Mon Taj Mag Map Filtering

montaj MAGMAP Filtering
Tutorial
The software described in this manual is furnished under license and may only be used or copied in
accordance with the terms of the license.
Manual release date: 15/06/2011.
Written by, Nancy Whitehead and Chris Musselman. Please send comments or questions to info@g-
eosoft.com
2011 Geosoft Inc. All rights reserved. Geosoft is a registered trademark and Oasis montaj is a reg-
istered trademark of Geosoft Inc. Other brand and product names mentioned herein are properties of their
respective trademark owners. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
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wise, without prior consent from Geosoft Inc.
The software described in this manual is furnished under license and may only be used or copied in
accordance with the terms of the license. OMx.t.2011.06
Windows, and Windows NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
Geosoft Incorporated
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents ii
Geosoft License Agreement v
Finding Help Information ix
Contacting Technical Support ix
References x
Chapter 1 - Systems Capabilities and Concepts 1
Who Should Use This Document 2
How this Document is Organized 2
MAGMAP Menu and Processing System 3
Navigating the MAGMAP Menu 3
Understanding Processing Sequence 4
Preparing Grid 4
Applying Fourier Transform 5
Specifying Filter 5
Filtering 5
Post -processing 5
Chapter 2 - Before You Begin 7
Creating a Project 7
Loading the MAGMAP Menu 9
Chapter 3 - Oasis montaj MAGMAP extension Tutorial 10
Tutorial 1: Preparing Data for Processing 11
Tutorial 2: Displaying Grids Prior to Processing and Analysis 11
Tutorial 3: Preparing Grids for Transformation 12
Tutorial 4: Applying the Forward FFT 14
Tutorial 5: Setting Filters 15
Tutorial 6: Applying Filters and the Inverse Transform 17
Tutorial 7: Displaying Filtered Grids for Analysis 19
Tutorial 8: Calculating Radially Averaged Power Spectra 20
Tutorial 9: Displaying Radially Averaged Spectra 21
Tutorial 10: Calculating and Displaying 2D Power Spectra 22
Tutorial 11: Interactive Spectrum Filtering 23
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Tutorial 12: Calculating Analytic Signal 30
Tutorial 13: Calculating Tilt Derivative 33
Tutorial 14: Sharing Results 36
Chapter 4 - 2D Fast Fourier Transform and MAGMAP Theory 37
The FFT Algorithm 40
The Energy Spectrum 41
Chapter 5 - Preparing Grids for the FFT Processing 44
Trend Removal Algorithm 44
Grid Expansion Algorithm 45
Grid Filling Algorithm 45
Minimizing "Ringing" from Grid Filling 46
Applying Maximum Entropy Prediction 46
Controlling Edge Effects 46
Limiting Strong Anomalies Near Grid Edges 46
Limiting Strong Anomalies by Magnitude 47
Setting Trend Removal, Grid Expansion, and Filling Parameters 47
Chapter 6 - Specifying FFT Filters 49
Creating Your Own Filter Control File 49
MAGMAP Filters 50
Filter Examples 51
Susceptibility Map 51
Second Vertical Derivative 51
De-corrugation 52
BPAS Bandpass Filter 52
BTWR Butterworth Filter 53
CNDN Downward Continuation 54
CNUP Upward Continuation 54
COSN Cosine Roll-off Filter 55
DCOS Directional Cosine Filter 56
DENS Apparent Density Calculation 57
DPAS Directional Pass/Reject Filter 58
DRVX Derivative in the X Direction 58
DRVY Derivative in the Y Direction 58
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DRVZ Derivative in the Z Direction 59
GFILT Gravity Earth Filter 59
GAUS Gaussian Regional/Residual Filter 59
GNRL General Radially Symmetric Filter 60
GPSD Pseudo-Gravity Filter 61
HPAS High-pass Filter 62
INTG Vertical Integration 62
LPAS Low-pass Filter 62
OPTM Weiner Optimum Filter 63
REDE Reduce to the Magnetic Equator 64
REDP Reduce to the Magnetic Pole 65
SUSC Apparent Susceptibility Calculation 65
TXYZ Conversion between Field Components 67
Chapter 7 - Applying the Inverse FFT 68
www.geosoft.com MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial | iv

Geosoft License Agreement
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www.geosoft.com MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial | vi

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vii | MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial www.geosoft.com

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www.geosoft.com MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial | viii

Finding Help Information
There are several functions included in the basic Oasis montaj help system that may be useful to your
work. The entire documentation for the system is available through the online help system. This elec-
tronic library of information enables us to constantly update the information and provide you with the
most up-to-date information available. The best way to find information in this system is to use the
Search tab to perform a full-text search across all help topics. If you still cannot find the information you
are looking for, the Online Books help system contains complete Geosoft manuals and tutorials in Adobe
PDF format.
Contacting Technical Support

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ix | MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial www.geosoft.com

References
Bhattacharya, B. K., 1966, Continuous spectrum of the total magnetic field anomaly due to a rectangular
prismatic body. Geophysics, Vol. 31, p.97-121.
Spector, A. and Grant, F. S., 1970, Statistical models for interpreting aeromagnetic data. Geophysics,
Vol. 35, No.2, p.293-302.
Wiener, N., 1949, Extrapolation, Interpolation, and Smoothing of Stationary Time Series. Cambridge,
M.I.T. Press.
Burg, J. P., 1975, Maximum Entropy Special Analysis. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Stanford Uni-
versity. 168p.
Gupta, V. K., and Grant, F. S., 1985, Mineral exploration aspects of gravity and aeromagnetic survey in
Sudbury-Cobalt area, Ontario. SEG; The Utility of Regional Gravity and Magnetic Anomaly Maps, W. J.
Hinze (Editor) p.392-411.
Winograd, S. On Computing the Discrete Fourier Transform, Mathematics of Computation, Vol.32,

N0.141, pp.175-199, Jan. 1978.
McClellan, J. H. and Nawab H., Complex General-N Winograd Fourier Transform Algorithm (WFTA),
Programs for Digital Signal Processing, IEEE Press, pp. 1.7-1 - 1.7-10, 1979.
Walter R. Roest, Jacob Verhoef, and Mark Pilkington, 1992, Magnetic interpretation using the 3D ana-
lytic signal. Geophysics, Vol. 57, No.1, p.116-125.
Ian N. MacLeod, Keith Jones, and Ting-Fan Dai, 1993, 3D Analytic Signal in the Interpretation of Total
Magnetic Field Data at Low magnetic Latitudes. Exploration Geophysics, Vol.24, p. 679-688.
Bruno Verduzco, J. Derek Fairhead, Chris M. Green, and Chris MacKenzie, Feb. 2004, New insights
into magnetic derivatives for structural mapping. The Leading Edge, p. 116-119.
www.geosoft.com MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial | x

Chapter 1 - Systems Capabilities and Concepts
This document describes the Oasis montaj MAGMAP extension ( MAGMAP hereon), an integrated soft-
ware package that supports the application of common Fourier domain filters to gridded data,with par-
ticular emphasis on potential field data.
The systems Fast Fourier Transform filtering capabilities enable you to:
Rapidly process gridded datasets by applying a wide range of common robust geophysical and math-
ematical filters.
Define and apply your own filters.
Apply multiple filters in one filtering run.
MAGMAP offers three approaches to help you meet your data filtering requirements:
MAGMAP 1-Step filtering
Step-by-Step filtering
Interactive filtering
Furthermore, in order to design and refine the filter operator(s), a suite of calculation/visualization tools
allows the inspection of the Energy Density Spectrum in the wave-number domain.
Spectrum calculation and display
In the wave-number domain, the spatial dependency is abstracted and the data content is viewed in
terms of its energy and frequency content - the very elements that the filters operate on.
Lastly, two standard geophysical image processing methods - generally applied in the wave-number
domain - complete the system:
Analytic signal
Tilt derivative
The three filtering approaches only differ in your level of interaction with the system. The interactive fil-
tering is the most granular level and allows you to visualize the waveform as well as the filter operator.
The step-by-step approach allows you to inspect the individual pre- and post-processing steps. The 1-
Step filtering offers the highest level of interaction. All the defaults are appropriately set by the system
and the sequential process is applied automatically.
Chapter 1 | Who Should Use This Document
Who Should Use This Document

This document is intended for Earth Scientists who are familiar with methodologies used for acquiring,
processing, and presenting Earth Science data, and who want to use the MAGMAP extension of Oasis
montaj to process, analyze, visualize, and interpret potential field data.
To use this document effectively, you should:

Be familiar with Earth Science data
Understand basic methodologies used for processing data, including preparing data for processing,
evaluating quality before and after processing, displaying data in profile formats, running computer-
based algorithms, and preparing data for final presentation.
Understand basic database concepts, such as importing and exporting data, storing data, and apply-
ing processes to data.
How this Document is Organized

This document includes the following chapters:
See "Systems Capabilities and Concepts" on page 1 Explains how to use this document, and the
MAGMAP menu and processing system.
See "Before You Begin" on page 7 Describes the procedures used for creating a project and loading
the MAGMAP menu in Oasis montaj.
See "Oasis montaj MAGMAP extension Tutorial" on page 10 Provides a set of tutorials that guide
you through the system procedures used for filtering, analysing, and visualizing potential field data.
See "2D Fast Fourier Transform and MAGMAP Theory" on page 37 Introduces the theory on which
MAGMAP is based and the methodology employed in the system.
See "Preparing Grids for the FFT Processing" on page 44 Provides a detailed description of the prep-
aration algorithms (trend removal, grid expansion, and filling) that are implemented in the system.
Explains how to set the parameters that control these processes. Tells how to control side effects,
such as ringing, that can affect the quality of your results.
See "Specifying FFT Filters" on page 49 Outlines the three methods of creating a filter control file,
and defines the role of the filter control file in the system. Provides a comprehensive description of
each filter provided in the system, along with a discussion of the filters uses and required parameters.
See "Applying the Inverse FFT" on page 68 Explains the options available while applying the Inverse
FFT.
The References section directs you to further sources of information related to the FFT theory and inter-
pretation.
2 | MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial www.geosoft.com

MAGMAP Menu and Processing System | Chapter 1
MAGMAP Menu and Processing System

The Oasis montaj MAGMAP extension (MAGMAP hereafter) is designed to provide you with an intuitive
interface that guides you through the preparation, processing, analysis, and visualization of potential
field data. This section describes the application menu and outlines the major steps in the processing
sequence.
Navigating the MAGMAP Menu

