THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid

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SAFETY SERVICES Soft Tissue Injuries SAFETY SERVICES Soft Tissue Injuries

SPECIFIC BODY INJURIES

1. Blows to the Eye
Chemical Burns
Eye Knocked Out
Foreign Object
2. Nosebleeds
3. Knocked-Out Tooth
BANDAGING TECHNIQUE
Use of Triangular Bandage
Open Phase
1. Head (topside)
2. Face; back of the head
Cravat Phase
1. Forehead; eye
2. Ear; cheek; jaw
3. Shoulder; hip
4. Arm; leg.
Use of Roller Bandage
1. Spiral
Open
Closed
Spiral reverse
2. Figure of eight
3. Recurrent with spiral turns
Guidelines in using dressing and bandages
4. Impaled objects
5. Amputations 1. Use a dressing that is large enough to extend at least 1 inch beyond the
6. Sucking chest wound edges of the wound.
7. Abdominal Injuries 2. If body tissue or organs are exposed, cover the wound with a dressing
that will not stick, such as plastic wrap or moistened gauze. Then secure
Protruding Organs
the dressing with a bandage or adhesive tapes.
3. If the bandage is over a joint, splint and make a bulky dressing so the joint
remains immobilized. If there is no movement of a wound over the joint,
there should be improved healing and reduced scarring.
4. A bandage should fit snugly but should not cut off circulation or cause the
victim discomfort. If the area beyond the wound changes color, begins to
tingle or feel cold, or if the wound starts to swell, the bandage is too tight
3. Chest; back of chest and should be loosened.
4. Hand; foot 5. Bandaging techniques depend upon:
Size and location of the wound.
Your first aid skills.
5. Elbow; knee (straight;
Materials at hand.
bent).
6. Palm pressure bandage.
7. Palm bandage of open
hand.
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 - Flush for 20 minutes or longer. Let the victim wash with a mild
soap before a final rinse.
- Cover the burned area with a dry dressing or, for large areas, a
clean pillowcase.
- If the chemical is in the eye, flood it for at least 20 minutes, using
low pressure.
- Seek medical attention immediately for all chemical burns.

3. ______________________________ The injury severity from

exposure to electrical current depends on the type of current (direct or
altering), the voltage, the area of the body exposed, and the duration of
contact.

Care for Electrical burns

- Unplug, disconnect, or turn off the power. If that is impossible, call
the Power Company or ask for help.
- Check the ABCs. (Airway, Breathing, Circulation) Provide Rescue
Breathing (RB) or Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) if
necessary.
- If the victim fell, check for spine injury.
- Treat the victim for shock.
- Seek medical attention immediately. Electrical injuries are treated
in burn center.

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SAFETY SERVICES Soft Tissue Injuries SAFETY SERVICES Soft Tissue Injuries
Types of Burn Injuries ____________________ is any substance: solid, liquid or gas, that tends to
impair health or cause death when introduced into the body or onto the skin
1. __________________________ Not all thermal burns are caused by surface. A poisoning emergency can be life threatening.
flames. Contact with hot objects, flammable vapor that ignites and causes
a flash or an explosion, and steams or hot liquid are other common Causes:
causes of burns. 1. Common in suicide attempts.
2. Occasional accidental poisoning.
Care for Thermal Burns
Care of First-Degree and Second-Degree Burns Ways in Which Poisoning May Occur
- Relieve pain by immersing the burned area in cold water or by
applying a wet, cold cloth. If cold water is unavailable, use any 1. ____________________ - by mouth.
cold liquid you drink to reduce the burned skins temperature.
- Cover the burn with a dry, non-sticking, sterile dressing or a clean 2. ____________________ - by breathing.
cloth.
3. ____________________ - by animal bites, stings, syringes.
Care for Third-Degree Burns
- Cover the burn with a dry, non-sticking, sterile dressing or a clean 4. ____________________ - by skin contact.
cloth.
- Treat the victim for shock by elevating the legs and keeping the Common Household Poison
victim warm with a clean sheet or blanket. 1. Sleeping pills.
2. Pain relievers.
2. ______________________________Chemicals will continue to cause 3. Insect and rodent poisons.
tissue destruction until the chemical agent is removed. 4. Kerosene.
5. Denatured alcohol.
Care for Chemical burns 6. Lye and acids including boric.
- Immediately remove the chemical by flushing with water. 7. Poisonous plants.
- Remove the victims contaminated clothing while flushing with 8. Contaminated water.
water. 9. Fume.

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THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid Workbook 34
Workbook
29 SAFETY SERVICES Poisoning
SAFETY SERVICES Poisoning
 Ingested Poison is one that is introduced into the digestive tract by way _________________________ is an injury involving the skin, including
of the mouth. One form of ingestion poisoning is food poisoning, a general muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels. This results from heat,
form that covers a variety of conditions. chemicals, electricity or solar or other forms of radiation.

Suspect food poisoning if: Common Causes

1. The victim ate food that didnt taste right or that may have been old, 1. Carelessness with match and cigarette smoking.
improperly prepared, contaminated, left at room temperature for a long 2. Scald from hot liquid.
time, or processed with an excessive amount of chemicals. 3. Defective heating, cooking and electrical equipment.
2. Several people who ate together become ill. 4. Immersion in overheated bath water.
5. Use of such chemicals, as lye, strong acids and strong detergents.
Signs and Symptoms
1. Altered mental status. Factors to Determine the Seriousness of Thermal Burns:
2. History of ingesting poisons. 1. The Depth. The deeper the burn, the more severe it is. Three depth
3. Burns around the mouth. classifications are used:
4. Odd breath odors.
5. Nausea, vomiting. __________________________________________
6. Abdominal pain.
7. Diarrhea. __________________________________________

Instances when vomiting should not be induced. __________________________________________

