Library and Information Science Education in Japan in the 21st Century

By Takako Yamamoto; Zensei Oshiro

1. Introduction
Japan is one of the most literate nations. Japan is always among the top nations in
OECDs PISA. Japan has a number of libraries and book stores. These things are
relatively well known to foreign countries. However, library and information science
education in Japan is not well known. This article describes library and information
science education in Japan, including Japans libraries and library staff.

2. Libraries and Library Staff

There are 3,234 public libraries in Japan in 2012, including 60 prefectural libraries.
2,560 of these libraries are city libraries, which means that about 90% of Japanese cities
have public libraries. 594 of the total public libraries are town or village libraries, which
means that about 54% of the Japanese towns and villages have public libraries. The
condition that only 54% of the Japanese towns and villages have public libraries is
considered as a big problem in Japans library sector, from the point of view of equal
access to information.1)
Prefectural libraries in Japan, which are almost equal with state libraries in foreign
countries, are considered and classified as public libraries because most of them loans
books to individual users, including childrens books. Japanese children can visit
prefectural libraries and borrow library materials. There are 20 public libraries in
Japan which are operated by private organizations.2)
Regarding with the library staff in the public libraries, there are 9,149 full-time
library staff in city libraries in 2012, with 4,616 of them having certificates of either
librarian or library assistant. Those who have certificate of either a librarian or a
library assistant are regarded as professionals in Japan. There are 850 full-time library
staff working in the town and village libraries, with 488 of them having above
certificates. There are 1,580 full-time library staff in the prefectural libraries, with 913
of them having those certificates. There are 73 full-time library staff in privately
operated public libraries, with 36 of them having those certificates.3)
In the field of academic libraries, there are a total of 1,679 libraries in 2012. There
are 86 national universities and these universities have 293 libraries. There are 82
prefectural and city universities, having 122 libraries. There are 597 private
universities, having 989 libraries. There are 369 junior colleges, having 214 libraries.

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The reason that the number of junior college libraries is less than that of the junior
colleges is because some junior colleges are established as annexes of universities and in
those cases, the junior college students are supposed to use the university libraries.
There are 58 technical colleges, having 61 libraries. 4)
Regarding with the library staff in the academic libraries, there are 1,629 full-time
staff working in 293 national university libraries. 1,244 persons out of these staff have
librarians certificate, which is one oriented for public libraries. There are 255 full-time
staff working in 82 prefectural and city university libraries, with 172 staff with
librarians certificate. There are 4,909 full-time staff working in 597 private university
libraries, with 1,981 staff with librarians certificate. There are working 227 full-time
staff working in 214 junior college libraries, with 186 staff with librarians certificate.
There are 69 full-time staff working in 61 technical college libraries, with 42 staff with
librarians certificate.5)
There are 20,980 elementary schools, 10,495 junior high schools, 5,001 senior high
schools, and 2,500 other kinds of schools in 2012. Japan has a School Library Act which
states that a school must have a library. Therefore, every school has some kind of library.
There are 13,543 elementary school libraries (65% of the total) which have teacher
librarians (shisho kyoyu). There are 6,422 junior high school libraries (61% of the total)
which have teacher librarians. There are 4,159 senior high school libraries (83% of the
total) which have teacher librarians. 6)

3. Education for Public Librarians

There is a Library Act in Japan, which is actually a law for public libraries. The
Act states as follows:
(Librarians and Assistant Librarians)
Article 4. Professional personnel of libraries shall be called librarians (shisho) and
assistant librarians (sishoho).
2. Librarians shall be engaged in professional works of the libraries.
3. Assistant Librarians shall assist librarians as their duties.
(Qualifications for Librarians)
Article 5. Those who satisfy one of the following provisions shall be qualified as
librarians.
(1) Graduates of academic institutions who have completed library science courses
under the provisions of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and
Technology ( MEXT) s ordinance.
(2) Graduates of academic institutions who have completed the training program for

