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∆V12 µ V '2 µ
− = 2 −
2 RE 2 R
2
1⎛ RE ⎞ µ
= ⎜ ∆V1 cosα ⎟ −
2⎝ R ⎠ R
µ µ
−
R∈ R
∆V12 = 2 2
⎛R ⎞
1 − ⎜ ∈ ⎟ cos2α
⎝R⎠
RE
1−
µ R
∆V1 = 2 2
RE ⎛ R ⎞
1 − ⎜ E ⎟ cos2α
⎝ R ⎠
µ
vc =
R
⎡ ⎤
RE ⎢ R ⎥
1− 1− E
µ R∈ µ R µ ⎢ RE RE R ⎥
∆V2 = v c − v '2 = − cos α 2 = − cos α 2
R R R∈ ⎛ RE ⎞
2
RE ⎢ R R ⎛ R ⎞
2 ⎥
α ⎢ ⎥
⎟ cos α
2 2
1−⎜ ⎟ cos 1−⎜ E
⎝ R ⎠ ⎢⎣ ⎝ R ⎠ ⎥⎦
∆V 2 (1 − η ) 1 −η
∆V = ∆V1 + ∆V2 = + η − η cos α 2 '
µ / R∈ 1 − η cos α
2 2
1 − η 2 cos2α
R∈ ∆V 1 − η cos α
=η = 2 (1 − η ) + η (increasing f.of α )
R µ / R∈ 1 + η cos α
(1 − η )
2
∆VMIN
For α = 0 = 2 + η
µ / RE 1+η
⎛ ∆V ⎞
⎜ MIN
⎟ = 1.5363
⎜ µ /R ⎟
⎝ F ⎠MAX
⎛ µ ⎞
⎜⎜ = 7910 m / s ⎟
⎟
⎝ R∈ ⎠
1 1 ε
−1 = ε η = 1 −η =
η 1+ε 1+ε
2+ε
1+η =
1+ε
ε2 1+ε 1 ε 3 3 ε 3
2 + = 1 − + ε 2... + ε − ε 2 = 1 + − ε 2...
(1 + ε ) 1 + ε /2 1+ε 2 8 4 2 8
2
⎛ 3 ⎞
ε ⎜1 − ε ...⎟ α =0 η = 0.9 → 1.05128
⎝ 4 ⎠
(approx. 1.05093)
∆V1 ε 5ε 2 ∆V2 ε 7ε 2
NOTE: 1+ − −
µ / RE 4 32 µ / RE 4 32
(a) ∆V reduction
Ω R∈ = 463 m / sec
( α = 0 , near-horizontal
launch)
∆V1 = rocket-imparted ∆V
R
2µ
RE
= ( ∆V1 ) + ( Ω R∈ cos L ) + 2∆V1 ( ΩRE cos L ) cos β
2 2
R + RE
R
2µ
RE
∆V1 = − ( Ω RE cos L ) cos β + ( ΩR∈ cos L cos β ) − ( ΩRE cos L )
2 2
+
R + RE
R
2µ
R∈
− ( Ω RE cos L sin β )
2
∆V1 = − Ω RE cos L cos β +
R + R∈
Notice rotation reduces ∆V1 even for β = 900 . The benefit is low for some larger β
(Westwards launch). For v1 = ∆V1 , need
Ω R∈ cos L
cos β = − −0.056 cos L (for ∆V1 = 8200 m / s )
2∆V1
(8052.8)
2
For β = 0 (launch due East), i = L. For any other azimuth, higher inclination.
