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CPO Focus on Earth Science

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Writers
Mary Beth Abel Hughes - Author
B.S., Marine Biology, College of Charleston; M.S.,
Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island.
Has taught a range of science and math courses at an
innovative high school and at the college level. Expertise
in scientific research, inquiry-based teaching methods,
and curriculum development. Mary Beth has been a
principal writer with CPO Science since 2000.
James Sammons - Author
B.S., Chemistry and Biology, University of Rhode Island.
Has taught middle school science for 30 years. Formerly a
research biologist with the National Marine Fisheries
Service. Recognized by the Soil Conservation Service, the
Department of Energy Residence in Science and
Technology program, the National Association of Science
Teachers, WGBH's Nova science program, and the
National Association of Geoscience Teachers. Jim is a
member of the Geological Society of America and the
American Geophysical Union.
Patsy Eldridge - Author
B.S., Biology, Grove City College; M.Ed., Tufts University.
Experienced high school Physical Science teacher and
national hands-on science trainer and presenter. As an
adjunct professor for Endicott College in Beverly, MA,
and the College of Charleston, developed content-
intensive Physical Science courses for pre- and in-service
educators. Technical background in the medical device
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A.B., Dartmouth College; M.S. Brown University; Ph.D.,
Brown University
Chairman, Department of Geosciences, University of
Rhode Island
Senior Editor
Lynda Pennell Executive Vice President
B.A., English; M.Ed., Administration, Reading
Disabilities, Northeastern University; CAGS Media,
University of Massachusetts, Boston.
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Contributing Writers
Laine Ives
B.A., Gordon College; graduate coursework at Cornell
University's Shoals Marine Laboratory and Wheelock
College.
Taught high school English overseas and environmental
education at a middle school in New England.
Melissa N. G. Vela
B.A. Earth and Environmental Science, Lehigh University;
M.S. Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Cornell
University; M.Ed. Curriculum/Instruction, Boston
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Melissa has taught six years of 9th grade earth and space
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Jill Elenbaas
B.A., Biology and Environmental Studies, Bowdoin
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Jill is an 8th-grade science teacher at Wayland Middle
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Denise Rock
A.S., Applied Marine Biology and Oceanography,
Southern Maine Technical College; B.A., General
Biology, University of Southern Maine
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Catherine C. Reed
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Administration and Curriculum, Baldwin-Wallace
College.
Taught middle school science and has worked as a middle
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Beverly Vissoe teaches sixth-grade reading at Readington
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Assessment
Mary Ann Erickson
B.S, Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Ran a technical writing consulting business, writing
process control manuals for water treatment plants,
software design documentation for simulation software,
and operator manuals for mining equipment.
Kelly A. Story
B.S., Chemistry, Gordon College; M.S., Chemistry,
University of Massachusetts, Lowell.
Taught chemistry and maintains a position as lab
instructor at Gordon College, Wenham, Mass.
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B.S., Mechanical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Nancy Joplin
Institute. English-language arts department chairwoman Dr. Geerat Vermeij
Accomplished design and manufacturing engineer; Ray Wiltsey Middle School, Ontario, Calif. Professor of Marine Ecology and Paleoecology,
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Main Menu Table of Contents Back
Main Menu Table of Contents Back
Main Menu Table of Contents Back
Main Menu Table of Contents Back
 Main
Unit One: The Scientific Process . . .Menu
. . . . . .Back
.............2

Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Science Is Everywhere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Learning about Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
1.2 Observing the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
1.3 Using the Scientific Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
Connection: Dr. Rosaly LopesVolcano Scientist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Activity: Observing The World Around You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
Chapter 1 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21

Chapter 2: The Science Toolbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

2.1 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
2.2 More Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
2.3 Systems and Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
2.4 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
Connection: Modern Map-Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Activity: Measurement Olympics! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
Chapter 2 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49

