2013 10th IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation (ICCA)
Hangzhou, China, June 12-14, 2013
The Novel Frequency Control Method for PV-diesel Hybrid System*
Yang. Mi1, Y. Fu1, J. B. Zhao1, Member, IEEE, P. Wang2, Member, IEEE
AbstractA novel frequency coordination control method is
proposed for a PV-diesel isolated hybrid system. In the
proposed coordination control strategy, the photovoltaic system
(PV) are controlled by using maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) method, and the sliding mode control(SMC) is designed
for the output power tuning of the diesel generator system to
reduce the frequency deviation. In the simulation results, the
proposed frequency control method can not only reduce the
frequency deviation induced by the load changes and the hybrid
renewable energy fluctuation, but also assure make full use of
the renewable energy. Moreover, the frequency deviation
suppress effect is better than through adding battery storage
installation, so the energy storage device hardware investment
are reduced and environmental pollution is avoided in the
process of large-scale hybrid system construction.
I. INTRODUCTION
The stand-alone power generation systems are utilized by
many communities and remote area around the world that
have no access to grid electricity [1-3]. The renewable energy
in hybrid power independent system is growing due to rising
fuel prices and environmental warming and pollution. Solar
power generation is one of the most attractive renewable
power generation technologies [4-8]. However, there are a lot
of unresolved problems for the PV-diesel hybrid renewable
energy generation. For example, we can mention a problem in
which the power fluctuation of solar resources due to weather
condition variation. In the future, when a significant number
of PV power generations systems will be connected to the
grids of power utilities, power output fluctuation may cause
problems like voltage fluctuation and large frequency
deviation in electric power system operation [2,4,6,9-10]. This
will lead a situation where some form of energy storage or
additional generation such as battery and diesel is generally
needed, and the coordination control strategy is also studied
[3,6-7,11-14].
Regarding these issues, several studies have been carried
out for reducing the output power fluctuations of renewable
power sources [3-4,7,11-12]. Smoothing of PV system output
by tuning maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control is
demonstrated in [11-12]. In this method, when the insolation
*Resrach supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China(Grant No51177098), the Leading Academic Discipline Project of
Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (Grant No J51303), Shanghai
talent development fund (Grant No2009026) and project of Shanghai Science
and Technology Committee (Grant No 11510500800).
Yang Mi is with Shanghai University of Electric Power1, China
(corresponding author, phone: 021-6519-4048; fax: 021-6519-4048; e-mail:
e-mail: miyangmi@163.com).
Yang Fu is with Shanghai University of Electric Power1, China. (e-mail:
mfudong@126.com ).
Jinbin Zhao is with Shanghai University of Electric Power1, China.
(e-mail: zjbzjb@hotmail.com).
Peng Wang is with Nanyang Technological University2, Singapore
(e-mail: epwang@ntu.edu.sg)
978-1-4673-4708-2/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE
increases rapidly, the operating MPPT point changes to a new
point where the maximum power is not generated with the
current insolation. However, the condition of power system
such as frequency deviation is not considered for tuning the
MPPT and for limiting the new output voltage. On the new
energy generator system side, storage devices like batteries
can be used as smoothing devices for the fluctuation power
output. There have been investigations aimed at improving the
performance of PV systems equipped with energy storage
devices [13,15]. However, the capital cost and maintenance
cost of batteries are a barrier to the large scale installation of
PV systems and used batteries must be disposed of without
causing environmental problems [9-10,16].
In this paper, we propose a new frequency control strategy
based on coordination control for the PV-diesel isolated
hybrid system. In the coordination strategy, the MPPT control
is used for PV power systems, which can derive the maximum
output power and make full use of new energy. The sliding
mode supplement controller [17,18] is designed for the diesel
generator system to adjust the output power according to the
load variation and power fluctuation , which can reduce the
total frequency deviation in the hybrid system.
II. MODEL OF ISOLATED HYBRID SYSTEM
The stand-alone hybrid system which consists of diesel
generator in detail, PV power generation systems, Battery
Energy Storage System (BESS) and load is shown in Fig. 1.
where, S is the insolation, f is the frequency deviation of
the total power utility, PL is the load, Pd is the generated
power by diesel generators, TG is governor time constant,
TT is turbine time constant (s), TP is plant model time
constant (s), K P is plant gain, R is speed regulation due to
governor action, PL is the estimated load power, PPV is the
generated power by the PV power generation system, Pb is the
exchanged power of BESS.
KE
1
R
PL
1 Pd P Kp f
1 x3 1 1
s x4 1 + sTG TT s x2 1 + sT p x1
u
PPV
x
PL
x = [x1 x2 x3 x 4 ]T
u
Pb
f
PL
Fig. 1. The dynamic model of isolated microgrid
A. PV System
PV generation is a flexible and environmental friendly
180
power generation method. A PV system consists of one or 1 Kp
several photovoltaic generators connected in series and 0 0
parallel to provide the desired voltage and current. The x1 Tp Tp
electrical data of photovoltaic modules are influenced by solar 1 1
x2 0 0
radiation, solar cell temperature and area of PV array. The where x(t ) = , A = TT TT ,
x3
output power of the PV system can be expressed as follow 1 0
1 1

[13]. x4 RTG TG TG
PPV = S (1 0.005(Ta + 25)) (1)
K E 0 0 0

Where is the conversion efficiency of the PV array, is the
measured area of the PV array, S is the solar radiation, and Kp
0
Ta is ambient temperature in degree Celsius. The value of 0 Tp

