Scale Sample

List and samples of SCALE, LUCID and SPADE proformas.
Page: 1
Fitzroy Systems Ltd. Made by: IF Brown
http://www.fitzroy.com/ Date: 10/04/13
email: ian@fitzroy.com tel: 01284 754240 Ref No: scalepdf
SCALE is a computer program for producing neatly composed pages of

structural engineers' calculations and component details for the design
of a variety of components such as beams, columns and slabs, using
steel, concrete, masonry and timber.
SCALE incorporates a library of over 1000 proforma calculations, any of

which may be selected for use when SCALE is run. The content of this
library is continually under review, proformas being added or modified
as codes of practice develop and change. The library includes:
SCALE - Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocode 2 and BS8110

- Reinforced & Prestressed Concrete Design to BS5400 & DOT
- Reinforced Concrete to Eurocode 2, BS8007, BS8666 and Section Analysis
- Composite Construction to Eurocode 4, BS5950 and BS5400
- Timber Design to Eurocode 5 and BS5268
- Steel Design to BS5400 & DOT
- Steel Design to Eurocode 3 and BS5950-1:2000
- Masonry Design to Eurocode 6, BS5628 and MEXE
- Analysis by NL-STRESS
- Analysis by Traditional Methods
- Pre and Postprocessors for Structural Analysis
- Loadings and Foundations
- Drainage and Surveying
- Mathematics
- Manuals and Miscellaneous
LUCID for reinforced concrete component detailing.
SPADE for steelwork, timber and masonry component detailing.
NL-STRESS for the structural analysis of frameworks.
The principal proformas have now been modified such that each proforma
will allow design to the new Eurocode with full working displayed to the
Eurocode, or allow design to the previous British Standard showing full
workings displayed to the British Standard. The user can choose
the code at the start of the proforma and alternate between
codes as required.
Your pdf viewer should show a list of bookmarks to the left of this document,
click on the bookmarks to jump to the relevent example proformas.
Alternatively click on the highlighted links above to jump to the relevent
section headings in the full list of proformas on the following pages.
List of SCALE proformas. Page: 2
The output from SCALE is a set of pages, neatly titled, dated and
numbered, containing calculations and component details made to a
standard suitable for submission to a checking authority.
Sample output calculations and detailing drawings for nearly

100 proformas are included in this document, to jump directly to
these calculations click on the bookmarked links which should be
displayed to the left of this document, or click on the highlighted
proformas below to jump directly to sample output from that proforma.
Where a SCALE proforma has a # sign following its number, this

indicates that that proforma pulls forward the moments, shears etc.
from an NL-STRESS analysis into the proforma.
The proformas marked with an (E) allow full workings to the Eurocodes
and full workings to the British Standard, or are analytical and
applicable to both. There are now over 350 proformas ready for the
Eurocodes.
SCALE - Structural CALculations Ensemble - MENU OF OPTIONS

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO EUROCODE 2 AND BS8110
072 (E) Rectangular beam - flexure only
073 (E) Rectangular beam - flexure, span/depth, curtailment, laps
074 (E) Tee beam - flexure only
075 (E) Tee beam - flexure, span/depth check
076 (E) Design of walls
077 Wall to wall intersection
078 (E) Rectangular and Tee beam - shear only
080 (E) Solid slab - flexure, tension steel only, span/d /m width
081 (E) Solid slab - flexure, tension & comp steel, span/d /m width
082 (E) Solid slab - flexure, tens & comp steel, span/d given width
083 (E) Solid slab - shear only
084 (E) Slab rib - shear only
085 (E) Two way slabs - moments only
086 (E) Two way slabs - with design
087 (E) Flat slabs - simplified method
088 (E) Slabs - punching shear
089 Annular column
090 (E) Stocky column - biaxial bending
091 (E) Slender rectangular column - uniaxial bending
092 (E) Slender rectangular column - biaxial bending
094 (E) Circular column - design for ultimate
095 (E) Circular column - cracking
096 (E) Circular column - cracking with tension stiffening
097 (E) Rectangular column uniaxial bending - rigorous procedure
098 (E) Rectangular column biaxial bending - rigorous procedure
099 (E) Circular column in accordance with IStructE/ICE manual
100 (E) Simply supported rectangular beam/slab with general loading
101 (E) RC beam on elastic piles subjected to train of moving point loads
102# (E) Rectangular beam/slab section
103 (E) Rectangular beam/slab section - checking aid
104# (E) Biaxially bent stocky column
105 (E) Rectangular column section - checking aid
106# (E) Flanged beam section design to IStructE manual
107# (E) Flanged beam section design to Clause 3.4.4.4
108 (E) Torsion steel for rectangular section
109 Ground-supported concrete slabs for industrial buildings
110 (E) Pad footing with uniaxial bending, including section design
111 Deep beams - Kong's method

112 (E) Modular-ratio design of reinforcement for circular column
113 (E) Modular-ratio calculation of stresses for circular column
117 (E) Simply supported R.C. staircase
118 (E) Concrete nibs
119 (E) Fire resistance
REINFORCED & PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS5400 & DOT

120 Rectangular beam/slab section
121 Assessment of beam/slab section
122 General reinforced concrete section - design
123 General reinforced concrete section - assessment
124 Early thermal cracking
125 Half joint
126 Torsion in reinforced concrete - design
127 Torsion in reinforced concrete - assessment
128 Temperature effects
130 HA loading to BD 37/01
131 HA loading assessment to BD 21/01
132 ULS flexure in prestressed members - design
133 ULS flexure in prestressed members - assessment
134 ULS shear in prestressed members - design
135 ULS shear in prestressed members - assessment
114 TY beam with in-situ infill
115 TY beam with in-situ top slab
116 TYE beam with in-situ top slab
165 TYE beam with in-situ infill
137 Birchwood B75 bridge beam with in-situ infill
138 New super Y beams with insitu top slab
139 Y edge beams with insitu top slab
140 Inverted T beam
141 M beam
142 UM beam
143 Y beam
144 U beam
145 Wide box beam
146 Box beam
147 SBB beam
148 Non standard beam
149 (E) Concrete mix design
150 Wood/Armer
151 Rectangular column - section interaction - design
152 Rectangular column - section interaction - assessment
153 Circular column - section interaction - design
154 Circular column - section interaction - assessment
155 General column - section interaction - design
156 General column - section interaction - assessment
157 Rectangular column - biaxial bending - design
158 Rectangular column - biaxial bending - assessment
159 Documentation for Technical Approval Procedures
REINFORCED CONCRETE TO EUROCODE 2, BS8007, BS8666, SECTION ANALYSIS

160 (E) Wall/slab section
162 (E) Beam section
164 (E) Two way spanning wall slab/plate with hydrostatic pressure
189 (E) Designated concrete to BS8500-1:2002 conforms with BS EN 206-1
190 (E) Bar scheduling to BS8666:2005
191 (Withdrawn) Bar scheduling to BS4466
192 (E) Properties of transformed sections

193 (E) Biaxial bending of rectangular section
194 (E) Biaxial bending of circular section
195 (E) Biaxial bending of user defined section
COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION TO EUROCODE 4, BS5950 AND BS5400

210 (E) Internal beam with UDL to BS5950 and EC4
212 (E) Edge beam with UDL to BS5950 and EC4
214 (E) Internal beam with secondary beams to BS5950 and EC4
216 (E) Edge beam with secondary beam to BS5950 and EC4
218 (E) Internal beam with secondary beams at third points to BS5950 & EC4
220 (E) Edge beam with secondary beams at third points to BS5950 and EC4
222 (E) Section properties to BS5950 and EC4
224 (E) Shear connector design to BS5950 and EC4
225 Temperature effects in composite bridge decks - BS5400 & D. Tp.
226 Differential shrinkage in composite bridge decks - BS5400 & D.Tp.
TIMBER DESIGN TO EUROCODE 5 AND BS5268

250# (E) Rectangular section with axial load & bending
251# (E) Rectangular Glulam column/tie with axial load
252 (E) Domestic floor joist
253 (E) Biaxial bending of timber section
254 (E) Simply supported beam with general loading
255 (E) Simply supported Glulam beam with general loading
256 (E) Simply supported flitched beam with general loading
257 (E) Spaced timber column
258 (E) Ply web and box beam
259 (E) Stressed skin timber floor joist
260 (E) Howe truss
262 (E) Pratt truss
266 (E) Fink truss
267 (E) Racking resistance of timber stud panels
268 (E) Fire design of timber beam
269 (E) Residential floor vibration check to EC5
271 (E) Nailed joint
272 (E) Screwed joint
273 (E) Bolted joint
274 (E) Spliced timber joint
275 (E) Toothed plate connector
280 (E) Rafter or sloping beam
284 (E) Couple roof
286 (E) Collar-tie roof
288 (E) Lean-to roof
290 (E) Trussed beam
292 (E) Braced sheds (for attic and other frames - see analysis by STRESS)
STEEL DESIGN TO BS5400 & DOT

356 List of proformas
357 Design objectives and partial safety factors
358 Steel grades to BS EN 10 025 & BS4360
359 Nominal yield stress
360 Notch toughness
361 Stress analysis; allowance for shear lag
362 Shape limitations for flanges
363 Openings in webs and compression flanges
364 Shape limitations for flat stiffeners
365 Shape limitations for bulb flat stiffeners
366 Shape limitations for angle stiffeners
367 Shape limitations for tee stiffeners

368 Shape limitations for closed stiffeners
369 Shape limitations for flanges curved in elevation
370 Shape limitations for circular hollow sections
371 Effective section
372 Evaluation of stresses
373 Effective length for lateral torsional buckling
374 Slenderness
375 Limiting compressive stress
376 Bending resistance without longitudinal stiffeners
377 Shear resistance without longitudinal stiffeners
378 Combined bending and shear
382 Transverse web stiffeners other than at supports
STEEL DESIGN TO EUROCODE 3 AND BS5950-1:2000

351 (E) Balluster base plate - either concentric or not with baseplate
384 (E) Stainless steel circular hollow section design
385 (E) Stainless steel hollow section design
386 (E) Simply supported stainless steel beam (CHS, SHS, RHS, Channel)
387 (E) Axially loaded stainless steel column (CHS, SHS, RHS, Channel)
388 (E) Axially loaded stainless steel angle
390# (E) Concrete filled square and rectangular hollow section column
391# (E) Concrete filled circular hollow section column
392 Fire design of concrete filled structural hollow section column
396 (E) Moment connection between RHS column and column base
407 (E) Simple design, builder's arithmetic, general check, safe loads
408 (E) SS beam (UB, UC, Joist, or Channel) general loading
409 (E) UB, UC or RSJ with bottom flange plate
410# (E) I beam section design
411# (E) Portal frame rafter design
412# (E) RHS beam section design
414# (E) CHS beam and column section design
415 (E) Checking aid for SS UB's with various loadings & restraints
416 (E) Design of RHS Slimflor edge beam
418 (E) Slim floor design
419 (E) Slim floor design using deep decking
421 (E) Base plate subject to load and moment
422 Extended bolted end plate connection beam to column
423 Flush bolted end plate connection beam to column
424 Beam splice - Extended end plate connection
425 Beam splice - Flush end plate connection
426 Welded beam to column connection
427 Flush beam splice with end plates and single flange plate
428 (E) Cantilevered beam
429# (E) Cantilevered beam - alternative linking with NL-STRESS
432 (E) Fully restrained SS I beam with UDL and point load/s
434 (E) SS I Beam with UDL - restrained at ends only
436 (E) SS I Beam with UDL & point loads restrained or unrestrained
437 (E) SHS beam restrained at ends and loads
438 (E) Purlin on sloping roof
439 (E) Side rail
440# (E) Column bending about major axis
441# (E) Cased I section column
442# (E) Column bending about minor axis
443 Annex E - effective length of compression members
444# (E) SHS and RHS column section design (axial load and bending)
445# (E) Plastic design of stanchions
446 (E) Single angle - section design
447 (E) Design of "I" beam curved on plan

