Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RECYCLED AGGREGATE
CHAPTER-1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material all around the
globe. It is obtained by mixing cement, water and aggregates and sometimes admixtures in
required proportion.
By varying the ingredients of concrete, depending upon the purpose and use, the
properties of concrete can also be changed. In the construction industry, most widely used
concretes are normal density/normal weight concrete. The density of normal concrete ranges
from 2200 kg/m3 to 2600 kg/m3. The density of light weight concrete ranges from 300kg/m3
to 1900kg/m3. The density of heavy weight concrete ranges from 3360kg/m3 to 3840kg/m3.
Concrete is commonly used in civil engineering works. Since the shielding ability and
attenuation capacity are not influenced by the type of material and depends on density of
concrete, it is essential to increase the mass of concrete per the unit of the purpose of
Bethamcherla waste stone is one of the natural mineral having specific gravity ranging
from 2.6 to 2.85. Bethamcherla waste stone is naturally available mineral in Kurnool district.
Recycled aggregate is the material collected from already tested cubes. It is available
Our aim is to establish that Bethamcherla stone dust used in of natural aggregate in
To study the properties of concrete where fine natural aggregate is partially replaced
aggregate replacement with Bethamcherla stone dust at a ratio of 0% , 15%, 30%, 45%,
60% , 75% and 10% of coarse aggregate is partially replaced with recycled aggregate.
To determine the compressive strength for cubes at various ages of 7days and 28
days.
1.2 OBJECTIVES
The objective of present study is to find out the compressive strength of the concrete
using Bethamcherla stone dust and recycled aggregate as partial replacement of natural
aggregate.
The main objective of the present investigation are to be produce density of concrete
using available aggregates economically. Keeping the cement content constant, the quantity
and type of coarse and fine aggregate is used and the compaction give the density of concrete.
To find or examine the suitability of locally available Bethamcherla stone dust and
Find the ratio of coarse and fine aggregate of Bethamcherla stone dust and
To find out the mix proportion using ISI method of concrete design procedure.
1.3. LIMITATIONS
concrete.
The coarse and fine aggregate are brought from the local.
The Bethamcherla stone dust brought from the Bethamcherla mines manually .
The study on effect of w/c ratio on the strength of concrete is limited to M20 only
on concrete of constraint.
1.5 INGRADIENTS
1.5.1 WATER
the hydration of cement but also contributes to the workability of fresh concrete. Cement is a
mixture of complex compounds, the reaction of cement with water leads to its setting and
hardening.
All the compounds present in the cement are anhydrous but when brought into
contact with water they get hydrolyzed forming hydrated compounds. Since water helps to
form the strength giving cement jell, the quality of water is to be critically monitored and
controlled during the process of concrete making as water. A popular yard stick to the water
for mixing concrete is that, if it is fit for drinking it is fit for making concrete. This does not
appear to be a true statement for all conditions. Some water, containing a small amount of
sugar would be suitable for drinking but not fir mixing concrete and conversely water suitable
for making concrete may not necessarily be fit for drinking, especially if the water pathogenic
microbial contaminants. The concrete mixing water is generally required to comply with
standards of American Society and Materials (ASTM) or with the Indian Standards (IS-
456:2000). The standards specified for various aspects of water do not represent the true
1.5.2 CEMENT
Cement may be described as a material with adhesive and cohesive properties that
make it capable of bonding, mineral (aggregate) in compact whole. In this process, it imparts
strength and durability of to the hardened mass called concrete. The cement used in the
making of concrete are called hydraulic cement so named, because they have the property of
reacting chemically with water in an exothermic process called hydration that results in water
resistant products. The products of hydration form a viscous cement paste, which coats the
aggregate surfaces and fills some of the void spaces between the aggregate pieces. The
cement paste losses consistency of the cement paste is either excessively wet there is a danger
of quality of the hardened concrete or may also result in a honey comb appearance. The
freshly set cement grains strength with time. On account of progressive filling of the void
spaces in the paste with the reaction products, also resulting in the decrease in porosity and
permeability.
The use of excessive cement results in cracking of concrete and leads to increased
long term effects of creep and drying shrinkage of hardened concrete, resulting in undesirable
The most common types of hydraulic cement used in the manufacture of concrete
are known as Portland cement used in the present investigation is ordinary Portland cement of
53 grades.
