PORIFERA CNIDARIA PLATYHELIMINTHES NEMATODA ANNELIDA MOLLUSCA ECHINODERMATA ARTHROPODA CHORDATA

CLASS CLASS SUBPHYLUM SUBPHYLUM

FEATURES CLASS SCYPHOZOA CLASS HYDROZOA CLASS TREMATODA CLASS CESTOIDEA CLASS BIVALVIA CLASS CEPHALOPODA CLASS GASTROPODA CLASS ASTEROIDEA CLASS ARACHNIDA CLASS CHILOPODA CLASS INSECTA CLASS REPTILIA CLASS AMPHIBIA CLASS AVES CLASS MAMMALIA
ANTHOZOA TURBELLARIA CRUSTACEA OSTEICHTHYES

Model Organism
Levels of Organization (tissue
types / cell specialization)
Cephalization
Coelom Development
Proto- or Deutero-stome
Symmetry
Reproduction type
Sponges Sea Anemone and Jellyfish Hydra Flatworm Trematodes (flukes) Tapeworms Roundworm Earthworm Clam Octopus Snail *LARGEST CLASS* Starfish Spider Centipede Crabs Insects Reptiles Frog Bird Mammal Salmon
Coral
Porous bodies w/ Sac body with central digestive compartment called Gastrovascular Triploblastic = 3 germ Triploblastic = 3 germ Triploblastic = 3 germ Two nerve cords. Mouth, Internals organs Soft bodies. Protected Head surrounded by Soft bodies. Protected by Bony hard skin. Jointed Appendages. Jointed Appendages. Jointed Appendages. Jointed Appendages. Eukaryotic. Multicellular. Eukaryotic. Multicellular. Eukaryotic. Multicellular. Eukaryotic. Multicellular. Eukaryotic. Multicellular.
Choanocytes, or cavity (mouth/anus). Hydrostatic skeleton allows for movement. No layers. Mesoderm layers. Mesoderm layers. Mesoderm separate anus. Intestines. (except digestive by Flattened shell with tentacles - usually with Shell: reduced or absent. Triploblastic. Unique Segmented bodies Segmented bodies (Only group that have legs Segmented bodies No cell walls. Notochord. No cell walls. Notochord. No cell walls. Notochord. No cell walls. Notochord. No cell walls. Notochord.
flagellated collar cells internal organs. Diploblastic (ecto & endo-derm) contributes to the contributes to the contributes to the Pharynx. High fluid tract). Segmented Two Valves (sides). suckers. Shell: external, Calcium carbonate shell. Water Vascular System (Head, Thorax, Abdomen). (Head, Thorax, Abdomen). present on the abdomen). (Head, Thorax, Abdomen). Dorsal Hollow Nerve Dorsal Hollow Nerve Dorsal Hollow Nerve Dorsal Hollow Nerve Dorsal Hollow Nerve
designed to generate a development of more development of more development of more pressure that creates a bodies [more evolved Powerful adductor internal, or absent. Body plan: (3 parts) that creates a hydrostatic Hard Exoskeleton Hard Exoskeleton Segmented bodies Hard Exoskeleton Cord. Muscular Postanal Cord. Muscular Postanal Cord. Muscular Postanal Cord. Muscular Postanal Cord. Muscular Postanal
water current to draw complex organs and complex organs and complex organs and hydrostatic skeleton. than platyhelminthes & muscles close shell. Calcium carbonate shell. muscular foot, visceral skeleton for muscle (Cuticle) = layers of (Cuticle) = layers of (Head, Thorax, Abdomen). (Cuticle) = layers of Tail. Solid scales. Large Tail. Thin waterproof skin, Tail. Aerodynamic body, Tail. Skin, Hair and Fur all Tail. Scaly skin, Lateral
food particles to stick organ systems and to organ systems and to organ systems and to Tough, elastic exoskeleton nematoda] allows for Mantle forms siphons. Soft bodies. Body plan: (3 mass containing their movement. protein & chitin. Functions protein & chitin. Functions Hard Exoskeleton protein & chitin. Functions mouths. Claws. Fangs + mucous glands to keep Feathers, scaly legs, over the body. Pinnae (ear Line, Photophores, Teeth,
to their collars. true muscle tissue. true muscle tissue. true muscle tissue. called a cuticle. high degree of Calcium carbonate parts) muscular foot, internal organs, mantle as protection and as protection and (Cuticle) = layers of as protection and teeth. organism moist, Granular Talons + Beak, Hollow flaps), Teeth, eyes, nose. light skeleton, light sensing
Amoebocytes that Gastrovascular cavity Gastrovascular cavity Gastrovascular cavity specialization of body shell. Body plan: (3 visceral mass containing which is a fold of tissue attachments for muscles. attachments for muscles. protein & chitin. Functions attachments for muscles. Glands for producing Bones. Solid skeletons. organs.
