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1 1 1 1
a. 𝐴=[2 −1 1 3]
5 2 4 6
1 2 −1 3
b. 𝐵=[2 4 −2 6]
3 6 1 9
1 2 3 1
c. 𝐶=[2 1 1 2]
3 −1 2 1
Resolução do exercício:
a.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝑳𝟐 = −𝟐 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐
[𝟐 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟑] → [𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏]
𝑳𝟑 = −𝟓 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟑
𝟓 𝟐 𝟒 𝟔 𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
[𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏 ] → 𝑳𝟑 = − 𝑳𝟐 + 𝑳𝟑 [𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏]
𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
b.
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
𝑳𝟐 = −𝟐 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐
[𝟐 𝟒 −𝟐 𝟔]→ [𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎]
𝑳𝟑 = −𝟑 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟑
𝟑 𝟔 𝟏 𝟗 𝟎 𝟎 𝟒 𝟎
𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟑
[𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 ] → 𝑳𝟐 ↔ 𝑳𝟑 [𝟎 𝟎 𝟒 𝟎]
𝟎 𝟎 𝟒 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
c.
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝑳𝟐 = −𝟐 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐
[𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐]→ [𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟓 𝟎 ]
𝑳𝟑 = −𝟑 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟑
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟕 −𝟕 −𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
[𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟓 𝟎 ] → 𝑳𝟑 = −𝟕 𝑳𝟐 + 𝟑 𝑳𝟑 [𝟎 −𝟑 −𝟓 𝟎 ]
𝟎 −𝟕 −𝟕 −𝟐 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏𝟒 −𝟔
Exemplo
2 −3 4 | 1 0 0
[−1 2 −3 | 0 1 0]
3 2 −1 | 0 0 1
1 0 0 | ? ? ?
[0 1 0 | ? ? ?]
0 0 1 | ? ? ?
depois de feitas as operações com as linhas da matriz para
obter a matriz unidade, no lado esquerdo do bloco, a matriz
que resultar no bloco do lado direito, será a matriz inversa
de A:
1 0 0 | ? ? ?
[0 1 0 | ? ? ?]
0 0 1 | ? ? ?
inversas de:
1 1 1 −1 1 1
a. 𝐷 = [1 1 0] R: 𝐷 −1
