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Received 31 July 2005; received in revised form 25 January 2006; accepted 26 January 2006
Available online 14 March 2006
Abstract
A two impinging-jets contacting device (TIJCD) for liquidliquid extraction processes was proposed and tested through the standard test
system recommended by the European Federation of Chemical Engineering (EFCE), tolueneacetonewater, as a typical example of liquidliquid
extraction processes. The results obtained for the overall volumetric mass transfer coefcient (capacity coefcient) were more than three times
higher than those reported in the conventional contactors and in an air-driven two impinging-streams contactor. These experimental results
clearly indicate the greater performance capability of TIJCD relative to those of conventional contactors. To have a perfect study on the pertinent
parameters of the TIJCD, the inuence of jets momentum, nozzles diameter and the inter nozzle distance have been investigated. In addition,
the enhancing effect of the impingement zone has been studied using a non-impinging-jets contacting device. Based on the experimental data
obtained, an increase in the liquid ow rates results in an increase in the extraction efciency and overall volumetric mass-transfer coefcient,
while increasing the distance between nozzles decreases the extraction efciency. In addition, it was found that the effect of nozzle diameter
on the extraction efciency could be dependent upon the jets velocity.
2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Impinging jets; Impinging streams; Liquid extraction; Mass transfer; Liquidliquid separations; Transport processes
Impingement zone
Nozzle Nozzle
Organic phase jet Aqueous phase jet
Nozzle diameter (d N )
25
EFCE (EFCE) = 0. 5997
20 r 2 = 0. 9914
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
3
Caq (kg m )
momentum is normally given by 3.1. Denitions of extraction efciency, extraction rate and
overall volumetric mass transfer coefcient
4Q2
F= , (2) The extraction efciency could be expressed as follows:
dN2
Caq,i Caq,o
E(%) = 100
, (3)
Caq,i Caq,o
where F, , Q and dN are the jets momentum, the appropriate
solution density, volumetric ow rate, and the nozzle diameter, where Caq,i and Caq,o are concentrations of acetone in the in-
respectively. According to the above statement, it is obvious that
let and outlet aqueous solutions, respectively and Caq,o is the
the aqueous to organic volumetric ow ratio should be equal to equilibrium concentration of the outlet aqueous phase of ace-
square root of the organic to aqueous solution densities ratio. tone corresponding to the actual outlet concentration of ace-
When the steady state conditions were established, samples tone in the outlet organic phase. Because the interfacial area
from the dispersion, exiting from the outlet port of the cylin- between the phases in the TIJCD is not known, the overall vol-
drical vessel, were drawn to sampling cups. An organic solu- umetric mass-transfer coefcient, KL a, was determined from
tion sample was drawn immediately with a syringe from the the experimental results. The overall volumetric mass-transfer
top of the sampling cups, without waiting, in order to avoid as coefcient is normally dened by the following equation:
much as possible further mass transfer in the sampling cups.
According to the experimental runs carried out to identify the R = Qaq (Caq,i Caq,o ) = KL aV c Cm , (4)
time needed to establish the steady state condition, it was found where R, Qaq , Vc , Cm are the extraction rate, volumetric ow
that the steady state conditions were attained after 20 s of start- rate of aqueous phase, contacting device volume, and an appro-
ing up of the operation. Each experimental run was repeated at priate mean concentration driving force, respectively. Although
least three times and hence, each data point represents the mean the contacting device may behave as a mixed vessel, because the
value of at least three measurements of the outlet concentration state of mixing of the two phases in the TIJCD was not known,
of organic phase with a standard deviation of 0.07%8.4% and the logarithmic mean concentration driving force, Cln , was
a mean deviation value of 3.34% for all the experiments. used to calculate the overall volumetric mass-transfer coef-
cient, KL a. The logarithmic mean concentration driving force,
Cln , is normally given by:
3. Results and discussion ) (C
(Caq,i Caq,i
aq,o Caq,o )
Cln = , (5)
)/(C
ln (Caq,i Caq,i
The range of operating conditions was as follows: aq,o Caq,o )
Temperature 20 1 C where Caq,i is the equilibrium concentration of acetone in the
Nozzle diameter, dN 0.951.9 mm inlet aqueous phase, corresponding to the actual inlet concentra-
Organic ow rate, Qorg 0.51.2.36 dm3 min1 tion of acetone in the inlet organic phase and Caq,o is the equi-
Aqueous ow rate, Qaq 0.48.2.17 dm3 min1 librium concentration of acetone in the outlet aqueous phase,
Aqueous jets Reynolds number, Reaq 10,57023,910 corresponding to the actual outlet concentration of acetone in
Organic jets Reynolds number, Reor 14,85034,120 the outlet organic phase.
