A General Conics Sections Scan Line Algorithm

The following code is the complete algorithm for the general conic
drawer as mentioned in Foley/VanDam. It is included here with the
permission of Andrew W. Fitzgibbon, who derived the remaining code
sections not included in the book.

//
// CONIC 2D Bresenham-like conic drawer.
// CONIC(Sx,Sy, Ex,Ey, A,B,C,D,E,F) draws the conic specified
// by A x^2 + B x y + C y^2 + D x + E y + F = 0, between the
// start point (Sx, Sy) and endpoint (Ex,Ey).

// Author: Andrew W. Fitzgibbon (andrewfg@ed.ac.uk),

// Machine Vision Unit,
// Dept. of Artificial Intelligence,
// Edinburgh University,
//
// Date: 31-Mar-94

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

static int DIAGx[] = {999, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1};

static int DIAGy[] = {999, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1};
static int SIDEx[] = {999, 1, 0, 0, -1, -1, 0, 0, 1};
static int SIDEy[] = {999, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, -1, -1, 0};
static int BSIGNS[] = {99, 1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, -1, -1};

int debugging = 1;

struct ConicPlotter {
virtual void plot(int x, int y);
};

struct DebugPlotter : public ConicPlotter {

int xs;
int ys;
int xe;
int ye;
int A;
int B;
int C;
int D;
int E;
int F;

int octant;
int d;

void plot(int x, int y);

};
void DebugPlotter::plot(int x, int y)
{
printf("%3d %3d\n",x,y);

if (debugging) {
// Translate start point to origin...
float tF = A*xs*xs + B*xs*ys + C*ys*ys + D*xs + E*ys + F;
float tD = D + 2 * A * xs + B * ys;
float tE = E + B * xs + 2 * C * ys;

float tx = x - xs + ((float)DIAGx[octant] + SIDEx[octant])/2;

float ty = y - ys + ((float)DIAGy[octant] + SIDEy[octant])/2;
// Calculate F

float td = 4*(A*tx*tx + B*tx*ty + C*ty*ty + tD*tx + tE*ty + tF);

fprintf(stderr,"O%d ", octant);

if (d<0)
fprintf(stderr," Inside ");
else
fprintf(stderr,"Outside ");
float err = td - d;
fprintf(stderr,"Real(%5.1f,%5.1f) = %8.2f Recurred = %8.2f err = %g\n",
tx, ty, td/4, d/4.0f, err);
if (fabs(err) > 1e-14)
abort();
}

inline int odd(int n)

{
return n&1;
}

inline int abs(int a)

{
if (a > 0)
return a;
else
return -a;
}

int getoctant(int gx, int gy)

{
// Use gradient to identify octant.
int upper = abs(gx)>abs(gy);
if (gx>=0) // Right-pointing
if (gy>=0) // Up
return 4 - upper;
else // Down
return 1 + upper;
else // Left
if (gy>0) // Up
return 5 + upper;
else // Down
return 8 - upper;
}
int conic(int xs, int ys, int xe, int ye,
int A, int B, int C, int D, int E, int F,
ConicPlotter * plotterdata)
{
A *= 4;
B *= 4;
C *= 4;
D *= 4;
E *= 4;
F *= 4;

// Translate start point to origin...

F = A*xs*xs + B*xs*ys + C*ys*ys + D*xs + E*ys + F;
D = D + 2 * A * xs + B * ys;
E = E + B * xs + 2 * C * ys;

// Work out starting octant

int octant = getoctant(D,E);

int dxS = SIDEx[octant];

int dyS = SIDEy[octant];
int dxD = DIAGx[octant];
int dyD = DIAGy[octant];

int bsign = BSIGNS[octant];

int d,u,v;
switch (octant) {
case 1:
d = A + B/2 + C/4 + D + E/2 + F;
u = A + B/2 + D;
v = u + E;
break;
case 2:
d = A/4 + B/2 + C + D/2 + E + F;
u = B/2 + C + E;
v = u + D;
break;
case 3:
d = A/4 - B/2 + C - D/2 + E + F;
u = -B/2 + C + E;
v = u - D;
break;
case 4:
d = A - B/2 + C/4 - D + E/2 + F;
u = A - B/2 - D;
v = u + E;
break;
case 5:
d = A + B/2 + C/4 - D - E/2 + F;
u = A + B/2 - D;
v = u - E;
break;
case 6:
d = A/4 + B/2 + C - D/2 - E + F;
u = B/2 + C - E;
v = u - D;
break;
case 7:
d = A/4 - B/2 + C + D/2 - E + F;
 u = -B/2 + C - E;
v = u + D;
break;
case 8:
d = A - B/2 + C/4 + D - E/2 + F;
u = A - B/2 + D;
v = u - E;
break;
default:
fprintf(stderr,"FUNNY OCTANT\n");
abort();
}

int k1sign = dyS*dyD;

int k1 = 2 * (A + k1sign * (C - A));
int Bsign = dxD*dyD;
int k2 = k1 + Bsign * B;
int k3 = 2 * (A + C + Bsign * B);