The MAGMAP workflow is sequentially organize in the MAGMAP menu. When you select a menu item,
the system runs a corresponding Geosoft eXecutable (GX) , a programmed process that records your
input values and implements a specific processing, analysis, or visualization task. The table below
shows the MAGMAP menu items along with the corresponding GX names. You will notice that some
GXs appear in more than one submenu; the underlain reason being that the menu system is designed to
provide a natural workflow:
MAGMAP1 GX
FFT2PREP GX
FFT2IN GX
FFT2CON GX
FFT2FLT GX
FFT2PREP GX
FFT2IN GX
FFT2RSPC GX
FFT2SPCFLT GX
FFT2FLT GX
FFT2RSPC GX
FFT2SMAP GX
FFT2PSPC GX
GRIDASIG GX
TILTDRV GX
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Chapter 1 | MAGMAP Menu and Processing System
Understanding Processing Sequence

For the sake of mathematical simplicity and speed of operation, the MAGMAP extension applies filters in
the Fourier or wave-number domain. This approach entails a number of consecutive steps, each of which
is achieved by a separate GX in the workflow.
In the pre-processing stage the spatial data is conditioned to be conform with the fundamental maxims of
the discrete wave-number domain processing. Next the spatial data is transformed to the wave-number
domain, and filters are applied. Next the data is transformed back to the space domain. Post-processing
involves the removal of the traits of the original precondition. These include restoring the original data cov-
erage and when applicable introducing the effect of the regional trend. Each step is described in more
detail below.
You can either carry out each of these steps separately, using the MAGMAP step-by-step sub-
menu, or execute the MAGMAP 1-step filtering option, that will take you through the entire
sequence in one step. The latter will produce adequate results in most instances. However, if you
experience artefacts such as ringing , edge distortions, unexplained regional influence or any
other undesirable side effects, you must scrutinize the parameters involved in the pre-processing
stage to address these potential issues.
Preparing Grid
1. A first-order trend is removed from the data. This is not always necessary, but is recommended,
particularly when the regional trend is of a substantial amplitude. One of the maxims of the Fourier
domain processing is that the signal must be periodic. In order to mimic periodicity, in the pre-
processing stage, the grid is extended to be continuous along both coordinates. In the presence of
a large trend across the data, this maxim introduces long wavelength high amplitude content in the
extention. This content then may reflect as an artefacts in the processed grid.
2. The grid is expanded to a square of Winograd dimensions. The system pads the edges of the grid
with dummy values. The reason the grid is expanded is to allow adequate space for ensuring
smooth periodicity. Although it is possible to expand the grid to a rectangle, you are discouraged
from doing so, because the difference in the X & Y dimension introduces aliasing effects in the
processed grid.
3. The dummy area is interpolated so that the filled grid is periodic along both coordinates. If you think
of the grid as a single square tile where copies of the tiles are laid out edge to edge, the grid pattern
should smoothly flow from tile to tile as in the sample below.

MAGMAP Menu and Processing System | Chapter 1
If the transitions along opposite edges are not smooth, the edge discontinuity may reflect back in
the actual data as ringing.
Applying Fourier Transform

1. The square periodic space domain grid is transformed to the wave-number domain . A radially aver-
aged spectrum of the data is also produced for reference and analysis.
Specifying Filter
1. The required filters are specified .
2. Using the Interactive filtering menu option, the radial filter can be visualized along with the energy
spectrum. You can then adjust the filter parameters accordingly to produce the desired effect on
the graph and save it.
Filtering
1. The defined filter(s) are applied to the wave-number domain data.
2. The filtered wave-number grid is transformed from the wave-number domain back to the space
domain.
Post -processing
1. The processed space domain grid is reduced to its original size and masked to the original cov-
erage.
2. If a trend surface was removed, and if no high-pass filters have been applied to the data, the fil-
tered trend is applied to the grid.

Chapter 1 | MAGMAP Menu and Processing System
Originally the preprocessing stage required that the data be expanded to a dimension of 2 n . For
large grids this fundamental requirement increased unnecessarily the processing time. Sub-
sequently Winograd altered the FFT algorithm to accept additional permissible dimensions.

Chapter 2 - Before You Begin
This chapter describes how to begin working with the MAGMAP extension in Oasis montaj. The topics
discussed in this chapter include:
Creating a project
Loading the MAGMAP menu
This tutorial uses sample data provided on the Oasis montaj DVD that is installed in your C:\Program
Files\Geosoft\Oasis montaj\data\magmap directory. Before you begin the tutorial, you need to create a
working directory to store all your data.
You are strongly discouraged from processing the data in the Oasis montaj directory tree. Always
make a copy of the data in a working directory.
The system enables you to access files anywhere. However, it is a good strategy to carefully organize
your data (project information and files) before carrying out any processing.
To start this tutorial, create a working directory called C:\Tutorial. A general rule to follow when working
with Geosoft applications is to avoid working in the Geosoft directory. In these tutorials, you follow this
rule by keeping all the working data - found in C:\Program Files\Geosoft\Oasis montaj\data\magmap - in
your working directory C:\Tutorial.
Creating a Project
Work in Oasis montaj requires an open project. An Oasis montaj "project" encompasses every item in
your working directory: the data files in your project (databases, maps, and grids), tools used (including
auxiliary tools such as histograms, scatter plots, etc.), and the project setup including the menus you
have loaded, map or profile as a processed entity, and the state in which you left this entity the last time
you used it.
The project also controls your working directory. Projects are saved as (*.gpf) files. If you open an exist-
ing project from a directory, the system assumes that all your project files are located in the same direc-
tory. To streamline your work, as well as to keep it organized, make sure that your project file is in the
same directory as the other files you want to use. We recommend that each project you work on have its
own project (*.gpf) file. If you use a number of applications or add-on tools in Oasis montaj that have dif-
ferent menus, you can use the project to display only the menus you require.
Chapter 2 | Creating a Project
The Project Explorer tool enables you to browse and open project items. The Project Explorer pane has
two tabbed sections. The Data section displays all data files included in the project, and the Tools sec-
tion organizes and maintains the project tools.
To access the Tools section, you click the Tools bar at the bottom of the Project Explorer pane.
To return to the Data pane, you click the Data bar at the top of the Project Explorer pane.
To create a project:
1. Create the directory C:\Tutorial.
2. Start Oasis montaj.
From the File menu, select Project | New.The New Project dialog is displayed.
3. Navigate to the directory C:\Tutorial, and create a project named Magmap.

4. Click Save.
The system creates a new empty project. You know that you have created a projectbecause the stand-
ard menus and toolbar are activated, and the Project Explorer pane is opened. These are visual clues indi-
cating that you are ready to start working with the system.

Loading the MAGMAP Menu | Chapter 2
Loading the MAGMAP Menu

Before you can start working with the MAGMAP extension, you have to load the MAGMAP menu in your
project. For more information on setting menus, refer to the Oasis montaj Online Help system (Help |
Help Topics).
To load the MAGMAP menu:
1. From the GX menu, select Load Menu or click the Load Menu icon ) on the toolbar. The Load
Menu dialog is displayed.
2. From the list of menus, select magmap.omn and click Open.
The system displays the MAGMAP menu on the main Oasis montaj menu bar.

Chapter 3 - Oasis montaj MAGMAP extension
Tutorial
MAGMAP applies filters in the Fourier domain. The MAGMAP FFT filters are typically applied to geo-
physical potential field data. The filters have a wide range of application: they can remove geologic and
cultural noise, perform regional/residual separations, estimate physical properties, such as magnetic sus-
ceptibility and rock density and modify the datum at which the data was originally collected, such as
up/downward continuation and reduction to the magnetic pole. In addition, an interactive tool provides
you with the ability to view the symmetrical filter traces on the same graph as the radially averaged
power spectrum and thus tune the filter parameters for the best expected results.
In this tutorial, you will use MAGMAP to apply geophysical filters in the Fourier domain. You will first
filter a grid to remove the geologic noise, then generate the vertical and horizontal derivatives to accentu-
ate subtle structural features, otherwise obscured by the total field. You will also learn how to create
maps, visualize grids on the screen, and print maps for interpretation.
MAGMAP enables you to filter the data in 1) a 1-Step FFT process, 2) a Step-by-Step approach , or 3) an
Interactive FFT process.
The Step-by-Step approach enables you to control each part of the sequence (prepare grids, apply for-
ward FFT, set filters, and apply inverse FFT), whereas the 1-Step process performs the grid preparation,
forward FFT, filtering and inverse FFT steps in one go. The interactive process enables you to visualize
the data power spectrum waveform as well as the filter operator. You can interactively refine the filter
parameters to yield optimal results. For completeness, the tutorial provides an example of the expanded
(Step-by-Step) process, including a description of how to calculate power spectra, and an example of the
Interactive method. To help you learn how to use the MAGMAP system, we provide the following tuto-
rials:
See "Tutorial 1: Preparing Data for Processing" on page 11

See "Tutorial 2: Displaying Grids Prior to Processing and Analysis" on page 11
See "Tutorial 3: Preparing Grids for Transformation" on page 12
See "Tutorial 4: Applying the Forward FFT " on page 14
See "Tutorial 5: Setting Filters" on page 15
See "Tutorial 6: Applying Filters and the Inverse Transform" on page 17
See "Tutorial 7: Displaying Filtered Grids for Analysis" on page 19
Chapter 3 | Tutorial 1: Preparing Data for Processing
See "Tutorial 8: Calculating Radially Averaged Power Spectra" on page 20

See "Tutorial 9: Displaying Radially Averaged Spectra" on page 21
See "Tutorial 10: Calculating and Displaying 2D Power Spectra" on page 22
See "Tutorial 11: Interactive Spectrum Filtering" on page 23
See "Tutorial 12: Calculating Analytic Signal" on page 30
See "Tutorial 13: Calculating Tilt Derivative " on page 33
See "Tutorial 14: Sharing Results" on page 36
Tutorial 1: Preparing Data for Processing

The MAGMAP Filtering system is designed to work on gridded data. This tutorial does not explicitly
describe the procedure used for preparing your data. In practice, you will create the gridded data prior to
using the MAGMAP Filtering system. For more information about additional tools you may require for fil-
tering, gridding, and performing other basic processing tasks, contact your Geosoft representative.
Tutorial 2: Displaying Grids Prior to Processing and Analysis

Before starting, you may want to display the sample grid we have provided for processing (mag_in.grd).
To display a grid:
1. From the Grid and Image menu, select Display | Colour-Shaded Grid.
The Color-shaded grid image dialog is displayed.
2. Using the button, select the Grid name as mag_in.grd.

