Tutorial Sheet # 5 (EPL206: Solid State Physics)

Magnetic Properties of Solids

(March 2014)

1. A current of 1 Amp flows in a long solenoid of radius 2 cm having 103 turns/meter. What is the
nagnetic energy stored in each meter of the solenoid? [Ans. 8 10-4 J]

2. Find the percentage increase in magnetic induction when the space within a current carrying toroid
is filled with magnesium. Given the susceptibility of magnesium is 1.2 10-5. [Ans. 1.2 10-3]

3. The magnetic moment of an electron in the ground state of the hydrogen atom is 1 Bohr magneton.
Calculate the induced magnetic moment in a field of 1 Tesla. Compare the two.
[Ans. 1.9610-29A-m2]
4. A paramagnetic cylindrical bar 6 in. long and 1 in. in diameter has a volume susceptibility of 2.0
10-5 emu/cc Oe. What magnetic moment would it acquire in a field of 20,000 Oe.
[Ans. 30.8Ergs/Oe]
5. The magnetic susceptibility of helium gas at NTP is -1.1 10-9. Find the average magnetic dipole
moment induced in an atom of helium when it is subjected to a magnetic field of 400 A/m.
[Ans. 1.6310-32 Amp-m2]
6. Calculate the separation of energy levels of an atom with an angular momentum quantum number
J0, and g=2, placed in a magnetic field of 10T (a very large field). How can this atom be excited to
the first energy level? [E=1.85510-22J, or 0.00116 eV, by interacting with 280 GHz EM wave]

7. Consider dysprosium (Dy), which is a rare earth metal with a density of 8.54 g cm -3 and atomic
mass of 162.50 g mol-1. The isolated atom has the electron structure [Xe] 4f106s2. What is the spin
magnetic moment in the isolated atom in terms of number of Bohr magnetons? If the saturation
magnetization of Dy near absolute zero of temperature is 2.4 MA m1, what is the effective number of
spins per atom in the ferromagnetic state? How does this compare with the number of spins in the
isolated atom? What is the order of magnitude for the exchange interaction in eV per atom in Dy if the
Curie temperature is 85 K? [Ans. 4, 8.18, 7.32 meV]

8. A system of electron spins is placed in a magnetic field B=2T at a temperature T. The number of
spins parallel to the magnetic field is twice as large as the number of antiparallel spins. Determine T.
[Ans. 3.88K]
9. A paramagnetic substance has 1028 atoms/m3. The magnetic moment of each atom is 1.810-23 A-
m2. Calculate the paramagnetic susceptibility at 300K. What would be the dipole moment of a bar
of this material 0.1 m long and 1 sq. cm cross-section placed in a magnetic field of 8 104 A/m ?
[Ans. 3.2810-4, 2.62410-4 A-m2]
10. The saturation magnetization Msat, in iron is about 1.75106 A/m. Calculate the effective number
of Bohr magnetrons per atom that would give Msat, given that the density and relative atomic mass
of iron are 7.86 g/cm3 and 55.85, respectively. Under the saturation state, what would be the resulting
magnetic field density within the iron specimen in the absence of applied magnetic field (i.e., H=0).
[Ans. 2.2, 2.2T]
11. Show that the data for the magnetic susceptibility of Nickel given below is consistent with the
Curie law, and evaluate the Curie-constant and Curie-temperature. Hence find the effective
number of Bohr magnetons per atom. (For Nickel, Atomic weight is 58.7 and density is 8850
kg/m3.)
T (C) 500 600 700 800 900
m (10 )
-5
38.4 19.5 15 10.6 9.73
[Ans. 4.9810-2K, 633K, 0.46]
12. An alloy of copper and cobalt consists of spherical precipitates, averaging 10 nm diameter, of pure
cobalt in a matrix of pure copper. The precipitates form 2 % by volume of the alloy. Cobalt is
ferromagnetic, with saturation magnetization of 1.4 MA/m. Each cobalt precipitate is a single domain,
and acts as a string dipole, which responds to any external field as a paramagnetic dipole. The effect is
called superparamagnetism. Calculate the susceptibility of the alloy at 300K.
[Ans. =2.08]

13. The Fermi energy of sodium, EF, is 3.15 eV, Using the density of states g(E) expression for the
free conduction electrons in a metal, evaluate the paramagnetic susceptibility of sodium and
compare with the experimental value of 9.110-6. [Ans. 8.16 10-6 A-m2]
(Hint: Use the DOS expression as g(E)=(82 )(me/h ) E .)
2 /

14. An iron rod of 50 cm length and 2 mm2 area of cross section is placed in a solenoid of 25 turns/cm
carrying a current of 2A. Assuming the relative permeability of iron to be 6000, find the magnetic
moment of the bar. [Ans. 30 Amp-m2]

15. A cylindrical bar magnet 6 in long and 1 in. in diameter has a magnetic moment of 1400 Ergs/Oe.
What is its magnetization in units of emu/cc? [Ans. 18.1 emu/cc]

16. In a 440V, 50 Hz, transformer, the total iron loss is 2300W, when the applied voltage is 220V at
25 Hz, the total iron loss is 750W. Calculate the eddy current loss at the normal voltage and
frequency. [Ans. 400W]

17. A transformer core is wound with a coil carrying an alternating current at a frequency of 50Hz.
Assuming the magnetization to be uniform throughout the core volume of 0.01m 3, calculate the
hysteresis loss. The hysteresis loop has an area of 60,000units, when the axes are drawn in units of 10-
4
Wb/m2 and 100 A/m. [Ans. 300W]