PPV depends on Ta and because and are constant. In this B= 1 , H = 0

paper, Ta is kept at25 C and PPV is linearly varied with S only. TG 0
0

B. Battery Model 0
The BESS is installed to store energy or release energy where x(t ) is state vector, x1 is the frequency deviation
based on different power-generation conditions and loading f , x2 is the output of diesel generator Pd , x3 is the governor
conditions, which can reduce the adverse effects of frequency output, x4 is the integral of governor output, u is the designed
deviation. The transfer function of BESS can be expressed by
sliding mode control based on disturbance to adjust the output
a simple linear first order lag as [6] as shown in Fig. 2 where
power of diesel system.
TBESS is called time constant of BESS. Because the load disturbance is not constant, so in model
max (3), the total load disturbance can be considered as the
uncertainty W (t ) in the model, the model can be written as
1
Pb 1 + sT BESS Pb x (t ) = Ax(t ) + Bu (t ) + W (t ) (4)
Assumption 1: for a given positive function such that the
min standard Euclidean norm W (t ) , A and B are
Fig.2 Battery system model controllable.
III. PROPOSED CONTROL METHODOLOGY The traditional SMC [17-18] consists of two relatively
independent parts:
In the studied system, PV systems is regulated by MPPT a) Design the sliding mode surface s .
control[6]are used as primary power sources to produce b) Design the controller law u .
power. The new sliding mode load frequency controller is In order to improve the dynamic performance during the
designed for the diesel generator based on the proposed reaching stage, we select the improved integral-type sliding
disturbance observer. The supplementary sliding mode mode surface s as,
controller of the diesel generating unit is to generate raise or
lower command signals to the speed-gear changer of the diesel s = Cx 0t (CA CBL) x( )d
(5)
engine in response to a frequency error signal. So modeling Where C and L are constant matrix with appropriate
and control strategy for diesel generator system are explained dimension, the matrix L is selected as ( A BL) < 0 .
in this section. The employed parameters for modeling of
Traditionally the reaching condition [17] is described by
system are found in [6].
The state space equation of the diesel generation system in s (t ) s(t ) < 0 for the system with sliding mode surface s (t ) . In
Fig.1 can be obtained as order to design controller conveniently, we use the equality
reaching condition [18] satisfy as
1 Kp s = ns m sgn(s ) (6)
0 0 Kp
x1 T p Tp x1 0 where n and m are positive number, sgn is sign function.
 1 1 0 Tp (2)
x2 = 0 0 x2 1 The sliding mode controller can be derived from equation
x TT TT x
+ u + 0 PL
3 1 0
1

1 3 TG 0 (4), (5) and (6)
x 4 RT G TG x 4 0

TG

0 u = Lx (CB ) 1[C ns m sgn s ] (7)
K E 0 0 0

The model (2) can be written as vector form: IV. SIMULATION RESULTS
x (t ) = Ax(t ) + Bu (t ) + HPL (3) In this paper, the effectiveness of coordination control of
PV power generation system and diesel generation system
according to load variation to reduce frequency deviation
using the proposed method is examined by simulation with
system model and parameters as mentioned in [6].

181
 Three cases are presented to compare the proposed 1.4
method with the conventional methods. Each case has PV as

Output power of diesel generatorP (pu)

1.2
random renewable sources to combine with the diesel

d
generator. 1

The real load power and solar irradiation for the proposed
0.8
method is shown in Fig.3 and Fig.4 respectively.
0.6
0.79

0.78 0.4

0.77 0.2

0.76
0
LoadP (pu)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.75
L

time(s)
0.74
Fig. 6. Diesel power
0.73
0.5
0.72
0.4

Frequency deviationf(HZ)
0.71 0.3

0.2
0.7
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0.1
time(s)
0

Fig. 3. Load power -0.1

-0.2
800
-0.3
750 -0.4
700 -0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Insolation S(W/m )
2

650
time(s)
600

550
Fig. 7. Frequency deviation without battery and SMC
500 The simulation results are shown in Figs.5-7. As can be
450 seen from Figs.5-6, the renewable resource can be
400 adequately used by the diesel generator regulating. But from
350
Fig.7, sometimes the frequency deviation f is exceed 0.3
300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Hz, this is not allowed in actual power system operation.
time(s)

Fig. 4. Insolation B. Case 2

A. Case 1 In this case, the battery is installed to complement the
power fluctuation for the PV-diesel hybrid generation
In this case, the PV-diesel hybrid system is simulated with system. The simulation results of the output power of battery
conventional method without battery and adding SMC law. Pb and the frequency deviation f can be seen from Fig.8-9.
The PV is primary renewable source regulated by MPPT.
The diesel generator without second frequency regulation is The frequency deviations produced with the battery are
used to adjust the renewable energy output power. within permissible limit of 0.2 Hz, but when PV power
penetration are large, it is need to install the large capacity of
0.18
battery, which can increase the capital cost and may cause
0.16
environmental pollution.
(pu)

0.14 0.8
pv

0.12
Output power of PV P

0.6
Output power of battery P (pu)

0.1
b

0.4

0.08
0.2
0.06
0
0.04
-0.2
0.02
-0.4
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-0.6
time(s) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Fig. 5. PV power time(s)

Fig. 8. Battery power

182
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