All along India, we have been using natural sand. The volume of concrete
manufactured in India has not been much, when compared to some advanced countries. The
manufacture development such as express highway projects, power projects and industrial
developments have started now. Availability of natural sand is getting depleted and also it is
Advantages of natural sand are that the particles are cubical or rounded with smooth
surface texture. The grading of natural F.A is not always ideal. It depends on place to place.
Aggregate are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete,
reduce shrinkage and effect economy. Earlier, aggregate were considered as chemically
active and also that certain aggregate exhibit chemical bond at the interface and paste. The
fact that the aggregate occupy 70-80 per cent of the volume of concrete, their impact on
more about the concrete it is very essential that one should know more about the aggregates
which constitute major volume in concrete is in complete. Cement is the only factory made
standard component in concrete. Other ingredients namely water and aggregates are natural
Recycled aggregates are obtained by crushed concrete were used for concrete
production. Recycled aggregates were used in wet condition, but not saturated, to control
their fresh concrete properties, effective w/c ratio and lower strength variability. The
This project concentrates on the effective of Bethamcherla stone dust in concrete mix since
the waste stone dust material naturally available which is frame to known as per mans
marble.
The greatest waste concern in the stone industry is stone itself, especially in the form
of over burden, screening residual, waste water sludge, bag house fines, and stone dust.
Cladding material needs to be carefully selected and cut for visual appeal and structural
stability. Monument construction also creates a large amount of waste due to the stringent
requirements for visual appeal, it is estimated that 75% of the stone used to build such
decorative pieces is discarded as waste through the cutting and shaping process.
CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
dreamed without use of concrete. Constituent of concrete is binding material, aggregate (fine
and coarse) and water. Aggregates are naturally available and depleting day-by-day due to
over exploitation for the sake of developmental activities. Owing to growing demand,
aggregate will not be available in plenty in near future as their stock is limited. It is
material is thirst area for researchers to workout scope and suitability of alternative material
to relieve the burden over natural resources up to some extent. Owing to growing
construction activities and renovation of structures, demolition wastes are produced in large
quantities which are kept in abundance in low lying area or at disposal sites. The land, over
which demolition wastes are disposed, deprives the further land use forever for other
purposes. Demolition waste, after pulverization in appropriate size can effectively be used as
required. Stone dust is a waste material generated in process of crushing of natural aggregate
In required size.
abundance. Being a worth less material, stone dust can be used in concrete as replacement
Nagabhusana and Bai (2011) reported that crushed stone powder can be effectively
used to replace natural sand without reduction in the strength of concrete at replacement level
up to 40%.
Pofale and Quadri (2013) reported that compressive strength of concrete (M25 and
M30) made using crusher dust increased at all the replacement level between 30-60% at an
40%.
Sukesh et al. (2013) reported that compressive strength of concrete made using
quarry dust is slightly higher than that of conventional concrete. Kumar et al. (2013) reported
that there is an increase in strength in concrete containing quarry rock dust (10-12%) more
than that of similar mix of conventional concrete. Reddy (2010) reported that stone dust can
be used in place of natural sand in concrete. He concluded that by using stone dust as total
Ilangovan et al. (2008) concluded that replacement of natural sand with quarry rock
Kujur et al. (2014) reported that fine aggregate can be replaced (up to 40%) by stone
dust in concrete without compromising the strength. Singh et al. (2014) concluded that
replacement of fine aggregate with stone dust does not affect the compressive strength up to
the replacement level of 40% respective of curing period. Monish et al. (2013) reported that
of coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate compressive strength of same was comparable to
conventional concrete. The present study is a part of an experimental program carried out to
work out the suitability of possible use of recycled aggregate as partial replacement of fine
aggregate.
percent substitutes for Natural Sand in concrete. It is found that the compressive, flexural
strength and Durability Studies of concrete made of Quarry Rock Dust are nearly 10% more
by Quarry and limestone (dust) Powder by (10%, 20%, and 30%) and comparing the
properties like Density Variation, Compressive Strength, Water Sorptivity for 28, 60, 90 and
aggregate on the 28 day compressive strength of concrete. The result of the investigation
indicate that the ratio of the 28 day compressive strength of concrete with crushed stone sand
cementations material in concrete. From the recent research works using Metakaolin, it is
evident that it is a very effective pozzolanic material and it effectively enhances the strength
parameters of concrete.
