Ch10-Sheet Piles (571-607)

CHAPTER 10
DESGIN AND ANALYSIS OF

SHEET PILE WALLS
10.1 INTRODUCTION
A sheet pile wall is a flexible structure which depends for stability upon the passive
resistance of the soil in front of and behind the lower part of the wall. Stability also depends on
the anchors when incorporated. Retaining walls of this type differ from other walls in that their
weight is negligible compared with the remaining forces involved. Several methods are available
for design and analysis of these structures. Usually, most of them neglect the effect of friction
between the soil and the wall, but this omission is fairly satisfactory when determining active
pressure values. However, the effect of wall friction can almost double the Rankine value of K p .
10.2 TYPES OF SHEET PILE WALLS

In general, two types of sheet pile walls are common. As shown in Fig.(10.1), these are:
10.2.1 CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALLS

These walls are used mainly for temporary works where the free height is generally less
than 6m. They are constructed by driving the sheet piling to a depth sufficient for developing a
cantilever beam-type reaction to resist the active pressures on the wall. That is, the embedment
length must be adequate to resist both lateral forces as well as a bending moment.
10.2.2 ANCHORED SHEET PILE WALLS

When the height of the backfill material behind a cantilever sheet pile wall exceeds about
6m, tying the wall near the top to anchor plates, anchor walls, or anchor piles becomes more
economical. This type of sheet pile walls is also known as anchored bulkheads. These walls are
used in waterfront construction to form wharves or piers for loading and unloading ships or
barges.
Ground Surface Ground Surface
Granular Backfill Anchor tie rod
H W.T. H Granular backfill

W.T.
Derdge Line Derdge line
D Granular subsoil D Cohesive subsoil
(a) Cantilever Sheet pile (b) Anchored Sheet pile
Fig.(10.1): Types of common used sheet pile walls.

Foundation for Civil Engineers Chapter 10: Desgin of Sheet Pile Walls
10.3 DESIGN METHODS OF CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALLS

For the sheet pile wall geometry shown in Fig.(10.2a), several methods of design are
available; these are as follows:
10.3.1 LIMIT STATE OR BS 8002: 1994 METHOD

According to this method, the following design procedure is recommended:
1. A minimum surcharge load of 10 kN/m2 must be applied to the surface for the design of
sheet pile walls.
2. Not less than 0.5m deep or 10% of the clear height retained should be considered for
unplanned future excavation in front of the sheet pile wall.
3. The sheet pile wall displacement should not exceed 0.5% of the wall height.
4. The shear strength parameters should be reduced by a mobilization factor, M, the value
of which depends on whether the design is for undrained or drained conditions.
Re presentative..c u
for undrained conditions ( u 0 ): Design c u
M 1.5
for drained conditions, use the lesser of the following two values:
Re presentative.. tan max . Re presentative..c
(a) Design tan ; and Design c
1.2 1.2
(b) The representative critical state strength which would be mobilized at the collapse of
significant ground movement.
5. The design values of wall friction, , and undrained wall adhesion, c w , be the lesser of
the representative values determined by tests or:
Design tan (0.75).Design . tan ; and Design c w (0.75).Design .c u
6. The depth of penetration of pile, d, is obtained by balancing the disturbing and restoring
moments about c, together with the horizontal forces established using pressure
distribution shown in Fig.(10.2b). The method generates two equations containing two
unknowns d and d o , which are solved by iteration until the correct values are obtained.
10.3.2 TRADITIONAL METHODS

These methods involve the determination of the safety factor for passive resistance, Fp ,
based on different lateral earth pressure distributions. They are described as follows:
(1) Gross Pressure Method

This method is also referred to as the CP2 method; after the Institution of Structural
Engineers' Original Code of Practice published in 1951, in which, the total theoretical
value of passive resistance is divided by a safety factor ( Fp = 2.0). It is based on the
pressure distribution shown in Fig.(10.2c) from which d o can be obtained by taking
moments of thrusts about the sheet pile base, then, d o is increased by 30 % to give the
required depth of penetration (d).
572
(2) Strength Factor Method

This method is based on the gross pressure method distribution but with a safety factor
applied to the shear strength of the soil, i.e.: tan m tan / F.S. and cm c / F.S.
By factoring the strength parameters, k a is increased and k p is decreased leading to
modified pressure distributions relative to those obtained using the gross pressure method.
(3) Net Available Passive Resistance Method (Burland et al., 1981)

This method is based on a modified pressure distribution as shown in Fig.(10.2d) with the
effect that the factor of safety is applied to the net available passive resistance.
(4) Net Total Pressure Method

In this method (as cited in British Steel Piling Handbook, 1997), the net pressure
distribution is used as shown in Fig.(10.2e). The pressure distribution is derived by
subtracting the active earth and water pressures from the passive earth and water pressures.
A A
h h
B B
Pa
do do Pp
d
C k p .d o ka .( h d o ) (h+do)/3
R
k p .d o 0.5k p .d o C ka .( h d o )
k p .( h d) D
D
(a) Wall geometry (b) Bs 8002:1994 method (c) CP2: Distribution assumed
for design
k a .h k a .h
( k p k a ) .d k p .d ka .( h d)
(d) Net available passive resistance method (e) Net total pressure method
Fig.(10.2): Pressure distribution on cantilever sheet pile wall.
573
10.4 STEPS OF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALLS
10.4.1 CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALLS EMBEDDED
IN COHESIONLESS SOIL
The stability of cantilever sheet pile wall is due entirely to passive resistance developed
below the lower soil surface. It is found that the wall rotates outwards about a point O near its
base as shown in Fig.(10.3a), giving rise to passive pressure on the inside face below point O as
shown in Fig.(10.3b). Thus providing a fixing moment; however, this pressure distribution is an
idealization as there is unlikely to be a sudden change in passive pressure from front to back at
point O.
For design purposes, a simplified pressure distribution shown in Fig.(10.3c) is used. In this
distribution, the net passive resistance below point O is represented by a concentrated force R
acting at point C, slightly below O, at depth D below the lower soil surface. The required depth
of penetration D is determined by equating moments about the toe (point C) to zero, with a factor
of safety (2.03.0) being applied for strength on the available passive resistance ( Pp ) in front of
the wall. The value of D is then increased by 30%; i.e., ( Ddesign 1.3.Dtheory ). However, it is
desirable to evaluate R by equating horizontal forces to zero ( Fx 0 ) and check that the net
passive resistance available over the additional 30% embedment depth is R. As a guide some
of approximate values of D are given in Table (10.1).
Table (10.1): Approximate values for D in granular soils.