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librarians under the provisions of next Article.
(3) Those who have three years or more of experience at the following positions and
have completed the training course for librarians under the provisions of next Article.
* assistant librarians
* (omitted) 7)

3.1 MEXTs Ordinance and Certificate for Public Librarian

MEXT issued an Ordinance to Partially Revise Enforcement Regulation of Library
Act in 2009. According to the Ordinance, those who desire to earn a certificate as a
public librarian must at least 24 credit hours of the library science courses (22 credit
hours of core courses and 2 credit hours of elective courses), which are listed in the
Ordinance. Those courses are as follows:

[Core Courses]
*Lifelong Learning (2 credit)
*Introduction to Library Science (2 credit)
*Library Systems and Management (2 credit)
*Library and Information Technology (2 credit)
*Introduction to Library Services (2 credit)
*Information Services (2 credit)
*Services to Children (2 credit)
*Seminar in Information Services (2 credit)
*Introduction to Library and Information Resources (2 credit)
*Organization of Information Resources (2 credit)
*Seminar in Information Resources (2 credit)

[Elective Courses] (Two courses must be completed)

*Special Topic in Library Science (1 credit)
* Special Topic in Library Services (1 credit)
* Special Topic in Library and Information Resources (1 credit)
*History of Books and Libraries (1 credit)
*Library Facilities (1 credit)
*Comprehensive Seminar in Library Science (1 credit)
*Practicum (1 credit) 8)

3.2 Academic Institutions Which Offer Public Librarian Certificate Programs

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 There are 156 universities and colleges which offer public librarian certificate
programs in 2012. In addition, there are 58 junior colleges which offer the same kind of
programs.9) There are 12 universities and colleges which offer summer intensive
training programs for the public librarian certificate in 2013. There is one junior college
which offers the same kind of program.10)

4. Education for Teacher Librarians

There is a School Library Act in Japan. The Act states as follows:
(Teacher Librarian)
Article 5. There must be a teacher librarian in a school library who shall be engaged
in professional works of the library.
2. A senior teacher, mentor, or teacher can be appointed as a teacher librarian. In such
case, the teacher must have completed the training program for teacher librarians.
3. (omitted)
4. MEXT s ordinance shall describe concerning the courses for the training program.

4.1 MEXTs Ordinance and Certificate for Teacher Librarians

MEXT issued an Ordinance in 2007 which describes the regulations concerning the
courses for the training program for teacher librarians.11) The Ordinance states that a
person who wants to earn a certificate of school librarian must complete the following
courses.
* School Administration and School Library (2 credit)
* School Library Media and their Organization (2 credit)
* Class Teaching and School Library (2 credit)
* Reading and Personality (2 credit)
* Use of Information Media (2 credit)

Considering both the School Library Act and above MEXT s ordinance, a teacher
librarian is a person who has a teachers license and completed ten credit hours of
school librarianship.

4.2 Academic Institutions which offer Teacher Librarian Certificate Programs

There are 170 universities and colleges which offer teacher librarian certificate
programs in 2012. There are 23 junior colleges which offer the same kind of programs.
12) There are 44 universities and colleges which offer summer intensive training
programs for the teacher librarian certificate in 2013. There is one junior college which

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offers the same kind of program.13)

5. Education for Academic Librarians

There is no act for academic librarians in Japan. There are not librarians
classified as professionals in many academic libraries in Japan. It is one of the wonders
how Japanese academic libraries can function in such a personnel policy in the digital
age. Both Japan Library Association and MEXT report the total number of staff and the
number of staff who have public librarians certificate, when they compile a statistics of
the staff of the academic libraries, as described in chapter one. It is expected that MEXT
official report in the future will be made of the number of staff who have academic or
professional librarians certificate, in addition to the total number of the staff. There is a
MEXT Ordinance which states about the academic (professional) librarians in the
academic library. This is Standards for Establishment of Universities The Standards
issued in 2006 states as follows:

