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Laxmi G Doddamani, Mubeen Khan, Suman B. Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia with Gingival Enlargement:
A Case Report. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology; 2014:5(3):31-34. International
Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Published by Publishing Division, Celesta Software Private
Limited. All Rights Reserved.
The 13% of global population unfortunately Routine hard tissue examination of the oral
suffer from this deadly disease leukemia and cavity revealed generalized deposits of
accounts for 4% of all cancer deaths. The calculus and stains, generalized attrition,
incidence is 13 in 100,000 people per year. grade II mobility in relation to tooth #14, 15,
Has higher incidence in men than in women 16, 17, 46, & 47. Soft tissue examination
with most chronic leukemias occurring in revealed generalized gingival enlargement
adults. Acute Lymphoid Leukemia more and pseudo pockets (Fig 1a). Boggy,
common in children whereas Acute Myeloid erythematous enlargement noted in the
Leukemia is more common in adults. gingivae of both the arches with prominent
bulbous enlargement of buccal gingiva in
This article reports a case of Acute relation to 15, 16 & 17 (Fig 1b & c). No
Myelomonocytic Leukemia (AMMoL) having abnormalities were noted in the rest of the
gingival enlargement as an oral oral mucosa. On palpation swollen gingivae
manifestation in a 40 year old female and were soft, edematous, non-tender and
the importance of carrying out thorough bleeding could be elicited. Based on the
investigations at initial visits of patients. history and clinical findings provisional
diagnosis of chronic generalized
Case Report inflammatory gingival enlargement was
A 40 year old female patient reported to our established. Various other conditions
department with vague symptoms of gum considered for differential diagnosis were
2014 International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Published by Publishing Division, Celesta Software Private Limited. All Rights Reserved
32 Laxmi G Doddamani, et al. ISSN 2231 - 2250
fibrous gingival enlargement and Leukemic insignificant (Table 1). Peripheral smear was
gingival enlargement. advised which confirmed the diagnosis of
AML revealing significant elevation of
Following investigations were carried out. immature myeloid cells predominantly
Intraoral periapical radiograph revealed monoblasts (Fig 1e). Further investigations
abnormally missing and thickening of lamina like chest X-ray appeared normal and
dura with loss of alveolar bone (Fig 1d). ultrasound abdomen revealed mild
Complete blood count showed values within splenomegaly with no evidence of
normal range with erythrocyte sedimentation hepatomegaly. Patient was immediately
rate grossly elevated. Patient underwent referred to Kidwai Memorial Institute of
thorough periodontal treatment. Oncology, Bangalore. Further tests such as
Unfortunately patient returned to us within a bone marrow aspiration and cyto-chemistry
span of one month with persistent gingival were done by an oncologist. Bone marrow
swelling. To rule out other causes for aspiration revealed hypercellular marrow
gingival enlargement patient was re- showing blasts 80% with suppression of
suggested to undergo following other marrow elements. Cytochemical
investigations. The orthopantamogram staining with myeloperoxidase gave positive
revealed generalized severe alveolar bone reaction with myeloid series of cells. Finally
loss. Complete blood count revealed low patient was hospitalized with a final
Hemoglobin level characteristic of anemia, a diagnosis of Acute Myelomonocytic
low platelet count characteristic of Leukemia and was put on chemotherapy.
thrombocytopenia and WBC count was Unfortunately one and half months after her
markedly increased. ESR was grossly visit to the department, patient succumbed
elevated and all other findings were to death.
lineage dysplasia, AML with myelodysplastic acute Myeloid Leukemia), M1 (AML with
syndrome or myelo-proliferative diseases minimal maturation), M2 (AML with
therapy related and AML not otherwise maturation), M3 (Acute promyelocytic
3
categorized. FAB system classify AML leukemia), M4 (Acute myelomonocytic
under 8 subgroups according to their degree leukemia), M5 (Acute monocytic leukemia),
of differentiation along cell lines and extent M6 (Acute erythroblastic leukemia) and M7
4
of cell maturation as M0 (Undifferentiated (Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia).
Figure 1: The clinical picture showing generalized gingival enlargement with deposits of stains
and calculus (a), with bulbous enlargement of gingiva in maxillary right posterior teeth (b) and
boggy generalized gingival enlargement in mandibular arch (c). The intraoral periapical
radiograph shows maxillary & mandibular alveolar bone loss (d). The photomicrograph of
peripheral smear shows immature myeloid cells monoblasts (e).
The exact etiology for leukemia is not generalized gingival enlargement which is
known. However genetic, viral, chemicals, boggy, diffuse and soft involving marginal,
5
drugs and environmental factors play a role. attached and interdental gingiva leading to
Genetic is related to mutations in DNA. mobility of teeth, spontaneous bleeding and
Certain mutations can trigger leukemia by ulcerations, petechiae and ecchymosis in
activation of oncogenes and deactivation of the oral mucosae and opportunistic
7,8
tumour suppressor genes there by disrupting infections like candidiasis and herpes.
the regulation of cell death, differentiation or
division leading to accumulation of leukemic Oral manifestations in patients with leukemia
blast cells in the marrow and suppression of have been described in all subtypes of AML,
normal hemopoietic stem cells. CML, ALL and CLL. Oral manifestations are
common in monocytic and myelomonocytic
Patients with AMMoL generally present with leukemias. Dreizen et.al reported that the
symptoms related to complications of patients with acute monocytic leukemia had
pancytopenia, which includes fatigue, the greatest incidence of gingival infiltrates
unexplained persistent low grade fever, (M5-66.7%) followed by acute
weight loss, headache, muscle or joint pain myelomonocytic leukemia (M4-18.5%) and
and profuse bleeding with minor trauma. acute myeloblastic leukemia (M1, M2-
9
Pallor, recurrent infections, 3.2%).
lymphadenopathy, mild splenomegaly,
petechiae, ecchymosis and purpura in the Diagnosis is made from the identification of
skin and mucous membrane and bone abnormal hemopoietic cells in the peripheral
tenderness are the most common physical blood and bone marrow. Further
6
signs. Classical oral manifestations include characterization is by cytochemical staining,
34 Laxmi G Doddamani, et al. ISSN 2231 - 2250