448 (E) Design of SHS beam curved on plan
449 (E) Design of CHS beam curved on plan
450 (E) Pin ended I, H, or channel section column
451 (E) SHS, RHS and CHS column section design (axial load only)
452 (E) I column in simple construction
453 (E) SHS, RHS and CHS column in simple construction
454 (E) Channel bending about minor axis
456 (E) Laced or battened strut
457# (E) Design of SHS section curved on elevation
458# (E) Design of CHS section curved on elevation
459# (E) Design of "I" beam curved in the vertical plane
460 Portal frame design - plastic analysis
462 Portal frame in boundary conditions (fire)
463 (E) Channel subject to eccentric loading
464 (E) Beam subject to eccentric loading
465 (E) RHS beam - eccentric loading
466 Steel beam with openings in the web
467 Cellular and castellated beams
468 (E) Beams formed from single angle
470 (E) Stiffened plate girder
472 (E) Design of Structural T-sections
474 (E) Gantry girder
476 Wind moment design of unbraced frames
477 (E) Axially loaded steel lattice connections
478 (E) Chord and bracing connections with moments including knee joints
479 (E) Hollow section chords with gusset plates/universal section brace
480 (E) Angle cleat connection
481 (E) Fin plate connection
482 (E) Angle seat connection
422 Extended bolted end plate connection beam to column
484 (E) Flexible end plate
485 (E) Full-depth end plate connection
486 Flush end plate haunched connection
487 Extended end plate haunched connection
488 (E) Axially loaded column base for I sections
489 (E) Axially loaded column base for SHS's
490 Column splice
491 Bolted end column splice
492 Beam splice
493 (E) Universal section chord with hollow section brace
494 Portal apex connection
496 (E) Load bearing stiffener design
497 (E) Section properties of haunched section
498 (E) Bolts subject to eccentric loading
MASONRY DESIGN TO EUROCODE 6, BS5628 AND MEXE

503 (E) Cantilever wall spanning horizontally
505 (E) Wall panel
506 (E) Panel with opening
510 (E) Single leaf wall
511 (E) Single leaf wall by effective eccentricities
512 (E) Lateral resistance of wall by arching
515 (E) Column
519 (E) Bed joint reinforcement for laterally loaded masonry walls
520 (E) Freestanding wall
521 (E) Brick beam
525 (E) Bearing
528 (E) Simplified sub-frame analysis to EC6

529 (E) Internal masonry wall
530 (E) External cavity wall
532 (E) External cavity wall - by vertical arching
535 (E) Shear wall
536 (E) Fin wall
537 (E) Reinforced brick retaining wall
538 (E) Reinforced brick column
540 Load distribution to shear walls
541 Support angles
543 Pippard/MEXE analysis for unit applied load
546 Pippard/MEXE analysis for C&U, EC and user defined bogies
547 Pippard/MEXE analysis for user defined loading
548 Assessment of masonry arch bridges by modified MEXE
550 Mechanism analysis of arches
552 Masonry dams
554 (E) Masonry gravity wall
ANALYSIS BY NL-STRESS
557 (E) Benchmarking sets of NL-STRESS data files
558 (E) Training in the NL-STRESS language
559 (E) NL-STRESS Questions & Answers
560 (E) Plane grid analysis
561 (E) Foundation raft
562 (E) Suspended slabs/bridges
563 (E) Beam curved on plan
564 (E) Running NL-STRESS Verified Models from within SCALE
567 (E) Cantilever or built-in beam or rafter
568 (E) Lean-to, cranked, dogleg or Mansard beam
569 (E) Portal frame - mono pitch/rectangular
570 (E) Portal frame - 1 bay
571 (E) Portal frame - 1 bay with haunches
572 (E) Portal frame - 1 bay for hipped end
573 (E) Portal frame - 2 bays
574 (E) Portal frame - 2 bays with haunches
575 (E) Portal frame - 2 bays with haunches and single ridge
582 (E) Gangnail type of roof truss
583 (E) Lattice girder
584 (E) Lattice portal - N or Pratt, Howe or Warren
585 (E) Attic room roof truss
586 (E) Collar-tie & collar-and-tie roof truss
587 (E) Couple/couple-close truss
588 (E) Fink roof truss
589 (E) King post roof truss
590 (E) Queen post roof truss
591 (E) Mansard roof
592 (E) Bents, trestles and pipe racks
593 (E) Box culvert
594 (E) Continuous beam with train of moving point loads
595 (E) Coupled shear wall
596 (E) Circular arch
597 (E) Multi-storey multi-bay
598 (E) Continuous beam with optional cantilever/s

599 (E) Sub-frame - 2 to 10 bays
600 (E) Frame analysis by NL-STRESS
ANALYSIS BY TRADITIONAL METHODS

601 (E) Table of deflections for checking beams
602 (E) Shears, moments, etc. for beams
603 (E) Beams under combined axial and transverse loading
604 (E) Continuous beam - moment distribution
605 (E) Cantilever beam with varying section properties
606 (E) Simply supported beam
608 (E) Cranked or dogleg beam
610 (E) Influence lines
611 Pigeaud's tables for concentrated loads on slabs
612 Rectangular culverts
614 (E) Circular plate with UDL
615 (E) Rectangular plates
620 Subframe analysis
621 (E) Plane truss analysis - joint by joint
622 (E) Plane truss analysis
623 (E) Multi storey and multi bay frames
624 (E) Multi storey frames
626 (E) Vierendeel girders
628 (E) Shear legs
632 (E) Rectangular portal
634 (E) Ridged portal
635 (E) Two bay ridged portal
636 (E) Couple roof
638 (E) Circular arch
639 Helical stair
640 (E) Deep beams
642 (E) Roof trusses
643 (E) Section design for UB's UC's SHS's RHS's & CHS's
649 (E) Plastic section properties
650 (E) Section properties - general
651 (E) Section properties with weightings
652 (E) Section properties - plate girder with welded connections
653 (E) Section properties - plate girder with angle connections
659 (E) Influence surfaces of elastic plates - Pucher's charts
660 (E) Yield-lines
662 Suspension bridges
663 Suspension cable analysis
664 Dynamical behaviour
666 (E) Elastic stability
668 Static analysis of symmetrical guyed masts
PRE & POSTPROCESSORS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

670 HB Vehicle - load sharing
672 (E) Post-processing NL-STRESS results
674 (E) Derives moments and principal stresses from plate deflections
675 Wave forces - 5th order
677 (E) Preprocessing NL-STRESS data to remove expressions
678 Guyed masts
679 Circular tanks
680 (E) Joint coordinates of circular members
682 (E) Beta angle for space frame members
684 (E) Member stiffness matrices
686 Loss of stiffness due to partial plasticity
687 (E) Equilibrium & compatibility check of plane frame & truss members
688 (E) Equilibrium & compatibility check of plane grid members
689 (E) Equilibrium & compatibility check of space frame & truss members
690 (E) Support displacements to model for guy pretension
692 (E) Modelling of guys for analysis by stiffness method
694 (E) Loads on continuous beams - used in sheet pile design
LOADINGS
130 HA loading to BD 37/01
131 HA loading assessment to BD 21/01
700 Wind loads to CP3 Chapter 5
701 (E) Snow loading
702 (E) Wind loads to BS6399-2:1997 and Eurocode 1
703 Topographic location factor to BS6399 Part 2 1997
704 (E) Lateral earth pressure from surcharge
705 Pressures from retained materials
706 Moments and forces in hopper bottoms
707 Moments and forces in cylindrical containers
710 Loading on strip footing
711 Column & foundation loads
715 Unit loads
716 Loading on domestic lintel
717 Unit loads for steel frames
718 Steel beam with welded bottom flange
720 (E) Weighting of items comprising several parts
725 (E) Factored load summary sheet
726 (E) Eurocode load combinations
FOUNDATIONS
731 (E) Notes on pilecaps
732 (E) Pilecap for 2 piles - truss analogy
742 (E) Pilecap for 2 piles - bending theory
750 (E) Concrete retaining wall
751 (E) Active pressure on a retaining wall to BS8002:1994 or Eurocode 7
752 (E) Stability calculations for a retaining wall
754 (E) Biaxial bending on pad base
755 (E) Pad base
756 (E) Preliminary sizing of trapezoidal combined base
757 (E) Preliminary sizing of T-shaped combined base
758 (E) Preliminary sizing of rectangular combined base
759 (E) Preliminary design of tied separate bases
760 (E) Combined base
761 (E) Traditional raft foundation design.
764 (E) Beam on elastic foundation with load train - Hetenyi
765 (E) Beam on elastic foundation
766 (E) Ground beam on elastic piles
767 (E) Active thrust on wall - cohesionless soil with horizontal surface
768 (E) Active & passive pressures on sheet pile wall - with two soils
769 Active wall pressure (Rankine) retaining soil slope
770 (E) Slip circle analysis - Taylor's stability numbers

771 (E) Slip circle analysis - Swedish method
772 Coefficient of volume compressibility and compression index
773 One dimensional consolidation beneath rectangular raft
775 (E) Safe bearing pressures
776 (E) Structural design of bituminous roads
780 Soil pressures due to stacks
781 Elastic stresses within foundation material
782 Elastic stresses resulting from UDL on rectangular area
786 Vertical loads on straight bored piles in clay
787 Large diameter belled piles in clay
788 (E) Pile loads from a crane base
789 Pile group analysis
790 Loads on piles in groups
791 Pile types and characteristics
792 (E) Sheet retaining structures
793 (E) Laterally loaded piles
794 Sheet pile wall - Das
795 (E) Specialist firms for ground improvement and piling works
796 Embedded depths of holding down bolts
DRAINAGE & SURVEYING

800 Drain & sewer pipe sizing
805 (E) Gutters and rain water pipes
855 (E) Road alignment vertical curve
856 (E) Road alignment horizontal curves
859 (E) Areas and volumes for cuttings and embankments
860 (E) Volumes from spot levels
861 (E) Simpson's rule for volumes
870 (E) Setting out piles
871 (E) Analytical geometry based on the COGO approach
872 (E) Traverse survey - open or closed
890 (E) Crack movements - by tell-tales
MATHEMATICS
901 (E) Ad-hoc calculations
902 (E) Solution of triangles
903 (E) Solution of simultaneous equations
904 (E) Solution of quadratic, cubic & quartic equations
905 (E) Coordinate geometry
906 (E) Differentiation of standard forms
907 (E) Differentiation of a general function
908 (E) Integration of standard forms
909 (E) Integration of a general function
910 (E) Mensuration of plane areas and solids
911 (E) Statistics and quality control
912 (E) Latent roots
913 (E) Centre of gravity
914 (E) Matrix inversion
915 (E) Greek alphabet
916 (E) Conversion between Imperial and metric and vice versa
918 (E) Compound interest for mortgage and loan payments
919 (E) Sorting text or numbers
920 (E) Expressing a set of data points as a polynomial
MANUALS & MISCELLANEOUS

001# (E) BM & SF diagrams for structure previously analysed by NL-STRESS
002 (E) Overview
070 (E) Simple test example

921 (E) Introduction to NL-STRESS Parametric Data Files
922 (E) Introduction to NL-STRESS Proforma Data Files
923 (E) Introduction to NL-STRESS Benchmarks
924 (E) Verifying the correctness of SCALE proformas & NL-STRESS models
925 (E) Introduction to NL-STRESS Verified Models
939 (E) About filenames & listing out the names of files
940 (E) Display a text file
941 (E) Edit a text file
943 (E) SOS - Save Old Software - Running old programs from SCALE
950 (E) Invoice for structural work
951 (E) First page of calculations
952 (E) Setting page length
953 (E) Problems? - Questions and Answers
954 (E) Pages with heading only
958 (E) Printing out the NL-STRESS Verified Models Manual
960 (E) Produces a report of times logged in & logged out of SAND
961 (E) Printing out the NL-STRESS Parametric Data Files Manual
962 (E) Printing out the NL-STRESS Proforma Data Files Manual
963 (E) Printing out the NL-STRESS Benchmarks Manual
964 (E) Printing out the NL-STRESS Reference Manual (Theory & Benchmarks)
966 (E) Printing out the SCALE Reference Manual
967 (E) Printing out the SCALE help file and other help files
968 (E) Printing out the Praxis Manual
969 (E) Printing typical SCALE, LUCID & SPADE calcs/plots
970 (E) Cross referencing of numerical variables in proforma files
980 (E) English for engineers - hints on style and grammar
981 (E) A system for invention
990 (E) Job check list
991 (E) Construction notes
992 (E) Typical letters
993 (E) Job information sheet
994 (E) The COMMAND prompt
995 (E) Computer output & QA
996 (E) How to write a SCALE proforma
997 (E) Examples of correct nesting structures for SCALE proformas
004 (E) CALCS - Concise ALgorithmic Computer System
STEEL DESIGN TO BS449 INCLUDING AMENDMENT 8,1989

