2011 1st semester

MIMO C
Communication
i ti Systems
S t

#3: OFDM of Wireless Broadband

Kei Sakaguchi
<sakaguchi@mobile ee titech ac jp>
<sakaguchi@mobile.ee.titech.ac.jp>
Apr. 26, 2011
 Schedule (1st half)
Date Text Contents
#1 Apr. 12 A-1, B-1 Introduction

#2 Apr 19
Apr. B5 B
B-5, B-6
6 Fundamentals of wireless commun.
commun

#3 Apr. 26 B-12 OFDM for wireless broadband

May 3 No class

#4 May 10 B-7
B 7 Array signal processing

#5 Nov. 17 A-3, B-10 MIMO channel capacity

#6 Nov. 24 B-2, 3 Spatial channel model

y 28
May No class

Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 2
 Agenda
Aim of today

Derive throughput performance of

OFDM based wide band system

Contents

Wide band system

Frequency selective & time dispersive fading
Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) and SINR degradation
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 3
 Warming Up
Question
D
Describe
ib N-point
N i t DFT in
i matrix
t i fform

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

N 1

x(nt ) exp j 2kfnt

~ 1
x (kf )
N 1
f
n0

1 N 1
nk N t

N

n 0
x ( n ) exp

j 2
N

Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 4
 Wireless Communication Channel
Wireless is vulnerable!

Basestation #1: Path loss due to distance

Lower average SNR
#2: Multi
Multi-path
path fading
Deep SNR dip

#3: Time dispersive fading

Inter symbol interference

#4: Multi-access interference

Terminal
Co-channel interference

Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 6
 Wide Band Signal Model
Received signal
g n(t )
y (t ) h( ) s (t )d n(t ) s (t ) y (t )
Tx Rx
h(t , )
Discrete representation

y (nt ) hl s (nt l ) n(nt )

l
s ( n) s (n 1) s (n 2)
z 1 z 1
Frequency domain
~ ~ ~ h0 h1 h2
y ( f ) h ( f ) s ( f ) n~ ( f )

Uncertainty theorem
~ ~
y (kf ) h (kf )~
s (kf ) n~ (kf ) F 1 f 1
t T
Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 7
 Frequency Selective Fading
Impulse response
1.5
Two-path
p model
1

y (t ) h0 s (t ) h1s (t ) n(t )

mplitude
0.5

Am
Impulse response 0

h( ) h0 ( ) h1 ( ) -0.5
05
0 1 2 3 4 5
Delay [Ts]

1
Frequency response
10
Frequency
eque cy response
espo se
~
h ( f ) h0 h1 exp( j 2f ) 10
0

wer
-1
10

Pow
Condition for narrow band signal -2
10

Bandwidth F
F 1 1
10
-3
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Normalized frequency
Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 8
 Frequency
q y Spectrum
p
Received signal Transmit signal
10

y (t ) h( ) s (t )d n(t ) 0

-10
F 1

Power [dB]
-20

Auto correlation -30

-40

Rs ( ) E s (t ) s (t )
*
-50
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Frequency response
10
Frequency
0

Power spectrum of transmit signal -10

Power [dB]
-20

S s ( f ) Rs ( ) exp j 2f d -30

Receive signal -40

10 -50
Received signal -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Power spectrum of receive signal 0 Noise Frequency

S y ( f ) h f Ss ( f )
~ 2 -10
Power [dB]]

-20

-30
Distortion in
h f ht exp j 2ft d t
~ -40 power spectrum
-50
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Frequency

Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 9
 Time Dispersive Fading &
Inter Symbol Interference
Two path model
Two-path Ts

y (t ) h( ) s (t ) n(t )
h0 s (t ) h1s (t Ts ) n(t )
if Ts
Signal to Interference & Noise Ratio
0
BER performance
2 2 10
=0
h0 P h0
I
-1
10 = 0.1

h1 P
2 2
h1
2
2
10
-2
= 0.5

Bit errorr rate

P 10
-3
3

-4

10
1
Peb erfc I for BPSK 10
-5

2 10
-6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR [dB]
Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 10
 Channel Capacity
Two-path model
y (t ) h0 s (t ) h1s (t ) n(t )

Transmit signal with pulse shaping Average channel capacity

s (t ) si g (t iTs )
i

R
Receive
i SINR

h0 g (0) h1 g ( ) P
2

I
h1 g (iTs ) P 2
2

i 0
Channel capacity
p y SNR = 20dB @ 100kHz
1 [ s]
C B log 2 1 I log 2 1 I
1
Ts
BN 0
2

Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 11
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM)
~( f )
m ~
s( f ) s (t ) y (t ) ~
y( f ) ~ ( f )
m(t ) m m (t
(t )

S/P Mod. IFFT FFT Demod. P/S

h( )

OFDM modulation OFDM demodulation

Block transmission system using S/P & P/S converter
Convert wide band signal to super position of narrow band
signals satisfying
f f 1

Modulated signal OFDM transmit signal OFDM receive signal Demodulated signal
Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 12
 OFDM Modulation
~
s( f ) s (t ) y (t ) ~
y( f ) ~
s( f )