Iran's metakaolin in enhancing the concrete compressive strength. This paper presents the
Fired (Calcinated) NCCM has a very good pozzolanic, which could be partially replaced with
Portland cement. It can decrease permeability, increase compressive strength and concrete
durability. In this study, four different type of metakaolin which one of them was made in UK
and the others were from different part of Iran were used. The results indicate that the
replacing NCCM up to 20% has noticeable effect on compressive strength in comparing with
High Performance Concrete incorporating High Reactivity Metakaolin the present paper
deals with the study of properties namely workability, compressive strength and durability of
M60 grade HPC mixes incorporating different percentages of high reactivity metakaolin by
weight of cement along with some suitable super plasticizer. The results of the study indicate
that the workability and strength properties of HPC mixes improved by incorporating HRM
up to a desirable content of 7.5% by weight of cement. HPC mixes have also indicated better
resistance to the attacks of chemicals such as chlorides and sulfates when the HPC mixes
Concrete is that pourable mix of cement, water, sand, and gravel that hardens into a
super-strong building material. Aggregates are the important constituents in the concrete
composite that help in reducing shrinkage and impart economy to concrete production. River
Sand used as fine aggregate in concrete is derived from river banks. River sand has been the
most popular choice for the fine aggregate component of concrete in the past, but overuse of
the material has led to environmental concerns, the depleting of river sand deposits and an
increase in the price of the material. The developing country like India( Authors native land)
facing shortage of good quality natural sand and particularly in India, natural sand deposits
are being used up and causing serious threat to environment as well as the society
Yogendran et al. (1987)19 made an attempt to modify the properties of concrete with
respect to its strength and other properties by using silica fume and chemical admixtures.
They concluded that optimum replacement of cement by silica fume for high strength is
fibres in concrete on compressive, flexural and impact strength with different binder
compressive (or) flexural strength, while flexural toughness and impact resistance showed
increased values. They also observed that positive interactions were also detected between
plasticized mortars containing Metakaolin (MK) as15% replacement of cement and with a
water/binder ratio of0.33 have been characterized with four commercially available MK
samples have been studied and compared to silica fume. Three out of four Metakaolin
samples showed improvement in compressive strength atearly ages, when compared to SF,
but at 90 days and later the difference is reduced. The difference in the compressive strength
between the specimens with micro fillers and the control decreases after 28 days, because of a
smaller slow down of the hydration rate in the control. This can be related to the fineness of
the micro-filler in the specimens with Metakaolin. At 90 and 180 days Metakaolin and silica
containing Metakaolin have been studied with a co-axial cylinder rotational viscometer. They
show a dilatentbehavior that is strongly dependent on the water /binder ratio, on the level of
cement replacement by Metakaolin and on the fineness of the latter. Dilatency is caused by
the angular and plate like shape of Metakaolin particles. They concluded that, dilatancy is
properties can be explained by considering the plate like and angular shape of MK particles
Kinuthia J.M. et al (2000)48 The contribution by the authors in this paper forms a
part of an ongoing investigation examining the potential of using Metakaolin, pulverized fuel
ash (MK-PFA) blended for cements in concrete. The investigation involves the examination
of the effect of the blends on the strength development and factors affecting durability
including chloride penetration, carbonation and water transport properties. The following
conclusions were made by the authors: i) Although the early compressive strength of concrete
is reduced by the incorporation of PFA as a partial replacement for cement, pozzolanic action
develops in the medium term and up to 30% PFA may be used without detriment to the
strength at 90 days. PFA is particularly effective in this respect at the moderately low water-
tobinder ratios of 0.4 and 0.5. 21 ii) Up to 15% partial cement replacement by Metakaolin
results in considerable enhancement in strength in both the short and the medium term. The
strength enhancement is obtained for all the water to binder ratios used (0.4-0.6). iii) The
contrasting roles played by PFA and Metakaolin in the strength development, particularly at
the early stages, can be compared to produce effective blends for cement. At short curing
times, only mixtures with low PC replacement levels and high MK/PFA ratios achieve
strength in excess of the control. However, after 90 days curing, mixtures with high PC
replacement levels and low MK/PFA ratios also achieve strengths in excess of the control. iv)
influence of the pozzolanic activity of the Metakaolin(MK) on the hydration heat has been
studied in comparison to the behaviors of other traditional pozzolanic materials such as flyash
and silica fume. The results revealed that MK mortars produce a slight heating increase when
compared to a 100% Portland cement mortar, due to the high pozzolanic activity of MK.