Standard penetration resistance, N Depth, D
Relative density, D r
(blows/0.3m)
0-4 Very loose 2.0 H
5-10 Loose 1.5 H
11-30 Medium 1.25 H
31-50 Dense 1.0 H
Over 50 Very dense 0.75 H
Granular H
backfill
Active Active
Passive D Passive
Granular R
backfill O
Active Passive C
(a) (b) (c)

Fig.(10.3): Cantilever sheet pile wall embedded in sand.
574
10.4.2 CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALLS EMBEDDED

IN COHESIVE SOIL
The pressures on cantilever piles embedded in a cohesive soil are shown in Fig.(10.4) for
granular and clay backfill. However, it should be noted that changes such as strength,
consolidation, shrinkage, or water in cracks may result in appreciable changes in the magnitude
and location of the pressure resultants acting on the sheet pile wall.
- 2c (tension)
W.T.
ht
Granular backfill Clay
H
Ra q e.H Ra q e.H
Dredge line y y
Rp Pa Rp
Clay Clay
D
z R p z R p
(4c q) (4c q) (4c q) (4c q)
(a) Pile in granular backfill and clay. (b) Pile in clay ( u 0)
Fig.(10.4): Cantilever sheet piles embedded in clay.
Referring to Fig.(10.3), the steps of analysis and design are as follows:
(1) Find the pressure distribution along the wall, depending on soil profile, as shown in
Figs.(10.3a or 10.3b).
(2) Determine the distance (z) from Fx 0 .
Hence
Ra R p Rp 0 ....(10.1)
R p Rp (4c q 4c q) z (4c q)D

but 2
or R p Rp 4.c.z (4c q)D
Substituting into Eq.(10.1); Ra 4.c.z (4c q)D 0 and solving for (z) gives:
(4c q)D R a
z ...(10.2)
4c
575
(3) Find the depth of penetration (D). Taking moments about the toe of the pile gives:
D zz
R a (D y) (4c q)D 8c 0
2 2 3
8.c.z 2
or D (4.c q) 2.R a (D y)
2
0 .............(10.3)
3
Substituting for (z), Eq.(10.3) gives:
2
8 1
D 2 (4.c q) 2.R a (D y) c (4.c q)D R a 2 0 ......(10.4)
3 4.c
Eq.(10.4) can be solved by trial and error. For a safety factor greater than one, the length
can be increased by 20% 40%.
(4) Find the maximum moment M max . where the shear, V, is zero as shown in Fig.(10.5).
Taking moments about the toe of the pile gives:
x
M max . R a ( x y) (4.c q)( x ) ....(10.5)
2
For equilibrium ( Fx 0 ); R a (4.c q).x
Ra
or x
4.c q
Substituting the value of (x) into Eq.(10.5) gives:
R a 1 Ra
M max . R a y ...(10.6)
4c q 2 4c q
W.T. hw W.T. hw
H Ra H Ra
Dredge line Dredge line y (4c-q)
y
R p1
R p1 x
x
O O
V=0 V=0
Mmax. Mmax.
b (K p K a ).x
(a) Granular Soil. (b) Cohesive Soil.
Fig.(10.5): Forces on wall above point of zero shear.
576
Problem (10.1): (Cantilever sheet pile wall embedded in dry sand)

Calculate the minimum depth of embedment, d, to provide stability to the cantilever sheet
pile wall shown in Fig.(10.6), retaining an excavated depth of 5m of sandy soil with
peak 30, c 0, and 20 kN/m3 using:
(a) BS 8002 method,
(b) CP2 method.
2 2
Ws 10.kN / m Ws 10.kN / m
A
5m Sandy
Soil
0.5m + Pq1
B
do Pp1 Pa1
d
C
Pa2 Pp2 Pq2
D
(a) Wall geometry (b) Actual Pressure distribution
2
Ws 10.kN / m
A A A
5m
5.5m 5m
Pq1 B
+
B B
Pa1 do Pa1
Pp1 do Pp1
do d
(h+do)/3 (h+do)/3
R C R
0.5k p .d o C ka .( h d o ) 0.5k p .d o C ka .(5 d o )
(c) Simplified Pressure distribution (d) Simplified Pressure distribution

Part (a) BS 8002 method. Part (b) CP2 method.
Fig.(10.6): Geometry of problem (10.1).
577
Solution:
(a) BS 8002 Method:

According to this method, a surcharge of 10 kN/m2 is applied to the surface and for a future
unplanned excavation, 10 % of the clear height (0.5m) in front of the wall is considered as
shown in Fig.(10.6a).
tan 30
Design tan 1 25.7
1.2
Using Rankine's theory (with 25.7 ), k a = 0.395, and k p =2.53
(1) Detailed Calculations Using Actual Pressure Distribution (Fig.(10.6b)):

The forces and moments about point C are determined and listed below:
Force (kN/m) Lever arm (m) Moment (kN-m/m)
Pa1 0.395(20)d o 5.52 / 2 d o 5.5 / 3 1.32(d o 5.5)3

Pa 2a 0.395(20).d o d d o d d o / 2 3.95(d d o )2
Pa 2b 0.395(20)d d o 2 / 2 2d d o / 3 2.63(d d o )3
Pp1 2.53(20)d o 2 / 2 do / 3 8.43.d 3o
Pp2a 2.53(20)d o 5.5(d d o ) d d o / 2 25.3(d o 5.5)(d d o )2
Pp2b 2.53(20)d d o 2 / 2 2d d o / 3 16.87(d d o )3
Pq1 0.395(10)d o 5.5 do 5.5 / 2 1.98(d o 5.5)2
Pq 2 2.53(10)d d o d d o / 2 12.65(d d o )2
Mc 0 : Mpp1 Mpp2 Mq2 Mpa1 Mpa 2 Mq1 0
8.43.d 3o 25.3(d o 5.5)(d d o )2 16.87(d d o )3 12.65(d d o )2 1.32(d o 5.5)3
3.95(d d o )2 2.63(d d o )3 1.98(d o 5.5)2 = 0 ..(10.7a)
H 0 : Pp1 Pa 2 Pa1 Pp2 Pq1 Pq 2 0

25.3.d 2o 7.9.d o (d d o ) 3.95(d d o )2 3.95(d o 5.5)2
50.6(d o 5.5)(d d o ) 25.3(d d o )2 3.95(d o 5.5) 25.3(d do) 0 ...(10.7b)
Solving Eqs. (10.7a) and (10.7b) gives: d o = 6.623 m and d = 7.421 m.
578
(2) Approximate calculations using simplified pressure distribution (Fig.(10.6c)):

Fig.(10.5c) shows that the net passive resistance below the point of rotation is replaced by
the horizontal force R for simplicity.
Mc 0 : Mpp1 Mpa1 Mq1 0

d (d 5.5) (d 5.5)
25.3.d 2o .( o ) 3.95(d o 5.5) 2 o 3.95(d o 5.5) o 0
3 3 2
which solved for d o = 6.98 m.
To obtain (d) the required depth of penetration, d o is then increased 30% to generate a net
passive resistance force below the point of rotation at least as large as R. This demands
additional calculations; however it is common practice to avoid this by simply increasing d o
by 30% to give d. i.e., d =1.3 d o = 9.0 m
(b) CP2 Method (see Fig.(10.6d)):

In this method, the net passive resistance below the point of rotation is replaced by the
horizontal force R, as shown in Fig.(10.5d) with a factor of safety Fp 2.0 applied to
passive pressure.
Using Rankine's theory (with 30 ), k a =1/3, and k p =3.0
Pa1
20
(5 d o ) 2
5 d o 10
(5 d o ) 3
(3)( 2) 3 9
(3)20 2 do
Pp1 .d o 5d 3o
(2)( 2) 3
Mc 0:
10
(5 d o )3 5d 3o = 0; d o = 7.7 m and d =1.3 d o = 10 m
9
579
Problem (10.2): (Cantilever sheet pile wall embedded in saturated sand)