3. Accept the default values for the rest of the parameters, and click the New Map button.

Tutorial 3: Preparing Grids for Transformation | Chapter 3
4. The system creates a colour-shaded image from the mag_in.grd file, and places that image in a
new map window called mag_in.map.
The above grid displays a range of geologic textures, emanating from different depths. The goal of
this tutorial is to apply a number of different filters and accentuate specific aspects of the data,
otherwise overshadowed by its diverse character.
Tutorial 3: Preparing Grids for Transformation

Before transforming a grid to the wavenumber domain, it must be properly conditioned to conform with
the fundamentals of Discrete Fourier Domain processing. This topic is extensively covered in the signal
processing literature and is outside the scope of this document. In a nutshell, the conditioning helps mini-
mize the processing artefacts.
In MAGMAP's Step-by-Step approach, the grid is preconditioned by executing the Prepare Grids menu
item. In the 1-Step process, grid preparation is handled automatically in the background.
The basic grid preparation steps consist of:

Enlarging the grid to a square of permissible dimensions . The FFT process only accepts specific
dimensions. The expansion serves the secondary purpose of ensuring an adequate gap for estab-
lishing the periodicity.
Optionally removing the regional trend. The intent is to minimize the introduction of long wavelength
high amplitude behaviour in the expansion areas.
Replacing all the dummies in the expanded grid with plausible values, while maintaining the power and
frequency content in the data at about the same level.
Ensuring periodicity along opposite edges.

Chapter 3 | Tutorial 3: Preparing Grids for Transformation
In this tutorial, we only provide a functional how-to description of the grid preparation process. See "Spec-
ifying FFT Filters" on page 49 elaborates in length on trend removal, grid expansions, and filling algo-
rithms.
To prepare a grid for FFT transformation:

1. On the MAGMAP menu, click Step-By-Step Filtering | Prepare Grid.
The FFT2 grid pre-processing dialog is displayed.
2. Using the button, enter the Name of Input (Original) Grid File as mag_in.grd.
3. Enter the name for the pre-processed grid in the Name of Output (Pre-processed) Grid File field as
prep_in.
4. Leaving the intelligent default values for the rest of the parameters, as shown above, click the
Start button. The system prepares the grid and displays it in your current project as a temporary
map file. You can come back later and visit the help content to find out about the effect of the
individual parameters on the grid preparation process. For now, we will focus on the effect of fil-
tering.

Tutorial 4: Applying the Forward FFT | Chapter 3
The above output grid is expanded to a square of the next Winograd dimensions; it contains NO
dummy values; and is periodic along opposite edges.
The permissible dimensions are developed by Winograd and are:
4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,24,28,30,36,40,42,48,56,60,70,72,80,84,90,112,120,
126,140,144,168,180,210,240,252,280,336,360,420,504,560,630,720,840, 1008,1260,1680,2520
Tutorial 4: Applying the Forward FFT

After the grid preparation, you apply the forward FFT.
To apply the forward FFT:

1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Step-by-Step Filtering | Forward FFT.
The FFT2IN dialog is displayed.
2. MAGMAP defaults are intelligently set; the output of the previous step becomes the default of the
current step. The Name of Input Pre-processed Grid File is already defaulted to prep_in.grd.

Chapter 3 | Tutorial 5: Setting Filters
3. Click the OK button.

The system computes the transform an saves it as prep_in_trn.grd in the current directory. You
will next apply the Filters to this transform.
The transform signal has real and imaginary components; these are saved as interleaved in the
output grid. As a result, although the grid format is used for storage, the transform has no mean-
ingful expression visually. The stipulation that the output should require twice the storage space
of the input grid is balanced with the fact that the transform of a periodic signal is symmetrical
along the Y axis and thus the 3rd & 4th quadrant information becomes redundant.
The net outcome is that the transform has the same Y dimension as the input grid, but in X, it has
to take into account the real and imaginary components of the folding axis and thus its
X dimensions will be set to the input X dimension +2.
Tutorial 5: Setting Filters

After computing the transform file, you are ready to apply filters in the wavenumber domain. Technically,
you can apply any number of filters in any order, as the filters in the wavenumber domain are com-
mutative. However, for practical reasons, we limited the number to six filters. Combining too many filters
prevents you from clearly identifying the effect of each individual one.
Following is the list of available filters:
BPAS Bandpass Filter GAUS Gaussian regional/residual filter
BTWR Butterworth Filter BTWRB Butterworth Bandpass Filter
BTWRN Butterworth Notch Filter GNRL General radially symmetric filter
CNDN Downward continuation GPSD Pseudo-Gravity filter
CNUP Upward continuation HPAS High-pass filter
COSN Cosine roll-off filter INTG Vertical integration
DCOS Directional cosine filter LPAS Low-pass filter
COSNB Cosine Roll-off Bandpass Filter DRTP Differential Reduction to the Pole
DENS Apparent density calculation OPTM Weiner optimum filter
DPAS Directional pass/reject filter REDE Reduce to the magnetic equator
DRVX Derivative in the X direction REDP Reduce to the magnetic pole
DRVY Derivative in the Y direction SUSC Apparent susceptibility calculation
DRVZ Derivative in the Z direction TXYZ Conversion between Field Components
GFILT Gravity Earth Filter NOTCH Notch Filter
TRFP Transform from magnetic Pole

Tutorial 5: Setting Filters | Chapter 3
For the purpose of this tutorial, we will apply a Downward Continuation paired with a low-pass But-
terworth filter to counteract any potential accentuated noise. For a complete description of each of these
filters, refer to See "Specifying FFT Filters" on page 49.
To set FFT filters:

1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Step-By-Step Filtering | Define Filters.
The MAGMAP FILTER DESIGN dialog is displayed.
2. You can specify a new control file name. For this tutorial, accept the default control file name mag-
map.con. Click the OK button.
The MAGMAP FILTER DESIGN dialog is displayed.
3. From the First filter to apply drop-down list, select Downward Continuation.
4. From the 2nd filter (optional) drop-down list, select Butterworth Filter.
The dialogs that will appear next correspond to the type of filters you selected to apply. If you only
selected one filter, the system displays a single dialog for that filter. If you selected more than one
filter, multiple dialogs are displayed. You must set the parameters for all the selected filters.
The Downward Continuation Filter (Filter1) dialog is displayed.

Chapter 3 | Tutorial 6: Applying Filters and the Inverse Transform
6. Enter the Distance to downward continue (in ground unit) as 800.

The Butterworth Filter dialog is displayed next.
The Butterworth filter is excellent for applying straightforward high-pass or low-pass filters
to data because you can easily control the degree of filter roll-off while leaving the central
wavenumber fixed. If ringing is observed, the degree can be reduced until the results are
acceptable..
8. Type 3000 as the Cuffoff wavelength (in ground units).

9. Select Low-pass.
The system sets the filter parameters. You are now ready to apply the filter and inverse transform
to obtain an output grid.
Tutorial 6: Applying Filters and the Inverse Transform

At this point, you are ready to apply the filters, then transform the filtered data back to the space domain.
There are several processing options that you can choose. For a detailed description of these options,
see See "Applying the Inverse FFT" on page 68.
In this tutorial, you will specify the filtered grid name along with the filter with post-processing. This
option applies the grid logic to restore the original grid dimensions, and also replaces the trend that was
removed in the initial grid preparation stage.

Tutorial 6: Applying Filters and the Inverse Transform | Chapter 3
To Apply filters then the Inverse Transform:

1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Step-By-Step Filtering | Apply Filter.
The FFT2FLT dialog is displayed.
2. All entries are properly pre-populated, except for the output. Using the button, enter mag_
dn800.grd as a value for the Name of Output Grid File field.
3. Click the OK button to select the post-processing option.
The system computes a post-processed, filtered, space-domain grid, and displays it in a tem-
porary map.
You will notice that the features have been sharpened and there is no visible noise in the data.

Chapter 3 | Tutorial 7: Displaying Filtered Grids for Analysis
Tutorial 7: Displaying Filtered Grids for Analysis

After generating the filtered grid, you may want to display it on your screen for comparison with the orig-
inal total field grid. You have a choice of displaying grids either as standard or shaded grid images.
You will now comparatively display the original mag_in.grd and the newly created mag_out.grd as colour-
shaded grids on temporary maps.
To display grids:
1. From the Grid and Image menu, select Display | Colour-Shaded Grid.
The Color-shaded grid image dialog is displayed.
2. Using the button, select the Grid name as mag_in.grd.

3. Accept the default values for the rest of the parameters, and click the Current Map button.
4. Repeat Steps 1-3 for mag_DN800.grd.
5. Use the right-click pop-up menu to zoom and pan the maps until you are satisfied with the size and
location of each map.
At this point, your maps should look similar to the following:

Tutorial 8: Calculating Radially Averaged Power Spectra | Chapter 3
In the close-up below, the higher resolution of short wavelength features is illustrated.
Tutorial 8: Calculating Radially Averaged Power Spectra

To better understand the filter operator, calculate a radially averaged power spectrum in the wavenumber
domain and display the filter superimposed with the actual data signal.
To calculate the radially averaged spectrum:

1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Spectrum Calculation and Display | Radial Average spec-
trum.
The FFTRSPC dialog is displayed.
2. Using the button, enter the Name of Input Transform (grid) File as mag_prep_trn.grd.
3. Using the button, enter the Name of Output Spectrum File as radial.
4. Click the OK button. The system computes the spectrum.

Chapter 3 | Tutorial 9: Displaying Radially Averaged Spectra
Tutorial 9: Displaying Radially Averaged Spectra

You can view the spectra calculated in the previous step in your project. The spectra are automatically
formatted to fit on a page when printed. To examine a sample plot, see See "The Energy Spectrum" on
page 41.
To display radially averaged spectrum:

1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Spectrum Calculation and Display | Display Spectrum.
The Create a spectrum map dialog is displayed.
2. Using the button, enter the Input spectrum file name as radial.SPC.
3. Click the OK button. The radial.map file is displayed.
The power spectrum is radially averaged. As a result, the larger the grid, the smoother the power spec-
trum will be. The file radial.SPC is an ASCII file with 5 fields - the wavenumber increment, the number of
samples averaged for that wavenumber, the logarithm of the averaged wavenumber, and a 3 and 5 point
depth estimate.
The magnetic depth estimate displayed in the lower graph is the average of the slope of the energy spec-
trum over 5 points. The depth to a statistical ensemble of sources is determined by the expression,

Tutorial 10: Calculating and Displaying 2D Power Spectra | Chapter 3
Tutorial 10: Calculating and Displaying 2D Power Spectra

If you are performing a more complex interpretation, you may be interested in computing and displaying
the 2D power spectrum for your grid.
To calculate and display 2D power spectra;

1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Spectrum Calculation and Display | 2-D Power Spectrum.
The FFTPSPC dialog is displayed.
2. Using the button, enter the Name of Input Transform (grid) File as mag_prep_trn.grd.
3. Using the button, enter the Name of Output 2D Spectrum (grid) File as FFT_power.

