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Lab #2
I. Introduction
A. General Statement: All igneous rocks have texture and many have a structure.
Together they define the FABRIC of a rock.
B. Fabrics formed during liquid phase of Magma: mostly liquid but some solids.
2. Phenocrysts: visible crystals that stand our from the matrix or groundmass of the
rock. Often some of the earliest minerals to form during crystallization.
a. Shapes of phenocrysts:
i. Euhedral Crystals: All phenocrysts (crystals) that are
bounded by their own crystal faces. (Same as idiomorphic).
ii. Broken crystals: Early formed phenocrysts that have been broken by
movement of magma, etc.
1. Types of Vesiculation:
a. Vesicular structure: Gas caviitites make up less than 50% of the rock. A
vesicle is a single gas cavity.
b. Scoriaceous Structure (Scoria): Dark colored rock with > 50% vesicles.
Vesicles are large and nearly equidimensional because of low viscosity of
magma/lava.
c. Pumacious Structure (Pumice): light colored rock with > 50% vesicles.
Vesicles are small and often drawn out into long tubes because of flowage
of high viscosity lava.
d. Amygdaloidal Structure: Vesicles are infilled with younger minerals. The
filling is called an Amygdule and is composed of quartz, opal, chalcedony
and or zeolite minerals.
1. Degree of Crystallinity:
a. Holocrystalline: Rock completely composed of crystals (mineral grains).
b. Hypocrystalline: mostly crystals, but some glass in the rock.
c. Hypohyaline: Mostly glass, but some crystals in the rock.
d. Holohyaline: made completely of glass (obsidian)
c. Phaneritic Texture: most grains are in the 2-20 mm range. Exp. The rock
has a phaneritic texture, with most grains being medium grained.
i. Granular Texture: A term equal to phaneritic and used as follows:
a. Equigranular: Rock has a granular or phaneritic texture, but all
grains are about the same size.
b. Inequigranular: Rock is granular or phaneritic, but the mineral
grains are not the same size.
d. Porphyritic Texture: Rock has two distinct grain sizes. Large grains are
phenocrysts and small grains make up the matrix or groundmass. Matrix
may be phaneritic, aphanitic or glassy.
i. Vitrophyric Texture: Special term used for porphyric rocks with a glassy
matrix.
ii. Poikilitic Texture: Special term for porphyritic rocks containing
phenocrysts with many smaller mineral inclusions.
iii. Ophitic Texture: Special term used for porphyritic rocks containing
pyroxene (augite) phenocrysts with randomly oriented grains of tabular
plagioclase feldspar.
4. Textures in Granular/Phaneritic Rocks defined by single crystal shapes.
a. Panidiomorphic-Granular Texture: Any granular/phaneritic rock composed
entirely of euhedral grains. (very rare)
b. Hypidiomorphic-Granular Texture: Any granular/phaneritic rock where most
grains are subhedral, but some are euhedral and anhedral. (very common)
c. Allotriomorphic-Granular Texture: Any rock composed mostly of anhedral
grains.
i. Aplite: A name given to hypabyssal (subvolcanic) rocks with this texture.
(rather rare)
b. Broken Grains: