Problem 1

A bag contains ten identical balls, each numbered with a different number from the integers 1
to 10. Lucky Pix draws three balls from the bag and holds them in her hand. She wins if the
smallest numbered ball in her hand is odd and the next smallest numbered ball in her hand is
even. Determine the probability that Lucky wins.
Solution
To determine the probability we need to determine two things: the total number of different
three-ball selections and the total number of winning selections. First, we will determine the
total number of different three-ball selections. Since each number is distinct, then there are 10
choices for the first ball, 9 choices for the second ball and 8 choices for the third ball. This
produces 10 9 8 = 720 ordered selections. But this total includes 6 orderings for each
possible selection of three numbers. For example, the three numbers 1, 2, and 3, would be
included 6 times: (1,2,3), (1,3,2), (2,1,3), (2,3,1), (3,1,2), and (3,2,1). Basically, each three-ball
selection is counted six times. Therefore, there are 720 6 = 120 different possible three-ball
selections. Next, we will determine the number of winning three-ball selections. That is, the
number of selections in which the smallest number is odd and the next smallest number is
even. The information is presented in chart form.
Possible Value(s) Number of Smallest Number Second Smallest Number for the Largest
Number Three-ball Selections

Smallest number Second Smallest Possible Values Number of three

Number for the largest ball selections
number
1 2 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 8
4 5,6,7,8,9,10 6
6 7,8,9,10 4
8 9,10 2

3 4 5,6,7,8,9,10 6
6 7,8,9,10 4
8 9,10 2

5 6 7,8,9,10 4
8 9,10 2

7 8 9,10 2
The total number of winning selections is
(8 + 6 + 4 + 2) + (6 + 4 + 2) + (4 + 2) + (2) = 20 + 12 + 6 + 2 = 40.
The probability that Lucky wins is 40/120 = 1/3[ANS]

PROBLEM 2
Problem E Z Dealer has a deck consisting of 100 cards numbered from 1 to 100. Each card has
the same number printed on both sides. One side of the card is yellow and the other side of the
card is red. E Z places all the cards, red side up, on the table. He first turns over every card that
has a number which is a multiple of 2. He then examines all the cards, and turns over every card
that has a number which is a multiple of 3. After E Z has finished, how many cards have the red
side facing up?

Solution
After flipping over all of the cards with numbers that are multiples of 2, 50 red cards are facing
up and 50 yellow cards are facing up. All of the red cards facing up are odd. All of the yellow
cards facing up are even. Next, in the second round of flips, E Z flips over every card that has a
number which is a multiple of 3. Let us look at how many red cards will be flipped over to
yellow and how many yellow cards will be flipped over to red. There are 33 multiples of three
from 1 to 100, {3, 6, 9, 12, 15, , 87, 90, 93, 96, 99}. Of these numbers, 17 are odd and 16 are
even. But the 17 odd multiples of 3 are currently red and therefore are flipped over to become
yellow. The 16 even multiples of 3 are currently yellow and are therefore flipped over to
become red (again). So after the first flip there were 50 red and 50 yellow. Of the 50 red, 17
were flipped to yellow. Of the 50 yellow, 16 of them were flipped to red. Therefore after the
second round, there were 50 17 + 16 = 49 red cards!!!!!

For Further Thought

Suppose the game were to be played as follows: in each round you flip all of the multiples of
the prime numbers in order from 2 to 97. The first two rounds of the new version of the game
were played above. The next round would be multiples of 5, and then multiples of 7, and so on
until the final round is reached. After going through all of the rounds, how many cards have the
red side facing up?
PROBLEM 3
You have a pile of pretty pebbles, with lots of 1-cm pretty raspberry
pebbles and lots of 2-cm pretty sea-green pebbles.
Here are two ways to make a 5-cm line of pretty pebbles(DRAW THEM)
,
List all the other ways to make a 5-cm line of pretty pebbles.
How many ways are there to make a k-cm line of pretty pebbles?

PROBLEM 4

(4 + 7 = 1 )Drop, Dont Carry (8 3 = 4)

Its really irritating to have to carry when we add or multiply large numbers. Lets not do
that any more.
612
+439

041

612
439

498
8 3 6x
4 4 8xx

42558
Find two distinct 4-digit numbers that sum to zero using drop arithmetic:
Describe the pairs of multi-digit numbers that sum to zero in drop arithmetic.
Find at least three different sums that add up to 12: 12 = 7 +? = ? + 51 =? +?
1)Describe all possible ways that two nonzero multi-digit numbers can multiply to zero in
drop.
arithmetic.

2)Explain why every nonzero number is divisible by 9 in drop arithmetic. Are there any
Are there any other such numbers?

3)Suppose n = d1 d2, where the dot is drop multiplication and n != 0. When is there a d
d3? (not equal to d2) such that n = d1 d3?[HINT: Find some n and d1, d2, d3 where this
happens]