= [1 0 −1]
1 0 1 1 −1 0
2 5 1
3 6 6
2 −3 4
5 7 1
b. 𝐾 = [−1 2 −3] R: 𝐾 −1 = − 3
−
3 3
3 2 −1
4 13 1
[ −3 −
6 6]
3 2 2
−
5 5 5
1 0 2
9 6 1
c. 𝐽 = [2 1 3] R: 𝐽−1 = − 5 5
−
5
3 1 0
1 1 1
[ − ]
5 5 5
1 1
− 0 0
4 8
3 0 1 0 1 1
−2 0 2 0 0 0 −2
d. 𝑀 = [ ] R: 𝑀−1 = 1 3
2
0 1 0 1 0 0
4 8
0 −1 0 1 1 1
[0 0
2 2 ]
1 1 1
a. 𝐷 = [1 1 0]
1 0 1
1 1 1 | 1 0 0
𝐷 = [1 1 0 | 0 1 0]
1 0 1 | 0 0 1
1 1 1 | 1 0 0 𝐿1 = 𝑙𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑣ô 1 1 1 | 1 0 0
[1 1 0 | 0 1 0] → 𝐿2 = 𝐿1 − 𝐿2 [0 0 1 | 1 −1 0 ]
1 0 1 | 0 0 1 𝐿3 = 𝐿1 − 𝐿3 0 1 0 | 1 0 −1
1 1 1 | 1 0 0 1 1 1 | 1 0 0
[0 0 1 | 1 −1 0 ] → 𝐿2 ↔ 𝐿3 [0 1 0 | 1 0 −1]
0 1 0 | 1 0 −1 0 0 1 | 1 −1 0
1 1 1 | 1 0 0 1 0 1 | 0 0 1
[0 1 0 | 1 0 −1] → 𝐿2 = 𝑙𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑣ô [0 1 0 | 1 0 −1]
𝐿1 = 𝐿1 − 𝐿2
0 0 1 | 1 −1 0 0 0 1 | 1 −1 0
1 0 1 | 0 0 1 1 0 0 | −1 1 1
[0 1 0 | 1 0 −1] → 𝐿3 = 𝑙𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑣ô [0 1 0 | 1 0 −1]
𝐿1 = 𝐿1 − 𝐿3
0 0 1 | 1 −1 0 0 0 1 | 1 −1 0
1 1 1 −1 1 1
Portanto, a matriz inversa de 𝐷 = [1 1 0] é 𝐷−1 = [ 1 0 −1]
1 0 1 1 −1 0
2 −3 4
b. 𝐾 = [−1 2 −3]
3 2 −1
2 −3 4 | 1 0 0
𝐾 = [−1 2 −3 | 0 1 0]
3 2 −1 | 0 0 1
−1 2 −3 | 0 1 0
2 −3 4 | 1 0 0
[−1 2 −3 | 0 1 0] → 𝐿1 ↔ 𝐿2 2 −3 4 | 1 0 0
3 2 −1 | 0 0 1
[3 2 −1 | 0 0 1]
−1 2 −3 | 0 1 0 1 −2 3 | 0 −1 0
2 −3 4 | 1 0 0 → 𝐿1 = 𝐿1 (−1) 2 −3 4 | 1 0 0
[ 3 2 −1 | 0 0 1] [3 2 −1 | 0 0 1]
1 −2 3 | 0 −1 0 1 −2 3 | 0 −1 0
2 −3 4 | 1 0 0 → 𝐿2 = 𝐿2 − 2𝐿1 0 1 −2 | 1 2 0
𝐿3 = 𝐿3 − 3𝐿1
[3 2 −1 | 0 0 1] [0 8 −10 | 0 3 1]
1 −2 3 | 0 −1 0 1 0 −1 | 2 3 0
0 1 −2 | 1 2 0 → 𝐿1 = 2 𝐿2 + 𝐿1 0 1 −2 | 1 2 0
𝐿3 = 𝐿3 − 8 𝐿2
[0 8 −10 | 0 3 1] [0 0 6 | −8 −13 1]
1 0 −1 | 2 3 0 6 0 0 | 4 5 1
𝐿1 = 6 𝐿1 + 𝐿3
0 1 −2 | 1 2 0 → 0 3 0 | −5 −7 1
𝐿2 = 3 𝐿2 + 𝐿3
[0 0 6 | −8 −13 1] [0 0 6 | −8 −13 1]
1 2 5 1
6 0 0 | 4 5 1 1 0 0 |
𝐿1 = 𝐿1 3 6 6
6
1 5 7 1
0 3 0 | −5 −7 1 → 𝐿2 = 𝐿2 0 1 0 | − −
3 3 3 3
1 4 13 1
[0 0 6 | −8 −13 1] {𝐿3 = 6 𝐿3 [0 0 1 | − −
3 6 6]
2 5 1
3 6 6
2 −3 4 5 7 1
Portanto, a matriz inversa de 𝐾 = [−1 2 −3] é 𝐾 −1 = − 3
−3 3
3 2 −1
4 13 1
[ −3 − 6 ]
6
1 0 2
c. 𝐽 = [2 1 3]
3 1 0
1 0 2 | 1 0 0
1 0 2 | 1 0 0
𝐿2 = −2𝐿1 + 𝐿2