The sides of an excavation 2.5m deep in sand are to be supported by a cantilever sheet pile
wall as shown in Fig.(10.7a) with water table at 1.0m below the bottom of the excavation. The
unit weight of sand above water table is 17 kN/m3 and below water table the saturated unit weight
is 20 kN/m3. If c 0,.. 35..and.. 0, determine the required depth of embedment of the
piling to give a factor of safety of 2.0 with respect to passive resistance.
Solution:
1 sin
Using Rankine's theory (for 35..and.. 0, ) k a = 0.27, and k p = 3.7
1 sin
The earth pressure diagram is shown in Fig.(10.7b). The distributions of hydrostatic pressure on
the two sides of the wall balance each other and therefore can be eliminated from the
calculations. The procedure is to equate moments about c, the point of application of the force
representing the net passive resistance below the point of rotation. The forces, lever arms and
moments are set out below; with specified factor of safety being applied to forces (4), (5) and (6).
17.kN / m3
2.5m c 0 ,.. 35,.. 0
1.0m W.T
. 4 1 W.T
.
do 5 2 20.kN / m3
Req. (D) =?
6 3
C R
C
Fig.(10.7): Problem (10.2).
(1) (0.5)(0.27)(17)(3.52 ) 28.11 d o 3.5 / 3 28.11d o 32.79

(2) (0.27)(17)(3.5)(d o ) 16.06d o do / 2 8.03.d o 2
(3) (0.5)(0.27)(10.2)(d o2 ) 1.38.d o2 do / 3 0.46.d o3
(4) (0.5)(3.7)(17)(12 )(0.5) 15.72 do 1/ 3 15.72.d o 5.24
(5) (3.7)(17)(1)(d o )(0.5) 31.45.d o do / 2 15.72.d o 2
(6) (0.5)(3.7)(10.2)(d o2 )(0.5) 9.43.d o2 do / 3 3.14.d o3
Equating the algebraic sum of the moments about C to zero, produces the following equation:
2.68.d o3 7.69.d o2 12.39.d o 27.55 0
580
By trials or Newton Raphsons method, d o = 2.0 m and D theoretica l (2 1) = 3m.

The required depth of penetration:
Ddesign 1.3.D theoretica l 1.3(3) = 3.9m
Actual total length of pile wall = 3.9 + 2.5 = 6.4m

The force R should be evaluated and compared with the net passive resistance available over the
additional 30% embedment depth. Thus for d o = 2.0 m:
R = (28.11 + 32.12 + 5.52 15.72 62.9 37.72) = 50.6 kN

Passive pressure acts on the back of the wall between depths of 5.5m and 6.4m.
At a depth of 5.95 m the net passive pressure is given by:
Pp PA (3.7)(17)(3.5) (0.27)(17)(1.0) (3.7 0.27)(10.2)(2.45)
= 220.1 4.6 + 85.7 = 301.2 kN/m2.

Net passive resistance available over the additional embedded depth is:
= 301.2 (6.45.5) = 271.1 kN ( > R = 50.6 kN therefore satisfactory).
17.kN / m3
2.5m
c 0 ,.. 35,.. 0
Passive
1.0m
W.T. 0.27x17x1 3.7x17x3.5 W.T.
Active
20.kN / m3
Passive
2.0m
Active
Active
Passive
C R
0.9m
Fig.(10.7): Problem (10.2) Continued.
581
Problem (10.3): (Cantilever sheet pile wall in layered sand with 0 )

A cantilever sheet pile wall is embedded in dense sand and retaining a loose sand as shown
in Fig.(10.8a). If no water problems are envisaged and the soil properties of the dense sand are
18 kN/m3, 40,.. 27 , and for the loose sand 16 kN/m3, 33,.. 22 .
Calculate:
(a) the required penetration depth for a factor of safety of 3.0 with respect to passive resistance,
(b) a suitable pile section.
20 kN/m2 20 kN/m2
5.2
Loose sand 5.0m ha

16.kN / m3 , 33, 22
26 20
Dense sand Z
X X
18.kN / m3 , 40, 27 ha
d =? hpm
Req. (D) =?
R
C
3.6D 38.88D
(a) wall (b) Pressure distribution

geometry
Fig.(10.8): Problem (10.3).
Solution:
(1) Active pressure
ha v .Ka
where, Ka
sin( ) / sin()2 (from Coulomb's Theory)
2
sin( ). sin( )
sin( ) 1
sin( ). sin(
This gives for loose sand with 90 , 0 , 33..and.. 22 ; Ka 0.26 and for
dense sand with 40..and.. 27,..Ka 0.20 .
At the top of the wall: ha (20)(0.26) = 5.2 kN/m2
At a depth of 5m:
for loose sand; ha [20 + (16)(5)] 0.26 = 26 kN/m2
for dense sand; ha [20 + (16)(5)] 0.20 = 20 kN/m2
At the toe of the wall: ha 20 + (18)(D) 0.20 = 20 + 3.6D kN/m2
582
(2) Passive pressure: For a factor of safety of 3 on shear strength

tan 40 tan 27
tan m and tan m giving m 15.6 and m 9.6 .
3 3
where, Kp
2
sin( ). sin( )
sin( ) 1
sin( ). sin(
K pm 2.16 and hpm v ..K pm 2.16..v
Therefore at the toe of the pile hpm 2.16 (18)(D) = 38.88D kN/m2. The pressure
distribution is shown in Fig.(10.8b). The force R represents the passive resistance developed
below the point of rotation which is taken to be the toe of the sheet pile.
(3) Penetration depth: Taking moments about the toe:

5 1 5 1 1 1 1 1
(5)(5) ( D) + ( )(21)(5)( D) (20D)( D) ( )(3.6D)( D)( D) ( )(38.88D)( D)( D)
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3
From which
D3 1.7.D2 13.18.D 25.513 0 , by trial D = 5.20 m
(4) Maximum free earth support bending moment: Maximum bending moment will occur
between the dredge line and the toe of the pile. Thus take moments about section XX through
the sheeting, distance z below dredge level. Hence
5 1 5 1 1 1 1 1
M z (5)(5)( z ) (21)(5)( z) (20.z )( z) ( )(3.6.z )(z )( z) ( )(38.88.z )(z)( z )
2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3
dM z
25 52.5 20.z 1.8.z 2 19.44.z 2 0
dz
For a maximum this gives: z 2 1.133.z 4.393 0 from which z = 2.74 m

Back substitution gives the maximum free earth support bending moment ( M FES ) as:
M FES 316.47 kN-m/m.
(5) Sheet pile section: Total length of pile H = 5 + 5.20 = 10.20 m. Thus 5/10.20 = 0.49
and M / M FES 0.65 . Hence M = 0.65 x 316.47 = 205.70 kN-m/m
Thus the required section modulus = 205.70/172500 =119 x 10-5 m3/m.
Therefore, use for example US Steel Corporation section PZ-27 (section modulus = 162 x
10-5 m3/m).
583
Problem (10.4): (Cantilever sheet pile wall embedded in clay)

A cantilever sheet pile wall is embedded in clay and retaining sand as shown below in
Fig.(10.9a). find:
a. Embedment depth, D, and
b. Maximum moment, M max . .
2m W.T.
Granular backfill
5m 16.kN/m3
9.5.kN/m3
Dredge line c 0,.. 32
Clay
D
c = 46.kN/m2
0
(a) Pile geometry of Problem (10.4).
W.T. R1
Granular backfill
P1
R2
Ra q
Dredge line y R3
Rp P2
Clay
R p
4c q 4c q
(b) Pressure distribution.
Fig.(10.9): Cantilever sheet pile with clay embedment and granular backfill.
584
Solution:
1. Active pressure
1 sin 1
ha v .K a where K a and K p
1 sin K a
This gives for sand with 32.;...K a 0.307 . and .K p 3.25
At a depth of 2m: p1 (16)(2)(0.307) = 9.824 kN/m2