Article 38. 3. A university shall hire professionals and other full-time staff for the
library so that the library can function.14)

This Article can be interpreted that a university is supposed to hire academic or

professional librarians in its library. However, the managerial people in the academic
community say that the professionals in the Ordinance dont necessarily mean
academic (professional) librarians. Providing that it is made clear that the
professionals in the Ordinance mean professional librarians, there arises another
problem. There is no document to state the qualifications of academic (professional)
librarians. MEXT should be blamed for the lack of this kind of document. In addition,
Japan Library Association as a professional body should be blamed for this problem
because the Association has made no expected effort in order to provide an entry-level
education for academic librarians. Both Japan Association of National University
Libraries and Japan Association of Private University Libraries, both of which
membership is the library, have also made no effort in order to establish professional
librarianship system in the academic libraries, including the discussion of necessity of
providing an entry-level education for academic librarians.
However, there are some universities, which offer library and information science
education as an academic discipline, train their students so that they find their
employments in the academic libraries.

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6. Library and Information Science Education as a Professional and Academic
Discipline
There are about 10 universities which offer library and information science
education as a professional and academic discipline. A professional and academic
discipline is meant here that library and information science education is mainly offered
as a major or a department in undergraduate programs or as a graduate program.

6.1 Keio University

One of these universities is Keio University, a private university, which is the
oldest that has offered library and information science education as a professional and
academic discipline. The School of Library and Information Science of the University
was set up in 1951. American Library Association helped in its earlier program. Robert
L. Gitler, who was then Dean of University of Washington library school, was invited to
serve as the first director of the School. The objectives of the School are to train
professionals for various types of libraries or information related organizations, to give
recurrent education for the persons working in the libraries, and to promote research in
the field of library and information science. The school has produced many leading
librarians, information specialists, researchers, and faculty members since its
establishment.15)
The School offered a masters degree program in 1967, with emphasis on information
science, and a Ph.D. program in 1975. The School has 8 full-time faculty, teaching in
both undergraduate and graduate programs. The School accepts 60 new students every
year in the undergraduate program, which is a fixed number of students regulated by
MEXT. It means that The School has always enrolled about 240 students in the
undergraduate program.16)
A Masters Degree program of the School is divided into the two courses: Library and
Information Science Course and the Information Resource Management Course. The
objectives of the Library and Information Science Course are the advancement of
library and information science research as well as the training of highly specialized
information-related professionals. All the classes offered are essentially advanced
courses of the undergraduate program, composed of three main groups; information
systems, information media, and information retrieval and processing.
The Information Resource Management Course aims at the recurrent education of
librarians and other information professionals, starting to offer in 2004. This course
emphasizes the current information and communication technology, administration and
management of an information center such as a library. The course also emphasizes the

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developing the abilities of communication and problem-solving skills through
discussions with incumbent professionals and the faculty. The classes for this degree
program are offered at night. It is difficult for working librarians to earn a master of
library and information science degree because most of the classes for the degree are
offered at the daytime.17) (As online education diffuses in Japan in the future, the
situation will change.)
The required period of attendance for both courses is two years. Students are
conferred a Master's degree when they finish course work by earning 32 credit hours
and submitting Master's theses, which is a common practice in the masters program in
Japan.
Courses for a Master of Arts in Library and Information Science are as follows:

*Advanced information science 1-4

*Seminar of advanced information science 1-2
*Advanced information media 1-4
* Seminar of advance information media 1-2
*Advanced information storage and retrieval 1-4
*Seminar of advanced information storage and retrieval 1-2
*Advanced information systems 1-4
*Seminar of advanced information systems 1-2
*Research methods 1-2
*Information analysis 1-2

The objectives of the Ph.D. Degree Program are the advancement of library and
information science research and training of researchers. The required period of
attendance is three years. Under the advice of the supervisor, a student prepares for a
dissertation, together with course work with attainment of at least 4 credits each year.
18)