1. If unresponsive.
2. Cannot maintain an airway. 2. The Extent to the affected body surface area. This means estimating
3. Has ingested an acid, a corrosive such as lye, or a petroleum product how much body surface area the burn covers.
such as gasoline or furniture polish. 3. Location of the Burns. Burns on the face, hands, feet, and genitals are
4. Has a medical condition that could be complicated by vomiting, such as more severe than on other body parts.
heart attack, seizures and pregnancy. 4. Victims age and medical condition. Determine if other injuries or pre-
existing medical problems exist or if the victim is elderly (over 55) or very
young (under 5).
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SAFETY SERVICES 35 Soft Tissue Injuries SAFETY SERVICES 28 Soft Tissue Injuries
 THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid
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SAFETY SERVICES Poisoning
First Aid Management First Aid
Wound with severe bleeding 1. Try to identify the poison.
2. Place the victim on his or her left side.
C -_______________________________________ 3. Monitor ABCs.
4. Save any empty container, spoiled food for analysis.
C - _______________________________________ 5. Save any vomitus and keep it with the victim if he or she is taken to an
emergency facility.
C - _______________________________________
Inhaled Poison is a poison breathed into the lungs.
C - _______________________________________
Signs and Symptoms
Wound with bleeding not severe (home care) 1. History of inhaling poisons.
Clean the wound with soap and water. 2. Breathing difficulty.
Apply mild antiseptics. 3. Chest pain.
Cover wound with dressing and bandage. 4. Cough, hoarseness, burning sensation in the throat.
5. Cyanosis (bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes).
Reminders 6. Dizziness, headache.
1. All wounds must be thoroughly inspected and covered with a dry dressing 7. Seizures, unresponsiveness (advanced stages).
to control bleeding and prevent further contamination.
2. Once bleeding is controlled by compression, the limb should be splinted First Aid
to further control bleeding, stabilize the injured part, minimize the victims 1. Remove the victim from the toxic environment and into fresh air
pain and facilitate the patients transport to the hospital. immediately.
3. As with closed soft tissue injuries, the injured part should be elevated to 2. Monitor ABCs.
just above the level of the victims heart to minimize severity. 3. Seek medical attention.
4. Amputated body parts should be saved, wrapped in a dry gauze, placed
in a plastic bag, kept cool, and transported with the patient. Absorbed Poison is a poison that enters the body through the skin.
5. Dont induce further bleeding to clean the wound.
6. Dont use absorbent cotton as a dressing. Signs and Symptoms
1. History of exposures.
2. Liquid or powder on the skin.
3. Burns.
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THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid
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SAFETY SERVICES Poisoning SAFETY SERVICES Soft Tissue Injuries
4. Itching, irritation. 2. Open Wound
5. Redness, rash, blisters. Classification of Open Wound
First Aid Causes Characteristics
1. Remove the clothing. Penetrating pointed
Deep and narrow,
2. Then with a dry cloth blot the poison from the skin. If the poison is a dry P-
instruments such as
serious or slight
powder, brush it off. nails, ice picks,
bleeding.
daggers, etc.
3. Flood the area with copious amounts of water. Scrapping or rubbing
4. Continually monitor the patients vital signs. Shallow, wide, oozing
A- against rough
of blood, dirty.
surfaces.
Injected Poison is a poison that enters the body through a bite, sting, or Blunt instrucments
Torn with irregular
such as sharpnels,
syringe. L- rocks, broken
edges, serious or
slight bleeding.
glassess, etc.
1. ____________________ Explosion, animal Tissue forcefully
Signs and Symptoms A- bites, mishandling of seperated from the
Stinger may be present. Swelling tools, etc. body.
Sharp bladed Clean cut, deep,
Pain Possible allergic reaction. I- instruments such as severe bleeding,
First Aid blades, razors, etc. wound is clean.
1. Remove stinger. 4. Apply a cold pack.
2. Wash wound. 5. Watch for signals of Dangers
3. Cover the wound. allergic reaction. Hemorrhage
Infection
2. ____________________ Shock
Signs and Symptoms
Bite mark. Nausea and vomiting. Kinds of bleeding
Swelling Difficulty breathing or Arterial bleeding
Pain swallowing. Venous bleeding
First aid Capillary bleeding
1. Wash wound.
2. Apply a cold pack.
3. Get medical care to receive antivenin.
4. Call local emergency number, if necessary.
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SAFETY SERVICES Soft Tissue Injuries 3. ____________________
Signs and Symptoms
____________________________ is a break in the continuity of a tissue of Possible marks. Swelling
the body either internal or external. Pain Possible allergic reaction.
First Aid
Two Classification of Wound: 1. If jellyfish soak area in vinegar.
2. If sting ray soak in non-scalding hot water until pain goes away.
1. Closed Wound 3. Clean and bandage the wound.
Causes: 4. Call local emergency number, if necessary.
Blunt object result in contusion or bruises.
Application of external forces. 4. ____________________
Signs and Symptoms
Signs and Symptoms Bite mark.
Pain and tenderness Vomiting or cough- Pain
Swelling up blood Comparative Characteristics of a Snake
Discoloration Passage of blood in NON-
the urine or feces VENOMOUS
Hematoma VENOMOUS
Uncontrolled Sign of blood along Cortina, side
Semicortina
restlessness mouth, nose and ear locomotion
curvature
canal winding
Thirst
Symptoms of shock Semi-triangular Oblongated

Rectangular Circular
First Aid Management
Rough Smooth
I - _______________________________
Vertical Round
C - ______________________________ Nonconstrictor Constrictor

E - ______________________________ With fang marks Horseshoe shape

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid

S - ______________________________
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Workbook 25 SAFETY SERVICES Poisoning
SAFETY SERVICES Poisoning
First Aid
1. Wash wound.
2. Keep bitten part still, and lower than the heart.
3. Call local emergency number.