At a depth of 5m: p 2 9.824 + (9.5)(3)(0.307) = 18.573 kN/m2
At a depth of 5m: q (16)(2) + (9.5)(3) = 60.5 kN/m2
R a R1 R 2 R 3 = 0.5(9.824)(2) + 9.824(3) + 0.5(18.573 - 9.824)(3) = 52.419 kN/m2
R a .y R1.y1 R 2 .y 2 R 3 .y 3
2 3 3
y 9.824 3 29.472 13.123 / 52.419 1.781 .m
3 2 3
4c q 4(46) 60.5 123 .5.kPa
4c q 4(46) 60.5 244 .5.kPa
2. Penetration depth: Taking moments about the toe gives Eq.(10.4):

2
8 1
(4.c q) D R a 0 ..(10.4)
2
D2 (4.c q) 2.R a ( D y) c

3 4.c
from which D2 0.849.D 2.882 0 ,
and D = 2.17 m
3. Maximum free earth support bending moment: Maximum bending moment will occur
between the dredge line and the toe of the pile. Thus from Eq.(10.6):
R a 1 Ra
M max . R a y ...(10.6)
4c q 2 4c q
52.419 1 52.419
52.419 1.781 104.482.kN m / m
123.5 2 123.5
585
10.5 DESIGN METHODS OF ANCHORED SHEET PILE WALLS

The common methods of designing anchored sheet pile walls are: (a) Free earth support
method, and (b) Fixed earth support method.
10.5.1 FREE EARTH SUPPORT METHOD

The nature of deflection, the variation of the bending moments and the pressure distribution
assumed for design are shown in Fig.(10.10). It is assumed that the wall free to rotate about its
base (point B) and a sufficient yielding occurs for development of the active and passive
pressures.
First, the theoretical depth of penetration, DTheoretical, is obtained by taking moments
about the anchorage (point A). This penetration depth is just to balance lateral forces
without taking account of fixity. Therefore, the actual penetration depth must be
increased by 30%-40% (DActual = 1.3 to 1.4 DTheoretical). But, if a factor of safety is
applied to Kp at the beginning of the passive side (i.e., Kp(Design) = Kp/F.S.), there is no
need to increase D.
Second, resolving the forces horizontally allows the determination of the free earth
support tie force TFES , then taking moments through the sheeting yields the maximum
free earth support moment M FES . However, this moment M FES is found to be greater
than the actual maximum moment M acting on the sheeting. Therefore, since a pile is
not infinitely stiff and some fixity develops below the dredge level, Rowe (1952, 1957)
developed moment reduction curves for piles in sand and clay.
W.T. T
AnchorTie
rod h
Dredge line
B
Mmax.
Sheet pile d Pa1
d
simply Pp1
supported (h+d)/3
R
Deflection Moment 0.5k p .d C k a .(h d)
(a) Deflection and bending moment. (b) Simplified Pressure distribution
Fig.(10.10): Free-earth support method for anchored sheet pile walls.
586
10.5.1.1 Rowe's Moment-Reduction Curves to Be Used with

Free - Earth Support Method
Fig.(10.11a) shows the moment reduction curves for sheet pile walls embedded in sand and
retaining sand; where, is the depth ratio of dredge level to total length H of the pile and
( H / E.I ) is the flexibility number. First, choose a particular section from published tables of
4
commercial sheet pile sections (such as US Steel Corporation), calculate and obtain M / MFES.
Then, calculate the moment (M) and thus the actual stress (f) in the sheeting from (f = M / S
(section modulus)). Compare (f and fall.) and repeat the process until agreement is obtained.
Fig.(10.11b) shows the moment reduction curves for sheet pile walls embedded in clay and
retaining sand; where S n is the stability number defined by: Sn (c u / vn ) 1 c w / c u and
( vn = q ) is the difference in total vertical pressure between the active and passive sides of the
wall at the dredge level. Calculate S n and for the relevant value of , obtain M / MFES for the
three cases given in Fig.(10.11b). Then, plot a graph of M / MFES versus and proceed as that
described for a pile wall embedded in sand.
(a) Sheet piles in sand (Rowe, 1952). (b) Sheet piles in clay (Rowe, 1957).
In English Units: H4 / E.I ; where: H in (ft), E in (Psi), and I in ( in4/ft) of the wall.
In S.I. Units: 10.91.x.107 H4 / E.I ; where: H in (m), E in (MN/m2), and I in (m4/m) of the wall.
Fig.(10.11): Rowe's moment-reduction curves for use with free-earth support method.
587
10.5.2 FIXED EARTH SUPPORT METHOD

Fig.(10.12a) shows the deflection and bending moment of anchored sheet pile. The pressure
distribution assumed for design is shown in Fig.(10.12b), with a point of contraflexure, O,
introduced by the assumption of fixity. The wall can therefore be regarded as two parts, AO and
OB, entirely separates from each other, this form of analysis referred to as equivalent beam
method. The steps of solution of it are shown in Fig. (10.12c). Depending upon the value of for
the soil, Terzaghi (1943) gives the following positions for O where, (h) is the height of the wall
and (x) is the dimension below the dredge line.
20 25 30 35
x 0.25h 0.15h 0.08h 0.035h
W.T.
T
AnchorTie rod h
Mmax.
Dredge line
Point of inflection
x
O
d Pp2
Pa
d
Sheet pile
Fixed at lower end d/3 (h+d)/3
Pp1
Deflection Moment B
(a) Deflection and bending moment. (b) Simplified Pressure distribution.
A
K P .x K a (h x)
T
h AnchorTie
rod O
R
dx
x
R Pp1
O B
K P (d x) K a (d x)
K P .x K a (h x)
(i) Upper part (ii) Lower part
In (i): Taking moments about the anchor tie rod gives R.

In (ii): Taking moments about B eliminates Pp1 and gives d.
(c) Equivalent beam analysis.
Fig.(10.12): Fixed-earth support method for anchored sheet pile walls.
588
10.6 LOCATION OF ANCHORAGE

The anchorage is useless if it located within the sliding wedge of the backfill, see
Fig.(10.13a). Also, the capacity of the anchorage block is impaired if the active wedge of the
backfill interferes with the passive wedge in front of the anchorage block, as shown in
Fig.(10.13b). Therefore for full capacity, the blocks should be located (outside the possible
failure plane), see Fig.(10.13c). But, if the space is limited piling becomes necessary,
Fig.(10.13d) and if bending must be avoided in the anchorage pile, a pair of raking piles can be
used as shown in Fig.(10.13e).
NOTES:
1. Anchor tie rods may receive extra load from the weight of overburden, causing them to
bend and overstress. Hence it may be necessary to protect them in reinforced concrete
boxes and well tarred to protect them against corrosion.
2. The actual tie rod force is greater than the free earth support value TFES by about
2030%. Therefore, for design purposes, take T / TFES 1.2 for wall in sand and
T / TFES 1.3 for wall in clay.
3. For walls in clay check overall stability against rotational or deep-seated slip surface.
Ore pile
Water level
Soft clay Two Sliding wedges
Sliding failure
interfere with each other.
Sliding failure Anchorage subjected to

(45 / 2) other horizontal forces. (45 / 2)
(a) The anchorage block located in (b) Efficiency greatly impaired.