6.2 The University of Tsukuba

The second university which offers library and information science education as a
professional and academic discipline is the University of Tsukuba, a national university.
The University has College of Knowledge and Library Sciences (as a part of School of
Informatics) as an undergraduate program and Graduate School of Library,
Information and Media Studies as a graduate program.
When tracing a short history of the library and information science education at the

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University of Tsukuba, it is originated in Junior College of Library Science established
in 1964. The Junior College offered information science in 1971, which was called
documentation, at that time. In 1979 the College was restructured into The University
of Library and Information Science (ULIS), a national university. ULIS offered a
masters and doctoral programs in 1984 and in 1999 respectively. ULIS was
consolidated with the University of Tsukuba in 2002, and its name was changed into the
present form in 2006.
The College of Knowledge and Library Sciences, which is an undergraduate program,
has the following three majors:
(1) Knowledge studies (Includes information behavior)
(2) Knowledge systems (Includes information technology)
(3) Information and library management
The College accepts 110 new students every year, which is a fixed number of
students regulated by MEXT. It means that The College has enrolled always about 440
students in the undergraduate program. The College, in addition to bachelors degree,
offers both public librarian and teacher librarian certificate programs.
Concerning about the Graduate School of Library, Information and Media Studies,
the School offers four programs for Master's degrees: MSc program for Informatics, MSc
program for Library and Information Studies, MSc English program for Library and
Information Studies, and MSc Career-up program for Library and Information Studies.
MSc program for Informatics is designed for those who would like to pursue a career in
information system administrators, media creators, and system designers, based on the
training of information technologies. MSc program for Library and Information Studies
is designed for those who would like to pursue not only academic faculty, but also
professional librarians and archivists who are knowledgeable with the issues such as
copyright, privacy, security, information distribution, and related social systems.
MSc English program for Library and Information Studies is designed for
international students who would like to pursue a career in information professionals in
the global context. In particular, this program aims to provide students with an
opportunity to learn Japanese advanced information, knowledge and skills for the
management, and delivery methods of information resources. This is a two-year
program and can be completed in English only.
MSc Career-up program for Library and Information Studies is designed for those
who are currently working in the sector of library & information science and would like
to advance their knowledge and skills. This program is offered for part-time students.
The students in other programs are not allowed to convert to this program due to

8
significant difference in the educational system.

Courses for MSc program for Library and Information Studies are as follows:
Core Courses (2 credit)
*Nature of Knowledge and Information
*System Thinking
*Legal Studies on Internet Issues
*Management and Utilization of the Intellectual Property
*History of Libraries and Communication Medias
*Information Seeking and Retrieval
*Theories of Information Behavior
*Professional Communication
*Requirements Analysis and Project Management
*Seminar A (Library and Information Science)
*Advanced Seminar 2 (Library and Information Science)
*Seminar B
*Seminar C
Elective Courses
(20 credit hours of lecture courses are completed among elective courses of the
Graduate School of Library, Information and Media Studies, and at least 12 credit
hours of courses should be taken from a list below which are in the field of Library and
Information Studies)
*Text Analysis
*Digital Documents
*Digital Archiving
*Government Archives and Records Management
*Organization of Information Resources
*Metadata
*Public Management
*Public Libraries
*Library and Information Services in Cultural Diverse Communities
*Administration of Libraries
*Media Education
*Management of the School Library Media Center
*Higher Education and Information Professionals
*Academic Libraries and Information Infrastructure

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 *Development of Learning Environment
*Chinese and Japanese Bibliography and Culture
*Classical Documents and Bibliography

