COHERENCE AND COHESION

Coherence

Does your paragraph have a topic sentence? Yes No

a single generalization that serves as the focus of attention)
Does your paragraph have detailed sentences related to the topic sentence? Yes No
it contains more specific information than the topic sentence
it maintains the same focus of attention as the topic sentence
Cohesion

1. Does your paragraph have the different words instead of the same word in order to
communicate the same idea? Yes No
2. Does your paragraph have pro-forms? Yes No
3. Does your paragraph have transitional signals? Yes No

Pro-forms
Pro-forms are divided into several categories, according to which part of the speech they substitute:

A pronoun substitutes a noun or a noun phrase: it, this.

A pro-adjective substitutes an adjective or a phrase that functions as an adjective: so as in "It is less so than we had
expected."

A pro-adverb substitutes an adverb or a phrase that functions as an adverb: how or this way.

A pro-verb substitutes a verb or a verb phrase: do, be

A pro-sentence substitutes an entire sentence or sub-sentence: Yes, or that as in "That is true".

2 Ways to achieve cohesion

Enumeration. Use markers of sequence to highlight the connection between ideas.

First, second, then

Transitions. Use a conjunction or conjunctive adverb to link sentences with particular logical
relationships.

Identity: Indicates sameness.that is, that is to say, in other words, ...

Opposition: Indicates a contrast.but, yet, however, nevertheless, still, though, although,

Addition: Indicates continuation.and, too, also, furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides,

Cause and effect:therefore, so, consequently, as a consequence, thus, as a result, hence, it

Indefinites:Indicates a logical connection of an unspecified type.in fact, indeed, now, ...

Concession: Indicates a willingness to consider the other side: admittedly, I admit, true, I grant,
Exemplification: Indicates a shift from a more general or abstract idea to a more specific or
concrete idea.for example, for instance, after all, an illustration of, even, indeed, in fact,