5. ____________________
Signs and Symptoms
Bite mark.
Bleeding

First Aid
1. If bleeding is minor wash wound.
2. Control bleeding.
3. Apply antibiotic ointment.
4. Cover the wound.
5. Get medical attention if wound bleeds severely or if you suspect animal
has rabies.
6. Call local emergency number or contact animal control personnel.

General Care for Poisoning

1. Survey the scene.
2. Remove the victim from the source of the poison.
3. Do a primary survey.
4. Care for any life threatening condition.
5. if the victim is conscious, do a secondary survey.
6. Do not give the victim anything by mouth unless advised by medical
professionals.
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SAFETY SERVICES Poisoning

39 First Aid
1. Establish and maintain an open airway.
 2. Monitor the patients mental status and vital signs frequently. _________________________ is a depressed condition of many body
3. Maintain the patients body temperature. functions due to failure of enough blood to circulate throughout the body
4. Take measures to prevent shock. following serious injury.
5. Care for any behavioral problem.
6. Support the patient. Dangers of Shock
1. Lead to death
_________________________ is a powerful Central Nervous System 2. Predisposes body to infection
(CNS) depressant. It is both a sedative, a substance that decreases activity 3. Lead to loss of body part
and excitement, and a hypnotic, meaning that it induces sleep. In general,
alcohol dulls the sense of awareness, slows reflexes, and reduces reaction Causes
time. It may also cause aggressive and inappropriate behavior and lack of 1. Severe bleeding. 6. Shell bomb and bullet wound.
coordination. 2. Crushing injury. 7. Rupture of tubal pregnancies.
3. Infection 8. Anaphylaxis
Signs of Intoxication 4. Heart Attack. 9. Starvation and disease may
1. Odor of alcohol on the 5. Flushed face. 5. Perforation also cause shock.
breath. 6. Drowsiness.
2. Swaying and 7. Violent, destructive, or Factors which contribute to shock
unsteadiness. erratic behavior.
3. Slurred speech. 8. Self-injury, usually without 1. P - _________________________
4. Nausea and vomiting. realizing it.
2. R - _________________________
First Aid
1. Give the same attention as you would to any patient with an illness or 3. I - __________________________
injury.
2. Monitor the patients vital signs constantly. Provide life support when 4. C - _________________________
necessary.
3. Position the patient to avoid aspiration of vomitus. 5. E - _________________________
4. Protect the patient from hurting him or herself.
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6. F - _________________________
SAFETY SERVICES Shock
41 THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid
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SAFETY SERVICES Shock
 Signs and Symptoms of Shock DRUG AND ALCOHOL EMERGENCIES
Early stage:
1. Face pale or cyanotic in 4. Pulse rapid and weak
color. 5. Nausea and vomiting. ____________________ is the self-administration of one or more drugs in a
2. Skin cold and clammy. 6. Weakness way that is not in accord with approved medical or social practice.
3. Breathing irregular. 7. Thirsty
Signs and Symptoms
Late stage:
1. Apathetic or relatively unresponsive. 1. _________________________
2. Eyes will be sunken with vacant expression. Unresponsiveness.
3. Pupils are dilated. Breathing difficulties or inability to maintain an open airway.
4. Blood vessels may be congested producing mottled appearances.
Abnormal or irregular pulse.
5. Blood pressure has very low level.
Fever.
6. Unconsciousness may occur, body temperature falls.
Vomiting with an altered mental status or without gag reflex.
Objectives of First Aid Seizures
1. To improve circulation of the blood.
2. To ensure an adequate supply of oxygen. 2. _________________________
3. To maintain normal body temperature. Altered mental status.
Extremely low or high blood pressure.
First Aid and Preventive Management of Shock Sweating tremors, and hallucinations (with alcohol withdrawal).
Digestive problems, including abdominal pain and bleeding.
1. _____________________________________________ Visual disturbance, slurred speech, uncoordinated muscle movement.
Disinterested behavior, loss of memory.
2. _____________________________________________ Combativeness.
Paranoia.
3. _____________________________________________

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SAFETY SERVICES 23 Poisoning 40
THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid
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SAFETY SERVICES Bones, Joints, & Muscle Injuries SAFETY SERVICES Patient / Casualty Handling

Common Causes 4. Four/six/eight-man carry

1. Vehicular accidents. 4. Falls
2. Motorbike accidents. 5. Sports 5. Blanket (demonstrate the insertion, testing and lifting of blanket)
3. Mishandling of tools &
equipment. 6. Improvised stretcher using two poles with:
Blanket
Signs and Symptoms Empty sacks
1. Pain 5. Exposed bone. Shirts or coats
2. Bruising 6. Pale, bluish skin; loss of
Triangular bandages
3. Swelling pulse in an injured limb.
4. Misshapen appearance 7. Numbness furthers down
7. Commercial stretchers
and obvious deformity. the arm or leg.

Bone, Joint, and Muscle Injuries Include the Following: 8. Ambulance or rescue van

1. _______________________________ is the sudden, painful tightening of 9. Other vehicles

a muscle.
First Aid INITIAL TRIAGE AND TAGGING
Have the victim stretch out the affected muscle to counteract the
cramp. ___________________________ is sorting patients into categories of priority
Massage the cramped muscle firmly but gently. for care and transport based on the severity of injuries and medical
emergencies.
Apply heat. Moist heat is more effective than dry heat.
Get medical help if cramps persist.
Tagging of Patients
1. Priority one (red tag)
2. ______________________________ is the sudden, painful tearing of
2. Priority two (yellow tag)
muscle fiber during exertion.
3. Priority three (green tag)
Signs and symptoms:
4. Priority four (black tag)
Pain Bruising
Swelling Loss of efficient movement.