digest food from (mouth/anus). Flame (mouth/anus). Tough (mouth/anus). regions later in parts) muscular foot, their internal organs, that drapes over visceral Two Main Body Parts as protection and Three Main Body Parts poison, Chromatophores
choanocytes. Spicules cells used for epidermis. Bodies Unsegmented worms. evolution [Arthropods]. visceral mass mantle which is a fold of mass and secretes shell. (Cephalothorax, attachments for muscles. (Head, Thorax, Abdomen), (colourful skin)
are tough skeletal maintenance of mostly filled with Triploblastic = 3 containing their internal tissue that drapes over Mantle cavity houses Abdomen), Six pairs of Two or Three Main Body Two Pairs of Wings,
fibers within mesohyl. osmotic pressure. reproductive organs. germ layers. organs, mantle which is gills, anus and excretory appendages (Celicerae, Parts (Head, Thorax, Three pairs of Legs.
visceral mass. Mantle
Diploblastic (ecto & Unsegmented worms. Unsegmented worms. Mesoderm contributes a fold of tissue that pores. pedipalps, 4 pairs of Abdomen OR
cavity houses gills, anus
endo-derm) to the development of drapes over visceral walking legs), Spinnerets Cephalothorax, Abdomen)
and excretory pores.
more complex organs mass and secretes - used to produce
and organ systems shell. Mantle cavity webbing
and to true muscle houses gills, anus and
tissue. excretory pores.
None. Individual cells No cephalization, but first appearance of Nerve net that is radially Ganglia (cluster of No head. Ganglia. Scolex, armed with Head-like structure Reduced head. Reduced/absent head. Ganglia present. Highly Distinct heads with eyes at No head. Nerve rings Cephalothorax Distinct head with large Head or Cephalothorax Distinct head. Ganglia Distinct head with Brain and many sense organs.
can respond to stimuli. distributed around body allowing equal detection of stimuli from all nerve cells) located at suckers and hooks is (mouth, pharynx, nervous Ventral nerve cords Ganglia present. developed brain - capable the tips of tentacles. encircle mouth and anus. antennae, three pairs of cluster in the head region
directions anterior end of worm located at anterior system) run from Pair of of memory and shape Ganglia present. mouth parts. to form a Cerebral
near photoreceptor portion - however, only cerebral Ganglia recognition by sight, Ganglion. Ventral nerve
eye spots. used for host down the length of the touch. cords with several
attachment. body. segmental ganglia run the
length of the body.
n/a n/a n/a n/a Acoelomates (no body cavity) Pseudocoelomates COELOM (First Coelomates Coelomates Coelomates Coelomates Coelomates Coelomates Coelomates Coelomates Coelomates Coelomates Coelomates Coelomates Coelomates
appearance) - allows
body space for
storage and organ
development,
protection of internal
structures.
Parazoa (not a Radiata (not a protostome or deuterostome!) Protostome Protostome Protostome Protostome Protostome Protostome Protostome Protostome Deuterostome Protostome Protostome Protostome Protostome Deuterostome Deuterostome Deuterostome Deuterostome Deuterostome
protostome or
deuterostome!)