this area offers no resistance.
b e
(45 / 2)
c Possible failure
zone

a
(c) The anchorage block located (d) When space is limited (e) To prevent bending a pair of
in this area has full capacity. piling is necessary. raking piles can be used.
Fig.(10.13): Anchorage systems for sheet pile walls.
589
10.7 TREATMENT OF GROUND WATER TABLE

If there is a water level on one side of the wall only, the problem is simple to analyze
as illustrated in the preceding problems.
If the water levels on both sides of the wall but at the same elevation, then the two
water pressure diagrams are equal and therefore balance out. Since the soil below the
water is submerged, no special treatment is necessary.
With different water levels on both sides of the wall, seepage can occur. In this case, It
can be assumed that the difference in the hydrostatic pressures on each side of the wall
at its base is distributed linearly around the length of pile wall. (i.e., within the water
zone, h+2D where, h is the height of the pile above dredge level and D is the depth of
pile penetration). With the assumption that the hydrostatic pressures are linearly
distributed around the length of pile within the water zone, the formula for u, the water
pressure on both sides of the pile base, is:
2. w (h D).D
u ...(10.7)
(h 2.D)
10.8 PROPERTIES OF SOME SHEET PILE SECTIONS

The properties and the allowable design stresses of some steel sheet pile wall sections are
presented in Tables (10.2 and 10.3).
Table (10.2): Properties of some sheet pile sections

(Given by U.S. Steel Corporation, Cited in Steel Sheet Piling Design Manual, 1984).
Moment
Section
Driving of
Web Modulus
Section Distance Weight Inertia
Sketch of Section Thickness
Designation Per Pile (Ib/ft2) m3/m m4/m
(in.) in3/ft in4/ft
(in.) of wall of wall
of wall of wall
X 10-5 X 10-6
PSX-32 16.5 29/64 32 2.4 12.90 3.7 5.05
PS-32 15 1/2 32 1.9 10.20 2.9 3.96
PS-28 15 3/8 28 1.9 10.20 2.8 3.82
PSA-31 ------------------------------ 19.7 1/2 31 2.01 10.80 3.23 4.41
PSA-28 16 1/2 28 2.5 13.43 4.5 6.14
590
Table (10.2): Continued (Given by U.S. Steel Corporation).
Moment
Section
Driving of
Web Modulus
Section Distance Weight Inertia
Sketch of Section Thickness
Designation Per Pile (Ib/ft2) m3/m m4/m
(in.) in3/ft in4/ft
(in.) of wall of wall
of wall of wall
X 10-5 X 10-6
PSA-23 16 3/8 23 2.4 12.80 4.13 5.63
PDA-27 16 3/8 27 10.7 57.50 39.8 54.34
PMA-22 19.6 3/8 22 5.4 29.00 13.7 18.71
12.7mm (0.5 in.)

15.2mm (0.6 in.)
409mm
PZ-40 (16.1 in.) 19.7 1/2 40 60.7 326.4 490.8 670.5
Driving distance
500mm (19.69 in.)
9.53 (3/8 in.)
15.2mm (0.6 in.)
305mm
(12 in.)
PZ-38 Driving distance 18 3/8 38 46.8 251.5 280.8 383.39
457mm (18 in.)
12.7 (0.5 in.)
15.2mm (0.6 in.)
379mm
PZ-35 (14 in.) 22.6 1/2 35 48.5 260.5 361.2 493.40
Driving distance
575mm (22.64 in.)
9.53mm (3/8 in.)
12.7mm (0.5 in.)
292mm
PZ-32 (11.5 in.) 21 3/8 32 38.3 205.8 220.4 300.93
Driving distance
533mm (21 in.)
9.53 (3/8 in.)
9.53 (0.5 in.)
305mm
PZ-27 (12 in.) 18 3/8 27 30.2 162.3 184.2 251.5
Driving distance
457mm (18 in.)
9.53 (0.5 in.)
9.53mm (0.5 in.)
PZ-22 228.6mm 22 3/8 22 18.1 97.00 84.4 115.2
(9 in.) Driving distance
558.8mm (22 in.)
Table (10.3): Allowable design stresses of sheet piles.

Minimum Allowable design stress
Type of steel yield point
(Psi) (Psi) (MN/m2)
ASTM A328 38500 25000 170
ASTM A572 GR50 50000 30000 210
ASTM A690 50000 30000 210
591
Problem (10.5): (Anchored sheet pile wall embedded in sand)

An anchored sheet pile wall retaining an excavated depth of 5m sandy soil is as shown in
Fig.(10.14). The properties of sand are: peak 30, c 0, and 20.kN / m3 . If an anchors
are placed at 1.0 m below the ground level behind the wall, calculate the minimum depth of
embedment, d, to provide stability using:
(a) BS 8002 Method.
(b) CP2 Method.
Ws 10.kN / m Ws 10.kN / m
2 2
A A
1m 1m
T T
5m
5.5m
B Pa2
0.5m +
B B
Pa1
d d Pp1
(5.5+d)/3
C R
k p .d C
k a .(5.5 d)
(a) Wall geometry and Simplified Pressure distribution

Part (a) BS 8002 method.
A A
1m 1m
T T
5m 5m
B B
Pa1
d d Pp1
(h+d)/3
C R
C
0.5k p .d k a .(5 d)
(b) Wall geometry and Simplified Pressure distribution

Part (b) CP2 method.
Fig.(10.14): Problem (10.5).
592
Solution:
(a) BS 8002 Method:

According to this method, a surcharge of 10 kN/m2 is applied to the surface and for a future
unplanned excavation, 10 % of the clear height (which equal to 0.5m) in front of the wall is
considered as shown in Fig.(10.14a).
tan 30
Design tan 1 25.7
1.2
Using Rankine's theory (with 25.7 ), k a = 0.395, and k p =2.53
Pa1 0.395(20)
d 5.52 2
d 5.5 1 2
3.95(d 5.5) 2 (d 5.5) 1
2 3 3
Pa 2 0.395(10)d 5.5
d 5.5 1 (d 5.5)
3.95(d 5.5) 1
2 2
d2 2 2
Pp1 (2.53)( 20) d 4.5 (25.3)d 2 d 4.5
2 3 3
Mc 0 : Mpa1 Mpa 2 Mpp1 0

2 (d 5.5) 2
3.95(d 5.5) 2 (d 5.5) 1 + 3.95(d 5.5) 1 (25.3)d 2 d 4.5 = 0
3 2 3
which, solved for d = 3.0 m and Ddesign = (d + 0.5) = 3.5 m
(b) CP2 Method:

In this method, a factor of safety Fp 2.0 is applied for passive pressure, therefore, the
required depth of penetration is calculated as shown in Fig.(10.14b).
Using Rankine's theory (with 30 ), k a =1/3, and k p =3.0
1 5 d 2 2 (10)5 d 2
2
(5 d ) 1
3 (5 d ) 1
Pa1 (20)
3 2 3 3
3 d2 2 2
Pp1 (20). d4 (15)d 2 d 4
2.0 2 3 3
(10)5 d 2 2 2
Mc 0: (5 d ) 1 (15)d 2 3 d 4 = 0
3 3
By trial and error: d 3.4 m = Ddesign.
593
Problem (10.6): (Anchored sheet pile wall embedded in sand with fluctuating water level)
An anchored sheet pile wall is embedded in dense sand as shown in Fig.(10.15). The depth of
water against the face is tidal and a lag of 1.0 m between the inside and outside levels is expected.
The properties of sand are: 17.5 kN/m3, sat . 20 kN/m3, 37, and 25 , let
w 10 kN/m3. Calculate:
(a) The required penetration depth for a factor of safety of 1.5 with respect to passive
resistance,
(b) Suitable pile section and size of anchor bars if these are to be at 3.0 m centers.
TFES TFES Pha1