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SAFETY SERVICES Patient / Casualty Handling SAFETY SERVICES Bones, Joints, & Muscle Injuries
Pointers to be observed during transfer. First Aid
1. Victims airway must be maintained open. Apply cold compresses at once.
2. Hemorrhage is controlled. Elevate the limb to reduce swelling and bleeding within the muscle.
3. Victim is safely maintained in the correct position. Rest the pulled muscle for 24 hours.
4. Regular check of the victims condition is made. Get medical help.
5. Supporting bandages and dressing remain effectively applied.
6. The method of transfer is safe, comfortable and as speedy as 3. ______________________________ is caused by torn fibers in a
circumstances permit. ligament.
7. The patients body is moved as one unit. Signs and symptoms:
8. The taller first aiders stay at the head side of the victim. Swelling
9. First Aiders/bearers must observed ergonomics in lifting and moving of Bruising
patient.
First Aid
Methods of Transfer
Remove any clothing or jewelry from around the joint.
1. One-man assist/carries/drags
Apply cold compresses at once.
Assist to walk Firemans carry Cloth drag
Elevate the affected joint with pillow or clothing.
Carry in arms Firemans drag Feet drag
The victims physician may recommend an over the counter anti-
(cradle) Blanket drag Inclined
inflammatory medication (aspirin, ibuprofen) appropriate for the
Pack strap Armpit/shoulder drag (head
victims general health.
carry drag first
Piggy back -passing a
carry stairway)
4. ______________________________ is the displacement of a bone
from its normal position at a joint. While
2. Two-man assist/carries
Assist to walk Carry by extremities _________________________ is a break or disruption in
Four-hand seat Firemans carry with bone tissue.
Hands as a litter assistance
Signs and symptoms:
3. Three-man carries Pain Swelling
Bearers alongside (for narrow alleys) Misshapen appearance. Loss and function.
Hammock carry
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THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid
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SAFETY SERVICES Bones, Joints, & Muscle Injuries SAFETY SERVICES Patient / Casualty Handling
_____________________is a rapid movement of patient from unsafe place to
First Aid a place of safety.
Check the victims ABC.
Keep the victim still. Indications for Emergency Rescue
Prevent infection by covering with a sterile dressing before 1. Danger of fire or explosion.
immobilizing. 2. Danger of toxic gases or asphyxia due to lack of oxygen.
Splint or sling the injury in the position, which you found it. 3. Serious traffic hazards.
4. Risk of drowning.
Take steps to prevent shock.
5. Danger of electrocution.
Get medical help.
6. Danger of collapsing walls.
Immobilization/Splinting
Methods of Rescue
Use of Bandages
1. For immediate rescue without any assistance, drag or pull the victim.
1. Collarbone 2. Most of the one-man drags/carries and other transfer methods can be
2. Rib used as methods of rescue.
3. Ankle
4. Arm support
_________________________ is moving a patient from one place to another
Use of Wood or other Improvised Splints
after giving first aid.
1. Elbow
2. Forearm/Hand/Wrist Factors to be considered in the selection or choosing the transfer
3. Finger method:
4. Hip/Thigh 1. Nature and severity of the injury.
5. Knee/Leg 2. Size of the victim.
6. Ankle 3. Physical capabilities of the first aider.
7. Traction Splint 4. Number of personnel and equipment available.
5. Nature of evacuation route.
6. Distance to be covered.
7. Sex of the victims. (last consideration).

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45 SAFETY SERVICES Basic Extrication
 __________________________ is a removal of the victim from difficult
situation or position; or removal of a patient from a wrecked car or other place - Check for fluid or blood in ears, nose and mouth.
of entrapment. - Gently feel the sides of the neck for signs of injury.
- Check and compare both collar bones and shoulders.
When to Perform Extrication - Check the chest and rib cage.
1. Automobile & motorcycle accident - Check the patients abdomen for tenderness by pressing
2. Train derailment lightly with flat part of your fingers.
3. Collapsed building - Check the hipbone by pressing slowly downward and inward
4. Unconscious injured victim for possible fracture.
5. Emergency situation: - Check one leg at a time.
Cave-in - Check one arm at a time.
Fire - Check the spinal column by placing the victim into side lying
Water accident down position and press gently from the cervical region down
Farm machine injuries to the lumbar for possible injury.
Gunshot wounds - Record all the assessments including the time.
Fall from height - Keep the patient lying down, his/her head level with his/her
feet.
Classification of Rescue Operation - Keep the patient warm and guard against chilling.

1. _________________________- involves minimum equipment during

rescue operation.

2. _________________________- involves specialized equipment

normally found in rescue vehicle and extrication tools for disentanglement
of the patient.

3. _________________________- includes complicated rigging, patient

handling under extremely difficult or adverse conditions, breaching of
walls disimpactation of vehicles and all types of rescue involving buildings
with major structural damage.
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SAFETY SERVICES Guidelines in Giving Emergency Care
THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid
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SAFETY SERVICES Guidelines in Giving Emergency Care

4. _______________________________
 THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid
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SAFETY SERVICES Basic Extrication

Interview the victim Elements of Rescue

- Ask the victims name. In Work Phase follows:
- Ask what happened.
- Assess the SAMPLE history. 1. L - __________________________________

Check the vital signs 2. A - __________________________________

- Determine radial or carotid pulse (pulse rate)
Adult 60 90/min. 3. S - __________________________________
Child 80 100/min.
4. T - __________________________________
Infant 100 120/min.