Chapter 3 | Tutorial 11: Interactive Spectrum Filtering
The system computes the spectrum grid and displays it in a temporary map file.
Tutorial 11: Interactive Spectrum Filtering

The Interactive Spectrum Filtering process enables you to display a radially averaged power spectrum of
an FFT2 Transform image, a selected filter profile, and the resultant (filtered) power spectrum profile, in
an interactive window. The filters can be selected from a drop-down list or from a predefined control file.
Filter parameters can be interactively modified to obtain the best results.

Tutorial 11: Interactive Spectrum Filtering | Chapter 3
The Interactive Spectral Filter dialog includes a profile window, a filter selection drop-down list, and filter-
specific parameter fields. The profile pane displays:
The radially averaged power spectrum profile from the original input spectrum file - in black
The filter profile - in blue
The resultant (filtered) profile - in red
The values of the filter parameter fields can be entered interactively, by moving the associated slider, or
by typing in the field boxes.
Interactive Spectrum Filtering can be used when working with the following filters: Bandpass, But-
terworth, Cosine Roll-off, Gaussian Regional/Residual, Upward Continuation, Downward Continuation,
Derivative in the Z Direction, and Vertical Integration. For more information on these filters, see See
"Specifying FFT Filters" on page 49 .
The Interactive Filtering process includes the following procedures:

Preparing grids for transformation
Applying the forward Fast Fourier Transform
Calculating the radial average spectrum
Defining interactive spectrum filters
Applying filters and the inverse transform
To prepare a grid for FFT transformation:

1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Interactive Filtering | Prepare Grid.
The FFT2 grid pre-processing dialog is displayed.

2. Using the button, enter the Name of Input (Original) Grid File as mag_in.grd.
3. Using the button, enter the Name of Output (Pre-processed) Grid File as Interactive_prep.
4. Leaving the intelligent default values for the rest of the parameters, as shown above, click the
Start button. The system prepares the grid and displays it in your current project in a temporary
map file.
To apply the forward Fast Fourier Transformation:

1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Interactive Filtering | Forward FFT.
The FFT2IN dialog is displayed.
2. Using the button, enter the Name of Input Pre-processed Grid File as Interactive_prep.grd.
This should be the default value.
The system computes the transform. It also creates a new Input Transform File, Interactive_
prep_trn.grd to which you will calculate the Radially Averaged Spectrum and later apply the Filters
and Inverse Transform.

To calculate the radially averaged spectrum:

1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Interactive Filtering | Radial Average Spectrum.
The FFTRSPC dialog is displayed.
2. Using the button, enter the Name of Input Transform (grid) File as Interactive_prep _trn.grd.
3. Using the button, enter the Name of Output Spectrum File as Interactive_Radial.
The system computes the spectrum.
To specify interactive spectrum filters:

1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Interactive Filtering | Interactive Spectrum Filters.
The Interactive FFT2 radially averaged power spectrum filter dialog is displayed.
2. Using the button, enter the Spectrum File Name as Interactive_Radial.SPC.
3. Using the button, enter the Control File Name as Interactive_magmap.con.

The Interactive Spectral Filter window is displayed.

5. Select the spectral filter from the Filter Name drop-down list.
The selected filter parameters are displayed in the Filters section. For example, for the Butterworth
filter, the Filters section looks as follows:

6. Modify the filter parameters by moving the parameter sliders or by typing values in fields and then
pressing Enter on the keyboard.
The filter profile and filtered spectrum profile are updated and re-displayed accordingly.
7. Optionally, to preview the impact of filtering on your grid, click the Preview button.
The Preview section is appended at the right-hand side of the window.

The Original Grid image shows the unfiltered grid. The Filtered Grid image shows the grid filtered
with the currently selected filter parameters and changes in real-time when you change the filter
parameters in the Filters section.
8. When satisfied with the filtered spectrum, click the OK button to save the selected filter along with
its parameter values to the output control file, (Interactive_magmap.con).
To apply filters and inverse FFT:

1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Interactive Filtering | Apply Filter.
The FFT2FLT dialog is displayed.
2. Using the button, enter the Name of Input Transform (*_trn.grd) File as Interactive_prep_

Tutorial 12: Calculating Analytic Signal | Chapter 3
trn.grd.
3. Using the button, enter the Name of Output Grid File as Interactive_mag_out.
4. Using the button, enter the Name of Filter Control file as Interactive_magmap.con.
5. Using the button, enter the Name of Reference (Original) Grid File as mag_in.grd.
6. Depending on the post-processing option you would like to apply to your data, you can click the
Flt-Inv Only, Filter Only, or the OK button. For more information on these options, see See
"Applying the Inverse FFT" on page 68.
7. Click the OK button to choose the post-processing option. The system computes a post-proc-
essed, filtered, space-domain grid, and displays that grid in your project.
Tutorial 12: Calculating Analytic Signal

The Analytic Signal is the square root of the sum of squares of the derivatives in the x, y, and z direc-
tions:
The analytic signal is useful in locating the edges of magnetic source bodies, particularly where rem-
nance and/or low magnetic latitude complicate interpretation. The analytic signal calculation is immune
of the IGRF field, that is, you do not need to precede this calculation with a reduction to the magnetic
pole; the anomalies will be properly shifted over top of the causative bodies.

Chapter 3 | Tutorial 12: Calculating Analytic Signal
The default Z-derivative method is FFT. However, for very large grids (over 4000 x 4000 cells), using the
Convolution method saves a lot of processing memory and time.
To calculate the analytic signal for a grid:

1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Analytic Signal.
The Calculate the analytic signal for a grid dialog is displayed.
2. Use the button next to the Input grid field to select an input grid.
3. In the Output analytic signal grid field, enter an output grid name.
4. From the Z-derivative method drop-down list, select FFT or Convolution.
5. From the Retain derivative grids drop-down list, select:
Yes To keep the intermediate derivative grids (dx.grd, dy.grd, and dz.grd)
No To delete the intermediate derivative grids on exit
6. Click OK. The analytic signal grid is created at the defined location. The following screenshots
show the input grid and the output grid, respectively.

Tutorial 12: Calculating Analytic Signal | Chapter 3

Chapter 3 | Tutorial 13: Calculating Tilt Derivative
Tutorial 13: Calculating Tilt Derivative

The Tilt Derivative is the generalized local phase. The Tilt angle of a residual magnetic field enhances
weak magnetic anomalies, otherwise overshadowed by stronger structures. The calculated tilt angles
are within the range 90 to +90 from the horizontal, irrespective of the amplitude or wavelength of the
magnetic field. To obtain a good estimate of both the location and depth of magnetic sources , we rec-
ommended to apply the Tilt angle calculation to a pole reduced grid.
The approach assumes the source is a buried vertical contact model. The zero contours indicate the loca-
tion of source edges and the half distance between the -45 and +45 contours provides an estimate of
the depth to top of the buried contact.
The Tilt Derivative option calculates the tilt derivative of a grid and optionally, the total horizontal deriv-
ative of the tilt derivative grid. The tilt derivative and its total horizontal derivative are used for mapping
shallow basement structures and mineral exploration targets.
The default Z-derivative method is FFT. However, for very large grids (over 4000 x 4000 cells), using the
Convolution method saves a lot of processing memory and time.
The tilt derivative is defined as:
where VDR and THDR are the first vertical and total horizontal derivatives, respectively, of the total mag-
netic intensity T.
The total horizontal derivative of the tilt derivative is defined as:
To calculate tilt derivative for a grid:

1. From the MAGMAP menu, select Analytic Signal. The Calculate a tilt derivative grid dialog is dis-
played.

Tutorial 13: Calculating Tilt Derivative | Chapter 3
2. Use the button next to the Input grid field to select the reduced to the pole magnetic grid.
3. In the Output tilt derivative grid (TDR) field, enter an output grid name.
4. Optionally, to create the horizontal derivative grid, in the Output horiz. deriv. of TDR grid (HD_
TDR) field, enter a grid name. If you leave this field blank, the HD TDR grid will not be created.
5. From the Z-derivative method drop-down list, select FFT or Convolution.
6. Click OK. The tilt derivative grid (and, optionally, horizontal derivative grid) is (are) created at the
defined location(s), and is (are) displayed in the workspace.
Pole reduced magnetic field grid

Chapter 3 | Tutorial 13: Calculating Tilt Derivative
Tilt Derivative grid
Total Horizontal Derivative grid

Tutorial 14: Sharing Results | Chapter 3
Tutorial 14: Sharing Results

You can share your maps as:
Soft copies By exporting the maps to a variety of formats
Hard copies By plotting the maps
Geosoft supports the following export formats for maps:
Enhanced Metafile (*.emf) Geosoft Plot (*.plt)
ArcView Shapefile (*.shp) DXF AutoCAD (*.dxf)
CGM Plot (*.cgm) DXF AutoCAD v12 (*.dxf)
Bitmap (*.bmp) JPEG (*.jpg)
PCX (*pcx) JPEG High Quality (*.jpg)
J2K JPEG 2000 (*.j2k) JP2 JPEG 2000 (*.jp2)
PNG (*.png) TIFF (*.tif)
TIFF Compressed (*.tif) TIFF JPEG 2000 Compressed (*.tif)
Encapsulated Post Script (*.eps) GeoTIFF (*.tif)
Geosoft COLOR Grid (*.grd) MapInfo TIFF (*.tif)
ER Mapper RGB (*.ers) ArcView TIFF (*.tif)
ER Mapper ECW Compressor (*.ecw) MapInfo TAB (*.tab)
SVG Export (*.svg)
For information about exporting data, refer to the Exporting and Archiving topic in the Oasis montaj
Online Help system, or to the relevant chapter of the Oasis montaj Tutorial.
Oasis montaj uses your installed Windows system drivers to create printer or plotter output. For infor-
mation about plotting maps, refer to the Oasis montaj Online Help system, or to the relevant chapter of
the Oasis montaj Tutorial.

