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This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded 3.4 The relative ratio of the largest grain size to the smallest
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for specimen dimension may significantly affect the numerical
information only. results. For example, smaller, cut specimens containing large
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the grains may present different results than the bricks from which
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the they were cut. Under no circumstances should 6- by 1- by 1-in.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- (152- by 25- by 25-mm) specimens be prepared and tested for
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- materials containing grains with a maximum grain dimension
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. exceeding 0.25 in. (6.4 mm).
3.5 This test method is useful for research and development,
2. Referenced Documents engineering application and design, manufacturing process
2.1 ASTM Standards: control, and for developing purchasing specifications.
C 862 Practice for Preparing Refractory Concrete Speci-
mens by Casting2 COLD CRUSHING STRENGTH
C 1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic
4. Apparatus
and Ramming Mix Specimens2
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines3 4.1 Testing MachineAny form of standard mechanical or
hydraulic compression testing machine conforming to the
3. Significance and Use requirements of Practices E 4 may be used.
3.1 The cold strength of a refractory material is an indica- NOTE 1For low-strength materials (such as insulating bricks or
tion of its suitability for use in refractory construction. (It is not castables), a sensitivity of 20 lbf (67 kN) or less is required. The use of a
a measure of performance at elevated temperatures.) hydraulic testing machine is also preferred over the mechanical type for
3.2 These test methods are for determining the room tem- these materials.
perature flexural strength in 3-point bending (cold modulus of 4.2 Spherical Bearing BlockThe plane surface of the
rupture) or compressive strength (cold crushing strength), or spherical bearing block (see Fig. 1) shall have an area which is
both, for all refractory products. equal to or greater than the cross section of the test specimen.
5. Test Specimens
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on 5.1 Brick and Shapes (bulk density greater than 100 lb/ft3
Refractories and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.01 on Strength. (1.60 g/cm3))The test specimens shall be 2-in. (51-mm)
Current edition approved April 10, 2003. Published July 2003. Originally
approved in 1937. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as C 133 97.
cubes or cylinders, 2 in. (51 mm) in diameter by 2 in. (51 mm)
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01. high. The height should be parallel to the original direction of
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. pressing of the brick or shape. In the case of special shapes,
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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casting or gunning. It is permissible to prepare one specimen 6.8 When using a mechanical testing machine, keep the
from each 9- by 2- by 2-in. (230- by 51- by 51-mm) bar after balance beam in a constantly floating position.
the modulus of rupture test (see Sections 10-15). The selected 6.9 Specimens are loaded, as specified, to failure. Failure is
compression test section shall be free of cracks, chipped defined as the collapse of the specimen (failure to support the
surfaces, and other obvious defects. The loaded surfaces shall load), or the reduction of the specimen height to 90 % of its
be approximately parallel planes. All samples must be dried at original value. The maximum applied load is recorded.
220 to 230F (105 to 110C) for 18 h (overnight). Upon
removal from the oven, allow the sample to cool naturally until 7. Calculation
cool to the touch. Complete testing within 2 h of removal from 7.1 Calculate the cold crushing strength using Eq 1:
the drying oven. (See Practices C 862 and C 1054.)
S 5 W/A (1)
6. Procedure
6.1 At least five specimens from an equivalent number of
refractory shapes compose a sample. 4
Masonite has been found satisfactory for this purpose.
Stress Rate,
Loaded Cross Loaded Area, in.2 Loading Rate, Strain Rate,A
Refractory Type Size, in. (mm) lbf/in.2/min
Section, in. (mm) mm2) lbf/min (kN/min) in./min (mm/min)
(MPa/min)
Refractory Brick and Shapes
Density >100 lb/ft3 (>1.60 gm/cm3), or 23232 232 4 1750B 7000B 0.05B
<45 % true porosity, or both (51 3 51 3 51) (51 3 51) (2601) (12) (31.2) (1.3)
(Includes regular or high strength castables 2 diameter 3 2 2, diameter 3.14 1750B 5500B 0.05B
and fired plastic or rammed refractories) (51 diameter 3 51) (51, diameter) (2027) (12) (24.3) (1.3)
Insulating Refractories
Density <100 lb/ft3 (<1.60 gm/cm3), or 4.5 3 4.5 3 2.5C,D 4.5 3 4.5 20.25 435 8809 0.05
>45 % true porosity, or both (114 3 114 3 64) (114 3 114) (13 064) (3) (39) (1.3)
(Includes dried, unfired plastic or rammed 4.5 3 4.5 3 3C,D 4.5 3 4.5 20.25 435 8809 0.05
refractories) (114 3 114 3 76) (114 3 114) (13 064) (3) (39) (1.3)
2 3 2 3 2D,E 232 4 435 1740 0.05
(51 3 51 3 51) (51 3 51) (2601) (3) (7.80) (1.3)
2 diameter 3 2E 2, diameter 3.14 435 1367 0.05
(51 diameter 3 51) (51, diameter) (2027) (3) (6.08) (1.3)
A
Where possible, loading at a constant stress rate is preferable to constant strain rate loading.