Chapter 3: Introducing Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

3.1 Observing Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
3.2 Geologic Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59
3.3 Mapping Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63
Connection: Its All in the Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
Activity: Trees and Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
Chapter 3 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
 Main Menu
Unit Two: Energy in Earths Systems . . . . . .Back
. . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Chapter 4: Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.1 What Is Heat? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
4.2 How Does Heat Move? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82
4.3 Earths Heat Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Connection: Earths Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
Activity: Energy at the Surface of Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Chapter 4 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91

Chapter 5: Density and Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

5.1 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94
5.2 Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
5.3 Heat Affects Density and Buoyancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
Connection: Full of Hot Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
Activity: Observing Density Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
Chapter 5 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Chapter 6: Earths Surface and Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113

6.1 Earth Is Just Right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
6.2 Ocean Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
6.3 Wind and Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Connection: Weather Forecasting: The Heart of Meteorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Activity: Circumnavigating the Globe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
Chapter 6 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

Chapter 7: Heat Inside Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137

7.1 Sensing the Interior of Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
7.2 Earths Interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
7.3 Density and Buoyancy Inside Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Connection: Drilling to Earth's Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150
Activity: Modeling Wave Motion Through Different Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
Chapter 7 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
Unit Three: Plate Tectonics andMain Menu
Earths Back . . . . . . . 156
Structure

Table of Contents
Chapter 8: Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157
8.1 Alfred Wegeners Supercontinent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
8.2 Sea-floor Spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
8.3 Plate Boundaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
8.4 Metamorphic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Connection: Fossils of the Ice Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176
Activity: Make a Plate Tectonics Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178
Chapter 8 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179

Chapter 9: Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181

9.1 What Is an Earthquake? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182
9.2 Seismic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189
9.3 Measuring Earthquakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .194
Connection: 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and Tsunami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198
Activity: The Dragon and Toad Mystery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
Chapter 9 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201

Chapter 10: Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203

10.1 What Is a Volcano? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204
10.2 Where Do You Find Volcanoes? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209
10.3 Types of Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215
10.4 Igneous Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221
Connection: Western Region Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
Activity: The Geological Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Chapter 10 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Unit Four: The Shape of EarthsMain Menu. . .Back
Surface . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Chapter 11: Water and Weathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231
11.1 Weathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232
11.2 Moving Sediment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238
11.3 Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243
Connection: A World Heritage Site: Carlsbad Cavern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246
Activity: Features of Rivers and Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248
Chapter 11 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249

Chapter 12: Beaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253

12.1 The Shallow Marine Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254
12.2 Waves Shape Beaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
Connection: From Sea to Shining Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
Activity: Beach Trip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266
Chapter 12 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267

Chapter 13: Natural Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269

13.1 What Is a Natural Hazard? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270
13.2 Natural Hazards Driven by External Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273
13.3 Natural Hazards Driven by Internal Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
Connection: The Shake, Rattle n Roll of Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Activity: Composite and Shield Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .288
Chapter 13 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Unit Five: Ecology . . . . . . . . . .Main
. . . .Menu
. . . . . .Back
. . . . . . . . . . . 292

Table of Contents
Chapter 14: Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .293
14.1 Natural Resources and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294
14.2 Supplying Our Energy Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297
14.3 Resources and Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .305
Connection: The Roads to the Mighty Redwoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .310
Activity: Conserving Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312
Chapter 14 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313

Chapter 15: Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315

15.1 Ecosystems and Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
15.2 Food Chains and Food Webs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322
15.3 EcosystemsA Delicate Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326
Connection: A Forest in the Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332
Activity: Create a Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334
Chapter 15 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .335

Chapter 16: Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337

16.1 Climates and Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338
16.2 Deserts and Grasslands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344
16.3 Temperate Forests and Rainforests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
16.4 Taigas and Tundras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353
Connection: Ecological Impact of Forest Fires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358
Activity: Biome Expedition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360
Chapter 16 Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

California Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381