300# I beam
305# I column
310# RHS beam
315# RHS column
320 Angle cleat
List of LUCID proformas. Page: 1
LUCID: Reinforced concrete detailing system. LUCID (and SPADE) are

not just electronic drawing boards, each is an 'expert detailer' which
does the drawing for you, producing to-scale details. The details may
be edited directly, or read and edited by your own CAD system.
FOUNDATIONS
100 Notes on the detailing of foundations
110 Pile caps
120 Square and rectangular reinforced and mass concrete bases
130 Isolated, internal and edge strip footings
RETAINING WALLS
200 Notes on the detailing of retaining walls
210 Free standing cantilever retaining walls
220 Propped retaining walls
CULVERTS AND SUBWAYS

300 Notes on the detailing of culverts and subways
310 Culverts and subways
SLABS
400 Notes on the detailing of edge supported slabs and flat slabs
410 Simply supported single panel slabs
420 One way spanning slabs
430 Two way spanning slabs
440 Flat slabs
450 Flat slabs - shear reinforcement at columns
460 Holes and chairs for top reinforcement
COLUMNS
500 Notes on the detailing of columns
510 Square, rectangular and circular columns
WALLS
600 Notes on the detailing of walls
610 Walls
STAIRCASES
700 Notes on the detailing of in-situ staircases
710 In-situ staircases
BEAMS
800 Notes on the detailing of beams
810 Simply supported and continuous beams
820 Cantilever beams
GENERAL
901 General notes on LUCID
908 Component detailing using LUCID
910 Bar schedule
920 The COMMAND prompt
940 Printing of a filed LUCID drawing
941 Editor
952 Setting page length
966 Printing out the LUCID Reference Manual
List of SPADE proformas. Page: 1
SPADE: Structural Parts And Details Ensemble
(Steel, masonry & timber component detailing)
TIMBER
202 Beam to column connection
250 Spliced joints - various
252 Timber joist bearings on steel beams
265 Fan truss - general arrangement
266 Fink truss - general arrangement

267 Howe truss - general arrangement
268 Pratt truss - general arrangement
269 Queen post truss - general arrangement
PORTAL CONNECTIONS
310 Portal eaves haunched connection
320 Portal apex haunched connection
END PLATE CONNECTIONS

410 Flexible end plate connection - beam to beam
412 Flexible end plate connection - beam to column
416 Extended end plate connection - beam to column
ANGLE CLEAT & ANGLE SEAT CONNECTIONS

420 Double angle cleat - beam to beam connection
422 Double angle cleat - beam to column connection
430 Angle seat - beam to column connection
FIN PLATE CONNECTIONS

440 Fin plate - beam to beam
442 Fin plate - beam to column
MOMENT CONNECTIONS
450 Tongue plate connection - beam to column
452 Direct welded connection - beam to column
454 Tee connections - beam to column
458 Beam stub connection
MISCELLANEOUS CONNECTIONS
460 Beam over beam connection
SPLICES
490 Beam splice
492 Column splice
COLUMN BASES
510 Column base plate
512 Welded gusset column base plate
SHOP DETAILS
540 Shop detail - non skew beam - drilled
550 Shop detail - column - drilled
FIRE CASINGS
580 Beam and column fire casing - timber framing - up to 1 hour
582 Beam and column fire casing - steel angle framing - up to 2 hours
List of SPADE proformas. Page: 2
LOCATION DRAWINGS
590 Location drawing - single bay portal frame
592 Location drawing - multi-storey frame
MASONRY
605 Raft foundation - wide toe
608 Raft foundation - deep edge beam
610 Raft foundation - plain edge detail
612 Raft foundation - plain internal wall support
613 Bored pile foundation to resist uplift
614 Bored pile foundation
615 Masonry walls
616 Trench fill foundation
618 Traditional strip footing with concrete floor
619 Traditional strip footing with suspended timber floor
620 Wide strip foundation
622 Pad and stem foundation for loose fill
624 Precast driven segmental pile foundation
630 Granular layer beneath slab venting through trench
632 Granular layer beneath slab venting through trench with riser
634 Granular layer beneath slab venting through slotted pipe & riser
GENERAL
801 Graph plotting
901 General notes on SPADE
908 Component detailing using SPADE
920 The COMMAND prompt
940 Printing of a filed SPADE drawing
941 Editor
952 Setting page length
966 Printing out the SPADE Reference Manual
967 Printing out the SPADE help file
996 How to compose a SPADE proforma detail
SPADE and all proformas are copyright (C) Fitzroy Systems,

List of NL-STRESS proformas. Page: 1
NL-STRESS Structural Analysis - MENU OF OPTIONS
NL-STRESS PARAMETRIC MODELS

NL-STRESS parametric models are particularly useful for
checking that the results from other structural analysis
programs are in the right field.
PLANE TRUSSES
Parametric models having the template N???.dat are for
METHOD ELASTIC i.e. linear elastic analysis.
Parametric models having the template M???.dat are for
METHOD ELASTIC or METHOD SWAY or METHOD PLASTIC.
N101.dat N/Pratt through lattice truss, optional taper, udl on top
M101.dat and bottom chords and sway loads.
N102.dat N/Pratt deck lattice truss, optional taper, udl on top
N103.dat Howe through lattice truss, optional taper, udl on top
N104.dat Howe deck lattice truss, optional taper, udl on top
N105.dat Warren through lattice truss, constant height, udl on top
N106.dat Warren through lattice truss with verticals, udl on top
N107.dat Warren deck lattice truss with end verticals, udl on top
N108.dat Warren deck lattice truss with verticals, udl on top
N109.dat Two rafters with a single tie forming a roof, udl on plan
M109.dat and lateral udl's.
PLANE FRAMES
N201.dat Cantilever beam - section properties by geometry, beam
M201.dat subjected to udl & concentrated loads.
N202.dat Propped cantilever - section properties by geometry, beam
M202.dat subjected to udl & concentrated loads.
N203.dat Cantilever with tie-down span, beam subjected to udl and
M203.dat end point load.
N204.dat Tapered cantilever - section properties by geometry, beam
M204.dat subjected to loads p(1:n) at distances a(1:n).
N205.dat Continuous beam with section properties by geometry, beam
M205.dat subjected to various udl's on each span.
M206.dat subjected to UDL & concentrated loads.
M207.dat subjected to UDL, concentrated & linear loads.
N208.dat Ground beam on elastic foundation subjected to train of
M208.dat moving loads.
N209.dat Ground beam on piles at various centres with train of loads
M209.dat at various centres.
N210.dat Influence lines for reaction, shear & bending moment for a
M210.dat continuous beam having 'nsp' spans.
N211.dat Cranked beam with section properties by geometry, various
M211.dat combinations of fixities & supports.
N212.dat Single span simply supported beam with section properties

M212.dat by geometry - patterns for udl's.
N213.dat Two span continuous beam with section properties by
N214.dat Three span continuous beam with section properties by
N215.dat Four span continuous beam with section properties by
M215.dat geometry - patterns for udl's.
N216.dat Cantilever column with section properties by geometry,
M216.dat column subjected to udl & concentrated loads.
N217.dat Cantilever column propped, section properties by geometry,
M217.dat column subjected to udl & concentrated loads.
N218.dat Cantilever column with tie-down span, column subjected to
M218.dat udl's & end point loads.
N219.dat Cranked column with section properties by geometry, ends may
M219.dat be pinned or fixed, joints 2 & 3 may be propped.
N220.dat Column with rectangular offset, section properties by
M220.dat geometry; joints 2 & 5 may be propped.
N221.dat Lean-to frame with rigid connection between column and
M221.dat horizontal beam with various supports.
N222.dat Lean-to frame with rigid connection between column and
M222.dat sloping rafter with various supports.
N223.dat Lean-to frame with rigid connection between sloping column
M223.dat & rafter with various supports.
N224.dat Lean-to frame with rigid connection between sloping column
M224.dat & sloping rafter with various supports.
N225.dat Couple roof with rigid connection at apex and various
M225.dat supports.
N226.dat Collar-tie roof (or A-frame) with various connections of the
M226.dat members and with various supports.
N227.dat Couple close roof with various members and various
M227.dat connections and various supports.
N228.dat Unsymmetrical couple roof with rigid connections at apex
M228.dat and with various supports.
N229.dat Unsymmetrical couple close roof with various members and
M229.dat various connections and various supports.
N230.dat Unsymmetrical couple roof with supports at different levels
M230.dat and with various connections.
N231.dat Unsymmetrical triangular frame with one leg vertical and
M231.dat with various supports.
N232.dat Unsymmetrical triangular frame with one leg vertical and
M232.dat with tie and various supports.
N233.dat Lean-to with column and beam and skew corner between and
M233.dat with various supports.
N234.dat Couple roof (gable frame) with left column and with various
M234.dat supports.
N235.dat Rectangular portal with options for pins at ends of transom
M235.dat and at supported joints 1 & 4.
N236.dat Rectangular rigid portal with pin ended tie at ground level
M236.dat with optional sliding release.
N237.dat Rectangular portal with options for pins at ends of transom
M237.dat and unequal length columns.
N238.dat Rectangular rigid portal with unequal length columns and pin
M238.dat ended sloping tie.
N239.dat Two storey bent with optional releases for the middle beam
M239.dat and with various supports at ground level.
N240.dat Shed with sloping roof with various support
M240.dat conditions.
N241.dat Shed with sloping roof with tied columns and various
M241.dat support conditions.
N242.dat Shed with sloping roof with bases at different levels and
M242.dat with various support conditions.
N243.dat Shed with columns & beam and skew corner with various
M243.dat supports.
N244.dat Shed with columns & beam and skew corner with various
M244.dat supports at different levels.
N245.dat Shed with vertical columns, skew corner and horizontal beam
M245.dat with tie at supports.
N246.dat Shed with vertical columns and asymmetrical rafters with
M246.dat various supports.
M247.dat tie at supports.
M248.dat tie at eaves and with various support conditions.
N249.dat Symmetrical trapezoidal rigid frame with various support
N250.dat Symmetrical trapezoidal rigid frame with tie at
M250.dat supports.
N251.dat Asymmetrical trapezoidal rigid frame with various support
M251.dat levels and conditions.
N252.dat Asymmetrical trapezoidal rigid frame with tie and various
N253.dat Asymmetrical trapezoidal rigid frame with sloping column
M253.dat and vertical column with supports at different levels.
N254.dat Asymmetrical trapezoidal rigid frame with sloping column
M254.dat and vertical column with tie between.
N255.dat Asymmetrical trapezoidal rigid frame with vertical and
M255.dat sloping columns and various support conditions.
N256.dat Single bay ridged portal frame with various support
N257.dat Single bay ridged portal frame with tie at ground level and
M257.dat various support conditions.
N258.dat Single bay ridged portal frame with tie between eaves and
M258.dat with various support conditions.
N259.dat Symmetrical Mansard frame with various support
N260.dat Symmetrical Mansard frame with ground tie and with
N261.dat Symmetrical Mansard frame with eaves tie and with various
N262.dat Symmetrical bent with skew corners and various support
N263.dat Symmetrical bent with skew corners and with tie at ground
M263.dat level.
N264.dat Barrel-vault portal frame with vertical columns and with
N265.dat Barrel-vault portal frame with vertical columns and ground
M265.dat tie and with various support conditions.
N266.dat Barrel-vault portal frame with vertical columns and with
M266.dat eaves tie and with various support conditions.
N267.dat Vierendeel frame with various supports at ground level with
M267.dat optional sliding release.
N268.dat N or Pratt lattice girder or portal with 'nb' bays and
M268.dat optional taper on top chord, end diagonals in tension.
N269.dat Howe lattice girder or portal with 'nb' bays and optional
M269.dat taper on top chord, end diagonals in tension.
N270.dat Warren lattice girder or portal with 'nb' bays and optional
M270.dat taper on top chord having end diagonals in tension.
N271.dat Warren lattice girder or portal with 'nb' bays and optional
M271.dat taper on top chord having end diagonals in compression.
N272.dat Single/multi-bay portal frame/s without haunches having
M272.dat 'nb' bays subjected to vertical and sway loading.
N273.dat Single/multi-bay portal frame/s with haunches having
M273.dat 'nb' bays subjected to vertical and sway loading.
N274.dat Three segment rafters, Warren internals, subjected to udl
M274.dat and point loads at joints; wind normal to rafters.
N275.dat Attic room roof frame subjected to projected udl with point
M275.dat loads at joints and wind loading normal to rafters.
N276.dat A-frame with plan udl on rafters and collar & point loads
M276.dat on joints 3-5; wind loading normal to rafters.
N277.dat Collar-and-tie roof frame subjected to projected udl &
M277.dat point loads; wind loading normal to rafters.
N278.dat Couple roof frame subjected to projected (plan) udl and
M278.dat wind loading normal to rafters.
N279.dat Couple roof frame with tie, subjected to projected (plan)
M279.dat udl and wind loading normal to rafters.
N280.dat Fink roof frame subjected to plan udl's and point loads at
M280.dat joints and wind normal to rafters.
N281.dat King post frame subjected to plan udl's and point loads at
N282.dat Queen post frame subjected to plan udl's and point loads at
N283.dat Mansard roof frame subjected to plan udl and point loads at
N284.dat Tied-Mansard roof frame subjected to plan udl and point
M284.dat loads at joints and wind normal to rafters.
N285.dat Pitched Vierendeel roof frame subjected to plan udl and
M285.dat point loads at joints and wind normal to rafters.
N286.dat Pipe tree with two horizontal branches subjected to vertical
M286.dat and lateral loads.
N287.dat Pipe tree with four horizontal branches subjected to vertical
N288.dat Pipe tree with six horizontal branches subjected to vertical
N289.dat One storey bent with vertical or raking columns and with
M289.dat options for pins at end of transom.
N290.dat Two storey bent with vertical or raking columns and with
M290.dat vertical and lateral loads.
N291.dat Three storey bent with vertical or raking columns and with
M291.dat vertical and lateral loads.
N292.dat Two-pinned segmental circular arch subjected to distributed
M292.dat loading and various concentrated loads.
N293.dat Encastre segmental circular arch subjected to distributed
M293.dat loading and various concentrated loads.
N294.dat Subframes: beams with columns below and optional beams above
M294.dat having nb spans subjected to load patterns.
N295.dat Modelling inclined
M295.dat supports.
N296.dat Modelling overlapping
M296.dat members.
N297.dat Modelling structural
M297.dat scissors.
N298.dat Influence lines for continuous beams of constant span built
M298.dat using the 'print collection' command.
N299.dat Vierendeel girder subjected to udl's on top & bottom chords