Chapter 4 - 2D Fast Fourier Transform and
MAGMAP Theory
For mathematical convenience, MAGMAP applies filters in the Fourier, or wavenumber, domain. This
document assumes that you are familiar with the application of filters to two dimensional data using the
Fourier Domain techniques. This chapter provides a short review of some of the basic concepts of the
Fourier domain processing.
Mathematically, the Fourier transform of a space domain function f(x,y) is defined as:
The reciprocal relation is:
where and are wavenumbers in the x and y directions, respectively, measured in radians per metre if
x and y are in given metres. These are related to spatial "frequencies" and , in cycles per metre.
A grid (in the space domain) is transformed to and from the wavenumber domain using Fast Fourier
Transform (FFT). The equivalent data set in the wavenumber domain is commonly called Transform. A
Transform of a grid is composed of wavenumbers, which have units of cycles/metre, and have a real and
imaginary component. Just as a grid samples a space domain function at even distance increments, the
Transform samples the Fourier domain function at even increments of 1/(grid size) (cycles/metre)
between 0 and the Nyquist wavenumber (1/[2*cell size]).
A given potential field function in the space domain has a single and unique wavenumber domain func-
tion, and vice versa. The addition of two functions (anomalies) in the space domain is equivalent to the
addition of their Transforms.
The energy spectrum is a 2D function of the energy relative to wavenumber and direction. The radially
averaged energy spectrum is a function of wavenumber alone, and is calculated by averaging the energy
for all directions for the same wavenumber.
The Fourier transform of the potential field produced by a prismatic body has a broad spectrum whose
peak location is a function of the depth to the prisms top and bottom surfaces, and whose magnitude is
determined by the prisms density or magnetization. The peak wavenumber ) can be determined by
the following expression:
Chapter 4 |
where:
is the peak wavenumber in (radians / metre)
is the depth to the top

is the depth to the bottom
The spectrum of a bottomless prism peaks at the zero wavenumber according to the following expres-
sion (Bhattacharya, 1966):
where is the depth to the top of the prism.
The spectrum for a prism with top and bottom surfaces is:
where and are the depths to the top and bottom surfaces, respectively. As the prism bottom is
brought up, the peak moves to higher wavenumbers as illustrated in the following figure.
Considering the spectrum of a fixed-size prism, as the prism depth is increased, the peak of the spec-
trum is shifted to lower wavenumbers (the anomaly becomes broader), and the magnitude of the spec-
trum is reduced.

| Chapter 4
An important fact to note in the above figure is that the spectrum of a deep prism does not exceed the
magnitude of the same prism at a lesser depth at any wavenumber only the peak is shifted to lower
wavenumbers. Because of this, there is no way to separate the effect of deep sources from shallow
sources of the same type using wavenumber filters. This is only possible if the deep sources are of
stronger magnitude, or if the shallow sources have a lesser depth extent.
When considering a grid that is large enough to include many sources, the log spectrum of this data can
be interpreted to determine the statistical depth to the tops of the sources using the following rela-
tionship:
The depth of an ensemble of sources is easily determined by measuring the slope of the energy (power)
spectrum and dividing it by 4 . A typical energy spectrum for magnetic data may exhibit three parts a
deep source component, a shallow source component, and a noise component.
The following figure illustrates the division of an energy spectrum into these three components.

Chapter 4 | The FFT Algorithm
MAGMAP is commonly used to enhance information of interest in a given 2D data set, either by remov-
ing features considered as noise, or by enhancing the features of interest. For example, if you are inter-
ested in shallow features in a magnetic map, you might apply a first or second vertical derivative filter to
the data in order to enhance shallow features at the expense of anomalies caused by deeper sources.
MAGMAP takes advantage of the fact that potential field data, by its nature, is very broad-band, so that
a single measurement includes the effects due to all the physical (geological) sources. Resolution of the
different sources depends on the noise level of the measuring system, and the ability to resolve over-
lapping signals.
The FFT Algorithm

In MAGMAP, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is used to convert the space domain grid data to the Fourier
domain. The system applies Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to a space domain grid to produce a folded 2D
transform as output. As part of the process, MAGMAP also calculates and saves a radially averaged
energy spectrum of the transform.
The system creates a Fourier domain grid, which is called a Transform. It has the same name as the
input grid, but with the .TRN extension. The transform grid contains a folded discrete Fourier transform of
the input grid.
The size of the transform grid element is 4 bytes; each pair of elements represents the real and imaginary
component of a complex number. The transform is stored in the same way as the input grid, so that each
transform vector (row) represents a vector in the storage direction of the input grid (X for kx=1, Y for kx=-
1). The following table illustrates the logical storage of the transform:
Vectors Elements
E(1,2) E(3,4) E(5,6) E(n+1) E(n+2)
(nyq.) V(n) -(1/nv) r ir ir i* r i
V(n-1) -(2/nv) r ir ir i* r i
* * * *
V(n/2+2) -(1/2v - r ir ir i* r i
1/nv)
V(n/2+1) 1/2v (nyq.) r ir ir i* r i
V(n/2) -1/nv r ir ir i* r i
* * * *
V(3) 2/nv r ir ir i* r i
V(2) 1/nv r ir ir i* r i
0 V(1) 0 r ir ir i* r i
where:

The Energy Spectrum | Chapter 4
are real and imaginary components of each transform element

are element and vector separations (cell size)
n is the original grid dimension in cells
The transform element separation (1/ne) and vector separation (1/nv) is 1 / (grid dimension)
cycles/metre. Since both the grid and the grid cell are square, 1/ne = 1/nv. The Nyquist wavenumber is
the largest wavenumber that has been sampled by the grid, and is defined as one over twice the grid cell
size (1/2e and 1/2v, which are also equal).
Looking at the above table, you can note that each transform vector (row) represents a discrete Fourier
row in the direction of the input grid vectors. The Fourier elements within each row start at 0 cycles/metre
and extend to the Nyquist wavenumber in 1/ne increments.
As a result, the transform grid has (n/2 + 1) elements per vector, where n is the number of elements per
vector in the original grid. The transform is folded at the Nyquist wavenumber in the direction of the grid
vectors, so the transform grid has n vectors.
The Energy Spectrum

In addition to producing the Fourier transform, the Forward FFT option (FFT2IN.GX) also produces a file
containing the radially averaged energy spectrum (2-D Power Spectrum) in a format similar to the fol-
lowing example:

Chapter 4 | The Energy Spectrum
/ 2-D RADIALLY AVERAGED POWER SPECTRUM

/
/ WAVENUMBER INTERVAL DWE = 1.428571E-01
/ AVERAGE SPECTRAL DENSITY LOG(ETOT) = 1.940511E+01
/
/ CYC/KM #_SAMP LOG_P 3_DEPTH 5_DEPTH
/ -
0.000000E+00 1 6.953915E+00 2.017633E-01 *
1.428571E-01 8 6.591711E+00 3.892244E-01 *
2.857143E-01 12 5.556448E+00 5.608587E-01 4.363967E-01
4.285714E-01 16 4.578010E+00 3.591071E-01 3.645031E-01
5.714285E-01 32 4.267114E+00 1.735434E-01 2.545823E-01
7.142857E-01 28 3.954922E+00 2.310963E-01 2.454431E-01
8.571429E-01 40 3.437389E+00 3.316897E-01 3.152357E-01
1.000000E+00 40 2.764027E+00 3.829211E-01 2.908998E-01
.
.
.
9.000000E+00 364 -6.672572E+00 1.778083E-01 5.273030E-02
9.142857E+00 440 -7.611941E+00 2.138515E-01 1.244036E-01
9.285714E+00 400 -7.440382E+00 -1.844887E-02 1.012864E-01
9.428572E+00 424 -7.545702E+00 1.084567E-01 1.966618E-02
9.571428E+00 420 -7.829783E+00 -3.100928E-02 1.257935E-02
9.714286E+00 416 -7.434367E+00 -3.970939E-02 4.879844E-02
9.857142E+00 448 -7.687212E+00 2.171140E-01 *
1.000000E+01 394 -8.213891E+00 2.933830E-01 *
1.014286E+01 340 -1.024793E+01 * *
1.028571E+01 348 -1.104301E+01 * *
1.042857E+01 272 -1.107746E+01 * *
The radially averaged energy listed in the third column represents the spectral density (energy) averaged
for all grid elements at the wavenumber in the first column. The second column indicates the number of
elements that were used to determine the average. The energy is normalized by subtracting the log of the
average spectral density.
The 3-DEPTH and 5-DEPTH columns are ensemble magnetic depth estimates based on 3 and 5 point
averages of the slope of the energy spectrum (Spector and Grant, 1970). The depth to a statistical
ensemble of sources is determined by the following expression:

The Energy Spectrum | Chapter 4
where:
is depth
is the slope of the log (energy) spectrum
The above estimates can be used as a rough guide to the depth of magnetic source populations.
The system enables you to create and view a radially averaged spectrum automatically. The plot format
is shown below.
The above plot illustrates the typical reduction in energy with increasing wavenumber. The depth esti-
mate is a plot of the 5-point depth data from the spectrum file.

Chapter 5 - Preparing Grids for the FFT
Processing
Grid preparation includes the following basic processes:

1. Removing a first order trend from the grid. The removed trend is stored in the user area of the grid
header, and is filtered together with the zero wavenumber.
2. Expanding the grid dimensions by adding dummy areas to the grid edges to produce a square grid.
By default, the grid size is increased by a minimum of 10%, and then the next largest acceptable
dimension is selected. The system uses the FFT algorithm for dimensions up to 2520 x 2520 cells.
Beyond that, the algorithm switches to the power of 2 FFT methods.
3. Replacing all dummy values in the grid with the interpolated values from the valid parts of the grid.
The following diagram illustrates the effect of the above processes in one dimension. Because the pre-
processed grid must be periodic, it is important to remove a first order trend before expanding and filling.
If a significant trend is left in the data, the expansion and filling processes are forced to introduce a large
step function in order to make the data periodic. In the Fourier domain, this step function predominates,
and might cause ringing problems.
Trend Removal Algorithm

The system first removes a first order trend from the data. Because the data is made periodic when filled,
this procedure removes the amount of step function that may be required to connect the grid at opposite
edges.
Chapter 5 | Grid Expansion Algorithm
The trend surface is (by default) calculated using the edge points of the data, so that no strong anomalies
within the grid affect the trend. The trend coefficients (first order only) are stored in the grid file header
and, during filtering, anything applied to the zero wavenumber of the data is also applied to the trend coef-
ficients.
Grid Expansion Algorithm

The grid must be expanded in size to have dimensions that are acceptable to the FFT: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,
14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 28, 30, 36, 40, 42, 48, 56, 60, 70, 72, 80, 84, 90, 112, 120, 126, 140, 144, 168, 180,
210, 240, 252, 280, 315, 336, 360, 420, 504, 560, 630, 720, 840, 1008, 1260, 1280, or 2520 cells. Also,
the expansion provides an area for extending the grid to be smoothly periodic. Grid expansion simply
pads the edges of the grid with dummy values.
The system allows you to specify a minimum percentage for expansion. The default is 10%, after which
the next largest acceptable dimension is selected.
In most cases, the default size is acceptable. However, if the wavelength of the anomalies of interest is
more than approximately two times the default padded size, you must increase the expanded size by
increasing the expansion percentage. If the expansion is too small, any step in the expanded area can
adversely affect the anomalies within the data.
Grid Filling Algorithm

The system replaces all the dummy values within a grid with the interpolated values. It starts by inter-
polating the blank areas of the grid by:
1. Replacing dummies within each grid row so that the grid lines are periodic
2. Replacing dummies within each grid column so that the grid columns are periodic
3. Averaging the results from the row and column filling. The averaging procedure uses inverse dis-
tance weighting to the nearest data within each row and column. This procedure effectively fills
holes in the data and accounts for irregular edges of the grid.
When filling, you must avoid introducing abrupt step functions in the filled grid. You can suspect a step
problem if you observe ringing in a filtered output grid. Ringing is a symptom of Gibb's Phenomena,
which is observed when you modify the Fourier Spectrum of a step function. Filters, by definition, must
modify Fourier Spectrum; therefore, filtered maps are susceptible to Gibb's Phenomena if you are not
careful when filling the grid.
Ringing can be identified as a wave pattern that extends away from, or around, a strong anomaly. The
wavelength of the pattern is normally near the size of the strong feature in the data. Because the system
interpolates data beyond the edges of the grid, it can introduce step functions that cause ringing to
spread into a filtered grid.