- Determine breathing (respiration rate)

Problems in Rescue Situation
Adult 12 20/min.
1. Several medical and rescue units.
Child 18 25/min.
2. Lack of identifiable leadership.
Infant 25 35/min. 3. Disorganized provision of care.
- Determine skin appearance
Look at the victims face and lips. Principles of Extrication
Record skin appearance temperature, moisture, and color. Although no two-accident situations will be identical, the following basic
principles of extrication apply to all rescue situations:
Do head-to-toe examination looking for DCAP-BTLS (Deformity, 1. Evaluate (size up) the situation.
Contusion, Abrasion, Puncture, Burn, Tenderness, Laceration, 2. Locate all victims.
Swelling) 3. Provide for the safety of rescue personnel and the patient.
- Check and compare pupils of both eyes, dilated pupils - involve 4. Secure the scene.
bleeding and state of shock, constricted pupils - may mean heat 5. Gain access of the patient.
stroke or drug over dose; unequal pupil may suspect head injury 6. Provide emergency medical care (stabilize the patient)
or stroke. 7. Disentangle the patient.
8. Prepare the patient for transfer.
9. Transfer the patient.
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SAFETY SERVICES Basic Extrication
 - A bystander will be requested to call for a physician.
- Somebody will be asked to arrange for transfer facility.
SPINAL INJURY MANAGEMENT
Information to be remembered in activating medical assistance:
Situations when Spinal Injuries occurred - What happened.
1. Violent impact to the head, neck, torso or pelvis. - Location
2. Sudden acceleration or deceleration accidents. - Number of persons injured.
3. Falls from a significant height with the patient/victim landing on the head - Extent of injury and first aid given.
or feet. - Telephone number from where you are calling.
4. Gunshot wounds to the neck or trunk. - Person who activated medical assistance must identify him/herself
5. All shallow water diving accidents. and drop the phone last.
6. All unrestrained victim of a vehicle crash.
3. __________________________________________________
Signs and Symptoms of Spinal Injuries
1. Pain in the head, neck or back. Check responsiveness (if unresponsive, consent is implied).
2. Numbness, tingling or weakness. Protect spine if necessary
3. Pain when in motion.
4. Deformity. Check A - _______________________________
5. Tenderness.
6. Laceration or contusion. Check B - _______________________________
7. Paralysis.
Check C - _______________________________

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49 SAFETY SERVICES Guidelines in Giving Emergency Care
SAFETY SERVICES Guidelines in Giving Emergency Care
GETTING STARTED

1. Planning of Action
2. Gathering of needed materials
3. Remember the initial response as follows:

A - ________________________________

I - ________________________________

D - ________________________________

4. Instruction to helper/s

EMERGENCY ACTION PRINCIPLES

1. ______________________________
Is the scene safe?
What happened?
How many people are injured?
Are there bystanders who can help?
Identify yourself as a trained first aider.
Get consent to give care.

2. ______________________________
Depending on the situation:
- Phone First or Phone Fast.
- A bystander should make the telephone call for help (if
available).

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SAFETY SERVICES Common Emergencies

ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES

______________________________ Exposure to extreme cold for a

short time or moderate cold for a long time can cause hypothermia.

1. ______________________________The patient will present with cold

skin and shivering and will still be alert and oriented.

Signs and Symptoms

Increased breathing
rate.
Increased pulse rate
and blood pressure.
Slow, thick speech.
Staggering walk.
Apathy, drowsiness,
incoherence.
Sluggish pupils.
Uncontrollable
shivering.

First Aid
Check
responsiveness.
Cover the patient with
a warm blanket.
Apply hot compress.
Check vital signs.
Refer to a physician.

2. _______________________________ Patients may become

unresponsive. This is a true medical emergency that can lead to death.

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51 SAFETY SERVICES Human Body
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SAFETY SERVICES Common Emergencies

7. ___________________________________________ is the system that Signs and Symptoms

controls body temperature and appreciate sensation. Extremely slow Fixed and dilated pupils.
Parts breathing rate. Rigid extremities.
- Superficial epidermis Extremely slow pulse Absence of shivering.
- Deeper dermis rate.
Unresponsiveness
Body Regions
First Aid
1. Cranial Cavity ___________________________ Check responsiveness.
_ Check ABC, perform CPR if needed.
Care for shock.
2. Spinal Cavity ___________________________
Refer to a physician.
3. Thoracic Cavity ___________________________
___________________________ Mechanism of Heat Loss

4. Abdominal Cavity ___________________________ 1. _________________________ Body heat is lost to surrounding air,

___________________________ which becomes warmer, rises, and is replaced with cooler air.
___________________________
___________________________ 2. _________________________ This occurs when a person breathes in
___________________________ cold air and breathes out air that was warmed inside the body.
___________________________
3. _________________________ Body heat is lost to nearby objects
5. Pelvic Cavity ___________________________ without physically touching them.
___________________________
___________________________

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SAFETY SERVICES Common Emergencies SAFETY SERVICES Human Body

4. _________________________ Body heat is lost to nearby objects 5. ___________________________________________ is the system that
through direct physical touch. removes waste products.
Parts
5. _________________________ Body heat causes perspiration, which is - Kidney
lost from the body surface when changed from liquid to vapor. - Ureters
- Urinary Bladder
Three general types of heat emergencies - Urethra

1. _________________________ A muscular pain and spasm due 6. ___________________________________________ is the system that
largely to loss of salt from the body in sweating or too inadequate intake propagates species.
of salt. Parts
Male Female
Signs and Symptoms - Testicles - Ovary
Muscle cramps, often in the abdomen or legs. - Vas deferentia - Fallopian tubes
Heavy perspiration. - Seminal vessel - Uterus
Lightheadedness; weakness. - Prostate gland - Vagina
- Urethra
First Aid - Penis
Have the victim rest with his/her feet.
7. ________________________________________ is the system that gives
Cool the victim. Do not use an alcohol rub.
form to the body, allow bodily movement, provide protection to the vital
Give the victim electrolyte beverages to sip or make salted drink.
internal organs produce red blood cells and serves as a reservoir of calcium,
To relive muscle cramps massage the affected muscles gently but phosphorus and other important body chemicals.
firmly until they relax.
Parts
- Skull
2. _________________________ A response to heat characterized by
- Vertebrae
fatigue, weakness, and collapse due to inadequate intake of water to - Ribs
compensate for loss of fluids through sweating. - Pelvis
- Bones of the upper and lower limbs.
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53 SAFETY SERVICES Human Body
 THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid
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SAFETY SERVICES Common Emergencies
BODY SYSTEMS