// Work out gradient at endpoint

int gxe = xe - xs;
int gye = ye - ys;
int gx = 2*A*gxe + B*gye + D;
int gy = B*gxe + 2*C*gye + E;

int octantcount = getoctant(gx,gy) - octant;

if (octantcount <= 0)
octantcount = octantcount + 8;
fprintf(stderr,"octantcount = %d\n", octantcount);

int x = xs;
int y = ys;

while (octantcount > 0) {

if (debugging)
fprintf(stderr,"-- %d -------------------------\n", octant);

if (odd(octant)) {
while (2*v <= k2) {
// Plot this point
((DebugPlotter*)plotterdata)->octant = octant;
((DebugPlotter*)plotterdata)->d = d;
plotterdata->plot(x,y);

// Are we inside or outside?

if (d < 0) { // Inside
x = x + dxS;
y = y + dyS;
u = u + k1;
v = v + k2;
d = d + u;
}
else { // outside
x = x + dxD;
y = y + dyD;
u = u + k2;
v = v + k3;
d = d + v;
}
 }

d = d - u + v/2 - k2/2 + 3*k3/8;

// error (^) in Foley and van Dam p 959, "2nd ed, revised 5th printing"
u = -u + v - k2/2 + k3/2;
v = v - k2 + k3/2;
k1 = k1 - 2*k2 + k3;
k2 = k3 - k2;
int tmp = dxS; dxS = -dyS; dyS = tmp;
}
else { // Octant is even
while (2*u < k2) {
// Plot this point
((DebugPlotter*)plotterdata)->octant = octant;
((DebugPlotter*)plotterdata)->d = d;
plotterdata->plot(x,y);

// Are we inside or outside?

if (d > 0) { // Outside
x = x + dxS;
y = y + dyS;
u = u + k1;
v = v + k2;
d = d + u;
}
else { // Inside
x = x + dxD;
y = y + dyD;
u = u + k2;
v = v + k3;
d = d + v;
}
}
int tmpdk = k1 - k2;
d = d + u - v + tmpdk;
v = 2*u - v + tmpdk;
u = u + tmpdk;
k3 = k3 + 4*tmpdk;
k2 = k1 + tmpdk;

int tmp = dxD; dxD = -dyD; dyD = tmp;

}

octant = (octant&7)+1;
octantcount--;
}

// Draw final octant until we reach the endpoint

if (debugging)
fprintf(stderr,"-- %d (final) -----------------\n", octant);

if (odd(octant)) {
while (2*v <= k2 && x != xe && y != ye) {
// Plot this point
((DebugPlotter*)plotterdata)->octant = octant;
((DebugPlotter*)plotterdata)->d = d;
plotterdata->plot(x,y);

// Are we inside or outside?

 if (d < 0) { // Inside
x = x + dxS;
y = y + dyS;
u = u + k1;
v = v + k2;
d = d + u;
}
else { // outside
x = x + dxD;
y = y + dyD;
u = u + k2;
v = v + k3;
d = d + v;
}
}
}
else { // Octant is even
while ((2*u < k2) && (x != xe) && (y != ye)) {
// Plot this point
((DebugPlotter*)plotterdata)->octant = octant;
((DebugPlotter*)plotterdata)->d = d;
plotterdata->plot(x,y);

// Are we inside or outside?

if (d > 0) { // Outside
x = x + dxS;
y = y + dyS;
u = u + k1;
v = v + k2;
d = d + u;
}
else { // Inside
x = x + dxD;
y = y + dyD;
u = u + k2;
v = v + k3;
d = d + v;
}
}
}

return 1;
}

main(int argc, char ** argv)

{
DebugPlotter db;
db.xs = -7;
db.ys = -19;
db.xe = -8;
db.ye = -8;
db.A = 1424;
db.B = -964;
db.C = 276;
db.D = 0;
db.E = 0;
db.F = -40000;
 conic(db.xs,db.ys,db.xe,db.ye,db.A,db.B,db.C,db.D,db.E,db.F, &db);
}