Asymmetrical Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Asymmetric body, with Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry
coiled shell
Hermaphrodites Asexual budding in favourable conditions, Sexual reproduction to form Asexual = regeneration. Sexual also. Hermaphroditic. Sexual. Dioecious (male Sexual. Separate sexes (with Separate sexes (with Hermaphroditic Asexual = regeneration. Sexual. Dioecious. Sexual. Dioecious. Sexual. Dioecious. Sexual. Dioecious. Sexual. Dioecious. Sexual. Dioecious. Sexual. Dioecious. Sexual. Dioecious. Sexual. Dioecious.
dormant resistant zygotes in unfavourable conditions. or female). Hermaphroditic (both gonads located in gonads located in visceral Sexual.
partners fertilize each visceral mass) mass)
others eggs). And
asexually (some) by
fragmentation,
followed by
regeneration.

Feeding Filter feeder - in pores Carnivore - use tentacles to capture prey. Cnidocytes are stingers. Carnivores (Predator Parasite. Suckers and Parasite of Parasitic (some!) Mouth -> Pharynx for Filter feeder. Paired Carnivores. Mouth with or Herbivores. Carnivores. Locates prey (bivalves) by Carnivorous. Spinnerets - Carnivorous. Poison claws Carnivorous. Chelicerae Mouthparts modified for Heterotrophic. Carnivores Heterotrophic. Heterotrophic. Omnivores Heterotrophic. Carnivore, Heterotrophic. Omnivores
called Spongocoel, Nematocysts are stinging cells (barbs) in Cnidocytes. and Scavenger). Uses Hooks to attach onto vertebrates. Decomposers + freeliving. crushing food gills found in mantle without Radula (rasp-like Radula present. Torsion smell. Uses tube feet to used to produce webbing used to hunt prey and used to hunt prey and tear chewing, sucking, lapping. + Herbivores. Consumes Insectivores. Contain + Carnivores. Two Omnivore, Herbivore. + Carnivores. Food type
and out through a Pharynx to spill hosts. Tapeworms lack Use a pharynx for feeding. particles -> cavity used for feeding tongue). Beak. Mouth -> occurs in adult snails - separate the two shells that catches prey. paralyze them. Full them. Full Digestive Full Digestive system with prey whole. Creates chitinase to digest chitin stomach-like organs called depends on size of fish,
Osculum digestive juices, then digestive tract and Leads to intestines w/ esophagus -> crop -> and gas exchange! In- stomach -> intestine -> rotating their shell 180 and extends stomach into Venomous fangs Digestive system with system with stomach, stomach, intestines and venom from digestive (insect exoskeleton!) Crop and Gizzard. Crop is trophic level and location.
slurps them back up. absorb nutrients digestive enzymes (no gizzard -> intestine -> current siphon draws in anus [FULL DIGESTIVE degrees placing their anus the bivalve and secretes (Chelicerae) used to hunt stomach, intestines and intestines and anus. anus enzymes. used as storage, and But food sources vary.
Gastrovascular cavity across their body stomach), expelled from anus [FULL water, passes over gills, SYSTEM] above their heads. Mouth digestive enzymes into prey and kill them. Full anus Gizzard is used to crush
branches finely to all surface. Scolex anus. [FULL DIGESTIVE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM] then exits the mantle -> stomach -> intestine -> victim. Digestive system with food.
parts of the body attaches to host. SYSTEM] through excurrent anus [FULL DIGESTIVE stomach, intestines and
supplying nutrients siphon. No Radula. SYSTEM] anus
throughout.
Respiration Diffusion through skin Diffusion through skin DIffusion through skin No respiratory system Skin + capillaries Paired gills found in Paired gills Lining of mantle cavity Water Vascular System. Book lungs - stacked Tracheal Systems which Aquatic species have Tracheal Systems which Basic lungs. Tadpole: Gills that supply Powerful lungs w/ Air Basic lungs. Mammals Gills - breathes O2 rich
(Diffusion) exchange O2. mantle cavity used for functions as a lung Tube feet act like gills. plates contained in an are branched air ducts Feathery Gills used for are branched air ducts O2 to the organism. Adult: Sacs. No sweat glands, so require a lot of O2 to water and pumps it over
(Diffusion) feeding and gas exchanging gases internal chamber. leading into the interior of gas exchange. leading into the interior of Loses gills and develops doubles to cool bird down. function. gills.
exchange! In-current organism from pores in the organism from pores in the lungs.
siphon draws in water, cuticle. cuticle.
passes over gills, then
exits the mantle through
excurrent siphon.