1. ___________________________________________ is the system that

transmits impulses throughout the body.
Signs and Symptoms
Parts Cool, pale or red, Nausea; vomiting.
- Brain moist skin. Irrational behavior.
- Spinal Cord Dilated pupils. Weakness;
- Nerves Headache dizziness.
Extreme thirst. Unconsciousness
2. ___________________________________________ is the system that
supplies oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. First Aid
Parts Have the victim rest with his or her feet elevated.
- Air Passages Cool the victim.
- Chest Cage Give the victim electrolyte beverages to sip or make a salted drink.
- Diaphragm Monitor the victim for signs of shock.
If the victim starts having seizures, protect him/her from injury and
3. ___________________________________________ is the system that give first aid for convulsions.
transports oxygen, food and water and remove waste products. If the victim loses consciousness, give first aid for unconsciousness.
Parts
- Heart 3. _________________________ A response to heat characterized by
- Blood extremely high body temperature and disturbance of sweating
- Blood Vessels mechanism.

4. ___________________________________________ is the system that

absorbs food and eliminate some waste products.
Signs and Symptoms
Parts Raised body Rapid, shallow
- Mouth - Liver temperature. breathing.
- Salivary glands - Gall bladder Dry, hot, red skin. Extreme confusion.
- Pharynx - Pancreas Dark urine. Weakness
- Esophagus - Rectum Small pupils. Seizures
Unconsciousness
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SAFETY SERVICES Common Emergencies SAFETY SERVICES 55 Human Body
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
First Aid Match Column A with Column B
Cool the victim. Column A
Give First Aid for shock. _____1. Means toward the midline, or center of the body.
If the victim starts having seizures, give first aid for seizures. _____2. The patient is lying face down on his or her stomach.
Keep the victim cool as you await medical help. _____3. Means toward, or closer to the feet.
_____4. Means close, or near the point of reference.
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES _____5. Means inside the body.
_____6. Means distant, or far away from the point of reference.
_____7. Means toward the back.
1. __________________________ is a condition that occurs when the _____8. The patient is lying on her left or right side.
_____9. Means toward, or closer to the head.
blood flow to the brain is interrupted long enough to cause damage.
_____10. Refers to the left or right of the midline.
People over age 50 are the most common victims, but younger people
_____11. Means outside of the body.
can have them, too.
_____12. Means toward the front.
_____13. The patient is lying face up on his or her back.
Causes:
_____14. Means near the surface.
1. Thrombus or embolism.
_____15. A patients body stands erect with arms down at the sides, palm
2. Ruptured artery in the brain.
facing you.
3. Compression
_____16. Means remote, or far from the surface.

Signs and Symptoms Column B

Weakness and Ringing in the ears. A. Anatomical position I. Medial
numbness of the face, Change of mood. B. Supine position J. Lateral
arm or leg, often on Difficulty in breathing C. Prone position K. Proximal
one side only. and swallowing. D. Lateral recumbent position L. Distal
Dizziness Loss of bowel and E. Superior M. Superficial
Confusion bladder control. F. Inferior N. Deep
Headache G. Anterior O. Internal
H. Posterior P. External
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8 SAFETY SERVICES Common Emergencies

First Aid
Check the victims ABC.
Have the victim rest in a comfortable position.
Seek immediately medical help.
Do not give the victim anything by mouth.

If the victim loses consciousness, place him or her in the recovery

position and administer first aid for unconsciousness.
Continue to monitor ABCs.
Stay with the victim until you have medical help.

2. __________________________ is a condition that affects the way the

body uses food. It causes the sugar level in the blood to be too high.

Types of Emergency Diabetes

_________________________ Occurs when too much insulin is in

the body.

Signs and Symptoms

Fast breathing. Vision difficulties.
Fast pulse. Sweating
Dizziness Headache
Weakness Numb hands or feet.
Change in the level of Hunger
consciousness. Anxiety

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SAFETY SERVICES Common Emergencies SAFETY SERVICES Introduction to First Aid

_________________________ Happens when there is too much FIRST AID EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES
sugar and too little insulin in the blood, and body cells do not get
enough nourishment. 1. Basic Equipment

Signs and Symptoms Spine board Sets of splints

Drowsiness and Dehydration Short board / Kendricks Poles
confusion. Fever Extrication Device. Blankets
Deep and fast A fruity-smelling.
breathing. Change of 2. Suggested First Aid Kit Contents (Basic)
Thirst consciousness.
Rubbing alcohol Gloves
First Aid Povidone Iodine Scissors
Give any fully conscious person in a diabetic emergency sugar-candy, Cotton Forceps
fruit, juice, or a soft drink containing sugar. Gauge pads Bandage (Triangular)
If the person is unconscious, check ABCs and call for a physician. Tongue depressor Elastic roller bandage
Immediate transport to the hospital. Penlight Occlusive dressing
Band aid Plaster

3. __________________________ is a sudden involuntary muscle
contraction, usually due to uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain.
Signs and Symptoms
Local tingling or twitching in part of the body.
Brief blackout or period of confused behavior.
Sudden falling, loss of consciousness.
Drooling, frothing of the mouth.
3. Clothe materials commonly used in First Aid
_______________________ any sterile cloth material used to cover
the wound.
1. _______________________ any clean cloth material sterile or not
use to hold the dressing in place.

