full line circles indieate brittle, but their results satisfy Eq.(1),
the maximum stress states, the slender, i.e. Eq.(2). Therefore, it is considered
the arbttrary states and the broken, the that stnce conibined stress was applted on
reveTsed states. And every locus ef the the speeimens which had the axes coineided
points of Tmax during the stress repett- with the rolled direction tn the former
tion draws a Btraight line through the researches, these results with the ductile
ortgin. materials had not satisfted Eq.(2) and
Altheugh Eq.(1) is the straight line rather the brittle but lsotropic materials,
;:,E9? ::g:rd::ag::l,::
:XggA'r::
in the a-T
,:e6yai.
co-ordinates, shown n Fig.5
ltke as east
. In order
test
iron, were
to make
is carried
sure
adapted
of this
to Eq.(2).
cens d-
as eration, a out with' the
by the transformation. It is obvious that severe anisotropie material (Bloek D) hav-
both diagrams from Eq.(1) agree with the tng the lowest strength
plane including
results of experiments. many sulfide inclustens as shown in Figs.
Gough has proposed the following am- 1(d) and 2. These speeimens were made so
pirieal formula(2) being well adequated that the maximum shearing stress plane may
for the brittle matertals, whiah was in- 6oincide with the weakest plane. The
duaed from the vast results of experiments cracks prapagate along the inelusions and
with many materials, the results of this expertment also satis-
the ease of torsien and bending respec- conibining various 3imple stresses. There-
tively, and k = go/To. This equation ex- fore, if the fatigue limit in the case of
.SE).b
Q 30
H6,".. NE
xdeE
o
x20
4
g
E
N
2 10
i
o 24 0
' 1
6 10 20 30
d" k}ftnmt dn len.1inm2
20"gEX.ti
15NeEso
f v.
at-
1 5xge.fi1O o
N=5xlo3 ,..
o 10g.E5 tt.
t'
N=lo5
5
05 le 15 o 5 10 15
ofR kgfo"Li dn k}lmml
No. 62
Tmax=12.S kglrm2
<c)Nodular cast iron (d) Block D
e=41e, tu=69.50
N=lo4 O.Olmm
Fig.7 Un-Tmax diagrams at fat gue iimit u
Fig.8 Crack propagation -of Block D
263
reversed torsien and cr are obtained, the On the Mohr's stre$s circle, the following
relatiens are obtained,
fatigue ltmit under an arbitrary stress
be guessed.
;,
state may
Tmax = V[{;}2 + T2], un =
5. Conclusions
then, the above equation becomes
As the results of experiments with
three isotroptc and severe anisotropic ma- /[{;}2+ T2:, = To-{lyo-1};'
ieal formula
which
Referenues
Acknowledgments
(1) Nishihara,T. and Kawamoto,M., Trans.
The authoT heartfelt
offers his Japanese),
Japan Soc. Mech. Engrs.(in
thanks to Prof. H. Nakazawa, Tokyo Insti-
Vol.7,(1941), p.I-85.
tute of Technelogy, for his better advice Inst. Meeh. Engr.,
And the
(2) Gough,H.J., Proc.
on the expressien of this paper. vol.16e(1949), p.417.
his appreciation to Nip-
author expresses
(3) Nakanishi,F., Trans. Japan Soc. Mech.
Pon Steel Co. and Mitsubishi Heavey Indus- Engrs.(in Japanese), Vel.18, No.65
tries Ltd. for their ktndness to give the (1952), p.I04.
to Assistant K. Fujimura Fatigue
materials, and
line Eq.(l)
(i968--3), p.383.
Ftg.9 Straight of
in On'Tmax eo-ordinates