[2 1 3 | 0 1 0] → 0 1 −1 | −2 1 0
𝐿3 = −3 𝐿1 + 𝐿3
3 1 0 | 0 0 1
[0 1 −6 | −3 0 1]
1 0 2 | 1 0 0 1 0 2 | 1 0 0
0 1 −1 | −2 1 0 → 𝐿3 = −𝐿2 + 𝐿3 0 1 −1 | −2 1 0
[0 1 −6 | −3 0 1] [0 0 −5 | −1 −1 1]
1 0 2 | 1 0 0 1 0 2 | 1 0 0
0 1 −1 | −2 1 0 → 𝐿2 = 5 𝐿2 − 𝐿3 0 5 0 | −9 6 −1
[0 0 −5 | −1 −1 1] [0 0 −5 | −1 −1 1]
1 0 2 | 1 0 0 5 0 0 | 3 −2 2
0 5 0 | −9 6 −1 → 𝐿1 = 5𝐿1 + 2 𝐿3 0 5 0 | −9 6 −1
[0 0 −5 | −1 −1 1] [0 0 −5 | −1 −1 1]
1 3 2 2
5 0 0 | 3 −2 2 1 0 0 | −
𝐿1 = 𝐿1 5 5 5
5
1 9 6 1
0 5 0 | −9 6 −1 → 𝐿2 = 𝐿2 0 1 0 | − −
5 5 5 5
1
𝐿3 = − 𝐿3 1 1 1
[0 0 −5 | −1 −1 1] { 5 [0 0 1 |
5 5
− ]
5
3 2 2
−5
5 5
1 0 2
9 6 1
Portanto, a matriz inversa de 𝐽 = [2 1 3] é 𝐽−1 = − 5 5
−
5
3 1 0
1 1 1
[ − 5]
5 5
3 0 1 0
−2 0 2 0
d. 𝑀 = [ ]
0 1 0 1
0 −1 0 1
3 0 1 0 | 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 | 1 0 0 0
−2 0 2 0 | 0 1 0 0 𝐿2 = 2𝐿1 + 3𝐿2 0 0 8 0 | 2 3 0 0
[ ]→ [ ]
0 1 0 1 | 0 0 1 0 𝐿4 = 𝐿3 + 𝐿4 0 1 0 1 | 0 0 1 0
0 −1 0 1 | 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 | 0 0 1 1
3 0 1 0 | 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 | 1 0 0 0
0 0 8 0 | 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 | 0 0 1 0
[ ] → 𝐿2 ↔ 𝐿3 [ ]
0 1 0 1 | 0 0 1 0 0 0 8 0 | 2 3 0 0
0 0 0 2 | 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 | 0 0 1 1
3 0 1 0 | 1 0 0 0 24 0 0 0 | 6 −3 0 0
0 1 0 1 | 0 0 1 0 𝐿1 = 8𝐿1 − 𝐿3 0 2 0 0 | 0 0 1 −1
[ ] → [ ]
0 0 8 0 | 2 3 0 0 𝐿2 = 2𝐿2 − 𝐿4 0 0 8 0 | 2 3 0 0
0 0 0 2 | 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 | 0 0 1 1
1
𝐿1 = 𝐿1 6 −3
24 1 0 0 0 | 0 0
24 24
24 0 0 0 | 6 −3 0 0 1 1 1
𝐿2 = 𝐿2 0 1 0 0 | 0 0 −
0 2 0 0 | 0 0 1 −1 2 2 2
[ ]→
0 0 8 0 | 2 3 0 0 1 2 3
𝐿3 = 𝐿3 0 0 1 0 | 0 0
0 0 0 2 | 0 0 1 1 8 8 8
1 1
1 [0 0 0 1 | 0 0
𝐿4 = 𝐿4 2 2 ]
2
1 1
1 0 0 0 | − 0 0
4 8
1 1
0 1 0 0 | 0 0 −
2 2
1 3
0 0 1 0 | 0 0
4 8
1 1
[0 0 0 1 | 0 0
2 2 ]
1 1
−8 0 0
4
3 0 1 0 1 1
−2 0 2 0 0 0 −2
2
Portanto, a matriz inversa de 𝑀 = [ ] é 𝑀−1 = 1 3
0 1 0 1 0 0
4 8
0 −1 0 1 1 1
[0 0 2 2 ]
SISTEMAS ESCALONADOS. Disponível em: <http://www.ime.unicamp.br/~ms211/sistemaslin.pdf> Acesso em: 12 ago. 2016.
Referências Bibliográficas
BOLDRINI, J. L. et al. Álgebra linear. São Paulo: Harper & Row, 1980.