Minimizing "Ringing" from Grid Filling | Chapter 5
Minimizing "Ringing" from Grid Filling

MAGMAP provides the following parameters that can be set to minimize ringing problems when they
occur. For a complete summary of the trend removal, grid expansion, and filling parameters, see the Set-
ting Trend Removal, Grid Expansion, and Filling Parameters section at the end of this chapter.
Applying Maximum Entropy Prediction

If required, you can use Maximum Entropy Prediction (MEP) to interpolate the data. MEP samples the
original data near the grid edges to determine its spectral content. It then predicts a data function that
would have the same spectral signature as the original data. This means that if the original data is
smooth, the predicted data is smooth, and if the original data is noisy, the predicted data is noisy.
As a result, the predicted data will not significantly alter the energy spectrum that would result from the
original data alone. Also, this method allows noisy data on one edge of a grid to be gradually interpolated
into smooth data on the opposite edge of a grid.
Controlling Edge Effects

Sometimes, the prediction function can produce large ridges that extend away from the edges of the
data. If you suspect ringing caused by an edge effect, look at the pre-processed grid to see if edge filling
has produced strong ridges in the filled areas. This typically happens in the originally rectangular grids for
which a large expansion is required in one direction in order to make the grid square.
If you suspect such an edge problem, you can set the distance at which to roll the data to zero. Ensure
that the roll to zero distance is at least as large as the longest anomalies of interest along the edges of
the data, otherwise the edge anomalies may be distorted.
Limiting Strong Anomalies Near Grid Edges

Very strong anomalies that are truncated at the edge of a grid can cause problems in filling because their
magnitude is extended into the filled borders of the grid. Step functions parallel to the grid edges result,
and ringing can manifest itself as a streak in a filtered grid that extends away from the strong anomaly, or
appears on the opposite side of the grid (remember that the grid is considered periodic, so an anomaly on
one edge can effect the opposite edge of the grid).
If required, you can smoothly limit the magnitude of strong anomalies within a certain distance of the
edge of a grid. You can specify the maximum edge magnitude and distance. All anomalies of greater
magnitude than the edge limit will be smoothly attenuated starting at half the magnitude limit.
In extreme cases, it may be necessary to totally limit edge anomalies by specifying the maximum mag-
nitude of 0. This is similar to applying the Hamming window to the grid, which is the more conventional
approach used to handle the edges of data in the Fourier processing. However, this method produces a
pronounced edge ring around most data grids, which is usually unacceptable.

Chapter 5 | Setting Trend Removal, Grid Expansion, and Filling Parameters
Limiting Strong Anomalies by Magnitude

Very strong anomalies within the original data area of a grid can also cause ringing problems in filtered
maps. For example, iron formation anomalies in magnetic data can be many orders of magnitude greater
than the surrounding anomalies. The magnitude of these anomalies is so great that they dominate the
Fourier spectrum, and even small changes to the spectrum result in ringing. Such ringing appears as
waves that surround the large anomaly.
If required, you can smoothly limit any anomalies that exceed a specified magnitude. Data less than half
the limiting magnitude is not changed. Above half the limiting magnitude, data is smoothly attenuated so
that it does not exceed the limit.
If limited anomalies are wide, this can cause the attenuated anomalies to have flat tops, a fact that you
should be aware of when interpreting the resulting filtered maps. If flat-topped anomalies are not wanted,
another option is to clip high magnitude anomalies using Geosoft's Grid Windowing GX (for more infor-
mation, contact your Geosoft representative). Clipped areas must be set to dummy values, and the
resulting processed grids will have holes where the anomalies have been clipped.
Setting Trend Removal, Grid Expansion, and Filling Parameters

As discussed previously in this chapter, Geosoft provides a variety of capabilities for preparing grids
prior to applying the forward FFT. These capabilities are controlled through the Prepare Grid menu option.
When you select this option, the system displays the FFT2 grid pre-processing dialog. The following
table summarizes the parameters that can be set in this dialog and provides guidelines for setting them.
Trend Removal Parameters
Type of Select order of trend to remove (the default is the first order). Options are: remove
trend sur- mean, first order, second order, third order.
face to
remove
trend based Select or type either 'edge points' or 'all points'. The trend surface to remove can be cal-
on culated either by using all the valid points in the grid, or by using only the points along
the valid edge of the grid. Using the edge points is often better, especially if there are
any large-magnitude anomalies within the grid.
Grid Expansion Parameters
% expan- Type the expansion size (grid is expanded in size by at least this distance as a per-
sion centage of the smallest grid dimension). The expansion must be about half the size of
the broadest features of interest in the grid. If you are tapering the data to 0, the expan-
sion need not be larger than the taper distance.
Square or Select or type either 'square' or 'rectangular'. If the grid is small, or if the wavenumbers
rectangular of interest approaches the size of the grid, we recommend square expansion because it
expansion minimises side effects that result from having different wavenumber samples in the X
and Y directions. Rectangular grids can save significant processing time and disk
space when working with large grids.

Setting Trend Removal, Grid Expansion, and Filling Parameters | Chapter 5
Grid Filling and Ringing Parameters
grid fill Select or type a fill method. When filling the dummy areas, the new values are deter-
method mined by extrapolation from the nearest valid parts of the grid. This extrapolation may
be based on inverse distance weighting or maximum entropy prediction. Maximum
entropy is slower but it creates a filled area more similar in character to the actual data.
roll-off to 0 Specify the number of cells beyond the valid area at which to roll off to zero. By default,
at a dis- no roll-off is applied. For some grids, the prediction function can become unreasonable
tance of at large distances from the valid parts of the grid. In these cases, the data can be forced
(cells) to zero at a specified distance. This option should only be used on trend-removed
grids.
limit all High-magnitude anomalies can cause problems in filtering systems such as MAGMAP.
magnitudes With this option, anomalies that exceed half the specified limit are smoothly attenuated.
to be less The attenuation is started at half the limit, with no values allowed to exceed the limit.
than This option must be used only on trend-removed grids.
edge mag- High-magnitude anomalies on the edges of the valid area can produce oscillations in
nitude limit the extrapolated areas. With this option, a limit may be placed on anomalies along the
edges of the grid.

Chapter 6 - Specifying FFT Filters
All MAGMAP processes are carried out by the application of filters in the Fourier (wavenumber) domain.
Filters are simply multiplied by the transform of the grid on an element-by-element basis.
Once a Fourier transform has been created, the application of filters is quite straightforward. When using
the Step-By-Step method, you select the Define Filters menu option to either create a new control file or
select an existing control file. With the Interactive filtering method, you select the Interactive Spectrum
Filters menu option to create a control file. When you are ready to proceed, you select the Apply Filters
menu option to apply filters according to instructions defined in your new or existing MAGMAP control
file.
Creating Your Own Filter Control File

The MAGMAP control file used by the Apply Filter option is an ASCII text file that may be created:
Using a text file editor
By copying, renaming, and editing the mapplot.con file in the C:\Program Files\Geosoft\Oasis mon-
taj\etc directory. The mapplot.con file is a blank control file that contains a brief description of the
parameters and filters available in MAGMAP.
Using the MAGMAP | Step-By-Step|Define Filters menu option or the MAGMAP | Interactive Filtering|
Interactive Spectrum Filters menu option.
Following is an example of a MAGMAP control file:
70 /geomagnetic inclination
0 /geomagnetic declination
BPAS 0.0001 0.003 1 /
BTWR 0.0002 4 0 /
TXYZ 0 3 /
CNDN 50 /
CNUP 200 /
COSN 0.001 0.003 2 1 /
The control file must contain 6 or more lines with the following information:
Chapter 6 | MAGMAP Filters
line A title line for reference only.

1:
line The nominal height of the magnetic sensor above the ground (normally, the flying height), or
2: above the level of magnetic sources. This information is used as the default height for some of
the filters, and is not always necessary or relevant.
line The magnetic inclination (negative in the Southern hemisphere). The inclination is only used by
3: the reduction to the pole (REDP), reduction to the equator (REDE), susceptibility (SUSC), and
Weiner optimum (OPTM) filters.
line The magnetic declination in degrees of azimuth relative to true North. The inclination is only
4: used by the reduction to the pole (REDP), reduction to the equator (REDE), susceptibility
(SUSC) and Weiner optimum (OPTM) filters. Note that grid files contain the direction of the grids
Y axis in the grid header as the rotation parameter. Filter takes this direction into account so that
the Line 4 parameter can be the true declination. The grid header must be correct. Very often,
the grid rotation is reported as 0 in the grid header, in which case the declination specified here
must be the declination of magnetic North relative to the grids Y axis.
line The nominal total magnetic field strength in nano-Tesla (gammas). This value is only used by the
5: apparent susceptibility map filter (SUSC) in order to derive susceptibility from magnetization.
line One or more lines specifying the filters to be applied and their parameters. The following section
6+ documents the available filters.
The forward slash character (/) must terminate a line (with the exception of the title line), and user com-
ments may follow the slash. After the fifth line, all lines must start either with a forward slash or a filter
name.
Each filter option occupies one or more lines and consists of a four-letter mnemonic followed by the
optional parameter settings. Parameters (if provided) must be separated by a space. Any number of
filters may be applied in a single filtering run. However, only one output transform is produced. Note that
because multiplication is commutative, the order in which filters are applied is not relevant.
MAGMAP Filters
This section describes the available filters. In each filter-specific subsection, filter options are listed in
alphabetical order. Each description shows the mathematical expression of the filter followed by a figure
if appropriate, then the control file parameters, and usage notes. The filter expressions use the following
basic expressions:
X wavenumber (complex, radians/ground_unit)
Y wavenumber (complex, radians/ground_unit)
Wavenumber (radians/ground_unit)
Wavenumber direction