S/P IFFT FFT

t/ f
h( )
OFDM modulation
d l ti x(t )
Number of subcarriers
1 K 1 ~
s (t ) s (kf ) exp j 2kft
K k 0 t t
Subcarrier interval
0 t T 1 T
f
OFDM parameters f
X(f )
Subcarrier interval Bandwidth
f 1 F K f

Sampling period OFDM symbol period

t 1 T 1
F f f f
Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 13
 OFDM demodulation
~ ~ ~ ( f )
Receive signal y (t ) y( f ) s ( f ) m
y (t ) h( ) s (t )dt n(t ) FFT
Coherent Digital
detect. demod.

demodulation
~
y ( n)
1 N 1 nk
~
y (k )
N n 0
y ( n ) exp

j 2
N

~
h (k )~
s (k ) n~ ( k )
f
Frequency Domain EqualizerFDE
~
s (n)
~
s (k ) y (k ) ~
~
h (k )
Coherent detection
in frequency domain
f
Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 14
 Frequency
eque cy Spec
Spectrum
u T 1
f
OFDM signal
K 1

~s (k ) exp j 2kft
1
s (t )
K k 0

Auto correlation

Rs ( ) E s * (t ) s (t ) 0
Frequency spectrum

K
exp j 2kf
1
1
T
k 0

-5

K 10
-10

Power [dB]
Auto correlation function -15

Power spectrum of rectangular pulse

-20
K 1

T ( f nf )
1
SS ( f ) sinc 2
-25
K n 0
-30
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Frequency
Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 15
 Matrix
a representation
ep ese a o
modulation ~s F 1 s ~
y F y
Transmit signal block
H
~s ~
s0 ~ sK 1
s1 ~
T IFFT FFT

s s0 s1 s N 1
T

s F 1~s s s
Inverse DFT
Convolution in matrix form Guard interval G

If G max
L-path model
y0 ho 0 s0 n0
h h0 h1 hL 1 0 0
T 0 0
y h ho 0 0 s1 n1
1 1
Receive signal block


y y0 y1 y N 1
T N 2 hL 1
y h1 ho 0 s N 2 nN 2
y N 1 0 hL 1 h1 ho s N 1 nN 1

Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 16
 Cyclic
y Prefix
Block transmission Cyclic prefix

0 K-1 0 K-1 0 K-1 0 K-1

s s s s
Guard interval
Cyclic prefix

Matrix representation of received signal block

Cyclic shift matrix
y0 ho 0 0 0 s0 y0 ho 0 hL 1 h1 s0
y h y h s1
1 1 ho 0 0 s1 1 1 ho hL 1
hL 1

y N 2 hL 1 h1 ho 0 sN 2 N 2 hL 1
y h1 ho 0 sN 2
y N 1 0 hL 1 h1 ho s N 1 y N 1 0 hL 1 h1 ho s N 1

Psudo-periodical transmission

Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 17
 OFDM Transmission
O a s ss o
Diagonalization of cyclic shift matrix
Cyclic shift matrix ~s F 1 s y F ~
y

ho 0 hL 1 h1
h H
ho hL 1 IFFT FFT
1
H hL 1

hL 1 h1 ho 0
0 hL 1 h1 ho

OFDM transmission Interesting feature of cyclic shift matrix

y Hs n ~
h0 0 0
~ 1 ~ ~ 1 0 h~1

y F Hs n F H F s n F HF diag[h
~
]
1~ ~ 0
~
F HF s n 0 0 hK 1

~
diag[h ]~s n
~
Frequency response
~
K-parallel transmission h Fh
Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 18
 BER Performance
SNR per subcarrier ~
y (kf )
P ~ 2 ~ 2
hk P hk
k K k
2
2

K
PDF of SNR for each subcarrier
1 k
f ( k ) expp f
k k Average BER performance
0

Average BER for each subcarrier 10

BPSK
QPSK
-1 16QAM
10 64QAM

Pebk ( k ) f ( k ) Peb ( k )d k -2

Bit Error Rate

10

-3
10
Overall average BER
-4
10
K 1

P
1
Peb ( ) k
eb k 10
-5

K k 0
0 -6
10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Average SNR [dB]
Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 19
 Channel Capacity
OFDM signal
g model
~ ~~ ~
yk hk sk nk , k 1, , K Average channel capacity

SNR for each subcarrier

2
P hk P hk
2

k K
2
2
K
Ch
Channel
l capacity
it
K 1
C f logg 2 1 k SNR = 20dB @ 100kHz
k 0

2 BN 0

Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 20
 Summary
In wide band signal
Time dispersive fading causes inter-symbol interference
Frequency selective fading causes distortion in power spectrum
OFDM converts wide band signal to multiple narrow band signals
IFFT,, FFT,, and cyclic
y prefix
p creates parallel
p orthogonal
g channels
Problem of Rayleigh fading still remains even by using OFDM

Some measure for Rayleigh

y g fading
g

Array signal processing

Apr. 26, 2011 MIMO Commun. Systems (OFDM for Wireless Broadband) 21