The Graduate School of Library, Information and Media Studies offers a corporate
Sponsored Program called as Library Management Course. The primary objectives of
the Course are to enable the students to learn the latest knowledge and technologies
required for library management, services and operations. Seven subjects regarding
library management have been established for the Master's degree program. Those who
earned the masters degrees in this program will develop the knowledge and skills
needed in the management of public libraries, small-to-medium-sized university
libraries, or the management of a department in larger academic libraries. The program
consists of seven 2 credit hours of courses: subjects: 3 basic and four advanced courses.
And the applicants must have public librarians certificates.
Including the students in the Library Management Course mentioned above, there
are 37 students in the masters program and 21 students in the doctoral program in
2013, and a total of 43 faculty teaching both in the undergraduate College of Knowledge
and Library Sciences and in the Graduate School of Library, Information and Media
Studies.19)

6.3 Surugadai University

The third university which offers library and information science education as a
professional and academic discipline is Surugadai University which set up a
Department of Knowledge Information of Faculty of Cultural Informatics in 1994. The
University set up a Graduate School of Cultural Informatics and started to offer
masters degree program in 1999. The University changed the name of its graduate
program into Graduate School of Modern Culture and Information in 2005. The
University also changed the name of its undergraduate program into Department of
Media and Information in 2006. The undergraduate program has the following three
majors in 2013:
(1) Audio-visual media
(2) Library and archives
(3) Digital design
The total number of the undergraduate students enrolled in 2013 is 620. The
curriculum of the Library and Archives major is as follows (selective):
Core Course (2 credit):

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*Introduction to Information Processing
Foundation Courses in the Department of Media and Information (each 2 credit):
(4 credit hours of courses should be completed)
*Introduction to Mass Media
* Introduction to Information Management
*Introduction to Recorded Information
* Introduction to Lifelong Learning
*Basic Designing
*Practicum of Basic Information Technology
*Basic Programming
*Information and Economy
* Information and Mathematics
*Information and Statistics
*Introduction to Constitution
Foundation Courses in the Major (Field) of the Library and Archives (each 2 credit):
(22 credit hours of courses should be completed)
*Museum Exbhition
*Seminar of Information Services I
*Administration of Library and Information Center
*Seminar of Library and Information Systems
*Library and Information Services
*Museums and Information
*Museum Materials
*Archival Studies
*Historical Materials
*Digital Documents and Records Management
*Management of Public Documents
*Seminar of Recorded Information
*Seminar of Information Services II
*School Library Materials and their Organization
*Use of (School) Library Media

The curriculum of the Graduate Program in Cultural Information Resources, which

is a part of the Graduate School of Modern Culture and Information concentrates on the
studies of management of historical records and materials, electronic document
management, management of audio-visual resources, and library and tourism

11
information resources. The total number of the graduate students enrolled in 2013 is 6.
A total of 21 faculty teach both in the undergraduate and graduate programs.20)

6. The University of Tokyo

The fourth university which offers library and information science education as a
professional and academic discipline is the University of Tokyo. There is Department of
Lifelong Learning Infrastructure Management within School of Education of the
University. The Department consists of two sections of Lifelong Learning and Library
and Information Science. A section of Library and Information Science has three faculty
and enrolled 5 students in the masters degree program and 8 students in Ph. D.
program in 2013. The University of Tokyo has been one of the most productive
universities in educating library and information science researchers and academic
faculty in Japan.21)

6. Kyoto University

The fifth university which offers library and information science education as a
professional and academic discipline is Kyoto University. The University has Faculty of
Education as an undergraduate program and Graduate School of Education as a
graduate program. The Graduate School is made up of eleven Chairs. One of the eleven
Chairs is Lifelong Education and Library and Information Science, which has four
faculty. The program of library and information science education at Kyoto University
offers a masters and doctoral degrees, in addition to .both public librarian and teacher
librarian certificate programs.22)

6.6 Tsurumi University

The sixth university which offers library and information science education as a
professional and academic discipline is Tsurumi University which set up Department
of Library, Archival and Information Studies within the School of Literature in 2004.
The Department has only undergraduate program at present time, having 7 faculty, and
has enrolled 285 students in 2013.The special features of the Department are as follows:
(1)Students learn library science, archiving and information studies simultaneously.
(2)Students are each provided with the latest model PC notebook to use during their
four years at the university.
(3)The curriculum is designed so that students can earn public librarian or teacher