Filter Examples | Chapter 6
Nyquist wavenumber [1 / (2 * cell size)]
Wavenumber in cycles/ground_unit )
The horizontal axis of the figures represents wavenumbers between 0 and the Nyquist frequency. All dis-
tance references are multiples of the grid cell size. For example, referring to the filter response drawing
for upward continuation (CNUP) filter, if the grid cell size is 25 ground_units, the Nyquist wavenumber is
0.02 cycles/ground_unit, the filter response curves would represent upward continuation distances of 50,
100, 200 and 400 ground_units.
Filter Examples
This section provides examples of filter application.
Susceptibility Map
The following control file (susc.con) applies an optimum depth filter and creates a magnetic sus-
ceptibility map calculated at a depth of 200 metres below the survey elevation.
susceptibility map
120 /sensor elevation
72 /magnetic inclination
-12 /magnetic declination
55000 /total field strength
SUSC 200 /susceptibility map
OPTM /optimum depth filter
The susceptibility map filter includes a downward continuation to the source depth. Because a down-
ward continuation filter magnitude increases with wavenumber, it tends to also amplify high-wave-
number noise in the data. To prevent this noise from entering the final map, you often need to remove
high wavenumbers that are considered noise in the data. This is the function of the Weiner Optimum filter
applied by the OPTM option.
Second Vertical Derivative

The following control file creates a second vertical derivative. An upward continuation of 20 metres
(equivalent to the cell size) is also applied to reduce the effect of high wavenumber noise. The Hanning
filter applied after processing can also serve to reduce noise.
second vertical derivative

Chapter 6 | Filter Examples
DRV2 /second vertical derivative
CNUP 20 /continue up 20 metres
De-corrugation
Given a grid surveyed with a nominal line spacing of 150 metres, which has a line-to-line levelling prob-
lem, the following control file produces a grid that contains the levelling error only. Following a rule of
thumb, the Butterworth high-pass filter is set to four times the line separation in order to only pass
frequencies on the order of the line separation. The directional cosine filter is set to pass wavelengths
only in the direction of the lines (note that North-South line levelling error produces wavenumbers in the
East-West direction, hence DCOS 90). Because levelling error is very directional, you can tighten the
directional cosine function to an energy value of 0.5.
de-corr., 150m line separation, N-S lines
BTWR .00167 8 0 /high-pass butterworth
DCOS 90 0.5 1 /directional cosine
The resulting grid can be subtracted from the original grid to remove the levelling error.
Some tuning of both the center wavenumber of the Butterworth filter and the energy of the directional
cosine may be required. To remove the more directional signal, increase the energy of the cosine filter.
To remove wider features, decrease the Butterworth cut-off point. If you see ringing in the data, decrease
the order of the Butterworth filter.
BPAS Bandpass Filter

for
for
for

Parameters:
The low wavenumber cut-off in cycles/ground_unit.
The high wavenumber cut-off in cycles/ground_unit
0/1 If 1, pass the defined band; if 0, reject the defined band. The default is to pass the band.
Ground_ The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.). If your ground units are
unit in metre, the low and high wavelength cutoff is in cycles/metre.
BPAS can be used to pass or reject a range of wavenumbers from the data. Applying such a simple cut-
off filter to an energy spectrum almost invariably introduces a significant amount of ringing (otherwise
known as Gibb's Phenomena). We recommend that you use a smoother filter, such as the Butterworth
filter (BTWR).
BTWR Butterworth Filter
Parameters:
The central wavenumber of the filter.
The degree of the Butterworth filter function. By default, 8.

0/1 A flag (0 or 1). Specifies if a residual (0) high pass or a regional (1) low pass is required. By
default, a regional filter is applied.
Ground_ The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.). If your ground units are
unit in metre, the low and high wavelength cutoff is in cycles/metre.
The Butterworth filter is excellent for applying straight forward high-pass and low-pass filters to data
because you can easily control the degree of filter roll-off while leaving the central wavenumber fixed. If
ringing is observed, the degree can be reduced until the result acceptable. A common but more com-
plicated alternative is the Cosine filter (COSN).
CNDN Downward Continuation
Parameters:
The distance, in ground units, to continue down relative to the plane of observation.
Wavenumber (radians/ground_unit). Note: where is cycles/ground_unit
Ground_unit The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
Downward continuation is used to enhance the responses from sources at a depth by effectively bringing
the plane of measurement closer to the sources. Note that it is not theoretically possible to continue
through a potential field source. Since short-wavelength signal can appear to be from shallow sources, it
must be removed to prevent high magnitude and short wavelength noise in the processed data. To do
this, you usually apply some type of low-pass filter, such as the Butterworth or Weiner Optimum filter.
You should use a low-pass filter to remove the short wavelength noise (as determined by the radially
averaged energy spectrum) before applying the downward continuation filter. The energy spectrum is
also a good guide for determining the depth to which the data can be continued downward.
CNUP Upward Continuation

Parameters:
The distance, in ground units, to continue up relative to the plane of observation.
Upward continuation is considered a clean filter because it produces almost no side effects that may
require application of other filters or processes to correct. Because of this, this filter is often used to
remove or minimize the effects of shallow sources and noise in grids.
Also, upward continued data may be interpreted numerically and with modeling programs. This is not the
case for many other filter processes.
COSN Cosine Roll-off Filter

for
for
for

Parameters:
Low wavenumber starting point of the filter (cut-off wavenumber for high pass or start of
roll off for low pass.
High wavenumber end point of the filter (start of roll off for high pass or cut-off wave-
number for low pass.
The degree of the cosine function. The default is a degree of 2 for a cosine squared roll
off.
0/1 0 for residual (high-pass) filter; 1 for regional (low-pass) filter. The default is a low-pass
filter.
Ground_ The survey ground units used in your grid (e.g., metre, foot, etc.).
unit
Because this filter has a smooth shape, and it does not alter the energy spectrum below the start of roll
off (or after the end of roll off in high-pass mode), it is commonly used for simple high-pass or low-pass
operations. To reduce ringing, the separation between r1 and r0 can be increased.
DCOS Directional Cosine Filter

Parameters:
Direction of the filter in degrees (0-360 relative to North).
The degree of the cosine function. By default, a degree of 2 is used to give a cosine squared
function.
0/1 If 1, apply the filter to pass the specified direction; if 0, apply the filter to reject the specified
direction. By default, the direction is rejected.
The directional cosine filter is very good for removing directional features from a grid. The cosine function
makes the filter smooth, so directional ringing effects are usually not a problem. The rejection (or pass)
notch can be narrowed or widened by setting the degree of the cosine function, so that highly directional
features can be isolated. De-corrugation of poorly levelled magnetic data is a common application for this
filter (see examples).
DENS Apparent Density Calculation
where:
G Gravitational constant.
Wavenumber (radians/ground_unit). Note: , where is cycles/unit.
Parameters:
Thickness, in ground units, of the earth model.
Background density in g/cm3, to be added to the density contrast map. The default is 0, so
the density map is produced relative to the average density.
unit

The data must also be downward continued using the CNDN filter to be close to the top surface of the
source model. Apparent density mapping assumes that an observed gravity field can be explained by a
simple model layer of fixed thickness and varying density. This is a poor model in most cases.
DPAS Directional Pass/Reject Filter
Parameters:
The low cut-off angle in degrees of azimuth (0-360 from North).
The high cut-off angle in degrees of azimuth (0-360 from North).
0/1 If 1, pass the defined band; if 0, reject the defined band. The default is to pass the band.
As with the band-pass filter, the directional-pass often suffers from Gibb's Phenomena (ringing) because
the spectrum is cut quite abruptly. We recommend using the directional cosine filter (DCOS) instead.
DRVX Derivative in the X Direction
Parameter:
Order of differentiation.
The X component of the wavenumber.
The horizontal derivative can be used for creating shaded images, and is required for some modeling algo-
rithms, such as Euler de-convolution.
DRVY Derivative in the Y Direction

Parameter:
The Y component of the wavenumber.
The horizontal derivative can be used for creating shaded images, and is required for some modeling algo-
rithms, such as Euler de-convolution.
DRVZ Derivative in the Z Direction
Parameter:
Wavenumber (radians/unit). Note: , where is cycles/unit.
The vertical derivative is commonly applied to total magnetic field data to enhance the shallowest geo-
logic sources in the data. As with other filters that enhance the high-wavenumber components of the
spectrum, you must often also apply low-pass filters to remove high-wavenumber noise.
GFILT Gravity Earth Filter
When r=0:
Where:
G Gravitational constant.
Parameters:
Depth to the top of the density layer, in ground units. Must be positive for layers above cal-
culation level.
Depth to the bottom of the density layer, in ground units. Must be positive for layers above
calculation level.
unit
GAUS Gaussian Regional/Residual Filter

Parameters:
Standard deviation of the Gaussian function in cycles/ground_unit (similar to a cut-off point,

except that the function magnitude at this point is only 0.39).
0/1 If 0, the residual component is produced; if 1, the regional component is produced. The
default is 0.
unit
The Gaussian filter is another smooth filter that is often used for low-pass or high-pass applications.
GNRL General Radially Symmetric Filter
for
Parameters:
The wavenumber increment (cycles/ground_unit), starting from zero wavenumber, at which

the following filter coefficients are applied.
The coefficients of the filter function at each wavenumber increment, starting at zero wave-
number. The last value given is used for all higher wavenumbers. More than one line can
be used to give the coefficients. A slash character (/) must follow the last coefficient.
unit

The general filter is used when a special-purpose filter must be applied to the data. Normally, filter coef-
ficients are between 0 and 1.
For example, the following defines a low-pass filter that starts at a wavenumber of 0.003 and rolls off to
remove all wavenumbers above 0.007:
L(0) = 1
L(0.001) = 1
L(0.002) = 1
L(0.003) = 1
L(0.004) = 0.8
L(0.005) = 0.5
L(0.006) = 0.2
L(0.007) = 0
To define this filter in a control file, you would type:
gnrl 0.001 1. 1. 1. 1. .8 .5 .2 0
GPSD Pseudo-Gravity Filter
, if
Where:
Geomagnetic inclination
Inclination for magnitude correction (never less than ). The default is 20 degrees. If is specified
to be less than , it is set to .
Density contrast in .
Gravitational constant, 6.670E-8.
Magnetization in Gauss.
Geomagnetic declination.
Parameters:
Direction of wavenumber in degrees of azimuth.