Internal transport Nutritive transport No blood, no circulatory system (Diffusion) No circulatory system (Diffusion) No circulatory system. Closed circulatory Open circulatory + heart Closed circulatory with Open circulatory + heart Water Vascular System. Open Circulatory Systems where Hemolymph (not blood) is propelled through the system by a heart, into Basic circulatory system Tadpole: Blood vessels Basic circulatory system Basic circulatory system Basic circulatory system
done by No heart, or lungs. Only through 5 pumping with sinuses blood vessels. with sinuses spaces called Sinuses surrounding the tissues and organs. with a 3 chamber heart with a 2 chamber heart with a 4 chamber heart with a 4 chamber heart with a 2 chamber heart
Amoebocytes simple nervous system. vessels (hearts). Adult: Blood vessels with
Network of vessels a 3 chamber heart
containing blood with
hemoglobin.
Excretion Water current flows Gas wastes = diffusion. Solid/liquid wastes are excreted out of their mouth/ Nitrogenous wastes diffuse directly from cells into surrounding water. Anus = solid wastes. Each segment Contains Nephridia to Contains Nephridia to Contains Nephridia to Nitrogenous wastes are Malpighian Tubules (Kidney-like organs) remove metabolic wastes from the hemolymph. Small + Large intestines Basic endocrine system. No urine (Uric Acid Metabolic wastes = Urine Metabolic wastes =
out of Osculum anus. Metabolic wastes removes waste from a filter out metabolic filter out metabolic wastes filter out metabolic wastes excreted through the tube leading to Cloaca. (Uric Solid and liquid wastes wastes). White gooey waste product (Urea) Ammonia waste product
regulated by excretory pair of metanephridia wastes. feet. Acid wastes) using Cloaca. (Uric Acid waste = concentrated +
duct alongside organism. which are excretory wastes) acidic.
tubes that remove
wastes from the blood
and coelomic fluid.
Reproduction Flagellated sperm + Polyp - cylindrical Reduced Polyp Stage- Polyp - cylindrical Asexual = Complex lifecycle with Proglottids produce Sexual. Uses Cloaca. Worms cross- Internal, external. Trochophore = Ciliated Hermaphroditic. Fertilize Renegeration (asexually) or Internal fertilization. Sperm cells are directly deposited Male uses specialized pair Internal fertilization. Sperm Internal fertilization. Uses External or Internal Internal fertilization. Shell No Cloaca. Uses Vagina External fertilization via
egg > Zygote > Free sessile form with cylindrical sessile form sessile form with regeneration. Sexual alternating sexual eggs and break off Internal fertilization. fertilize. They mate by Release eggs + sperm larvae stage. Internal each others eggs. via eggs and sperm into the females vagina OR Sperm packet deposited of appendages to transfer cells are directly deposited cloaca + 2x penises (called fertilization. Uses cloaca + gland produces hard shell + Penis for internal eggs and sperm. Eggs are
swimming larvae > extended tentacles. with extended tentacles extended tentacles. also. and asexual stages. after fertilization Sperm. Has Oviduct + both exchanging in water. fertilization with tentacle. released directly into the outside female and female picks it up. Molting is sperm to the reproductive into the females vagina Hemipenises) to copulate. spermatophore to around embryo. Sperm + fertilization only. laid, male will swim
Sessile adult (juvenile). Medusa - Medusa - flattened, free Hermaphrodititic. Requires intermediate glandular uterus. sperm. The clitellum sea water (sexually). required for growth since exoskeleton does not expand pore of the female. Usually OR Sperm packet Shell gland produces copulate. Produces soft egg are combined during a overtop and spray with
flattened, free swimming swimming form host where larvae secretes a mucous with the organism. crustaceans have one or deposited outside female shelled eggs that develop eggs that develop outside cloacal kiss. sperm.
form (adult) develop. Example: cocoon. The clitellum more larval stages. and female picks it up. outside females body females body (Oviparous)
asexual stage in snails will slide off the worm Molting is required for Female Internal structure (Oviparous) Eggs must be kept moist.