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SAFETY SERVICES Introduction to First Aid SAFETY SERVICES Common Emergencies

Vigorous muscle spasm; twitching, jerking limbs, stiffening

Signs and Infective Grunting; snorting.
Disease
Symptoms Material Loss of bladder and bowel control.
Respiratory illness, Food and water, Temporary cessation of breathing.
sore throat, nausea, mucus
vomiting Seizure are often associated with epilepsy; high blood pressure; heart
Weight loss, night Saliva, airborne disease; brain tumor, stroke or other brain illness or injury; shaking
sweats, occasional droplets young children violently; fever in children; head injury; electric shock;
fever, general ill heat illness; poisoning; venomous bites and stings; choking; and drug
feeling or alcohol overdose or withdrawal.
Flu-like, jaundice Blood, saliva,
semen, feces,
food, water, other First Aid
products If you know the person has epilepsy, it is usually not necessary to call
Fever, night sweats, Blood, semen, physician unless-
weight loss, chronic vaginal fluid
diarrhea, severe The seizure lasts longer than a few minutes.
fatigue, shortness Another seizure begins soon after the first.
of breath, swollen
He or she does not regain consciousness after the jerking movement
lymph nodes,
lesions has stopped.

However, you should call physician when someone having a seizure also-
Is pregnant.
Body Substance Isolation (BSI) are precautions taken to isolate or prevent Carries identification as a diabetic.
risk of exposure from any other type of bodily substance. Is in the water and has swallowed large amounts of water.

Basic Precautions and Practices

1. Personal hygiene
2. Protective equipment
3. Equipment cleaning and disinfecting

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SAFETY SERVICES Common Emergencies Workbook 59
__________________________ A high temperature does not necessarily SAFETY SERVICES Introduction to First Aid
mean the victim is seriously ill. Some children, however, have febrile seizure TRANSMISSION OF DISEASES AND THE FIRST AIDERS
when a high fever is rising or falling.
How Diseases are Transmitted.
When to get help for Fever
Fever is not always cause for alarm, but sometimes it is a sign of a serious 1. _____________________________________________
problem. Seek immediately medical attention if: 1 Occurs when a person touches an infected persons body fluids.
2
Fever is over 39.4 C (103 F) 2. _____________________________________________
Fever is accompanied by: Occurs when a person touches objects that have been contaminated by the
- Difficulty in breathing. blood or another body fluid of an infected person.
- Unusual skin colors (blue, gray, purple).
- A rash of tiny red or purple dots under the skin. 3. __________________________ __________________
- Shock Occurs when a person inhales infected droplets that have become airborne as
- Stiff neck. an infected person coughs or sneezes.
- Bulging fontanel (soft spots of the babys skull).
- Sign of dehydration 4. _____________________________________________
- If the victim appears to be very ill, take steps to reduce the fever while Occurs when an animal such as a dog or an insect, such as tick, transmits a
you seek medical assistance. pathogen into the body through a bite.
EMERGENCY CHILDBIRTH Diseases that cause concern.
Causes of Emergency Childbirth
Signs and Infective
1. Rupture tubal pregnancy with concealed hemorrhage into the abdominal Disease
Symptoms Material
cavity. Lesions, general ill Broken skin,
2. Unusual bleeding from the vagina at any stage. feeling, sore throat mucous
3. Convulsions associated with pregnancy. membranes
4. Miscalculations in the anticipated delivery.
5. Premature onset of labor after an accident.
6. Delay in transportation.
7. Other factors which may abbreviate delivery.

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS
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SAFETY SERVICES
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. _________________________
5. ___________________________
6. _________________________
HINDRANCES IN GIVING FIRST AID
1. Unfavorable Surroundings
2. The Presence of Crowds
3. Pressure from Victim or Relatives
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THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS First Aid
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SAFETY SERVICES Common Emergencies
4
Introduction to First Aid
Signs and Symptoms
1. If labor contractions are approximately 2 minutes apart.
2. If the woman is straining or pushing down with contractions.
3. If the woman is crying out constantly.
4. Warning from the woman that the baby is coming.
should not cause pain.
Delivery Procedures
should make the best 1. ___________________________________________
use of things at hand.
2. ___________________________________________
should notice all signs.
3. ___________________________________________
should not alarm the 4. ___________________________________________
victim.
5. ___________________________________________
should be comforting.
6. ___________________________________________
should maintain a
professional & caring attitude. OTHER COMMON EMERGENCIES
1. _________________________ is a sustained body temperature
above the normal level of 37C (98.6F) is known as fever.
Sign and Symptoms
In the early stages:
- Pallor
- A chilled feeling goose pimples, shivering, and chattering
teeth.
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SAFETY SERVICES Common Emergencies SAFETY SERVICES Introduction to First Aid

____________________is an immediate care given to a person who has

As the fever advances: been injured or suddenly taken ill. It includes self-help and home care if
- Hot, flushed skin, and sweating. medical assistance is not available or delayed.
- Headache
- Generalized aches and pains. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
- Higher temperature. OF THE FIRST AIDER

First Aid
Make the patient comfortable in cool surroundings, preferably in bed
with a light cover. Allow her to rest.
Give the casualty plenty of cool, bland drinks to replace lost fluids.
An adult may take two paracetamol tablets. Give a child the
recommended dose of paracetamol syrup (not aspirin).
If you are worried about the casualtys condition, call a doctor.
2. __________________________ may accompany any illness,
particularly a feverish ailment such as flu, but it may be the most prominent
symptom of a serious condition, such as meningitis or stroke.
1. Bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
It is not intended to compete with, nor take the place of the services
of the physician.
It ends when the services of a physician begin.
2. Ensure safety of him/herself and that of bystanders.
3. Gain access to the victim.
4. Determine any threats to patients life.
5. Summon advanced medical care as needed.
6. Provide needed care for the patient.
7. Assist advanced personnel.
8. Record all finding and care given to the patient.