With respect to the hydration heat, MK-blended mortar showed closer behaviors to silica
CHAPTER -3
TESTS ON MATERIALS
1. Color
The color of the cement be uniform i.e., gray with light greenish shade
2. Physical properties
Cement should feel smooth where rubbed between fingers. If hand is inserted in a bag
of cement .It should feel cool. If a small quantity of cement is thrown in a bucket of water it
3. Presence of lumps
4. Strength
weak mortar , its size is 75mm*25mm*12mm proportion of cement and sand may be 1:6 the
briquettes are immersed in water for period of 3 days. If cement is sound quality , such
briquettes will not be broken easily and it will be difficult to convert them in to powder form.
This test is carried out to check proper griding of cement. Fineness of cement particles
may be determined either by sieve test. Weight should not be more than 10% of orginal
The purpose of the test is to determine the percentage of water required for preparing
Take 3000gms of cement and add 30% by weight of water to it. Mix water and
cement on non-porous surface. Mixing should be done thoroughly. Fill the mould of Vicat
apparatus with cement paste. Vicat mould is placed on non-porous plate. Plunger is attached
to the movable rod of vicat apparatus. The plunger is gently lowered on the paste in the
mould. The settlement of the plunger reading is noted. If the penetration is between 5mm to
7mm from the bottom of mould water is added is correct. If penetration is not proper process
is repeated till the desired penetration is obtained. The normal consistency for OPC is
obtained as 30%
Cement paste is prepared for initial setting time, and it is filled in Vicat mould
Needle with angular, collar is attached to moving rod of Vicat apparatus and it is gently
released. The time at which needle makes an impression on test block and collar fails to do so
is noted. Time the difference between the water is to be added to cement and time record
when the collar fails to make an impression. The time should be about 10hrs for OPC
Aggregates are chemically inactive materials which form the bulk of cement concrete.
Fine aggregate
Coarse aggregate
The free moisture content in fine aggregate results in bulking of volume. Bulking
Free moisture forms a film around each particle. This film of moisture exerts what is
known as surface tension which keeps the neighbouring particles away from each other,
Therefore, no point contact is possible between the particles. This causes bulking of the
volume. The exert of surface tension and consequently how far the adjacent are kept away
will depend upon the presence of moisture content and the particle size of the fine aggregate.
It is interesting to note that the bulking increase with increase in moisture content up to a
certain limit and beyond that the further increase in the moisture content results in the
decrease in the volume and at a moisture content representing saturation point, the fine
aggregate shows no bulking is so little it is always neglected. Extremely fine sand particularly
Take the required quantity of the aggregate. For fine aggregate , sieve the aggregate
through a set of sieves of size 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18, 0.6mm, 0.3mm, 0.15mm, pan. For
coarse aggregate sieve the aggregate through set of sieve sizes 25mm, 20mm, 12.5mm,
10mm, 6.3mm, 4.5mm the sieve should be agitated so that the sample roles in the irregular
motion over the sieve. Collect the fraction retained on each sieve and weigh it. Determine the
retained cumulative percentage finger as ordinates. Select the percentage which gives the
The mineral which is retained on 4.75mm size BIS is termed as coarse aggregate .
The standard crushing test is made on aggregate passing a 12.5mm IS sieve and
retained on 10mm IS sieve. The aggregate in dry surface, filled in a cylindrical measure in a
three layers approximately of equal depth. Each layer is tamped 25 times with the tamping
rod and finally levelled off using the trowel. The weight of sample in cylinder is taken as A.