Output of Pseudo-Gravity is in mgal if ground_unit is metre, or in 0.3mgal if groud_unit is foot.
HPAS High-pass Filter

for
for
Parameters:
The cut-off wavenumber in cycles/ground_unit. All wavenumbers below this value are
removed.
unit
As with the band-pass filter, the high-pass filter is seldom used because the results usually suffer from
Gibb's Phenomena (ringing).
INTG Vertical Integration
Parameters:
This filter calculates the vertical integral of the input transform. This is the inverse of the vertical deriv-
ative. The zero wavenumber is set to 0.
LPAS Low-pass Filter

for
for

Parameters:
The cut-off wavenumber in cycles/ground_unit. All wavenumbers above this value are
removed.
unit
As with the band-pass filter, the low-pass filter is seldom used because the results usually suffer from
Gibb's Phenomena (ringing).
OPTM Weiner Optimum Filter

The Weiner optimum filter is intended to remove the effect of white noise from the magnetic data. White
noise is high-wavenumber background noise present in the data. Because magnetic signal is stronger in
the direction of the inducing field, the signal-to-noise ratio varies as a function of both inclination and dec-
lination. The Weiner optimum filter takes the variation of signal-to-noise ratio into account when applying
the filter.
for
for
for
Where:
Average radial spectral density

Average radial spectral density of noise
Wavenumber of start of the noise
Wavenumber at the end of the applied roll-off filter
Parameters:
The depth at which to interpret an optimum filter from the observed energy spectrum. By
default, the depth is taken as the flying height in the control file, or the continuation depth if
specified by the Downward Continuation or Apparent Susceptibility filter options (in
ground_units).
The wavenumber (cycles/ground_unit) at which to start the high-wavenumber roll off. This
parameter must be given together with 0. By default, this point is the point at which the
slope of the observed energy spectrum rises above the slope defined by the depth (1/4h).
The wavenumber (cycles/ground_unit) at which to end the high wavenumber roll off. By
default, this point is set to be two times k0.
Spectral density estimate of noise to be removed by the Weiner filter. This is in terms of the
log of spectral density as reported in the second column of the energy spectrum. By default,
this is calculated as the average of the spectral density between k0 and k1.
unit
The optimum filter is most often used to remove the theoretical effect of all sources that lie above a spec-
ified depth. The filter parameters can be specified or calculated automatically based on analysis of the
energy spectrum.
Although this filter can calculate the parameters of the filter, we recommend that you confirm that the cal-
culated parameters are reasonable. When the energy spectrum is not smooth, the filter can choose the
wrong point at which to start the noise calculation. Most often, this point is chosen to be too low, and the
resulting maps appear too smooth.
The optimum filter can be quite complex to use and understand. A good alternative is using the But-
terworth filter as a low-pass filter. Determine the wavenumber at which sources appear too shallow by
interpreting the depth estimate in the energy-spectrum plot.
REDE Reduce to the Magnetic Equator
, if
where:
Direction of the wavenumber vector in degrees of azimuth

No parameters.
Reduction to the equator is used in low magnetic latitudes to centre the peaks of magnetic anomalies
over their sources. This can make the data easier to interpret while not losing any geophysical meaning.
Reducing the data to the pole (REDP) does much the same thing, but at low latitudes. A separate mag-
nitude correction is usually required to prevent North-South signal in the data from dominating the
results. As a result, reduced to the pole data may present a less honest view of the data
REDP Reduce to the Magnetic Pole
, if
Where:
Inclination for magnitude correction (never less than )
Parameters:
Inclination for magnitude correction. The default is 20 degrees. If is specified to be less than , it
is set to .
Reduction to the pole has a magnitude component (the term) and a phase component (the
term). When reducing to the pole from equatorial latitudes, North-South features can
be exaggerated due to the strong magnitude correction (the component) that is applied when
is (i.e., a magnetic East-West wavenumber). By specifying higher latitude for the magnitude cor-
rection alone, this problem can be reduced or eliminated at the expense of under-correcting the mag-
nitudes of North-South features.
A magnitude inclination of 90 causes only the phase component to be applied to the data (no magnitude
correction), and a value of 0 (zero) causes phase and magnitude components to be applied over the
entire range.
SUSC Apparent Susceptibility Calculation

The susceptibility filter is, in fact, a compound filter that performs a reduction to the pole, downward con-
tinuation to the source depth, correction for the geometric effect of a vertical square-ended prism, and
division by the total magnetic field to yield susceptibility.

Where:
Downward continuation to h
Reduction to the pole
Geometric factor of a vertical prism (aa in dimension)
Pole reduction magnitude inclination
Geomagnetic declination
Total geomagnetic field strength
Wavenumber direction (azimuth)
Half the cell size
Parameters:
Depth in ground units, relative to the observation level at which to calculate the sus-
ceptibility. By default, the flying altitude reported in line 2 of the MAGMAP Control File is
used.
Inclination to which to use the phase component only in the reduction to the pole. The
default is 20 degrees. If is specified to be less than , it is set to .
unit
The susceptibility filter calculates the apparent magnetic susceptibility of the magnetic sources using
the following assumptions:
The IGRF is removed from the magnetic field .
There is no remnant magnetization
All magnetic responses are caused by a collection of vertical, square-ended prisms of infinite depth
extent
The result is in the e.m.u. units

The validity of the results depends on how well the actual observed field conforms to these assumptions.
TXYZ Conversion between Field Components

TXYZ converts from the total field (T) or vertical field (Z) component of the magnetic field to any other
(X,Y, Z, or T) component.
The following table gives the filter expressions for all possible component field conversions,
To X To Y To Z To T
From X 1 v/u r / iu P / iu
From Y u/v 1 r / iv P / iv
From Z iu / r iv / r 1 P/r
From T iu / P iv / P r/P 1
Where:
Geomagnetic inclination in degrees from the horizon.
Geomagnetic declination in degrees azimuth.
The X wavenumber
The Y wavenumber
The radial wavenumber =
Directional cosine of the Total magnetic field of X axis.
Directional cosine of the Total magnetic field of Y axis.
Directional cosine of the Total magnetic field of Z axis.
Theoretically, any one directional component can be used to calculate any other component. In reality,
only the T and Z fields work well as inputs for this conversion because the formulas for conversion from
X or Y contain singularities, i.e., u can go to zero while v is large, or vice versa, causing the filter coef-
ficient to become infinite.

Chapter 7 - Applying the Inverse FFT
As described earlier, in the Step-By-Step method, you use the Define Filters menu option to select the
filters and define their parameters and the Apply Filters menu option to apply the filters to the transform
file. Depending on the processing option you select (OK, Flt-Inv Only, or Filter Only) on the FFT2FLT
dialog, you can (i) apply the selected filter, (ii) apply the Inverse FFT (converts the transform file from the
wavenumber domain back to the original space domain) and (iii) apply post-processing (returns the grid
to the original dimensions with the trend information restored).
The three options for controlling the final results you obtain following the Apply Filters option are detailed
below:
Processing
Selection Result
Option
1 Filtered grid OK Filtered, space-domain GRD file with original grid dimensions
with post-proc- and trend information restored (i.e., post-processing is added to
essing output file).
2 Filtered grid Flt-Inv Filtered, space-domain GRD file as output file with grid-filled
with no post- Only dimensions and trend information NOT restored (i.e., no post-
processing processing is added to output file).
3 Filter only Filter Filtered transform (*.TRN) file as output file.

no inverse Only
transform
When you select the first processing option (OK) the transform grid is filtered, the Inverse FFT is applied
(returning the transform file from the wavenumber domain back to the space domain) and then post-proc-
essing restores the square and periodic grid to its original dimensions and restores the trend information.
Chapter 7 |
When you select the second processing option (Flt-Inv Only) the transform grid is filtered and the
Inverse FFT is applied (returning the transform file from the wavenumber domain back to the space
domain). No post-processing is applied.
When you select the third processing option (Filter Only) the transform grid is filtered. The Inverse FFT
and post-processing is not applied.

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Who Should Use This Document

To use this document effectively, you should:

How this Document is Organized

2 | MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial www.geosoft.com

MAGMAP Menu and Processing System

Navigating the MAGMAP Menu

www.geosoft.com MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial | 3

Understanding Processing Sequence

4 | MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial www.geosoft.com

Applying Fourier Transform

www.geosoft.com MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial | 5

6 | MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial www.geosoft.com

3. Navigate to the directory C:\Tutorial, and create a project named Magmap.

8 | MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial www.geosoft.com

Loading the MAGMAP Menu

To load the MAGMAP menu:

www.geosoft.com MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial | 9

See "Tutorial 1: Preparing Data for Processing" on page 11

See "Tutorial 8: Calculating Radially Averaged Power Spectra" on page 20

Tutorial 1: Preparing Data for Processing

Tutorial 2: Displaying Grids Prior to Processing and Analysis

2. Using the button, select the Grid name as mag_in.grd.

11 | MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial www.geosoft.com

Tutorial 3: Preparing Grids for Transformation

The basic grid preparation steps consist of:

www.geosoft.com MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial | 12

To prepare a grid for FFT transformation:

13 | MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial www.geosoft.com

Tutorial 4: Applying the Forward FFT

To apply the forward FFT:

www.geosoft.com MAGMAP Filtering Tutorial | 14

3. Click the OK button.

Tutorial 5: Setting Filters

Following is the list of available filters:

BPAS Bandpass Filter GAUS Gaussian regional/residual filter

BTWR Butterworth Filter BTWRB Butterworth Bandpass Filter

BTWRN Butterworth Notch Filter GNRL General radially symmetric filter

CNDN Downward continuation GPSD Pseudo-Gravity filter

CNUP Upward continuation HPAS High-pass filter

COSN Cosine roll-off filter INTG Vertical integration

DCOS Directional cosine filter LPAS Low-pass filter

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ArcView Shapefile (.shp) DXF AutoCAD (.dxf)

CGM Plot (.cgm) DXF AutoCAD v12 (.dxf)

Bitmap (.bmp) JPEG (.jpg)

PCX (pcx) JPEG High Quality (.jpg)

J2K JPEG 2000 (.j2k) JP2 JPEG 2000 (.jp2)

PNG (.png) TIFF (.tif)

TIFF Compressed (.tif) TIFF JPEG 2000 Compressed (.tif)

Encapsulated Post Script (.eps) GeoTIFF (.tif)

Geosoft COLOR Grid (.grd) MapInfo TIFF (.tif)