M299.dat & loads on top & bottom joints.
N300.dat Outrigged frame carrying a point load on a beam with various
M300.dat fixed/pinned supports.
N301.dat Braced outrigged frame carying end point load at joint 5,
M301.dat with various fixed/pinned supports.
N302.dat Symmetrical centre span with cantilevers at both
M302.dat ends.
N303.dat Build-in beam, section properties by geometry, beam subjected
M303.dat to udl & concentrated loads.
PLANE GRIDS
N401.dat Circular-arc bow girder subjected to out of plane
M401.dat concentrated and uniformly distributed loads.
N402.dat Circular-arc cantilever subjected to out of plane
M402.dat concentrated and uniformly distributed loads.
N403.dat Grillage of girders & stiffeners subjected to point &
M403.dat uniformly distributed loads; all edges built-in.
M404.dat uniformly distributed loads; all edges simply supported.
M405.dat udl's; N&S edges built-in, E&W simply supported.
M406.dat udl's; E&W edges built-in, N&S simply supported.
M407.dat udl's; N&W edges built-in, S&E simply supported.
M408.dat udl's; N&S edges built-in, E&W free.
M409.dat udl's; E&W edges built-in, N&S free.
M410.dat udl's; N&W edges built-in, S&E free.
N411.dat Grillage of girders subjected to udl's & point & area
M411.dat loads; all edges are simply supported.
M412.dat loads; all edges are built-in.
M413.dat loads; E&W edges S.S.; N&S edges built-in.
M414.dat loads; N&S edges S.S., E&W edges built-in.
M415.dat loads; W&S edges are S.S. with prop at 'nj'.
M416.dat loads; W&S edges are built-in with prop at 'nj'.
M417.dat loads; N&S&W edges are S.S.; east edge is free.
M418.dat loads; N&S&W edges are built-in, E edge is free.
M419.dat loads; W edge is S.S. with props at E corners.
M420.dat loads; W edge if built-in with props at E corners.
M421.dat loads; S edge is S.S. with props at N corners.

M422.dat loads; S edge is built-in, props are at N corners.
N423.dat Skew grillage of girders subjected to udl's & point &
M423.dat area loads; all edges are simply supported.
M424.dat area loads; all edges are built-in.
M425.dat area loads; N&S built-in, E&W simply supported.
M426.dat area loads; E&W built-in, N&S simply supported.
M427.dat area loads; E&W built-in, N&S free.
M428.dat area loads; E&W simply supported, N&S free.
M429.dat area loads; N&S built-in, E&W free.
N430.dat Flat plate in flexure having four simply supported
M430.dat edges, subjected to uniformly distributed load.
N431.dat Flat plate in flexure having four built-in edges,
M431.dat subjected to uniformly distributed load.
N432.dat Flat plate in flexure having north & south edges
M432.dat built-in and east and west edges simply supported.
N433.dat Flat plate in flexure having E&W edges built-in
M433.dat and N&S simply supported, subjected to udl.
N434.dat Flat plate in flexure having E&W edges built-in and
M434.dat N&S free, subjected to udl.
N435.dat Flat plate in flexure having E&W edges simply
M435.dat supported, N&S free, subjected to udl.
N436.dat Flat plate in flexure having E&W edges free, N&S
M436.dat simply supported, subjected to udl.
N437.dat Flat plate in flexure having N&S edges built-in,
M437.dat E&W edges free, subjected to udl.
N438.dat Flat plate in flexure having N&S&W edges built-in,
M438.dat East edge free, subjected to udl.
N439.dat Flat plate in flexure having N&S&W edges built-in,
M439.dat East edge simply supported, subjected to udl.
N440.dat Flat plate in flexure having N&S&W simply supported
M440.dat edges, East edge free, subjected to udl.
N441.dat Flat plate in flexure having built-in edges for S&E&W
M441.dat and North edge free, subjected to udl.
N442.dat Flat plate in flexure having built-in edges for S&E&W,
M442.dat North edge simply supported, subjected to udl.
N443.dat Flat plate in flexure having three simply supported
M443.dat edges, free North edge, subjected to udl.
VERIFIED MODELS
NL-STRESS Verified Models cover a wide range of engineering
structures; each Verified Model is self-checking. To run a
verified model, the engineer need only click on one in the
following list, then click Continue. To edit the parameters,
click Edit instead of Continue, type replacement values for
typically 10-20 parameters, click End & Continue to run.
PLANE FRAME & TRUSS VERIFIED MODELS

vm110.ndf Simply supported beam including shear deflection.
vm112.ndf Cantilevered beam.
vm113.ndf Cantilevered beam subjected to many point loads.
vm114.ndf Tapered cantilevered beam subjected to many point loads.
vm115.ndf Cantilever with tie-down beam.

vm117.ndf Subframe, continuous beam with columns below & above.
vm120.ndf Continuous beam with pattern loadings.
vm122.ndf Two member lean-to or Mansard beam.
vm123.ndf Three member lean-to or Mansard beam.
vm124.ndf Three member cranked beam.
vm130.ndf Ground beam on an elastic foundation.
vm131.ndf Ground beam on elastic piles.
vm140.ndf Influence lines for continuous beams.
vm150.ndf Pratt through truss.
vm153.ndf Pratt deck truss.
vm156.ndf Howe through truss.
vm159.ndf Howe deck truss.
vm162.ndf Warren through truss.
vm164.ndf Warren through truss with verticals.
vm165.ndf Warren deck truss.
vm168.ndf Warren deck with verticals.
vm171.ndf Two rafters with tie.
vm172.ndf Two rafters, post & tie.
vm173.ndf King post roof truss.
vm174.ndf Roof truss, three segment rafters, Pratt internals.
vm175.ndf Roof truss, three segment rafters, Howe internals.
vm177.ndf Trussed rafter, or Fink roof truss.
vm178.ndf Roof truss, three segment trussed rafter, Warren internals.
vm179.ndf Three segment rafters, Warren internals roof truss.
vm181.ndf Mansard truss.
vm202.ndf Pipe tree having two branches.
vm203.ndf Pipe tree having four branches.
vm204.ndf Pipe tree having six branches.
vm207.ndf One storey bent having vertical/raking piles.
vm208.ndf Two storey bent having vertical/raking piles.
vm209.ndf Three storey bent having vertical/raking piles.
vm210.ndf Bent, or rectangular portal frame.
vm211.ndf Rigid pile cap with several piles.
vm215.ndf Ridged portal frame with pinned or fixed feet.
vm216.ndf Nissen or Mansard portal.
vm217.ndf Gable frame with inclined legs.
vm218.ndf Portal frame with skew corners.
vm219.ndf Trapezoidal frame.
vm220.ndf Two bay ridged portal with pinned feet.
vm223.ndf Multi bay haunched ridged portal with pinned/fixed feet.
vm225.ndf Couple roof frame.
vm226.ndf Couple close roof frame.
vm227.ndf Collar-tie roof frame.
vm228.ndf Collar-and-tie roof frame.
vm230.ndf Attic room roof frame.
vm232.ndf Fink roof frame.
vm233.ndf King post roof frame.
vm234.ndf Queen post roof frame.
vm235.ndf Tied Mansard roof frame.
vm241.ndf Vierendeel girder.
vm242.ndf Vierendeel roof frame.
vm244.ndf N/Pratt lattice portal/girder.
vm245.ndf Howe lattice portal/girder.
vm246.ndf Warren lattice portal/girder, end diagonals in tension.
vm247.ndf Warren lattice portal/girder, end diagonals in compression.
vm260.ndf Multi-storey frame, moment distribution self-check.
vm262.ndf Multi-storey frame, equilibrium & compatibility self-check.
vm270.ndf Pierced shear walls.

vm280.ndf Two pinned circular arch.
vm281.ndf Encastre circular arch.
vm282.ndf Two pinned parabolic arch.
vm283.ndf Encastre parabolic arch.
vm290.ndf Outrigged frame.
vm291.ndf Braced outrigged frame.
PLANE GRID VERIFIED MODELS

vm300.ndf Cantilever or propped-cantilever on plan.
vm301.ndf Circular arc cantilever on plan.
vm302.ndf Circular arc bow girder on plan.
vm310.ndf Grillage of beams, classical check.
vm311.ndf Grillage of beams, modern check.
PLASTIC ANALYSIS
vm410.ndf Plastic analysis of cantilever.
vm411.ndf Plastic analysis of propped cantilever.
vm420.ndf Plastic analysis of continuous beam.
vm430.ndf Plastic analysis of rectangular portal.
vm435.ndf Plastic analysis of ridged portal.
vm436.ndf Plastic analysis of multi-bay ridged portal.
vm440.ndf Plastic analysis of multi-storey frame.
FINITE ELEMENT VERIFIED MODELS

vm601.ndf Plate with out-of-plane loading.
vm602.ndf Flat plate in flexure with area loading.
vm605.ndf Floor panel with hole.
vm610.ndf Plate with free edge.
vm618.ndf Plate/wall in extension with hole.
vm620.ndf Circular balcony plate.
vm630.ndf Spherical shell.
vm640.ndf I-section subjected to torque.
vm641.ndf RHS subjected to torque & biaxial bending.
vm642.ndf T-section subjected to torque and bending.
vm643.ndf Channel section subjected to torque and bending.
vm644.ndf Angle section subjected to torque.
vm650.ndf Circular tank.
VERIFIED MODELS FOR DYNAMICS

vm710.ndf Natural frequency of beam.
vm718.ndf Natural frequency of built-in plate.
vm720.ndf Natural frequency of simply supported plate.
VERIFIED MODELS FOR STABILITY

vm802.ndf Cantilever beam with large displacements.
vm810.ndf Stability of columns with various supports.
vm830.ndf Stability of circular ring/pipe.
vm850.ndf Stability of cantilever with udl & end load.
vm852.ndf Multi-storey frame using non-linear elastic analysis.
vm950.ndf Hanging cable with flexible platform.
vm951.ndf Suspension bridge with three pinned stiffening girder.
vm952.ndf Suspension bridge with two pinned stiffening girder.
KLEINLOGEL'S RIGID FRAME FORMULAS

