2 019 D

2.019 Desiign off O

Ocean Systems

Lecture 11

Drift and Slowly

y-Varying
y g Loads (I)

March 11, 2010

 Drift (or Mean) Forces/Moments

Wind: Steady (and unsteady) drag forces/moments

Current: Steady drag forces/moments

Waves: Nonlinear wave loads including steady and unsteady loads

Imp
portant for desig
gn of mooring
g syystem for station keep
ping
g !!
 Wind Drag Forces/Moments

Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

P
Fwind = 1
2 air Cs CH V10 |V10 |S Mwind = Fwind h
Cs: shape coefficient (or Drag coefficient), Cs=1.0 for large flat surface

CH: height coefficient, CH=1.0 for FPSO

V10: wind velocity at 10m above sea surface

S: Project area of the exposed surfaces in the vertical or the heeled condition
h: vertical distance between center of wind force and center of resistance (by
mooring lines, etc)
 Current Drag Forces and Moments

For normal incidence,

incidence

Uf

Fcurrent

Body is fixed:
Fcurrentt = 12 w CD Uf |Uf |S 1.4

CD: Drag coefficient

CD of cylinder
1.0

Uf: Current velocity

S: Project area of the exposed surfaces 0.6

w: water density
0.2
Body moves at Ub:
1/10000 1/1000 1/100 1/10
Roughness k/D
Fcurrent = 12 w CD (Uf Ub )|Uf Ub |S
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

Frictional drag coefficient on a ship hull: Cf = 0.075 Rn: Reynolds number in

(log10 (Rn)2)2
terms of ship length L
 Current Drag Forces and Moments
I oblique
In bli iincident,
id t

Uf Ft
Uf

Un Ut
Fn

Normal component Un causes flow separation drag, tangential component Ut

causes frictional drag
Fn = 12 CD Un |Un |S
Ft = 12 Cf Ut |Ut |St
Valid for in the range of 30o to 150o.
 Wave Drift (Mean) Force/Moment

Incident wave: z
I = a cos(t kx) y

Wave drift force/moment comes from:

(1) 2nd-ord
der h
hyd
drod
dynamiic pressure due tto tth
he fifirstt ord
der wave

(2) Interaction between the first-order motion and the first-order wave
 2nd-order Hydrodynamic Mean Pressure

Consider a simple plane progressive wave in deep water:

(x, z t) = gA
(x z, e kz
sin(t kx)

kx)
(x, t) = a cos(t kx)

We look at the pressure field of the wavefield:

P (x,z,t)
= 1
t 2 gz

= 2x + 2y + 2z
n o2
gAk kz
x = e cos(t kx) = (Aekz )2 cos2 (t kx)
2
n o2
gAk kz
2
z = e (Aekz )2 sin2 (t kx)
sin( t kx) = (Ae

= 2x + 2z = (Aekz )2 Steady, independent of time,

and ~A2.

2nd-order mean pressure component: A2 (ekz )2

Integration this mean pressure component over body surface to give mean force/moment
 Interaction Between Body Motion and First-Order Wave

R R R
F~ (t) = S(t)
P (t)~nds = S0
P (t)~nds + S(t)
P (t)~nds

Source: Faltinsen, O. M. Sea Loads on Ships and Offshore Structures.

Cambridge University Press, 1993. Cambridge University Press.
R
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P ~nds
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2nd-order mean pressure effect

 Direct Pressure Integration
Drift
D ift force
f can be obtai
bt ined
dbby di
directt iinttegratition off th
the pressure over th
the body
d
surface and then taking time average:
R R
F~ (t) = S(t)
P (t)~n
nds
ds = S(t)
gz t 2 (2x + 2y + 2z )2 ~nds =

For example, 2gA kz

((x, z, t)) = e cos t cos kx standing wave
Z
(x, t) = 2A sin t cos kx

The first two terms

terms contribution:
x R

g 0
zdz t z=0 = gA2

The third terms

term s contribution:
Z 0

(2x + 2y + 2z )2 ds
2
Diagram showing drift forces and incident Z
waves on a vertical wall, Z. Image by MIT
0 1 4g 2 A2 2 2kz
= k e dz
OpenCourseWare. 2 2 2
1
= gA2
2
The total horizontal drift force on the wall is: 1
2 gA 2
 Far-Field Formula

Mean force or moment on a floating body can also be obtained using the so-
so
called far-field formula developed from the momentum theorem.

Momentum theorem:
z P P
Fx (t) + F M = dM
dt
x

_
P P
x Fx (t) + F M = dM x
8

dt

8
Fx is th
the force actiting on conttroll
volume, FM is total momentum flux
S_
into the control volume, Mx is linear
Control Volume S
8

momentum in control volume

8
dMx
dt =0
z
Fx contains force on body, force
Incident Waves Reflected Waves Transmitted Waves on S- and S+
y
AR AT
FM contains momentum flux
A
into control volume from
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
boundaries S- and S+

g 2 g 2
Fx = 4 (A + A2R A2T ) Since A2 = A2R + A2T , we nally have Fx = 2 AR
 Mean force/moment is 2nd-order

in wave amplitude

_
F2
ga2

F2 is the horizontal
f
force in
i wave
direction on the 2D
body

D

g
_
F2 is the horizontal force in wave direction on the 2D body;
D = draught, a = wave amplitude of the incident waves,
= circular frequency of oscillations.
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
 Mean Force/Moment in Irregular Sea

Fj = HFj ()A2 , j = 1, . . . , 6
where HF
Fj is the transfer function for mean force Fj

In irregular sea, N
X
Fj = HFj (i )A2i j = 1, . . . , 6
i=1
Ai is the wave amplitude of the i-th wave component.
p
Ai = 2 S ( i )

N
X
Fj
F = HFj (i )2S ((i ) j = 1,
1 ...,6
i=1
Z
= 2 S ( )HFj ( )d j = 1,
1 ...,6
0
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

2.019 Design of Ocean Systems

Spring 2011

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