A 2m
H.W.T 2m H.W.T
. . Z
3m Tidal lag Phw1 3m
L.W.T. 11.86 L.W.T.
4m 4m
sand sand
X X
2
Pha
17.5 kN/m3, Phw 2
sat . 20 kN/m3, Dredge line Dredge line
9m 3
Pha 9m
37, 25
D

Phpm sand
sand Net water
pressure on wall
11.86 45.6D
2.26(6+D)
(a) Pile geometry. (b) Pressure distribution.
Fig.(10.15): Problem (10.6).
Solution:
Active pressure:
ha v .Ka where, K a
2
sin( ). sin( )
sin( ) 1
sin( ). sin(
for 90 , 0 , 37 , and 25, Ka 0.226
at a depth of 3m: ha (0.226)(17.5)(3) = 11.865 kN/m2
594
at toe of the wall: ha 11.865 + (0.226)(20 - 10)(6 + D) = 11.865 + 2.26 (6 + D) kN/m2
thus 1 (0.5)(11.865)(3) = 17.797 kN/m

Pha
2 (11.865)(6 + D) kN/m
Pha
3 (0.5)(2.26)(6 + D) (6 + D) = 1.13(6 + D)2 kN/m

Pha
From Fig.(10.15), the lag of 1.0 m represents a differential water pressure of 1.0 kN/m2
acting downward on the sheeting.
Phw1 (0.5)(10)(1) = 5.0 kN/m
Phw 2 (10)(5 + D) kN/m
Passive pressure: For a factor of safety of 1.5 on shear strength:

tan 37 tan 25
tan m and tan m
1.5 1.5
giving m 26.7 and m 17.3 .
K p
2
sin( ). sin( )
sin( ) 1
sin( ). sin(
or K pm 4.56 .
thus hpm v ..Kpm 4.56..v .
at toe of the pile: hpm 4.56 (20 - 10)(D) = 45.6 D kN/m2.
and (0.5)(45.6 D)(D) = 22.8 D2 kN/m.
Phpm
Penetration depth: Taking moments about the anchorage point A:
1 2
(11.865)(6 + D) (6 D) 1 + 1.13(6 + D)2 (6 D) 1
2 3
5 1 2
5.0 10(5 D) (5 D) 2 22.8.D 2 (7 D)
3 2 3
from which D 3 9.269.D 2 17.155D 49.916 0 ,

by trial D = 2.85 m (the required depth of penetration).
595
Free earth support tie force: Resolving horizontally:

TFES + 22.8(2.85)2 = 17.797 + 11.865(6 +2.85) + 1.13 (6 + 2.85)2 + 5 + 10 (5 + 2.85)
giving TFES = 109.613 kN/m.
Maximumn free earth support bending moment: Take moments about section xx through
the sheeting, distance z below top of wall where 4m < z < 9m. Hence
1
M z (109.613)(z 2) 17.797(z 2) 11.865(z 3) (z 3)
2
1 1 1 1
(1)(10)(z 3)(0.226) (z 3) (z 3) 5.0 (z 4) 10(z 4) (z 4)
2 3 3 2
dM z
109.613 17.797 11.865(z 3) 1.13(z 3) 2 5.0 10(z 4) = 0 (for a maximum).
dz
this gives z 2 13.349.z 134.726 0 from which z = 6.72 m

back substitution gives the maximum free earth support bending moment as :
Sheet pile section: Total length of pile H = 11.85 m. Thus 9/11.85 = 0.76. The
determination of a suitable section is illustrated with reference to steel sheet piling given by
the United States Steel Corporation and the relevant calculations are set out in the following
table taking E = 207 x 106 kN/m2 and f all. 172500 kN/m2.
Section H4 M Section M
US Steel
M FES
M
modulus
f f all.
(m4/m) E.I kN.m/m sec . mod .
Corporation (m3/m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
(m3/kN) Fig.(10.10)
PZ27 251.43 x 10-6 0.38 0.60 166.12 162.17x10-5 102436 172500
PDA27 54.33 x 10-6 1.75 0.38 105.21 57.46 x10-5 183101 172500
Therefore, use US Steel Corporation section PZ27 (section modulus = 162.17 x 10-5 m3/m).
Anchor bars: Take T/TFES = 1.2. Hence T = 1.2(109.613) = 131.535 kN/m. For tie rods at
3m centers, total tie force to be resisted = 131.535(3) = 394.605 kN. Assuming a factor of
safety of 2.0 on the yield stress (i.e., f all. 132500 kN/m2) the required diameter of tie rod is
given by:
(4)(394.605)
d tie..rod 0.061 m = 61 mm
()(132500)
596
Problem (10.7): (Anchored sheet pile wall embedded in clay)

An anchored sheet pile wall is embedded in a firm clay and retaining a dense sand bearing a
uniform surcharge of 20 kN/m2. The water level is constant at the position shown in Fig.(10.16).
The properties of sand are: 17.5 kN/m3, sat . 20 kN/m3, 37, and 25 and for clay:
Cu 45 kN/m2 , C w 25 kN/m2 , let w 10 kN/m3. Calculate:
(a) The penetration depth for a safety factor of 1.5 on the undrained shear strength of the clay
(b) Suitable pile section and size of anchor bars if these are to be at 3.0 m centers.
20 kN/m2 20 kN/m2
4.52
TFES TFES
A
2m 2m Z
W.T. W.T. W.T. W.T.
3m 16.385 3m
Sand Sand
X X
= 17.5 kN/m3
. = 20 kN/m3
= 37o, = 25o Dredge line Dredge line 27.17
8m 8m
27.685
Clay D Clay D Clay
(a) Pile geometry. (b) Pressure distribution.
Fig.(10.16): Problem (10.7).
Solution:
Active pressure above dredge level:
ha v .Ka where, K a
2
sin( ). sin( )
sin( ) 1
sin( ). sin(
for 90 , 0 , 37, and 25, Ka 0.226

at the coping: ha (0.226)(20) = 4.52 kN/m2
at a depth of 3m: ha 4.52 + (0.226)(17.5)(3) = 16.385 kN/m2
at a depth of 8m: ha 16.385 + (0.226)(20-10)(5) = 27.685 kN/m2
597
Since the same water level on both sides of the pile, there is no net water pressure acting on
the sheeting.
Passive pressure below dredge level: For a safety factor F on undrained shear strength of
clay, the net pressure on sheeting at dredge level:
hp ha
c c c c
vp 2 u 1 w va 2 u 1 w
F cu F cu
c c

4 u 1 w va vp
F cu
c c
4 u 1 w q
F cu
45 25
4 1 20 (17.5)(3) (20 10)(5) 27.17.kN / m 2
1.5 45
Penetration depth: Taking moments about the anchorage point A:

(4.52)(8)(2) (16.385 4.52)(5)(3.5) (0.5)(27.685 16.385)(5)(4.33) (27.17)(D)(0.5D 6)
from which D 2 12.D 29.612 0 ,

giving D = 2.10 m. This is the required depth of penetration.
Free earth support tie force: Resolving horizontally:

TFES + (27.17)(2.10) = (4.52)(8) + (0.5)(16.385 4.52)(3) +
(16.385 4.52)(5) + (0.5)(27.685 16.385)(5)

giving TFES = 84.5 kN/m
Maximumn free earth support bending moment: Take moments about section xx through
the sheeting, distance z below top of wall where 3m < z < 8m. Hence
z 1 1
M z (84.5)(z 2) (4.52.z ) (16.385 4.52)(3)(z 2) (16.385 4.52)(z 3) (z 3)
2 2 2
1 1
(27.685)(z 3)(0.226) (z 3) (z 3)
2 3
598
dM z
84.5 4.52z 17.79 11.86.(z 3) (z 3) 2 = 0 (for a maximum).
dz
This gives: z 2 10.38.z 93.29 0 from which z = 5.77 m

Back substitution gives the maximum free earth support bending moment as:
Sheet pile section: Total length of pile H = 10.1 m and 8/10.1 = 0.79.
The stability number is given by:
c 1 cw / cu 45 1 25 / 45
S u 0.46
vn 20 (17.5)(3) (20 10)(5)
From Fig.(10.11) for S = 0.46 and 0.791; M / M FES 0.925 (independent of ) and
from the following data:
Section H4 M Section M
US Steel
M FES
M
modulus
f f all.
(m4/m) E.I kN.m/m sec . mod .
Corporation (m3/m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
(m3/kN) Fig.(10.10)
PDA27 54.33 x 10-6 0.92 0.925 98.36 57.46 x 10-5 171180 172500
PMA22 18.70 x 10-6 2.69 0.925 98.36 29.00 x 10-5 339172 172500
Therefore, use US Steel Corporation section PDA27 (section modulus = 57.46 x 10-5 m3/m).
Anchor bars: Take T/TFES = 1.3. Hence T = 1.3 x 84.5 = 109.85 kN/m. For tie rods at 3m
centers, total tie force to be resisted = 109.85 x 3 = 329.55 kN. Assuming again a factor of
safety of 2 on the yield stress (i.e., f all. 132500 kN/m2) the required diameter of tie rod is
given by:
(4)(329.55)
d tie.rod 0.056m = 56 mm
()(132500)
599
Problem (10.8): (Water pressure distribution)

Determine an approximation for the water pressure distribution on each side of the sheet pile
wall shown in Fig.(10.17a).
W.T.
8m
Pw1192.kN
Dredge line
W.T. W.T. (84)(8) / 14 48.kN / m 2
Pwa
Pw 2 144.kN
6m Pwp
84.kN / m2 84.kN / m2
(a) (b) (c)
Fig.(10.17): Problem (10.8).
Solution:
With the assumption that the hydrostatic pressures are linearly distributed around the length of
pile within the water zone, the formula for u (the water pressure on both sides of the pile base)
is:
2. w ( h D).D
u 84.0 kN/m2
( h 2.D)
The assumed diagrams for water pressure on each side of the wall are shown in Fig.(10.17b)
and the net pressure diagram is shown in Fig.(10.17c).
600
10.9 DESIGN CHARTS

On the basis of the preceding theories, some simplified design charts are prepared by the
authors for quick estimation of the depth of penetration, D, anchor force, F, and maximum
moment, Mmax., for cantilever or anchored sheet pile walls penetrating into sand or clay as shown
in Figs.(10.1810.21).
Ground Surface
1.0
Granular Backfill
H , , k P , k a
0.5 H W.T.
0.25
Derdge Line 0.5
(H/D) 0.0
Depth ratio D Granular subsoil
Sheet Pile
(kp/ka) ratio
(a) Depth ratio Vs. lateral earth pressure coefficients ratio.
1.0 Ground Surface
Granular Backfill
H , , k P , k a
H W.T.
0.5 Derdge Line 0.5

D Granular subsoil
0.25
Sheet Pile
0.0
(kp/ka) ratio
(b) Moment ratio Vs. lateral earth pressure coefficients ratio.
Fig.(10.18): Cantilever sheet pile, granular subsoil with granular backfill.
601
Ground Surface
1.0 Granular Backfill

H , , k P , k a
H W.T.
0.5
0.25
Derdge Line 0.5
(H/D) 0.0 D Cohesive subsoil
Depth ratio
Sheet Pile

Cohesion ratio

(a) Depth ratio Vs. cohesion ratio.
Ground Surface
Granular Backfill
H , , k P , k a
H W.T.
1.0
Derdge Line 0.5
0.5
D Cohesive subsoil

0.25 Sheet Pile
0.0

Cohesion ratio

(b) Moment ratio Vs. cohesion ratio.
Fig.(10.19): Cantilever sheet pile, cohesive subsoil with granular backfill.
602
4.5
Ground Surface
4.0
1.0 Anchor tie rod
3.5 H Granular backfill
H W.T. , , k , k
3.0
0.25 0.5 Derdge Line
P a
(H/D)
(D/H) 2.5 0.5
Depth ratio
Depth ratio 2.0
0.0 D Granular Subsoil
1.5 Sheet Pile
1.0
0.5
0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9100
(kp/ka) ratio
(Kp/Ka) ratio
(a) Depth ratio Vs. lateral earth pressure coefficients ratio.

2.00
Ground Surface
1.75 Anchor tie rod
1.50
H Granular backfill
H W.T. , , k , k
P a
1.25 1.0 Derdge Line
0.5
Moment ratio
1.00 D Granular Subsoil
0.5
0.75 Sheet Pile
0.50
0.25
0.25
0.0
0.00
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 10 100
(kp/ka) ratio
(Kp/Ka) ratio
(b) Moment ratio Vs. lateral earth pressure coefficients ratio.
2.00
Ground Surface
1.75 1.0 Anchor tie rod
1.50
H Granular backfill
H W.T. , , k , k
1.25
0.5 Derdge Line
P a
0.5
Anchor pull ratio 0.25
1.00
D Granular Subsoil
0.75
0.0 Sheet Pile
0.50
0.25
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9100
(kp/ka) ratio
(Kp/Ka) ratio
(c) Anchor pull ratio Vs. lateral earth pressure coefficients ratio.
Fig.(10.20): Anchored sheet pile, granular subsoil with granular backfill.
603
2.00
Ground surface
1.0
1.75 Anchor tie rod
0.5 H H Granular backfill
1.50 W.T. , , k P , k a
0.25
1.25 Derdge line
(H/D)
(H/D) 0.0 0.5
Depth ratio 1.00 D Cohesive subsoil
Depth ratio
Sheet pile
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cohesion ratio
Cohesion ratio

(a) Depth ratio Vs. cohesion ratio.
0.25
Ground surface
1.0 Anchor tie rod

H H
0.20 Granular backfill
W.T. , , k P , k a
0.5 Derdge line
0.15 0.5

Moment ratio 0.25 D Cohesive subsoil
0.10
Sheet pile
0.0
0.05
0.00
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 10

Cohesion ratio
Cohesion ratio

(b) Moment ratio Vs. cohesion ratio.
1.50
Ground surface
Anchor tie rod
1.25
H H
Granular backfill
W.T. , , k P , k a
1.00 Derdge line
0.5
Anchor pull ratio D
0.75 1.0 Cohesive subsoil
0.5 Sheet pile
0.50 0.25
0.0
0.25
0.00
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Cohesion ratio
Cohesion ratio