The cylinder of the test apparatus with aggregate filled in a standard manner is put in a
position on base plate and aggregate is carefully leached and the plunger inserted horizontally
The apparatus with the test sample and plunger bin position is placed in compression
testing machine and is loaded uniformly up to of 40 tons in 10min time. The load is then
released and the whole of the material removed from the cylinder and served on a 2.36mm IS
The aggregate impact value gives relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to
sudden shock or impact which of some aggregate differs from its resistance to a slow
compressive load.
The test sample consists of aggregate passing through 12.5mm and retained on 10mm
IS sieve. The aggregate is filled about 1/3rd full and tamped with 25 stokes by the tamping
rod.
A further similar quantity of aggregate is added and tamped in standard manner. the
measure is filled to over flowing and struck off level. The actual weight of aggregate in the
measure is determined (A) and this weight of aggregate shall be used from the duplicate test
The whole sample is filled into cylinder steel cup firmly fixed on the base of machine.
A hammer weighing about 10kg is raised to height of 380mm above the upper surface of the
aggregate in the cup and allowed to fall freely on the aggregate. The test sample shall be
subjected to a total 15 such blows each being delivered at an interval not less than one
second. The crushed aggregate is removed from the cup and is sieved. The fraction through
Obtain a test sample taken in accordance with test method select a grading appropriate
Dry the sample to the constant mass, in an oven temperature within the range of 105
to 105c, cool to room temperature and sieve it on the appropriate sieve until a sufficient mass
of each fraction has been obtained. Adjust the mass of material so obtained for each sieve
fraction by quartering or refilling, if necessary to within two per cent of the relevant mass
(ml), to at least the nearest 1 gram of the test portion. Rotate the machine for 500 or 1000
revolutions.
At the completion of the test, discharge the entire content of the drum, taking care to
avoid loss, and after removal of the steel balls make a preliminary separation of the test
3.2.2.3 CALACULATION
Calculate the loss Angles Abrasion Value of test, as a procedure, using the formula:
Specific gravity of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate is 2.63 and 2.61 and specific
TEST PROCEDURE
The weight about 2 kg of aggregate by method of quartering rejecting the all material
Wash thoroughly to remove the dust etc., from the surface of particles. Dry to
constant weight at temperature of 105C to+_ 5C. Immerse the sample in water at 22C to 32C
or a period of 24 hrs. Remove the aggregate from water and roll in a large piece of an
absorbent cloth until all visual films of water are removed, although the surface of particles
will still appear to be damp. Now weigh this 3 kg sample is saturated surface in dry condition
and note down the weight as W2. Place the weight aggregate immediately in the wire basket
ad dip it in water weight this basket with aggregate. While keeping it in water with the help
of the balance note this weight asW3. Dry the sample to the constant weight of temperature
of 100C to 110C for 24 hrs. cool to room temperature and weight it.
Bulk specific gravity =weight of sample in air/ Loss of weight of sample in water
=W1/(W3-W2) =2.6%
This test gives the split Tensile strength of cylinder of size 150mm diameter and
300mm length. Calculate the material required for the proportion. Mix thoroughly in
mechanical mixer until uniform colour of the concrete is obtained are mixed by hand in such
a manner as to avoid loss of water in mixing by hand, the cement and fine aggregate shall be
mixed dry to uniform colour and then coarse aggregate is added and mixed until the coarse
aggregate is uniformly distributed thoroughly the batch. Slowly the water shall be added and
whole mixed until the resulting concrete is in uniform colour. Mix for at least two minutes.
Pour concrete in mould oiled with medium viscosity oil. Fill the concrete in cubes moulds in
three layers each of approximately 10cm and remaining each layer with 25 blows evenly
distributed over the surface of the layer. Trowel off concrete flush with top of the mould.
Immediately after being made, they should be covered with wet mats. After note down the
Concrete is phase composite hydrated cement paste aggregate and the transition zone
between the two. Hydrated Cement Paste (HCP) function as the matrices that hold the
composite together.The aggregate serve filler which normally occupies 75% of the volume of
concrete. The transition zone is interface between the hydrated cement paste and the
aggregate, and is one of the critical factor in established the composite strength.
made by combining lime stone and clay. Which is then fired in a cement kiln until a clinker is
formed containing the following components: Cao, SiO2, A1203, fe203. Admixtures such as
fly ash, gypsum and Pozzolona material influence he amount of cement paste required for a
given strength and the reaction time, but they not change the overall hydrated reaction
process. The density of the final product (normal concrete) is between 2600 to 3200 kg/m3.