Click on a chosen frame (starting nlkl) click Edit and
amend the numerical data as required, press the End key to
leave the Editor, click Continue, press Enter twice,

compare the results at the end. Note that Prof. Kleinlogel
changes the direction of reactions to oppose the loading
applied, and ignores axial shortening.
LEAN-TO FRAMES WITH RIGID JOINT AT EAVES

nlkl001.ndf Pinned at ground & wall.
nlkl002.ndf Pinned at ground, fixed at wall.
nlkl003.ndf Pinned at wall, fixed at ground.
nlkl004.ndf Built-in at wall and ground.
nlkl005.ndf Built-in at ground, sliding support at top of wall.
nlkl006.ndf Built-in at wall, sliding support at ground.
nlkl007.ndf Pinned at ground and wall.
nlkl008.ndf Built-in at ground and wall.
nlkl009.ndf Pinned at ground and wall, inclined column.
nlkl010.ndf Built-in at ground and wall, inclined column.
nlkl011.ndf Pinned at ground and wall, inclined column & rafter.
nlkl012.ndf Built-in at ground, pinned at wall, inclined col & rafter.
nlkl013.ndf Built-in at wall, pinned at ground, inclined col & rafter.
nlkl014.ndf Built-in at wall and ground, inclined column & rafter.
SYMMETRICAL TWO-HINGED TRIANGULAR FRAME

nlkl015.ndf Rigid connection at apex, pinned at ground.
nlkl016.ndf Rigid connection at apex, tie-rod at ground.
nlkl017.ndf Rigid connection at apex, hinged tie and pinned supports.
nlkl018.ndf Pinned connection at apex, hinged tie and pinned supports.
nlkl019.ndf Rigid connection at apex, and fixed supports.
nlkl020.ndf Rigid connection at apex, hinged tie and fixed supports.
nlkl021.ndf Pinned connection at apex, hinged tie and fixed supports.
UNSYMMETRICAL TRIANGULAR FRAME, RIGID CONNECTION AT APEX

nlkl022.ndf Pinned supports at same level.
nlkl023.ndf Tie-rod at ground level.
nlkl024.ndf Left support fixed, right support pinned.
nlkl025.ndf Both supports fixed.
nlkl026.ndf Pinned supports at different levels.
nlkl027.ndf Left support fixed, right pinned at different levels.
nlkl028.ndf Both supports fixed, supports at different levels.
UNSYMMETRICAL TRIANGULAR FRAME, RIGID CONNECTION AT APEX

nlkl029.ndf Right column vertical, both supports fixed.
nlkl030.ndf Right column vertical, tie-rod at ground level.
nlkl031.ndf Right column vertical, both supports fixed.
nlkl032.ndf Right column vertical, left support fixed, right pinned.
nlkl033.ndf Right column vertical, left support pinned, right fixed.
THREE MEMBER LEAN-TO RIGID FRAME, INSIDE JOINTS FIXED,

LEFT COLUMN VERTICAL, RIGHT RAFTER HORIZONTAL
nlkl034.ndf Left and right supports pinned.
nlkl035.ndf Left support fixed, right support pinned.
nlkl036.ndf Left and right supports fixed.
THREE MEMBER GABLE FRAME

nlkl037.ndf Both supports fixed.
SYMMETRICAL RECTANGULAR FRAME

nlkl038.ndf Left and right supports fixed, eaves joints pinned.
nlkl039.ndf Left and right supports pinned, eaves joints fixed.
nlkl040.ndf Eaves joints fixed, tie-rod at ground level.

nlkl041.ndf Left and right supports fixed, eaves joints fixed.
nlkl043.ndf Eeaves joints fixed, tie-rod at ground level.
RECTANGULAR FRAME WITH SUPPORTS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS

nlkl045.ndf Left and right supports fixed, eaves joints pinned.
nlkl047.ndf Tie-rod at ground level, eaves joints fixed.
nlkl049.ndf Left supports fixed, right pinned, eaves joints fixed.
nlkl050.ndf L. & R. supports pinned, eaves fixed, tie in middle.
nlkl051.ndf L. & R. supports pinned, eaves fixed, tie in middle.
RIGID FRAME SHED WITH FIXED EAVE AND RIDGE

nlkl053.ndf Tie-rod at ground level.
nlkl054.ndf Left and right supports pinned at different levels.
nlkl055.ndf Left support fixed, right pinned, at different levels.
nlkl056.ndf Left support fixed, right pinned at same level.
nlkl057.ndf Left support pinned, right supp fixed at different levels.
nlkl058.ndf Left support pinned, right support fixed at same levels.
nlkl059.ndf Left and right supports fixed at different levels.
nlkl060.ndf Left and right supports fixed at same level.
BENT WITH ONE SKEW CORNER, INSIDE JOINTS FIXED

nlkl063.ndf Left support fixed, right support pinned at same level.
nlkl064.ndf Left support fixed, right pinned at different levels.
nlkl065.ndf Left support pinned, right fixed at different levels.
RIGID FRAME SHED, FIXED JOINTS AT EAVES & APEX

nlkl068.ndf Left and right supports pinned at same level.
nlkl069.ndf Left and right supports pinned with tie-rod.
nlkl070.ndf Left and right supports pinned with tie-rod between eaves.
nlkl072.ndf Left and right supports fixed with tie-rod between eaves.
SYMMETRICAL TRAPEZOIDAL FRAME, JOINTS AT EAVES FIXED

nlkl074.ndf Left and right supports pinned with tie-rod at same level.
UNSYMMETRICAL TRAPEZOIDAL FRAME, JOINTS AT EAVES FIXED

nlkl079.ndf Left support pinned, rightfixed at different levels.
TRAPEZOIDAL SHED FRAME WITH ONE VERTICAL COLUMN


nlkl085.ndf Left supports pinned, right support fixed at diff. levels.
nlkl087.ndf Left and right support fixed at different levels.
SYMMETRICAL GABLE FRAME, VERTICAL LEGS, FIXED EAVES & APEX

nlkl090.ndf Left and right supports pinned, with tie-rod.
nlkl091.ndf Left and right supports pinned, with tie-rod between eaves.
nlkl093.ndf Left and right supports fixed, with tie-rod.
GABLE FRAME WITH INCLINED LEGS, FIXED JOINTS AT EAVES & APEX
nlkl095.ndf Left and right supports pinned, with tie-rod.
nlkl096.ndf Left and right supports pinned, with tie-rod between eaves.
nlkl098.ndf Left and right supports fixed, with tie-rod between eaves.
SYMMETRICAL BENT WITH SKEW CORNERS, FIXED AT RIDGE & EAVES

nlkl100.ndf Left and right supports pinned, tie-rod at ground level.
SYMMETRICAL BENT WITH PARABOLIC GIRDER, FIXED AT EAVES

nlkl103.ndf Left and right supports pinned, tie-rod at ground level.
nlkl104.ndf Left and right supports pinned, tie rod at eaves level.
SYMMETRICAL VIERENDEEL FRAME, EXTERNALLY SIMPLY SUPPORTED

nlkl106.ndf Left and right supports pinned, top & bottom different.
nlkl107.ndf Left and right supports pinned, square, same all members.
nlkl108.ndf Left and right supports pinned, all members different.
SYMMETRICAL VIERENDEEL FRAME, ON ELASTIC FOUNDATION

nlkl109.ndf Properties of verticals the same, horizontals different.
nlkl110.ndf All section properties are the same.
CLOSED TRIANGULAR RIGID FRAME

nlkl111.ndf Left and right supports pinned, unsymmetrical shape.
nlkl112.ndf Left and right supports pinned, symmetrical shape.
nlkl113.ndf Left and right supports pinned, equilateral shape.
SQUARE OR RECTANGULAR FRAME, SUBJECTED TO INTERNAL PRESSURE

nlkl114.ndf Different section properties for verticals & horizontals.
nlkl115.ndf As for frame 114 with central vertical tie-rod.
nlkl116.ndf As for frame 114 with two vertical tie-rods.
nlkl117.ndf As for frame 114 with central vertical & horizontal tie-rods.
PARAMETRIC DATA FILES

A file of data for the analysis of a structural framework
in which the data has been written parametrically i.e. the
geometric, loading & material properties are given as
parameters, is referred to as a Parametric Data File. To
run a parametric data file, the engineer need only click on
one in the following list, then click Continue. To edit the

parameters, click Edit instead of Continue, type replacement
values for typically 10-20 parameters, click End & Continue.
PLANE FRAME PARAMETRIC DATA FILES

pf01.ndf Cantilever beam, parametric data, NL-STRESS editor.
pf02.ndf As pf01 with inclined supps & use of syntax diagrams.
pf03.ndf As pf01 including diagrams & calculations.
pf04.ndf Multi-storey frames.
pf05.ndf Natural frequency calculation.
pf06.ndf Influence lines by Muller-Breslau method.
pf07.ndf Influence lines by PRINT COLLECTION command.
pf08.ndf Curved beams introducing functions.
pf09.ndf Coupled shear walls - up to 100 storeys.
pf10.ndf Continuous beams.
pf11.ndf Subframes - beams with columns below and above.
pf12.ndf Including post processing in an NL-STRESS data file.
pf13.ndf Overview of the stiffness method.
pf14.ndf Data preparation of large structures by substructures.
pf15.ndf Thermal strains.
pf16.ndf Member eccentricities and end joint sizes.
pf17.ndf Overlapping members and scissors.
pf18.ndf Prestressed continuous beams - load balancing method.
pf19.ndf Ground beam on elastic piles subjected to load train.
pf20.ndf Box culvert.
pf21.ndf Loads on piles in groups.
pf22.ndf Circular/parabolic arches.
pf23.ndf Pipe-tree racks.
pf24.ndf Bents and pipe racks.
pf25.ndf Two member lean-to or Mansard beam.
pf26.ndf Three member lean-to or Mansard beam.
pf27.ndf Dogleg or cranked beam.
pf28.ndf Vierendeel girder.
pf29.ndf Ground beam on elastic piles.
PLANE GRID PARAMETRIC DATA FILES

gr01.ndf Bow girder introducing PLANE GRIDS.
gr02.ndf Ground slab with loads from racks.
gr03.ndf Pseudo slab bridges.
gr04.ndf Timber floor panel.
FINITE ELEMENT PARAMETRIC DATA FILES

fe01.ndf Finite element method for plates in flexure.
fe02.ndf Finite element method for plates in extension.
fe03.ndf Finite element for plates in extension & flexure.
fe04.ndf Plate/wall with hole/window in extension.
FF05.ndf Floor slab with opening, various boundary conditions.
fe06.ndf Spiral stairs - folded steel plate.
fe07.ndf Rectangular tanks.
fe08.ndf Setting openings and stiffeners in plates and walls.
fe09.ndf Boxbeam with side cantilevers.
fe10.ndf Circular hopper.
fe11.ndf Circular chimney.
fe12.ndf Circular balcony - plate with opening.
fe13.ndf Barrel vault roof.
fe14.ndf Rings and pipes.
fe15.ndf Spherical dome.
fe16.ndf Angle in bending and torsion.
fe17.ndf Channel in bending and torsion.