12
 librarian certificates.
(4)Library internships for credit as well as job-hunting support are available.23)

6. Kyushu University

The seventh university which offers library and information science education as a
professional and academic discipline is Kyushu University which set up a Department
of Library Science of Graduate School of Integrated Frontier Sciences in 2011. The
University defines Library Science as a science in which researchers research a new
place (called as library) which secures the user-oriented information management and
presentation, and support the creation and inheritance of new knowledge. A library here
is meant a place where a new way of information management and presentation be
researched by an integrated methodology, regardless of the materials whether they are
printed or archives. The Department offers both a masters and doctoral programs,
having 12 faculty in 2013. 24) It is expected that the University will be one of the
leading universities in library and information science education in the future.

There are several other universities which offer library and information science
education as a minor in the disciplinary fields of education, communication, social
information systems, etc.

7. Conclusion
This article described library and information science education in Japan,
including Japans libraries and staff, and indicating that there are many kinds. There
arise several questions. One of them is that there are too many public librarian and
teacher librarian certificate programs, recognizing that the graduates of these programs
cannot find their jobs in the libraries. It is estimated that about 10,000 students earn a
public librarian certificate each year. It is also estimated that only around 200 students
can find positions in the libraries. Although the situation of library positions is such,
Japanese students seem to be somehow interested in the public librarian certificate
programs. And many academic institutions emphasize in their publicity publications
that they offer such certificate program. Why are Japanese students interested in the
Certificate programs? And why do many academic institutions emphasize that they
offer such program? It is hard to answer such question. However, one of the answers
seems to be this. Japanese students are more or less disappointed with their college
education. They would like to earn any certificate, as a kind of evidence of having

13
received college education, regardless of whatever certificate it may be. You may ask
why those institutions, which attract many students in their certificate programs, dont
try to raise the level of the programs so that their students will have a better chance to
be employed as librarians. The answer to this question might be this. Those institutions
are not interested in educating future librarians in their programs. They are just
interested in attracting many might-be-freshmen or might-be-freshwomen.
The academic institution which offers such certificate program is required to hire at
least two full-time faculty, according to MEXTs official notice. In other word, MEXT
expects that at least two library science specialists (faculty) teach at the program. And
there are two faculty listed at the official records of most of those institutions. This
means that there are more than 300 faculty who teach at public librarian certificate
programs. However, there are not many faculty who publish academic articles in the
library science related journals. It can be said that the faculty who are not qualified to
teach in the academic program are teaching at many of those certificate programs.

----------
Notes and References

1) Japan Library Association, Toshokan Nenkan, 2013 (Library Year Book, 2013). JLA,
2013, p. 304.
2) Ibid.
3) Ibid.
4) ibid., p. 324.
5) ibid.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology , Heisei 24 Nendo
Gakujutsu Jouhou Kiban Jittai Chousa Houkoku(Science information infrastructure
statistics of colleges and universities, 2012). 2013, p. 26.
6) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology , Heisei 24 Nendo
Gakkou Toshokan no Genjou ni Kansuru Chousa Kekka ni tsuite GaiyouReport
of Present Conditions of School Libraries, 2012: Summary
http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shotou/dokusho/link/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2013/05/16/133
0588_1.pdf> [Nov. 3, 2013]
7) The Library Act before its revision is available in English at the following web site:
Library Law. http://www.jla.or.jp/portals/0/html/law-e.html [Nov. 3, 2013]
8) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, an Ordinace to