(c) Anchor pull ratio Vs. cohesion ratio.
Fig.(10.21): Anchored sheet pile, cohesive subsoil with granular backfill.
604
PROBLEMS
Cantilever sheet pile embedded in sand
P10.1 Design the cantilever sheet pile wall penetrating sand shown in the figure below.
Given that: L1 = 2m, L2 = 3m, = 15.9 kN/ m3, sat . =19.33 kN/m3, 32 , and
all. 172 MN/m2.
L1 = 2m Sand
W.T. 15.9 kN/m3, c 0 , 32
L2 = 3m
Dredge line Sand
sat. 19.33 kN/m3, c 0 , 32

D
Cantilever sheet pile embedded in clay
P10.2 Design the cantilever sheet pile wall penetrating clay shown in the figure below. Given
that: all. 172.5 MN/m2.
A
Sand
L1 = 2m
W.T. 15.9 kN/m3, c 0 , 32
Sand
L2 = 3m
sat. 19.33 kN/m3, c 0 , 32
Dredge line E
Clay
D c 47 kN/m2, 0
605
Anchored sheet pile embedded in sand
P10.3 Design the anchored sheet pile wall penetrating sand shown in the figure below.
Given that: L1 = 2m, L2 = 3m, l1 =l2 =1m, =15.9 kN/m3, sat . =19.33 kN/m3, c 0 ,
32 , E 207x10 3 MN/m2 and all. 172.5 MN/m2.
Anchor tie rod l1 =1m

L1 = 2m Sand
W.T. W.T. l2 =1m t 15.90 kN/m3
c 0 , 32
L2 = 3m
Dredge line
Sand
sat. 19.33 kN/m3
c 0 , 32
D
Anchored sheet pile embedded in clay
P10.4 Design the anchored sheet pile wall penetrating clay shown in the figure below. Given
that: E 207x10 3 MN/m2 and all. 172.5 MN/m2.
A
Anchor tie rod l1 =1.5m
L1 = 3m
Sand
W.T. W.T. l2 =1.5m t 17 kN/m3
c 0 , 35
L2 = 6m
Sand
sat. 20 kN/m3
c 0 , 35
Dredge line
E Clay
D c 41 kN/m2, 35
B
606
REFERENCES
Barden, L. (1974),Sheet pile wall design based on Rowes method, CIRIA Technical Note 54,
London.
Bowles, J. E. (1996),Foundation analysis and design, McGraw-Hill Publications, 4th edition,
New York.
British Steel Piling Handbook (1997),British Steel Corporation, Scunthorpe.
Burland, J.B., Potts, D.M. and Walsh, N.M. (1981),The overall stability of free and propped
embedded cantilever retaining walls, Ground Engineering, 14 (5), 2838.
Rowe, P.W. (1952),Anchored sheet pile walls, Proc. Institution of Civil Engineers, Part 1, 1,
2770.
Rowe, P.W. (1957),Sheet pile walls in clay, Proc. Institution of Civil Engineers, Part 1, 7,
62954.
Steel Sheet Piling Design Manual (1984), United States Steel, Updated and reprinted by U. S.
Department of Transportation /FHWA with permission. July 1984
Terzaghi, K. (1943), Theoretical Soil Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
607

Ch10-Sheet Piles (571-607)

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CHAPTER 10

DESGIN AND ANALYSIS OF

10.2 TYPES OF SHEET PILE WALLS

10.2.1 CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALLS

10.2.2 ANCHORED SHEET PILE WALLS

Granular Backfill Anchor tie rod

H W.T. H Granular backfill

D Granular subsoil D Cohesive subsoil

(a) Cantilever Sheet pile (b) Anchored Sheet pile

Fig.(10.1): Types of common used sheet pile walls.

10.3 DESIGN METHODS OF CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALLS

10.3.1 LIMIT STATE OR BS 8002: 1994 METHOD

10.3.2 TRADITIONAL METHODS

(1) Gross Pressure Method

(2) Strength Factor Method

(3) Net Available Passive Resistance Method (Burland et al., 1981)

(4) Net Total Pressure Method

Fig.(10.2): Pressure distribution on cantilever sheet pile wall.

10.4 STEPS OF ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF

Table (10.1): Approximate values for D in granular soils.

(a) (b) (c)

10.4.2 CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALLS EMBEDDED

(4c q) (4c q) (4c q) (4c q)

(a) Pile in granular backfill and clay. (b) Pile in clay ( u 0)

Fig.(10.4): Cantilever sheet piles embedded in clay.

Referring to Fig.(10.3), the steps of analysis and design are as follows:

R p Rp (4c q 4c q) z (4c q)D

Fig.(10.5): Forces on wall above point of zero shear.

Problem (10.1): (Cantilever sheet pile wall embedded in dry sand)

(a) Wall geometry (b) Actual Pressure distribution

(c) Simplified Pressure distribution (d) Simplified Pressure distribution

Fig.(10.6): Geometry of problem (10.1).

(a) BS 8002 Method:

(1) Detailed Calculations Using Actual Pressure Distribution (Fig.(10.6b)):

Force (kN/m) Lever arm (m) Moment (kN-m/m)

Pa1 0.395(20)d o 5.52 / 2 d o 5.5 / 3 1.32(d o 5.5)3

Mc 0 : Mpp1 Mpp2 Mq2 Mpa1 Mpa 2 Mq1 0

8.43.d 3o 25.3(d o 5.5)(d d o )2 16.87(d d o )3 12.65(d d o )2 1.32(d o 5.5)3

3.95(d d o )2 2.63(d d o )3 1.98(d o 5.5)2 = 0 ..(10.7a)

H 0 : Pp1 Pa 2 Pa1 Pp2 Pq1 Pq 2 0

50.6(d o 5.5)(d d o ) 25.3(d d o )2 3.95(d o 5.5) 25.3(d do) 0 ...(10.7b)

Solving Eqs. (10.7a) and (10.7b) gives: d o = 6.623 m and d = 7.421 m.

(2) Approximate calculations using simplified pressure distribution (Fig.(10.6c)):

Mc 0 : Mpp1 Mpa1 Mq1 0

which solved for d o = 6.98 m.

(b) CP2 Method (see Fig.(10.6d)):

Using Rankine's theory (with 30 ), k a =1/3, and k p =3.0

Force (kN/m) Lever arm (m) Moment (kN-m/m)

Problem (10.2): (Cantilever sheet pile wall embedded in saturated sand)

Fig.(10.7): Problem (10.2).

Force (kN/m) Lever arm (m) Moment (kN-m/m)

(1) (0.5)(0.27)(17)(3.52 ) 28.11 d o 3.5 / 3 28.11d o 32.79

2.68.d o3 7.69.d o2 12.39.d o 27.55 0

By trials or Newton Raphsons method, d o = 2.0 m and D theoretica l (2 1) = 3m.

Actual total length of pile wall = 3.9 + 2.5 = 6.4m

R = (28.11 + 32.12 + 5.52 15.72 62.9 37.72) = 50.6 kN

= 220.1 4.6 + 85.7 = 301.2 kN/m2.

Fig.(10.7): Problem (10.2) Continued.

Problem (10.3): (Cantilever sheet pile wall in layered sand with 0 )

Loose sand 5.0m ha

(a) wall (b) Pressure distribution

(2) Passive pressure: For a factor of safety of 3 on shear strength

K pm 2.16 and hpm v ..K pm 2.16..v