fe18.ndf I section in bending and torsion.
fe19.ndf T section in bending and torsion.
fe20.ndf Flat slab subframe.
SPACE FRAME PARAMETRIC DATA FILES

sf01.ndf 3D multi-storey frames.
sf02.ndf Circular tanks.
sf03.ndf Space structures - square on square example.
sf04.ndf Shear (flexural) centre.
sf05.ndf Conical roof.
sf06.ndf Orange segment roof truss.
sf07.ndf Spiral stair - reinforced concrete.
sf08.ndf Temporary works - column outriggers.
sf09.ndf Dynamical behaviour of 3D multi-storey frame.
sf10.ndf Cantilever stair with 2 curved flights & quarter landing.
ROOF FRAME/TRUSS PARAMETRIC DATA FILES

rf01.ndf N/Pratt lattice girder/portal - end diagonals in tension.
rf02.ndf Howe lattice girder/portal - end diagonals in compression.
rf03.ndf Warren lattice girder/portal - end diagonals in tension.
rf04.ndf Warren lattice girder/portal - end diags in compression.
rf05.ndf Portal frame/s without haunches.
rf06.ndf Portal frame/s with haunches.
rf07.ndf Gangnail roof truss.
rf08.ndf Attic room roof truss.
rf09.ndf Collar-tie roof truss.
rf10.ndf Collar-and-tie roof truss.
rf11.ndf Couple roof truss.
rf12.ndf Couple-close roof truss.
rf13.ndf Fink roof truss.
rf14.ndf King post roof truss.
rf15.ndf Queen post roof truss.
rf16.ndf Mansard roof truss.
rf17.ndf Tied-Mansard roof truss.
rf18.ndf Plane/pitched Vierendeel roof truss.
BENCHMARKS
Benchmarks are a collection of examples taken from
engineering textbooks & periodicals. Embedded in the data
file for each example, is part of the results, so that after
the benchmark is run the printed results may be checked. To
run a benchmark, the engineer need only click on one in the
following list, then click Continue.
TIMING BENCHMARKS
bm01.bmk Plane frame with 27 joints, 38 members & 2 load cases.
bm02.bmk Space frame with 66 joints, 99 members & 1 load case.
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT - HECB BENCHMARKS

dt01.bmk Plane truss with varying relative stiffness.
dt02.bmk Plane frame with displaced supports.
dt03.bmk Plane frame problem 2.
dt04.bmk Encastre segmental arch rib.
dt05.bmk Grillage with applied displacements & elastic supports.
dt06.bmk Grillage with shear deformation.
dt07.bmk Skew deck of orthogonal grillage.
dt08.bmk Circular-arc bow girder.

dt09.bmk Space truss.
dt10.bmk Space frame with varying stiffnesses & displaced supports.
DYNAMICAL BEHAVIOUR BENCHMARKS

dy01.bmk Ex. from Fig 3.2, Warburton 1964.
dy02.bmk Ex. from Table 12.2, Steel Designers' Manual 1992.
dy03.bmk Ex. from Table 12.2, Steel Designers' Manual 1992.
dy04.bmk Nat. freq. for point loads, Dunkerley method Ryder, 1957.
dy05.bmk Nat. freq. example 10.3-2 Coates et al. 1988.
dy06.bmk Nat. freq. example in Fig 4.8, Warburton 1964.
dy07.bmk Nat. freq. example problem 1 in Chapter 1, Warburton 1964.
dy08.bmk Nat. freq. example problem 7 in Chapter 15, Ryder 1957.
dy09.bmk Nat. freq. grid cl.12.15, Steel Designers' Manual 1992.
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS BENCHMARKS

fe01.bmk Plate in flexure, Yettram & Husain 1965.
fe02.bmk Plate in extension, Yettram & Husain 1966.
fe03.bmk Plates in extension & flexure, Yettram & Husain 1965/66.
fe04.bmk Folded plate, Figure 8.13, Rockey et al. 1983.
fe05.bmk Torisphere with central hole.
fe06.bmk Edge supported plate with only four elements.
fe07.bmk Edge supported plate with sixty four elements.
fe08.bmk Example Fig. 5.5, Rockey et al. 1983.
fe09.bmk Example Fig. 6.3, Rockey et al.
fe10.bmk Simply supported circular plate with UDL, Roark 1965.
fe11.bmk Rectangular plate with UDL, Timoshenko et al. 1959.
fe12.bmk RHS as fe03.bmk with span:depth ratio increased to 8:1.
fe13.bmk Rect. plate with one free edge, Timoshenko et al. 1959.
fe14.bmk Built-in rectangular plate, Timoshenko et al.
fe15.bmk Channel section with destabilising end load, Roark 1965.
fe16.bmk Circular shell from Fig 265, Timoshenko et al.
fe17.bmk Circ. concrete tank from Fig 246, Timoshenko et al.
fe18.bmk Modelling of element in extension & sign conventions.
fe19.bmk Modelling of element in flexure & sign conventions.
fe20.bmk Modelling of element in combined extension & flexure.
PLANE GRID BENCHMARKS

gr01.bmk Bridge deck example, C&CA 1972.
gr02.bmk Foundation raft, Sawko 1972.
gr03.bmk Authentic bridge deck provided by Dr R. C. Slater.
gr04.bmk Curved balcony member from Design Ex. 6, SCI 2001.
gr05.bmk Member stresses for sections defined by props or geometry.
PLANE FRAME BENCHMARKS

pf01.bmk Shear wall, MacLeod April, 1966.
pf02.bmk Box culvert.
pf03.bmk Influence lines by Muller-Breslau, Coates et al. 1988.
pf04.bmk Natural frequency determination, McMinn 1962.
pf05.bmk Prestressed continuous beam, Lin 1963.
pf06.bmk Shear deformation - Ex. 6.7-1 by Coates et al.
pf07.bmk Member loads - Example 6.7-2 by Coates et al.
pf08.bmk Symmetry - Example 6.10-1 by Coates et al.
pf09.bmk Looping example, Problem 6.1 by Coates et al.
pf10.bmk Looping across tables - Pr. 6.2 Coates et al.
pf11.bmk Springs at supports - Pr. 7.18 by Coates et al.
pf12.bmk Applied moments - Problem 8.5 by Coates et al.
pf13.bmk DIAGRAMS example - Pr. 6.14 by Coates et al.
pf14.bmk Propping force - Problem 6.16 by Coates et al.

pf15.bmk Member distortions - Pr. 4.15 by Coates et al.
pf16.bmk Temperature, self weights, length coefficients example.
pf17.bmk Curved member, Design example 6, BCC 842, SCI 2001.
pf18.bmk Temperature gradient, example from Emkin et al. 1977.
pf19.bmk Stresses for sections defined by properties or geometry.
pf20.bmk Member properties given by: AS other member properties.
PLASTIC ANALYSIS BENCHMARKS

pl01.bmk Single bay portal frame, Morris & Randall, 1977.
pl02.bmk Two storey frame, Horne & Merchant, Fig 5.14, 1965.
pl03.bmk Plastic grillage, Example 1.0, Morris & Randall, 1977
pl04.bmk Elastic-plastic analysis of compression members.
pl05.bmk Reversing plastic hinge example.
pl06.bmk Built-in beam, Example 1.1, Morris & Randall.
pl07.bmk Propped cantilever, Example 1.2, Morris & Randall.
pl08.bmk Two span beam, Example 2.1, Morris & Randall.
pl09.bmk Three span beam, Example 2.3, Morris & Randall.
pl10.bmk Single ridged portal, Example 4.4, Morris & Randall.
pl11.bmk Two bay ridged portal, Ex. 4.7, Morris & Randall.
pl12.bmk Multi-storey frame, Example 6.2, Morris & Randall.
pl13.bmk Test order of formation of plastic hinges.
pl14.bmk Portal frame with out of plane loading.
pl15.bmk Space frame - ring beam supported on RHS columns.
pl16.bmk Example 14.6-1 from Coates et al. 1988.
pl17.bmk Rect. portal, Example 14.6-4 from Coates et al. 1988.
pl18.bmk Non-symmetric portal, Ex. 14.6-5 from Coates et al.
pl19.bmk Non-symm. 2 bay portal, Ex. 14.7-1 from Coates et al.
pl20.bmk Two storey portal, Example 14.7-2 from Coates et al.
pl21.bmk Collapse load factor, Ex. 14.8-1 from Coates et al.
PLANE TRUSS BENCHMARKS

pt01.bmk Ex. 20, Gennaro, Computer Methods in Solid Mechanics 1965.
pt02.bmk Example 22, Gennaro.
pt03.bmk Chapter 4 Problem 1, Gennaro.
pt10.bmk Example 4.10, Grassie.
SPACE FRAME BENCHMARKS

sf01.bmk Cantilever stair.
sf02.bmk Guide dolphin.
sf03.bmk Example in Figure 3-8, Weaver 1967.
sf04.bmk Example in Figure 3-9, Weaver 1967.
sf05.bmk Example from UCC symposium Nov 1972.
sf06.bmk Tapered beams example - equivalent to rect. section.
sf07.bmk Cantilever with various loadings, Steel Designers' Man 1966.
sf08.bmk S.S. beam with various loadings, Steel Designers' Man. 1966.
sf09.bmk Built-in beam with various loadings, Steel Des. Man. 1966.
sf10.bmk Ring beam on T columns to show need for BETA angle.
sf11.bmk Curved balcony member for SCI design example 6.
sf12.bmk Curved balcony member from Design Ex. 6, SCI 2001.
sf13.bmk Member distortions for cantilever or built-in beam.
sf14.bmk Temperature gradient, Emkin et al. 1977.
sf15.bmk Stresses for sections defined by properties or geometry.
SWAY FRAME BENCHMARKS

sw01.bmk Column with axial load, Figure 4.1, Horne & Morris 1981.
sw02.bmk Column with axial load and lateral load.
sw03.bmk Guyed mast analysis.
sw04.bmk Two storey frame, Figure 5.14, Horne & Merchant 1965.
sw05.bmk Lateral displacement of tip of end loaded cantilever.
sw06.bmk Suspension bridge, Chap. 13, Ex. 5, Pippard & Baker 1957.
sw07.bmk Comparison between member end springs & pseudo springs.
sw08.bmk Modelling imperfections by parabolic bow.
sw09.bmk Example 9.11-1, Coates et al. 1988.
sw10.bmk Problem 9.1, Coates et al.
sw17.bmk Net, symmetrical loading, Elibiari et al., Nooshin 1984.
sw18.bmk Net, unsymmetrical loading, Elibiari et al., Nooshin 1984.
sw19.bmk Hyperbolic paraboloid net, Elibiari et al., Nooshin 1984.
sw20.bmk Stable/unstable post-buckling behaviour, Coates et al. 1988.
sw21.bmk Snap through - Problem 9.8-1, Coates et al. 1988.
PROFORMA DATA FILES

To run a proforma data file, the engineer need only click on
one in the following list, then click Edit and type numbers
to replace all question marks. When editing: pressing Insert
toggles between Insert/Overstrike; Ctrl+Y deletes the line
containing the cursor; Ctrl+N inserts another line at the
cursor position; Ctrl+U deletes to the right of the cursor.
CONTINUOUS BEAM PROFORMAS

cb01.ndf 1 span beam with UDLs.
cbp02.ndf 2 span beam with udl's & point loads.

MULTI-STOREY PROFORMAS
ms1x1.ndf 1 bay x 1 storey.
N GIRDER PROFORMAS
ng02.ndf 2 bay N girder.
PORTAL FRAME PROFORMAS

port1.ndf 1 bay portal frame.
port1h.ndf 1 bay portal frame with haunches at eaves.
port1hh.ndf 1 bay portal frame with haunches at eaves and ridge.
port2h1.ndf 2 bay portal frame with haunches at eaves & single ridge.
nls.ndf NL-STRESS data file for any structure.
ROOF TRUSS PROFORMAS

rtattic.ndf Attic room roof truss.
rtfink.ndf Fink roof truss.
rtcolar.ndf Collar-tie roof truss.
rtcolat.ndf Collar & tie roof truss.
rtcolats.ndf Roof truss collar-and-tie sloping.
rtcoup.ndf Roof truss couple.
rtcoupc.ndf Roof truss couple close.
rtking.ndf King post roof truss.
rtqueen.ndf Queen post roof truss.
rtmans.ndf Roof truss Mansard - steel.
rtmant.ndf Roof truss Mansard - timber.
SUBFRAME PROFORMAS
sub01.ndf 1 bay subframe.
subh01.ndf 1 bay half subframe.
WARREN GIRDER PROFORMAS

wg02.ndf 2 bay Warren girder.
Sample output for SCALE Proforma 073. (ans=1) Page: 1
Reinforced concrete design to BS8110 & Eurocode 2 Made by: IFB
Rect. beam: flexure, span/depth, curtailment, laps Date: 10/04/13
(C) 2013 Fitzroy Systems Ltd. www.fitzroy.com Ref No: SC073 BS
Office: 1007
Location: Example: small beam - high-yield steel - no compression steel
Bending in rectangular beams with optional calculations for shear,
lap lengths, bar curtailment and limiting span/effective-depth ratio
d' b
Calculations are based on formulae
in Clause 3.4.4.4 of BS8110: Part 1 (o) (o)
and thus assume the use of a simplified A's
rectangular concrete stress-block, and d h
that the depth to the neutral axis is As
restricted to 0.5*d. o o o

Design to BS8110(1997) with partial safety factor for steel gammaS=1.15

Moment before redistribution Mbef=12 kNm
Beam being analysed is considered as non-continuous.
Characteristic concrete strength fcu=35 N/mm2
Max.aggregate size (for bar spc) hagg=15 mm
Char.strength of long'l bars fy=500 N/mm2
Longitudinal reinforcement is high-yield steel.
Diameter of tension bars dia=10 mm
Diameter of link legs dial=8 mm
Char.strength of link steel fyv=500 N/mm2
High-yield steel shear reinforcement.
Designed concrete mix to be used. Cover data from Tables A.4 & A.5 of
BS8500-1:2006.
Intended life of structure (for durability considerations) is 50 years.
Designated exposure class is XC1
Specified fixing tolerance tol=10 mm
Chosen fire resistance period fire=1 hours
From Table 3.4 of BS8110, minimum cover needed to all steel for simply
supported beam with a fire period of 1 hour/s is 20 mm.
Minimum nominal cover required to satisfy fire resistance
requirements may be reduced to 15 mm provided that nominal
maximum size of aggregate does not exceed 15 mm.
Minimum nominal cover to all steel is 25 mm
Nominal concrete cover cover=25 mm
Overall depth of section h=275 mm
Effective depth of section d=237 mm
Breadth of section b=200 mm
From Figure 3.2 of BS8110, minimum possible beam width complying
with a fire period of 1 hour/s is 200 mm
Breadth provided complies with fire regulations (Figure 3.2 of Code).
Longitudinal reinforcement
As Mbef=M, no redistribution has occurred.