= intermediate host, picking up both sperm growth since exoskeleton called Spermatheca
before sexual stage in and eggs and reside in does not expand with the stores sperm for future use
humans = adult stage the soil while embryos organism. on >1 batch of eggs.
host. develop. Molting is required for
growth since exoskeleton
does not expand with the
organism.
Response organs No nerves or muscles Simple muscles + nerves. Epidermis and Gastrodermis have contractile Pair of Ventral Nerve Nervous system. Same Hooks and Sucker to Dorsal + Ventral nerves. Uses foot for digging or Eyes. Sense organs for Senses for Smell. Two No specialized senses Lack Antennae, have One pair of Sensory Antennae present. One pair of Sensory Specialized organs to find Long tongues designed to Great sight. No smell, or Warm blooded Poor smell, hearing, touch
fibers used for movement. Nerve net coordinates movement. Cords run the length of as flatworm. attach to intestines of Sensory bristles to detect anchoring. Sense touch. Highly developed eyes on stalks. aside from ability to smell Simple Eyes. Four pairs of Antennae. Pair of Chelicerae which are Antennae. Groups of sunlight to warm up capture prey at a distance. taste. Little sense of touch. (homeostatic abilities), and sight.
the body [More host. Nervous system, physical changes in organs for touch. brain. Statocysts. No ears. prey and Tube feet used walking legs. Compound Eyes. First clawlike feeing appendages have become (Jacobsons organ). Sense organs for smell. Short nervous system due Powerful Sense of smell
complex than cnidarian similar to flatworm. environment. Some light Statocysts. Multiple for: locomotion, feeding body segment appendages. Jaw-like specialized for a variety of Touch, smell (tongue). Ear holes for sound and to limited senses. and hearing. Ok sense of
nerve net]. Eye spots sensing. Eyes. and gas exchange. appendages modified as Mandibles. Two pairs of functions: walking, Vibration detection + vibrations. Eyes for sight.
are used to detect Poison Claws. Sensory Antennae. Pair feeding, sensory sound (ear holes). Heat movement and light
light. Lateral flaps to of Compound Eyes. reception, copulation, and sensors (Pitt organ). detection.
detect smells. defence.

Motility Sessile Sessile Motile Sessile + Motile Body surface covered Ciliated larvae. Simple longitudinal Longitudinal muscles. Setae - bristles that Foot for locomotion Locomotion produced by Foot for locomotion. Tube feet are used for Four pairs of walking legs. One pair of walking legs Exoskeleton functions to Exoskeleton for support. Slithering action (leg-less). Tadpole: swim. Adult: Capable of FLIGHT via Powerful muscles + Swimming, jumping, flying
in Cilia allows it to Crawling adult. muscles to twist. Hydrostatic skeleton as provide traction for jet propulsion using Mucous deposit to locomotion. They crawl Exoskeleton for support. per body segment. anchor muscle Three pairs of walking Crawl (with legs). Powerful walk, jump, swim, climb wings. Hollow bones ligament system for
glide along a film of Simple longitudinal frame for movement. burrowing. mantle-made siphon. facilitate movement. very slowly along the Exoskeleton for support. attachments, prevent legs. Two Sets of Wings muscles allow it to propel reduce weight. Air sacs running, swimming,
mucus they secrete. muscles to twist. Longitudinal + ground via hydraulic action water loss on dry land, (or Wings + Halteres) = its body in and out of make it lighter. hunting.
Simple longitudinal Circular Muscles of the water vascular and give rigidity to [ FLIGHT ] water.
muscles to twist. allow crawling system. organisms out of the
movement. water.