Place the fresh concrete mix in the clean cone in three equal layers. Tamp each layer
with 25 times by the tamping rod in a uniform manner over the cross section. Strike of the
top of the concrete flush with trowel i.e., exactly levelled. Remove the metal cone by raising
it slowly and carefully in the vertical direction. As soon as the concrete settlement stop, the
This is the most important test foe workability of fresh concrete. Keep the compaction
factor apparatus on the leveled ground and clean it thoroughly. Weigh the empty cylinder
accurately (W1). Fix the cylinder lie on one vertical line. Fill the freshly mixed concrete in
upper hopper gently and carefully without any compaction effort. After two minutes release
the trap door hopper, so that the concrete fall into the cylinder. Remove the excess concrete
Refill the cylinder with same sample of concrete in approximately 5cm thick layer by
using the mechanical vibration so as to obtain the full compaction. Remove the excess
concrete above the top of cylinder by using trowel and weight it (W3). The value of
W= W2-W1/(W3-W1)
CHAPTER -4
EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION
The locally available sand is used as a fine aggregate in the present experiment. The
sand is free from clay matter, silt and organic impurities and must be passing through 4.75
sieves.
gms retained
1 10 0 0 0 100
TOTAL =280.5
Fineness modulus=4.3
passing
1 75 0 0 0 0 0
2 40 0 0 0 100 100
3 20 0 0 0 100 100
2 Bulk density 1%
The locally available portable water, which is free from concentration of acids and
organic substance, is used for mixing the concrete. If the water is fit for drinking it is
generally accepted as suitable for mixing mortar. Ordinary, there is little difficulty in
obtaining supply which is otherwise suitable, but they can be easily be removing by allowing
them to settle out in suitable tanks or basins. A few general remarks may be made concerning
the effect on mortar of various types of water when used for mixing. The water is used for
mixing and curing of concrete is the water collected from the tap of K.S.R.M College of
engineering campus
1 PH 7
5 Sulphates 0
9 Chlorides 37.72
11 Calcium hardness 35
CHAPTER- 5
A) Design stipulation
3. Water absorption
b) Fine aggregate 1%
b) Fine aggregate -
For a tolerance factor of 1.65 and using table 1, the target mean strength for the
From fig1 the water cement ratio required for the target mean strength of 26.6N/mm2 is
0.5 this is lower than the maximum value of 0.60 prescribed for mild exposure.
From table 3, for 20mm nominal maximum size aggregate and size conforming to
grading zone 2 water content for cubic meter of concrete is equal to 186kg and sand content
For change in value s in water ratio, compaction factor and belong to zone -2 the
CONTENT
I.e., 0.1
For increasing in +3 0
of table 4, IS;383-1970
TOTAL +3 -3.5
Water = 191.6lts
Cement =191.05/0.5
This cement content is adequate for mild exposure condition (see table -2)
For specific maximum size of aggregate of 20mm the amount of entrapped air in the wet
concrete
0.98= [191.6+383/3.15+1/0.685*ca/2.62]*(1/1000)
F a = 569 kg/m3
C a = 1197 kg/m
The mix is, 0.5:1:1.54:3.12 (by mass) or 50kg of cement the quantity of material are worked
out as below:
1. Cement = 50kg
2. Sand = 77kg
4. Water
litres
5. Actual quantity of sand required after allowing for mass of free moisture
= 71+1.54 = 72.042kg
Therefore, the actual quantities of different constituents required for one bag mix are
Cement: 50kg
Sand: 78.54kg
CA Fraction 1: 93.226kgs
Fraction 2: 62.15kgs
From table 5, the specific maximum size of aggregate of 20mm, the amount of an trapped air
in the wet concrete is 2%. Talking this into account & applying equations 2&3
F a = 548kg/m3
C a = 1275kg/m3
To find out the compressive strength of concrete, cubes of size 150mm width 150mm
depth and 150mm length were casted. For each mix proportion 6 no. of cubes were casted. To
assess 7 days compressive strength for 3 cubes were tested and the remaining 3 cubes were
tested on 28 days for 0% 6 cubes, for 15% 6 cubes , for 30% 6 cubes , for 45% cubes , 60%
cubes , 75% , total 36 cubes are prepared. In this case replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust
The standard size of cubes 150mm*150mm*150mm size are cast iron; strong enough to
prevent distortion are used. They are made in such a way so that they can be easily removed.