vR = ΩR∈ cos L
vR ∆V1
=
sin ( β − γ ) sin γ
Sin γ ⎛ sin γ ⎞
vR = ∆V1 ⎜ sin β cos γ − cos β ⎟
Cos γ ⎝ cos γ ⎠
∆V1 sin β
tan γ =
∆V1 cos β + v R
tan β
tan γ =
⎛ vR ⎞
1+ ⎜ ⎟
∆
⎝ 1V cos β ⎠
Given two angles and the side included, find opposite angle
( )
cos i = −cos 900 − γ cos 900 + sin ( 90 − γ ) sin 90 cos L = cos γ cos L
tan β
tan γ = , cos i = 0.87882 cos γ
407
1+
∆V1 cos β
∆V1 from previous table
(66.1 )0
retro-orbits (westwards)
In reality, we probably require the orbit altitude, the orbit inclination and then launch
azimuth β must be calculated
cos2 i
sin γ = 1 −
cos2 L
R
2µ
R∈
with ∆V1 = − vR2 sin2 β − v R cos β ∆V1 cos β tan γ + vR tan γ = ∆V1 sin β
R + R∈
⎛ sin β ⎞
2
sin β R + R
− cos β E
⎜ tan γ − cos β ⎟ tan γ
⎝ ⎠
R
2µ
⎡ ⎛ sin β
2
⎛ sin β ⎤ 2
⎞ ⎞ RE ⎛ sin β ⎞
vR2 ⎢1 + ⎜ − cos β ⎟ + 2 cos β ⎜ − cos β ⎟ ⎥ = ⎜ − cos β ⎟
⎢⎣ ⎝ tan γ ⎠ ⎝ tan γ ⎠ ⎥⎦ R + RE ⎝ tan γ ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞
sin2 β ⎜1 + ⎟
⎝ tan2 γ ⎠
R
2µ 2
sin2 β R ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
vR2 = E
sin2γ ⎜ − ⎟
sin2γ R + RE ⎝ tan γ tan β ⎠
1
tan β =
1 v R + RE
− R
tan γ sin γ R
2µ
RE
tan γ
tan β =
vR R + RE
1−
cos γ R
2µ
RE
L = 28.50 1
Check: ) → γ = 57.470 → tan β = 0
= 1.7308
0
i = 61.8 ⎛ 407 ⎞
0.6377 − ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.8431 × 8053 ⎠
β = 59.980 ( 600 )
cos2 L − cos2 i
tan β =
v R cos L
cos i −
⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎜ R + R E ⎟
−1
⎜ R ⎟
⎜ 2 µ
⎝ RE ⎟⎠
V1 vR
Directly: =
sin β sin ( β − α )
vR sin γ
= cos γ −
V1 tan β
sin γ 1 − cos2γ
tan β = =
vR v
cos γ − cos γ − R
V1 V1
cos i
and cos γ =
cos L
v R Cos L
Cos i −
Cos2 β =
1
=
1
=
( )
1 + tan2 β Cos2 L − Cos2 i ⎛ ⎞
2
1+ 2 ⎜ v R Cos L ⎟ − 2 cos i v R cos L + cos2 L
⎛ ⎞
⎜ Cos i − v R Cos L ⎟ (
⎜⎜
⎝ ) ⎟⎟
⎠ ( )
⎜⎜
⎝ ( ) ⎟⎟
⎠
tan α 1 tan2 γ
tan β = = 1 + tan2 β = 1 +
vR R + RE cos β ⎛ vR R + R∈ ⎞
2
1− ⎜⎜1 − ⎟⎟
cos γ 2µ R / RE cos γ 2 µ R / R∈
⎝ ⎠
2
vR cos γ ⎛ vR R + RE ⎞
∆V1 = ⎜1 − ⎟ + tan2 γ
R + R∈ ⎜ cos γ 2µ R / RE ⎟
vR ⎝ ⎠
2µ R / RE
v R cos γ 1 v 2R ⎛ R + RE ⎞ vR ⎛ R + RE ⎞
= + 2 ⎜ ⎟−2 ⎜ ⎟
R + RE cos γ cos γ ⎝ 2µ R / RE ⎠
2
cos γ ⎝ 2µ R / RE ⎠
vR
2µ