Thus betab=1 and K'=0.156 [see Condition (b) in Clause 3.2.2.1].
Applied-moment factor K=M*1000*1000/(b*d^2*fcu)
=12*1000*1000/(200*237^2*35)
=0.03052
Office: 1007
As applied-moment factor K=0.03052 does not exceed resistance-moment
factor for concrete alone K'=0.156, no compression steel is needed,
and lever arm z=d*(0.5+SQR(0.25-K/0.9))
=237*(0.5+SQR(0.25-0.03052/0.9))
=228.67 mm
but lever arm must not exceed 0.95*d=0.95*237 =225.15 mm
i.e. adopt lever arm of z=225.15 mm
Area of tension steel required As=M*1000*1000/(z*fy/gammaS)
=12*1000*1000/(225.15*500/1.15)
=122.58 mm2
Min.number of tension bars reqd. nbrtmn=2
Area of tension steel provided Aspr=157.08 mm2 ( 2 No. 10 mm bars)
Tension steel provided per=100*Aspr/(b*h)
=100*157.08/(200*275)
=0.2856 % of gross section.
Within specified limits of 0.13 % and 4%, so this is satisfactory.
Maximum clear distance allowed between tension bars according to
Clause 3.12.11.2.4 is given by cdist=47000*3*Aspr*betab/(2*fy*As)
=47000*3*157.08*1/(2*500*122.58)
=180.68 mm
which is satisfactory as it is less than 300 mm
Min.number of tension bars needed to meet bar-spacing requirements=2
TENSION Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2

REINFORCEMENT Diameter of bars 10 mm
SUMMARY Number of bars 2
arranged in a single layer
Cover to all steel 25 mm
Area of steel required 122.58 mm2
Area of steel provided 157.08 mm2
Percentage provided 0.2856 %
Weight of steel provided 1.2331 kg/m
Max.permissible spacing 180 mm
Link size assumed 8 mm
Check on span/effective-depth ratio
Calculate redistribution ratio btab=M/Mbef=12/12=1

Basic ratio for simp.-sup.beam bs'd=20 see Table 3.9
Area of tension steel provided Aspr=157.08 mm2
Service stress in this steel fs=2*fy*As/(3*Asprx*btab)
=2*500*122.58/(3*157.08*1)
=260.13 N/mm2
As applied-moment factor M'bd2=M*1000*1000/(b*d^2)
=12*1000*1000/(200*237^2)
=1.0682 N/mm2
Mod.factor for tension steel from
equation 7 (Table 3.10) modf1=0.55+(477-fs)/(120*(.9+M'bd2))
=0.55+(477-260.13)/(120*(.9+1.0682))
=1.4682
Mod.factor for no comp.steel modf2=1
Maximum permissible
span/effective-depth ratio ps'd=bs'd*modf1*modf2=20*1.4682*1
=29.364
Office: 1007
Span of beam (see Cls.3.4.1.2-4) span=5 m
Actual span/effective-depth ratio as'd=1000*span/d=1000*5/237
=21.097
As this does not exceed 29.364, this is Acceptable.
Bending-moment capacities at steel curtailment points
As there are only two bars in tension, no curtailment is possible.
Anchorage and lap lengths (Clause 3.12.8 of BS8110: Part 1)
Type 2 deformed bars: bond coefficient beta=0.50 (see Table 3.26)

Tension reinforcement:
Force in tension bar at yield Ft=fy/gammaS*PI*dia^2/4
=500/1.15*3.1416*10^2/4
=34148 N
Ultimate anchorage bond stress fbu=beta*SQR(fcu)=0.5*SQR(35)
=2.958 N/mm2
Anchorage and tension lap length lap=Ft/(PI*dia*fbu)
=34148/(3.1416*10*2.958)
=367.46 mm
=370 mm (rounded)
1.4 * tension lap length =520 mm (rounded)
2 * tension lap length =740 mm (rounded)
Shear reinforcement

:

Shear calculations are in
accordance with Clauses 3.4.5
of Code Support :
av Design section
Location for shear calculation: 0.25 m from support

Effective breadth for shear bv=200 mm
Shear force due to ultimate load V=100 kN
Distance from support av=250 mm
No.of tension bars effective at section nbars=2
Area of eff.longitudinal bars As=nbars*PI*dias^2/4=2*3.1416*10^2/4
=157.08 mm2
Percentage of longitudinal steel per=100*As/(bv*d)
=100*157.08/(200*237)
=0.33139 %
Clause 3.4.5.2 limits the maximum shearing stress to 0.8fcu N/mm2
and thus limiting shear stress vlim=0.8*SQR(fcu)=0.8*SQR(35)
=4.7329 N/mm2
Now using the formula given in Note 2 below Table 3.8, with f00d=400/d
and pcnt=100*As/(bv*d),
Design shear stress in concrete vc=0.79*pcnt^(1/3)*f00d^.25/1.25
=0.79*0.33139^(1/3)*1.6878^.25/1.25
=0.49849 N/mm2
As characteristic concrete strength exceeds 25 N/mm2
therefore increase vc according to footnote in Table 3.8
Office: 1007
Modified design shear stress vc=vc*(fcu/25)^(1/3)
=0.49849*(35/25)^(1/3)
=0.55766 N/mm2
Shear enhancement is ignored so vc=0.55766 N/mm2
Design shear stress v=V*1000/(bv*d)=100*1000/(200*237)
=2.1097 N/mm2
Number of legs to be provided nlegs=2
Total leg area Asv=nlegs*(PI*dialr^2/4)
=2*(3.1416*8^2/4)
=100.53 mm2
As v ( 2.1097 N/mm2 ) exceeds (vc+0.4) ( 0.95766 N/mm2 )
maximum spacing of links sv=fyv/gammaS*Asv/(bv*(v-vc))
=500/1.15*100.53/(200*(2.1097
-0.55766))
=140.81 mm
=140 mm (rounded)
Chosen link spacing sv'=140 mm
Use 8 mm links (two legs), spaced at 140 mm centres along beam.

Resistance provided by links alone vs=1.561 N/mm2
As this exceeds 0.4 N/mm2, shear reinforcement exceeds nominal.
SHEAR Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2

REINFORCEMENT Diameter of links 8 mm
SUMMARY Number of legs 2
Spacing 140 mm
Approx.weight of links 2.1588 kg/m
No 73
(C) 2013 Fitzroy Systems Ltd. www.fitzroy.com Ref No: SC073 EC
Office: 1007
Location: Beam with compression reinforcement
Bending in rectangular beams
d2 b
Calculations are based on EN1992-1-1:2004
Eurocode 2:Design of concrete structures (o) (o)
and assume the use of a simplified As2

Loading

Materials
Char cylinder compress strength fck=30 N/mm2 (concrete)

Char yield strength of reinft fyk=500 N/mm2
Max.aggregate size (for bar spc.) hagg=20 mm
Durability and cover to reinforcement
Life of structure 50 years

Exposure class XC1
Designed concrete C 30 /37
Minimum cover covern=30 mm
Fixing tolerance tol=10 mm
Nominal cover (Cl. 4.4.1.1(2)) cover=40 mm
Section properties

Main reinforcement
Partial safety factor for steel gams=1.15

Char yield strength of reinft. fyk=fy=500 N/mm2
Partial safety factor for conc. gamc=1.5
Design yield strength of reinft. fyd=fyk/gams=500/1.15=434.8 N/mm2
It is usual practice in the UK to restrict x/d to 0.45
Limit on factor delta=0.85
Factor K'=0.597*delta-0.18*delta^2-0.209
=0.597*0.85-0.18*0.85^2-0.209
=0.1684
Factor K=M*1E6/(b*d^2*fck)
=150*1E6/(250*340^2*30)
=0.173
Office: 1007
Lever arm z=d/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*K'))
=340/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*0.1684))
=278.3 mm
Depth to neutral axis x=2.5*(d-z)=2.5*(340-278.3)
=154.3 mm
Diameter of compression bars diac=12 mm
Depth to compression steel d2=45 mm
Stress fsc=700*(x-d2)/x=700*(154.3-45)/154.3
=495.8 N/mm2
Limit fsc to fyd fsc=fyd=434.8 N/mm2
Area of comp.steel required As2=(K-K')*fck*b*d^2/(fsc*(d-d2))
=(0.173-0.1684)*30*250*340^2
/(434.8*(340-45))
=31.16 mm2
Tension reinforcement As=K'*fck*b*d^2/(fyd*z)+As2*fsc/fyd
=0.1684*30*250*340^2/(434.8*278.3)
+31.16*434.8/434.8
=1238 mm2
Mean width of the tension zone bt=bw=250 mm
Mean value axial tensile strength fctm=0.3*fck^(2/3)=0.3*30^(2/3)
=2.896 N/mm2
Minimum reinforcement required Asmin=0.26*fctm*bt*d/fyk
=0.26*2.896*250*340/500
=128 mm2
Minimum compression steel As2min=0.002*b*h=0.002*250*400
=200 mm2
Revised compression steel area As2=As2min=200 mm2
Breadth of section bw=250 mm
Maximum reinforcement permitted Asmax=0.04*bw*h=0.04*250*400
=4000 mm2
Percentage area steel required rho=100*As/(bw*d)=100*1238/(250*340)
=1.456 %
Number of tension bars required nbart=INT(As/(PI*dia^2/4))+1
=INT(1238/(3.142*25^2/4))+1
=3
Area of tension steel provided Aspr=nbart*PI*dia^2/4=3*3.142*25^2/4
=1473 mm2
Number of compression bars nbarc=INT(As2/(PI*diac^2/4))+1
=INT(200/(3.142*12^2/4))+1
=2
Area of compression steel Asprc=nbarc*PI*diac^2/4
=2*3.142*12^2/4
=226.2 mm2
Office: 1007
DESIGN Overall depth 400 mm

SUMMARY Effective depth 340 mm
Width of section 250 mm
FLEXURE Parameter K 0.173
Parameter K' 0.1684
Lever arm ratio z/d 0.8185
TENSION REINFORCEMENT Steel area provided 1473 mm2
Diameter of bars 25 mm
Number of bars 3
Steel area required 1238 mm2
Steel percentage req. 1.456 %
Minimum area of steel 128 mm2
Maximum area of steel 4000 mm2
COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT Steel area provided 226.2 mm2
Number of bars 2
Steel area required 31.16 mm2
Minimum area required 200 mm2
Spacing of bars - Tension reinforcement
Clear spacing between bars clearm=hagg+5=20+5=25 mm

Modified clear spacing clearm=dia+1=25+1=26 mm
Minimum spacing (sagging moment) clearm=26 mm
compute comp1=(b-2*(cover+dial)-nbart*dia)
=(250-2*(40+8)-3*25)
=79
compute comp2=(nbart-1)=(3-1)=2
Clear spacing clear=comp1/comp2=79/2=39.5 mm
Spacing of bars - Compression reinforcement
Minimum spacing (sagging moment) clearm=75 mm

compute comp1=(b-2*(cover+dial)-nbarc*diac)
=(250-2*(40+8)-2*12)
=130
compute comp2=(nbarc-1)=(2-1)=1
Clear spacing clear=comp1/comp2=130/1=130 mm
Deflection check
Effective span of beam L=5.4 m