The inside of the mould is given a thin coating of oil to prevent adhesion easily.
After placed the vibration table in order to get perfect compaction for 30 sec mixing the
concrete as per the procedure, the concrete placed in cubes in 3 layers by compacting each
alyer with a tamping rod of 16mm diameter, 60cm long with bullet pointed edges with 25
times. After manual compaction is completed this are first the cement arrived from the mix
design procedure is added to the fine and mixed thoroughly. The dry mix is then added to
coarse aggregate.
The total mix is thoroughly mixed in dry condition using manual. After ensuring thoroughly
mixing. The required water is added on thoroughly mixed again. After achieving complete
mixing the concrete is placed in cubes in 3 layers. After filling of the cubes, cubes are placed in
vibration motion and vibrate it for 2 min excess concrete is removed by steel scale.
After 24hrs of casting, the cubes are removed and dry weight of all 36 cubes is found out.
All the 36 cubes are kept in curing tank for 28 days. In one curing tank volume of water is
taken as 500 litres. After 28 days are over, all the cubes are taken from the curing tank and
surface is cleaned using a waste cloth. All these 36 cubes are weighted in a weighting machine
and wet weight of each cube is found out. For each percentage 3 cubes are tested on 7 days and
remaining 3 cubes are tested on 28 days and average value of compressive strength is found
out.
1 0 10 7.8 0.935
2 15 10 8.1 0.932
3 30 10 8.4 0.928
4 45 10 8.7 0.925
5 60 10 9.0 0.92
6 75 10 9.2 0.91
CHAPTER - 6
TABLES
Table14: 7 days curing of cubes with partial replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust
weight weight
Table15: 28 days curing of cubes with partial replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust
weight weight
1 0% 8271 8343
1 0% 8220 8230
1 0% 25.0
2 15% 30.0
3 30% 31.0
4 45% 28.0
5 60% 25.0
6 75% 15.0
S.NO % Compressive
(Mpa)
1 0% 33.0
2 15% 34.0
3 30% 38.0
4 45% 28.0
5 60% 27.5
6 75% 26.5
GRAPHS
35
Average compressive strength (Mpa)
30
25
20
15
10
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
% Replacement
30
25
20
15
10
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
% Replacement
Graph 2: Compressive strength of concrete cubes at 28 days
40
35
30
25
20 7days
15 28days
10
0
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
8600
Dry weightWet weight
8400
Wet weight
8200
8000
7800
7600
7400
7200
0% 15% 30% 45% 60% 75%
8400
Dry weight wet weight
Wet weight
8200
8000
7800
7600
7400
7200
0% 15% 30% 45% 60% 75%
9.5
8.5
Slump
8
7.5
7
0% 15% 30% 45% 60% 75%
0.93
0.925
0.92
compaction factor
0.915
0.91
0.905
0.9
0.895
0.89
0.885
0% 15% 30% 45% 60% 75%
PLATES
Slump test
Casting of cubes
Failure of cube
CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION
Department of civil, KSRMCE Page 61
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL AGGREGATE WITH BETHAMCHERLA STONE DUST AND
RECYCLED AGGREGATE
7. CONCLUSION
For 15% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%
For 30% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%
For 45% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%
For 60% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%
For 75% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%
For 15% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%
For 30% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%
For 45% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%
For 60% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%
For 75% replacement of Bethamcherla stone dust in fine aggregate and 10%
Finally results shows that the Bethamcherla stone dust should replace in the natural
Replacement of 10% recycled aggregate in natural coarse aggregate should give the
CHAPTER-8
BIBILOGRAPHY
8. REFERENCES
Concrete micro structures, properties and material by P.K. Mehta and T.J.M.Monteiro