Bil Stages (Trotter, Characteristics Factors influencing

1986)
1. Novice Registered student teacher Effective interpersonal skills
Keep update with current
Do not have skills that are education issues
required to handle teaching in a Attend mentoring program
classroom (school teachers/lecturers)

2. Advanced Novice The exposure to the actual Reflective practice/ journal

situation in school (SBE, after t & l
practicum) Attend courses/ in service
training
This experience help teachers Active participation in activities/
gain experience in performing school management
daily tasks
(vary teaching strategies, lesson
planning, classroom
management)

3. Competent Recognise more and more
principle and concept out of
context and element with respect
to specific situation
Can investigate their own practice
first through reflection
Able to solve t & l problems that
they face
Equip with skills in tandem with
current needs
Practicing creativity and
innovation in pedagogy
Apply ICT in teaching
Change curriculum planning
according to the needs to the
students
Shows perfect personality

4. Proficient Can easily identify the key Equip oneself with different
element in a task types of knowledge
Dissemination of information to
Able to implement decision based other teachers
on intuitive understanding from Carry out action research
experience

Ability to guide and mentor novice

teachers

5. Expert Operating in an Can handle a large quantity of

experienced-based similar to that information
achieved at the proficient stage, Almost perfect performance
but in holistic manner Always works

Christina Mamora
Dayang Nur Hidayah
Gonisha Ong Mei Ling
Lisa Jawai ak Usit
Shirly ak Nirau
Ting Ming Chuo