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c2 2
1 = f t 1 ----k ( csc 1 ) (5)
4
c2 2
3 = f t 1 ----k ( csc + 1 ) (6)
Fig. 2Parabolic Mohr-failure criterion for concrete. 4
material, is used to represent the real mechanical characteristics The yield loci for the cases of plane stress and plane strain
of concrete. As shown in Fig. 2, the parabola touches the are shown in Fig. 3.
Mohrs circles for simple compression and simple tension. It The aforementioned formulation is chosen for conve-
is important to note that the concrete material strengths used nience. It is possible to rewrite this formulation in terms of
in Fig. 2 are the effective uniaxial tensile ft and compressive the effective compressive strength fc and the effectiveness
fc strengths, as opposed to the actual measured uniaxial factor t (ratio of ft to fc) as follows
tensile and compressive strengths. This is achieved by applying
effectiveness factors to the actual concrete material
1 2
strengths, and is discussed further in the following section. 1 = f c t ----t + 1--- --- t ( 1 + t ) ( csc 1 ) (7)
The parabolic Mohr failure criterion is expressed as 2 4 2
- 2
------- + --- = 1 (1)
c k ft 1 2
ft 3 = f c t ----t + 1--- --- t ( 1 + t ) ( csc + 1 ) (8)
2 4 2
where and are shear and normal stresses on an arbitrary
plane, and ck is a parameter related to the ratio of the effec- The significance of the effective concrete material
tive material strengths of concrete as follows strengths, and of the effectiveness factors used to determine
those strengths, are discussed as follows.
f
ck = 1 + ---c 1 (2) EFFECTIVENESS FACTORS
ft
The rigid-perfectly plastic theory assumes that ultimate
conditions are attained along the failure surfaces at zero
The shear and normal stresses in the parabolic Mohr failure deformation, and that these ultimate conditions continue
envelope can be given as functions of the parameter defined to prevail via the normality rule at least up to the deformations
in Fig. 3 by corresponding to overall failure of the structure. In other words,
the slabs are assumed to be ductile in the shear failure zones.
Concrete shows very little ductility, however; in compression,
c2
= f t ----k cot (3) concrete is both nonlinear and of limited ductility, while
2 in tension, the material exhibits brittle behavior at low
stress and subsequently displays monotonic strain softening
behavior to zero stress at large strains. This is clearly at odds
c2 2
= ft 1 ----k cot (4) with the assumption of perfectly plastic material, which
4 implies a plateau in the material stress-strain behavior under
uniaxial loading. Fortunately, for the slabs considered in this
From Mohrs circle, the maximum and minimum principal study, extensive yielding of the tension steel reinforcement
stresses can be found to be occurs during the punching failure regime. As a result, the
3 sin 1
One compression and one tension effectiveness factor ---- = ---------------------- (16)
must be used in the punching shear analysis. Equation (9) 1 sin + 1
and (10) permit up to four different potential combinations of
factors. Also, it is shown in a following section of this paper that It is evident from the comparison between Eq. (15) and
the predicted punching shear load depends on the shape of (16) that if, and only if, = can the stress state described
0
4r
(19)
h
0
P = 2 f t F ( r ,r ) d x (20)
where
c2
F ( r , r ) = r r + ------k- (21)
4r
Fig. 6Failure generatrix.
Equation (19) shows that the punching shear strength depends
by the parabolic Mohr yield condition (Fig. 2) produce the on the shape of the failure surface and the related angle or, in
strain vector given by Eq. (14). Internal energy dissipation other words, it depends on the generatrix of Fig. 6. The function
per unit area in the deforming zone for the parabolic material is r(x) that minimizes the ultimate punching load can be found
by calculus of variations. The appropriate Eulers equation
c2 2 that is for a function of the form
D A = ( 1 1 + 3 3 ) = uf t 1 + ----k cot sin (17)
4
h
F
UPPER-BOUND SOLUTION F r ------- = C (23)
The Upper-Bound Theorem of Plasticity states that if, for r
any assumed failure mechanism, the external rate of work is
equated to the rate of dissipation of internal energy, then an where C is a constant.
upper-bound for the collapse load of the structure can be found. By substituting Eq. (21) into Eulers equation, with con-
Figure 6 shows one of the failure mechanisms assumed sideration of the following boundary conditions
herein. It is seen that the incremental movement of the
punched-out block of concrete is vertically down the page, d d
while the remaining block of peripheral concrete is assumed r ( 0 ) = ----0- and r ( h ) = ----1- (24)
2 2
not to move. As a result, the relative displacement rate vector
is oriented vertically along the entire length of the generatrix
the minimizing function of the generatrix is obtained as
of the failure surface. This, along with the requirement that
= , leads to the convenient and useful result that dr/dx =
r = tan = tan. In Fig. 6, the rate of work done by the d d xh
r = ----0- ----1- (25)
external load on the slab under punching is 2 d 0
where ds is the increment of length along the generatrix Eq. (26) shows that the collapse load varies with the outer
of the punching shear failure surface. Combining this expression diameter of the punched cone d1. If the support diameter D
with Eq. (17), (18) and the geometric relationships r = tan is sufficiently large, there is a critical value of d1 that is found
= tan and ds = dx/cos gives the following from consideration of P/d1 = 0, which gives
d 1 d1
----
- = e
ck h
(27)
d 0
d
r = ----0- + x tan (28)
2
By substituting Eq. (28) into Eq. (19) and using Eq. (7) and (b)
(8) gives
where
1 1
z = ----t + --- --- t ( 1 + t ) and f c = C f c
2 4 2
t h t d0
2
1 = arctan 3 ------------ 1 + 1 ------------------ + (31)
z d0 27z h
2
t h t d0
2
3 ------------ 1 1 ------------------
z d0 27z h
2
(d)
Thus, the critical diameter is
Fig. 8Correlation of predictions by complex method with
97 test results using: (a) Eq. (9a) and (10a); (b) Eq. (9a) and
d 1 = d 0 + 2h tan 1 (32)
(10b); (c) Eq. (9b) and (10a); and (d) Eq. (9b) and (10b).