First Aid OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID

Help the patient to sit or lie down comfortably in a quite place.
1. To alleviate suffering.
An adult may take two paracetamol tablets or her own painkillers. Give a
2. To prevent added/further injury or danger.
child recommended dose of paracetamol syrup (not aspirin).
3. To prolong life.
If in doubt or if the pain does not ease within two hours, call a doctor.

61
2
 3. __________________________ is a pain in the abdomen often has a
relatively trivial cause, but can indicate serious disease, such as perforation or
obstruction of the intestine.

First Aid
Make the patient comfortable, and prop her up if breathing is difficult.
Giving her a container to use if vomiting.
Do not give the patient any medicines or anything to eat or drink.
Give patient a covered hot-water bottle place against the abdomen.
If the pain is severe, or does not ease within 30 minutes, call a doctor.

4. ______________________________ are most likely to be caused by food

poisoning, contaminated water, allergy, or unusual or exotic foods.

First Aid
Reassure the patient while he or she is being sick. Afterwards, give
the patient a warm damp cloth with which to wash him- or herself.
Give the patient lots of bland fluids to sip slowly and often. If the
appetite returns, give him only bland, starchy or sugary food for the
first 24 hours.
If you are worried about the patients condition, particularly if it is
persistent, call a doctor.

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SAFETY SERVICES Common Emergencies
62
 PNRC SERVICES TABLE OF CONTENTS
NATIONAL BLOOD SERVICES
Saves the lives of patients in need of blood or blood components on a systems of free and Foreword. i
voluntary donation of blood through a national network of blood service facilities. Education .
programs are conducted to encourage people to donate blood. Table of Contents... ii
Introduction to First Aid. 1-6
DISASTER MANAGEMENT SERVICES Human 7-11
Is in charge of conducting disaster preparedness programs, relief operations for disaster Body
victims and rehabilitation projects to help victims recover faster from their experience.
Guidelines in Giving Emergency Care 12-16
SAFETY SERVICES Patient / Casualty Handling.. 17-20
Is tasked to implement a nationwide educational campaign to ensure the safety of the Filipino Shock 21-23
people. To effectively carry out this task, the service conducts training in First Aid, Basic Life
Support-CPR, Water Safety and Accident Prevention. It also renders first aid, lifeguarding, Soft Tissue Injuries 24-32
rescue and ambulance services. Poisoning. 33-41
Bones, Joints & Muscle Injuries... 42-45
COMMUNITY HEALTH & NURSING SERVICES
Focuses on helping vulnerable groups by promoting health and preventing illness in the
Basic Extrication. 46-49
community. It targets the most vulnerable not only as clients but as partners and major Common Emergencies.. 50-62
players in community health development. Thus, it provides training on community based PNRC 63
health management, home nursing and disaster nursing. Services...
The Principles of the Red Cross. 64
SOCIAL SERVICES
Provides welfare service to individuals, families and communities through counseling, inquiry,
tracing, health and welfare reporting, intercountry case work and emergency leave assistance
for Filipino in the US military service. Service is also given to vulnerable group like
disadvantaged women streetchildren, disabled persons and the elderly. It also conducts
training on stress debriefing and provides psychological support to victims of disaster and
other traumatic incidents.
Philippine Copyright, 1999
RED CROSS YOUTH
Program educates children and youth from 7 to 25 years old, in the spirit of Red Cross and
provides opportunities for directing and harnessing their energy and idealism into worthwhile Published by:
activities within the framework of the organization. The Philippine National Red Cross
63 All rights reserved. Any publication or reproduction
of this book or such portions quoted in book,
reviews, articles and scholarly work must have a
written permission from the publisher.

ii

PARTICIPANTS WORKBOOK

F O R E W O R D
This is a training workbook especially prepared for those
who are enrolled in any Red Cross First Aid Training. The contents
are basically summaries of topics or modules of the Standard First
Aid Training Course.
Individuals reading this material without the benefit of any
First Aid training may need further explanation to fully understand
some topics. It is encouraged therefore, that everyone undergoes
a Red Cross First Aid Training.
The Philippine National Red Cross
Safety Services
i
THE PRINCIPLES OF THE RED CROSS
HUMANITY
We serve people, but not systems. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent
Movement, born of a desire to bring assistance without discrimination to the wound on the
battlefield endeavors in its national and international capacity to prevent and alleviate
human suffering whenever it may be found. Its purpose is to protect life and health and to
ensure respect for the human being.
IMPARTIALITY
We serve for the victims and for the aggressor alike. It makes no discrimination
as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. It endeavors to relieve the
suffering of individuals, being guided solely by their needs and to aggressor alike.
NEUTRALITY
We take initiative, but never sides. In order to continue to enjoy the confidence of
all, the Red Cross may not take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in controversies of a
political, racial, religious or ideological in nature.
INDEPENDENCE
We bow to needs but not to kings. The movement is independent. The National
societies, while auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of their Government and subject to the
laws of their respective countries, must always maintain their autonomy so that they may be
able at all times to act in accordance with the Principles of the Movement.
VOLUNTARY SERVICE
We work around the clock, but never for personal gain. The Red Cross is a
voluntary relief organization not prompted in any manner by desire for gain.
 UNITY
We have many talents, but a single ideas. There can only be one Red Cross
Society in one country. It must be open to all. It must carry on its humanitarian work
throughout its territory.

UNIVERSALITY
We respect nations, but our work knows no bounds. The International Red
Cross and Red Crescent Movement, in which all societies have equal status and share equal
responsibilities and duties in helping each other is a worldwide organization.
64