Schmidt number for the organic phase, Scor 277.51
Schmidt number for the aqueous phase, Scaq 921.66 3.2. Effect of jets momentum
Concentration of acetone in the inlet aqueous solutions, Caq,i
2 wt% Figs. 5 and 6 demonstrate the dependency of the extraction
Aqueous to organic ow ratio, org /aq efciency, E, and overall volumetric mass transfer coefcient,
Inter nozzle distance (contactor length), L: 0.040.08 m. KL a, on the jets momentum, F, with the inter nozzle distance,
In the present investigation, two liquid impinging jets with L, as a parameter. As it can be observed, an increase in the
relatively high velocities (721 m s1 ) have been established E and KL a is visible by increasing the jets momentum. Such
within the contactor. The range of the initial jets Reynolds num- a behavior is the consequence of an increase in the mixing
bers were 10,570 to 23,910 and 14,850 to 34,120 for aqueous and turbulence, which control the present LLE process. From
and organic jets exiting from the nozzles tips, respectively. Al- Fig. 6 one can note that an increase in the jets momentum within
though jets at very low Reynolds numbers can not be stable the range of 0.150.45 N causes an increase of three times in
(Unger et al., 1998), high Reynolds numbers and velocities of the KL a. Such a behavior is the consequence of an increase
liquid jets lead to stabilized free jets with high turbulence in- in the impact force of the jets colliding with each other and
tensity. In addition, because the outlet port of the cylindrical creating the impingement zone in the contacting device, as well
vessel located under the impingement zone did not allow to as a consequence of the turbulence in the impingement zone
the liquids within the TIJCD to accumulate and ll the entire that leads to an increase in the surface renewal mechanism and
of the cylindrical vessel, the TIJCD has been operated in non- hence an increase in the eddy diffusivity and interfacial mass
conned impinging jet (or free IJ) mode of operation. transfer area.
3946 J. Saien et al. / Chemical Engineering Science 61 (2006) 3942 3950
80 75
Inter nozzle distance, L (cm)
Inter nozzle distance, L (cm)
7
4 70
8
70 5
7 Mean jets velocity (m s1) 13.32
65
65 13.58
14.27
60 60
16.71
55
55
50 21.09
50
45 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
Nozzle diameter, dN (mm)
Jets momentum, F 103 (N)
Fig. 8. Effect of nozzle diameter on the extraction efciency. F =332103 N.
Fig. 5. Effect of jets momentum on the extraction efciency. dN = 1.2 mm.
60
12 58 Inter nozzle distance, L (cm)
4 54
5
8 52
7
50 8.00
9.34 7.67
6 48
11.69
46
4
44 7.36
2 42
40
0 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Nozzle diameter, dN (mm)
Jets momentum, F 103 (N)
Fig. 9. Effect of nozzle diameter on the extraction efciency. F =103103 N.
Fig. 6. Effect of jets momentum on the overall volumetric mass transfer
coefcient. dN = 1.9 mm.
ous volumetric ow rate of 0.87 dm3 min1 . As it may be ob-
served, an increase in the nozzles diameter over the range of
59 0.91.55 mm at the xed volumetric ow rate causes a linear
57 decrease in the extraction efciency at various inter nozzle dis-
Extraction efficiency, E (%)
90
Jets momentum, F 103 (N) Inter nozzle distance, L (cm)
3.0
325.34
80 257.16 7
196.37 2.5 8
75
70
2.0
65
60
55 1.5
50
45 1.0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 90 140 190 240 290 340
Fig. 10. Effect of inter nozzle distance on the extraction efciency. Fig. 12. Effect of jets momentum on the enhancing effect of impingement
dN = 1.55 mm. zone. dN = 1.55 mm.
14 Table 2
Experimental values of KL a (min1) Overall volumetric mass transfer coefcients for various types of contactors
12
Contactor type Chemicals system KL a 104 (s1 )
10
Rotary agitated column Toluene (c)acetonewater (d) 0.21
8 (Laddha and Degaleesan,
1976)
6 Spray column Water (c)acetonetoluene (d) 635
(Seibert and Fair, 1988)
4 Packed column Water (c)acetonetoluene (d) 948
(Seibert and Fair, 1988)
2 TISC (Dehkordi, 2000) Water (c)acetonetoluene (d) 18662
TIDJC (present work) Water (c)acetonetoluene (d) 971890
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
(c) Continuous phase, (d) Dispersed phase.
Predicted values of KL a (min1)
Fig. 13. Experimental vs. predicted values of the overall volumetric mass Table 3
transfer coefcient. Specic power input for various types of contactors
150
the extraction efciency and overall volumetric mass transfer solution density, kg m3
coefcient have been studied. It was found that: distribution coefcient of solute between aqueous and
organic phases
(1) The jets velocity plays an important role in the extraction
efciency such that jet velocity lower than about 8 m s1 Superscripts and subscripts
has a decreasing effect on the extraction efciency.
(2) An increase in the nozzles diameter at constant volumetric aq aqueous phase
ow rate leads to a decrease in the extraction efciency i for inlet
and pressure drop across the nozzles. On the other hand, an ln logarithmic mean
increase in the nozzles diameter at constant jets momentum m mean
if jets velocity to be greater than 8 m s1 leads to a increase o for outlet
in the extraction efciency. org organic phase
(3) An increase in the liquids ow rates at constant nozzle
diameter leads to an increase in the jets momentum, jets Abbreviations
velocity and hence increasing the mixing and turbulence
which in turn increasing the extraction efciency and over- EFCE European Federation of Chemical Engineering
all volumetric mass transfer coefcient. Moreover, an in- Exp Experimental
crease in the liquids ow rates leads to the increase in the GC gas chromatograph
pressure drop across the nozzles and hence increasing the IJ impinging jets
power input requirement. SS stainless steel
(4) An increase in the inter nozzle distance causes a decrease TAW tolueneacetonewater
in the extraction efciency. TIJCD two impinging jets contacting device
(5) Data obtained on the overall volumetric mass transfer co- TISC two impinging streams contactor
efcient in the TIJCD showed that the TIJCD has a greater
performance capability relative to other conventional con- Acknowledgements
tactors.
(6) A correlation for the KL a has been obtained using the The authors would like to thank Mr. E. Ghaderi for his help
experimental data in which the KL a has been expressed in the construction of the setup and Mr. M. Ashra and J.
as a function of nozzle diameter, dN , inter nozzle distance, Motahhari for their participation in the experimental work.
L, and organic volumetric ow rate, Qor , satisfactorily.
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