Preferred IUPAC name

Pyridine-3-carboxylic acid
Other names
Nicotinic acid (INN)
Bionic
Vitamin B3
Vitamin PP

Properties
C
6NH
Chemical formula
5O
2
Molar mass 123.1094 g mol1
Appearance White, translucent crystals
Density 1.473 g cm3
Melting point 237 C; 458 F; 510 K
Solubility in water 18 g L1
log P 0.219
Acidity (pKa) 2.0,4.85
Isoelectric point 4.75
Refractive index (nD) 1.4936
Dipole moment 0.1271305813 D
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of
344.9 kJ mol1
formation (fHo298)
Std enthalpy of
2.73083 MJ mol1
combustion (cHo298)
Reference
Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013
(Blue Book). Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 2014. pp. 747, 750. ISBN 978-0-
85404-182-4. doi:10.1039/9781849733069-FP001

Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, is an organic compound with the formula

C6H5NO2 and, depending on the definition used, one of the 20 to 80 essential human
nutrients. Together with nicotinamide it makes up the group known as vitamin B3 complex.

REFERENCE
Krutmann, Jean; Humbert, Philippe (2010). Nutrition for Healthy Skin: Strategies for Clinical
and Cosmetic Practice. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 153. ISBN 9783642122644

Corrosion is a natural process, which converts a refined metal to a

more chemically-stable form, such as its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide. It
is the gradual destruction of materials (usually metals) by chemical
and/or electrochemical reaction with their environment. Corrosion
engineering is the field dedicated to controlling and stopping
corrosion.

Corrosion is the deterioration of a metal as a result of chemical

reactions between it and the surrounding environment. Both the type
of metal and the environmental conditions, particularly gasses that
are in contact with the metal, determine the form and rate of
deterioration. Do All Metals Corrode?

All metals can corrode. Some, like pure iron, corrode quickly. Stainless steel,
however, which combines iron and other alloys, is slower to corrode and is therefore
used more frequently.

All small group of metals, called the Noble Metals, are much less reactive than others.
As a result, they corrode rarely. They are, in fact, the only metals that can be found in
nature in their pure form. The Noble Metals, not surprisingly, are often very valuable.
They include copper, palladium, silver, platinum, and gold.
Types of Corrosion

There are many different reasons for metal corrosion. Some can be avoided by adding
alloys to a pure metal. Others can be prevented by a careful combination of metals or
management of the metal's environment. Some of the most common types of
corrosion are described below.

1. General Attack Corrosion:

This very common form of corrosion attacks the entire surface of a metal structure. It
is caused by chemical or electrochemical reactions. While general attack corrosion
can cause a metal to fail, it is also a known and predictable issue. As a result, it is
possible to plan for and manage general attack corrosion.

2. Localized Corrosion:

Localized corrosion attacks only portions of a metal structure. There are three types of
localized corrosion:

Pitting -- the creation of small holes in the surface of a metal.

Crevice corrosion -- corrosion that occurs in stagnant locations such as those
found under gaskets.
Filiform corrosion: corrosion that occurs when water gets under a coating such
as paint. weakness.

3. Galvanic Corrosion:

Galvanic corrosion can occur when two different metals are located together in a
liquid electrolyte such as salt water. In essence, one metal's molecules are drawn
toward the other metal, leading to corrosion in only one of the two metals.

4. Environmental Cracking:

When environmental conditions are stressful enough, some metal can begin to crack,
fatigue, or become brittle and weakened.

Corrosion Prevention

The World Corrosion Organization estimates the global cost of corrosion to be about
US$ 2.2 trillion annually, and that a large portion of this - as much as 25% - could be
eliminated by applying simple, well-understood prevention techniques. Corrosion
prevention should not, however, be considered solely a financial issue, but also one of
health and safety. Corroded bridges, buildings, ships, and other metal structures can
and do cause injury and death.

An effective prevention system begins in the design stage with a proper understanding
of the environmental conditions and metal properties. Engineers work with
metallurgical experts to select the proper metal or alloy for each situation. They must
also be aware of possible chemical interactions between metals used for surfaces,
fittings, and fastenings.
Carbon steel (C-Mn) plus corrosion inhibition (CI) is the most
economic option for many oil/gas projects, including in-field flow lines
and long, large diameter export lines. Key factors, discussed in detail
below, are inhibitor effectiveness or inhibited corrosion rate and the
.inhibitor system availability

Reference
European Federation of Corrosion Publications

NUMBER 39

A Working Party Report on

The Use of Corrosion Inhibitors in Oil and Gas Production

Edited by J. W. Palmer, W. Hedges and J. L. Dawson

MANEY Published for the European Federation of Corrosion on behalf of the Institute of
Materials, Minerals and Mining

B0804 First published in 2004 by Maney Publishing 1 Carlton House Terrace London SW1Y
5DB UK

on behalf of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining 2004 Institute of Materials,
Minerals and Mining All rights reserved

ISBN 1-904350-33-X

Typeset, printed and bound in the UK by The Charlesworth Group, Wakefield

Corrosion is both costly and dangerous. Billions of dollars are annually

spent for the replacement of corroded structures, machinery , and
components, including metal roong, condenser tubes, pipelines, and
many other items. In addition to replacement costs are those
associated with maintenance to prevent corrosion, inspections, and the
upkeep of cathodically protected structures and pipelines. Indirect
costs of corrosion result from shutdown, loss of efciency ,and product
.contamination or loss
.