B
For dense refractory brick and shapes requiring more than a 3-min test duration, specimens may be loaded to one half of the anticipated fracture strength at any
convenient rate exceeding that specified.
C
These sizes are preferred for insulating firebricks.
D
These pieces may be cut from broken halves of MOR specimens.
E
These sizes are preferred for insulating castables.
NOTEThe dimensions appearing in Fig. 2 are in inches. See table below for metric equivalents.
in. mm in. mm
3 16 5 112 38
14 6 2 51
38 10 3 76
12 13 4 102
58 16 412 114
34 19 5 127
1 25 7 178
114 32 12 305
12. Procedure
12.1 At least five specimens from an equivalent number of
refractory shapes compose a sample.
NOTE 5For relatively weak specimens like insulating refractories, a
minimum sample size of ten specimens is preferred.
Stress Rate,
Specimen Size, Cross Section, Loading Rate, Strain Rate,A
Refractory Type Span, in. (mm) lbf/in.2/min
in. (mm) in. (mm) lbf/min (kN/min) in./min (mm/min)
(MPa/min)
Refractory Brick and Shapes
Density >100 lb/ft3 (>1.60 g/cm3) or <45 % 9 3 4.5 3 2.5B 4.5 3 2.5 7 1305 3496 0.05
porosity, or both (228 3 114 3 64) (114 3 64) (178) (9) (15.55) (1.3)
(Includes regular or high-strength castables 9 3 4.5 3 3B 4.5 3 3 7 1305 5034 0.05
and fired plastic or rammed refractories) (228 3 114 3 76) (114 3 76) (178) (9) (22.39) (1.3)
9 3 2 3 2C 232 7 1305 994 0.05
(228 3 51 3 51) (51 3 51) (178) (9) (4.42) (1.3)
63131 131 5 1305 174 0.05
(152 3 25 3 25) (25 3 25) (127) (9) (0.774) (1.3)
Insulating Refractories
Density <100 lb/ft (<1.60 g/cm ), or >45 %3 3
9 3 4.5 3 2.5B
4.5 3 2.5 7 435 1165 0.05
true porosity, or both (228 3 114 3 64) (114 3 64) (178) (3) (5.18) (1.3)
(Includes dried, unfired plastic or rammed 9 3 4.5 3 3B 4.5 3 3 7 435 1678 0.05
refractories) (228 3 114 3 76) (114 3 76) (178) (3) (7.46) (1.3)
9 3 2 3 2C 232 7 435 331 0.05
(228 3 51 3 51) (51 3 51) (178) (3) (1.47) (1.3)
A
Where possible, loading at a constant stress rate is preferable to constant strain rate loading.
B
Preferred sizes for bricks and shapes. Required sizes for firebricks.
C
Preferred size for all castables.
15.2.2 ReproducibilityThe maximum permissible differ- 15.3 BiasNo justifiable statement can be made on the bias
ence due to test error between two test results obtained by two of the test method for measuring the modulus of rupture of
operators in different laboratories on the same material using refractories because the value of the modulus of rupture can be
the same test equipment is given by the reproducibility interval defined only in terms of a test method.
(R) and the relative reproducibility interval (% R). The 95 %
reproducibility intervals are given in Table 3 and Table 4. Two 16. Keywords
test results that do not differ by more than the reproducibility
interval will be considered to be from the same population; 16.1 crushing strength; modulus of rupture; monolithic
conversely, two test results that do differ by more than the refractories; refractory brick; room temperature
reproducibility interval will be considered to be from different
populations.
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