14
Partially Revise Enforcement Regulation of Library Law.
http://www.mext.go.jp/component/a_menu/education/detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2009/05/
13/1266312_2.pdf> [Nov. 3, 2013]
9) Toshokangaku Kaikou Daigaku,List of Higher Education Institutions Which
Have Library Science Programs. In: Japan Library Association, Toshokan Nenkan,
2013, op. cit., p.723-31)
10) Heisei 25 Nendo Shisho Shishoho Koushuu Jisshi Daigkau,List of Higher
Education Institutions Which Offer Training Programs. In: Japan Library Association,
Toshokan Nenkan, 2013, op. cit., p.732)
11) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology,. Gakkou
Toshokan Sisho Kyouyu koushuu Kitei (Regulations of Training Program for Teacher
Librarians).
http://law.e-gov.go.jp/cgi-bin/idxselect.cgi?IDX_OPT=1&H_NAME=%8Aw%8DZ%90%7
D%8F%91%8A%D9%8Ei%8F%91%8B%B3%97%40%8Du%8FK%8BK%92%F6&H_NA
ME_YOMI=%82%A0&H_NO_GENGO=H&H_NO_YEAR=&H_NO_TYPE=2&H_NO_N
O=&H_FILE_NAME=S29F03501000021&H_RYAKU=1&H_CTG=1&H_YOMI_GUN=1
&H_CTG_GUN=1> [Nov. 7, 2013]
12) Toshokangaku Kaikou Daigaku,List of Higher Education Institutions Which
Have Library Science Programs, op. cit., p.723-31.
13) Heisei 25 Nendo Shisho Shishoho Koushuu Jisshi Daigkau,List of Higher
Education Institutions Which Offer Training Programs, op. cit., p.732.
14) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Daigaku Secchi
Kijun (Standards for Establishment of Universities).
http://www.lawdata.org/law/htmldata/S31/S31F03501000028.html> [Nov. 7, 2013]
15) Keio University, The School of Library and Information Science.
http://www.flet.keio.ac.jp/slis/index_e.html> [Nov. 9, 2013]
16) Keio University, The School of Library and Information Science.
http://www.flet.keio.ac.jp/slis/index_e.html> [Nov. 9, 2013]
17) Keio University, Postgraduate Program.
http://www.flet.keio.ac.jp/slis/eng/postgraduate.html> [Nov. 9, 2013]; (Keio University,
The School of Library and Information Science.
http://www.flet.keio.ac.jp/slis/index_e.html> [Nov. 9, 2013]
18) Keio University, Postgraduate Program.
http://www.flet.keio.ac.jp/slis/eng/postgraduate.html> [Nov. 9, 2013]
19) The University of Tsukuba, Library Information and Media Studies.
http://www.tsukuba.ac.jp/english/organization/graduate/0307.html> [Nov. 11, 2013];

15
The University of Tsukuba, Graduation Requirements/ Instruction System.
http://www.slis.tsukuba.ac.jp/grad/english/education/youken-e.html> [Nov. 11, 2013];
Hirotoyo Ishii, et al., Restructuring Library and Information Science Education toward
Knowledge Informatics Education: A Case of the undergraduate Program at the
University of Tsukuba.
https://www.tulips.tsukuba.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2241/102553/2/Track-A%282%29_2.
pdf> [Nov. 11, 2013];
Tetsuo Sakaguchi, Tsukuba Daigaku ni Okeru Toshokanin Tou no Yousei Kyouiku ni
Tuite (Education and Training of Librarians and Others at the University of Tsukuba).
2010
http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/gijyutu/gijyutu4/002-1/siryo/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2
010/06/23/1294408_2_1.pdf> [Nov. 11, 2013];
Japan Library Association, Toshokan Nenkan, 2013, op. cit., p.724.
20) Surugadai University, Faculty of Media and Information Resources.
http://www.surugadai.ac.jp/english/faculty/media.html> [Nov. 9, 2013]; Surugadai
University, Media Jouhou Gakubu Karikyuramu Hyou 2013nendo Gakusei
(Curriculum for 2013-year Students at theFaculty of Media and Information Resources).
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