Actual span to depth ratio l'd=L*1000/d=5.4*1000/340
=15.88
Percentage compression steel rho'=100*As2/(b*d)
=100*31.16/(250*340)
=0.0367 %
Reference reinforcement ratio rho0=(fck^0.5)/10=(30^0.5)/10
=0.5477 %
Basic span effective depth ratio terms (Clause 7.4.2)
N1=1.5*(fck^0.5)*rho0/(rho-rho')
=1.5*(30^0.5)*0.5477/(1.456-0.0367)
=3.17
N2=1/12*(fck^0.5)*(rho'/rho0)^0.5
=1/12*(30^0.5)*(0.0367/0.5477)^0.5
=0.1181
Office: 1007
N=11+N1+N2=11+3.17+0.1181
=14.29
Factor for simply supported spans k=1.0
Flange beam factor F1=1
Factor for long spans F2=1.0
Tensile steel stress factor F3=500/(fyk*As/Aspr)
=500/(500*1238/1473)
=1.19 (conservative)
Allowable span/depth ratio l'da=k*N*F1*F2*F3=1*14.29*1*1*1.19
=17
DESIGN Actual l/d ratio 15.88

SUMMARY Basic l/d ratio 14.29
DEFLECTION Span factor 1
Flange beam factor F1 1
Long spans factor F2 1
Steel stress factor F3 1.19
Allowable l/d ratio 17
Shear check
Location for shear calculation: At simple support

Shear force due to ultimate load VEd=110 kN
Effective breadth for shear bw=b=250 mm
Maximum concrete strut capacity VRdm=0.2*fck*(1-fck/250)*bw*d/10^3
=0.2*30*(1-30/250)*250*340/10^3
=448.8 kN
Percentage compression steel rho'=100*As2/(bw*d)=100*200/(250*340)
=0.2353 %
Design shear stress vEd=VEd*10^3/(0.9*bw*d)
=110*10^3/(0.9*250*340)
=1.438 N/mm2
Strength reduction factor v=0.6*(1-fck/250)=0.6*(1-30/250)
=0.528 N/mm2
Concrete strut capacity vRdm=0.138*fck*(1-fck/250)
=0.138*30*(1-30/250)
=3.643 N/mm2
Ratio shear area to spacing Asw's=vEd*bw/(fyd*2.5)
=1.438*250/(434.8*2.5)
=0.3307
Minimum ratio area to spacing Aswm=0.08*bw*fck^0.5/fy
=0.08*250*30^0.5/500
=0.2191
Number of shear legs nsl=2
Area of shear legs Asw=nsl*PI/4*dial^2=2*3.142/4*8^2
=100.5 mm2
Spacing of links smax=INT(Asw/Asw's)=INT(100.5/0.3307)
=303 mm
Maximum spacing limited smax=0.75*d=0.75*340=255 mm
Chosen spacing s=250 mm
Office: 1007
SHEAR SUMMARY Shear force 110 kN
Design shear strength 1.438 N/mm2
Concrete strut capacity 3.643 N/mm2
Area/spacing ratio 0.3307
Diameter of links 8 mm
Area of links 100 mm2
Maximum spacing 255 mm
(based on 0.75d)
Actual spacing 250 mm
No 73
Tee beam - flexure, span/depth check Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Example: small beam - high-yield steel - no compression steel
Bending in flanged beams with optional calculations for shear, lap
lengths, bar curtailment and limiting span/effective-depth ratio
d' b

Calculations are based on formulae hf (o)(o)
in Clause 3.4.4.4 of BS8110: Part 1 A's
and thus assume the use of a simplified d h
rectangular concrete stress-block, and As
that the depth to the neutral axis is o o
restricted to 0.5*d.
bw

Max.aggregate size (for bar spc) hagg=15 mm
Char.strength of long'l bars fy=500 N/mm2
High-yield steel shear reinforcement.
BS8500-1:2006.
supported beam with a fire period of 1 hour/s is 20 mm
Minimum nominal cover required to satisfy fire resistance
requirements may be reduced to 15 mm provided that nominal
maximum size of aggregate does not exceed 15 mm.
Breadth of flange b=400 mm
Breadth of rib bw=200 mm
Thickness of flange hf=100 mm
Office: 1007
As Mbef=M, no redistribution has occurred.

Thus redistribution ratio betab=1
xmax=0.5*d=119 mm and K'=0.156 [Condition (b) in Clause 3.2.2.1].
Max.depth of conc.stress-block dpmax=0.9*xmax=0.9*119=107.1 mm
As max.depth of stress-block of 107.1 mm exceeds flange thickness of
100 mm, stress-block may extend below flange: check resistance moment.
Moment capacity of flange alone Mfl=b*hf*0.45*fcu*(d-hf/2)/1000000

=400*100*0.45*35*(238-100/2)
/1000000
=118.44 kNm
As this exceeds M, lower edge of stress-block does not fall below
underside of flange and section may be designed as a rectangular beam.
Applied-moment factor K=M*1000*1000/(b*d^2*fcu)
=12*1000*1000/(400*238^2*35)
=0.015132
As this does not exceed the resistance-moment factor K' ( 0.156 ),
no compression steel is required.
=238*(0.5+SQR(0.25-0.015132/0.9))
=233.93 mm
but this must not exceed 0.95*d = 0.95*238 =226.1 mm,
so make z=226.1 mm
Area of tension steel required As=M*1000*1000/(z*fy/gammaS)
=12*1000*1000/(226.1*500/1.15)
=122.07 mm2
Min.number of tension bars reqd. nbrtmn=2
Area of tension steel provided Aspr=226.19 mm2 ( 2 No. 12 mm bars)
Tension steel provided per0=100*Aspr/(b*hf+bw*(h-hf))
=100*226.19/(400*100+200*(275-100))
As this does not exceed 4% (see Clause 3.12.6.1), the design is O.K.
Percentage of tension steel provided per=100*Aspr/(bw*h)
=100*226.19/(200*275)
=0.41126 % of web area.
As this is not less than minimum of 0.13 %, the design is O.K.
Maximum clear distance allowed between tension bars according to
Clause 3.12.11.2.4 is given by
cdist=47000*3*Aspr*betab/(2*fy*As)
=47000*3*226.19*1/(2*500*122.07)
=261.27 mm
which is satisfactory as it is less than 300 mm
Min.number of tension bars needed to meet bar-spacing requirements=2
Office: 1007

arranged in a single layer
Cover to all steel 25 mm
Area of steel required 122.07 mm2
Area of steel provided 226.19 mm2
Percentage provided:
of gross section 0.30159 %
of web area 0.41126 %
Max.permissible spacing 261 mm
Link size assumed 6 mm
Calculate redistribution ratio btab=M/Mbef=12/12=1

Ratio of web width/flange width bw'b=bw/b=200/400=0.5
Interpolating from Table 3.9 with bw/b=0.5
Basic ratio for simply-sup.span bs'd=17.143
Area of tension steel provided Aspr=226.19 mm2
Service stress in this steel fs=2*fy*As/(3*Asprx*btab)
=2*500*122.07/(3*226.19*1)
=179.89 N/mm2
As applied-moment factor M'bd2=M*1000*1000/(b*d^2)
=12*1000*1000/(400*238^2)
=0.52962 N/mm2
Mod.factor for tension steel from
equation 7 (Table 3.10) modf1=0.55+(477-fs)/(120*(.9+M'bd2))
=0.55+(477-179.89)/(120*(.9+0.52962))
=2.2819
but this cannot exceed 2, so modf1=2
Maximum permissible
span/effective-depth ratio ps'd=bs'd*modf1*modf2=17.143*2*1
=34.286
Span of beam (see Cls.3.4.1.2-4) span=7 m
Actual span/effective-depth ratio as'd=1000*span/d=1000*7/238
=29.412
Bending-moment capacities at steel curtailment points
As there are only two bars in tension, no curtailment is possible.

Office: 1007
Anchorage and lap lengths (Clause 3.12.8 of BS8110: Part 1)
Type 2 deformed bars: bond coefficient beta=0.50 (see Table 3.26)

Tension reinforcement:
Force in tension bar at yield Ft=fy/gammaS*PI*dia^2/4
=500/1.15*3.1416*12^2/4
=49173 N
=2.958 N/mm2
Anchorage and tension lap length lap=Ft/(PI*dia*fbu)
=49173/(3.1416*12*2.958)
=440.95 mm
=450 mm (rounded)
1.4 * tension lap length =620 mm (rounded)
2 * tension lap length =890 mm (rounded)
Shear reinforcement
:
Shear calculations
are in accordance :
with Clauses 3.4.5
of Code. o o :

Support :<Design section
av
Location for shear calculation: 0.25 m from support

Shear force due to ultimate load V=100 kN
Distance from support av=250 mm
No.of tension bars effective at section nbars=2
Area of eff.longitudinal bars As=nbars*PI*dias^2/4=2*3.1416*12^2/4
=226.19 mm2
Percentage of longitudinal steel per=100*As/(bv*d)
=100*226.19/(200*238)
=0.4752 %
Clause 3.4.5.2 limits the maximum shearing stress to 0.8fcu N/mm2
and thus limiting shear stress vlim=0.8*SQR(fcu)=0.8*SQR(35)
=4.7329 N/mm2
Now using the formula given in Note 2 below Table 3.8, with f00d=400/d
and pcnt=100*As/(bv*d),
Design shear stress in concrete vc=0.79*pcnt^(1/3)*f00d^.25/1.25
=0.79*0.4752^(1/3)*1.6807^.25/1.25
=0.56154 N/mm2
therefore increase vc according to footnote in Table 3.8.
Modified design shear stress vc=vc*(fcu/25)^(1/3)
=0.56154*(35/25)^(1/3)
=0.62819 N/mm2
Shear enhancement is ignored so vc=0.62819 N/mm2
=2.1008 N/mm2
Office: 1007
Total leg area Asv=nlegs*(PI*dialr^2/4)
=2*(3.1416*6^2/4)
=56.549 mm2
As v ( 2.1008 N/mm2 ) exceeds (vc+0.4) ( 1.0282 N/mm2 ),
minimum spacing of links sv=Asv*fyv/(gammaS*bv*(v-vc))
=56.549*500/(1.15*200*(2.1008
-0.62819))
=83.476 mm
=80 mm (rounded)
Chosen link spacing sv'=80 mm
Use 6 mm links (two legs), spaced at 80 mm centres along beam.

Resistance provided by links alone vs=1.5366 N/mm2
As this exceeds 0.4 N/mm2, shear reinforcement exceeds nominal.

Spacing 80 mm
No 75
Office: 1007
Location: Continuous T-beam
Bending in flanged beams
b
Eurocode 2:Design of concrete structures
and assume the use of a simplified

bw
Loading

Beam being analysed is considered as continuous.
Section considered has a sagging moment
Materials


Exposure class XC1
Section properties

Average web width bw=350 mm
Flange thickness hf=200 mm
Distance between beam supports L=8.2 m
Section being considered is a T-beam
Clear distance between beam webs b1=2250 mm
Clear distances are symmetrical
Maximum breadth of section bmax=2*b1+bw=2*2250+350=4850 mm
For an end span Lo=0.85*L*1000=0.85*8.2*1000
=6970 mm
Effective width beff1=0.2*b1+0.1*Lo=0.2*2250+0.1*6970
=1147 mm
Flange width b=2*beff1+bw=2*1147+350=2644 mm
Office: 1007
Main reinforcement

=0.597*0.85-0.18*0.85^2-0.209
=0.1684
=600*1E6/(2644*570^2*30)
=0.0233
No compression reinforcement required.
Lever arm z=d/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*K))
=570/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*0.0233))
=558 mm
Reduce lever arm to z=0.95*d=0.95*570=541.5 mm
=71.25 mm
Tension reinforcement required As=M*1E6/(fyd*z)
=600*1E6/(434.8*541.5)
=2548 mm2
=2.896 N/mm2
=0.26*2.896*350*570/500
=300.5 mm2
=68744 mm2
Section 2.18 of PD6687 suggests that rho in flanged sections should
be based on the area of the concrete above the centroid of the
tension steel
Area term At=bw*d+(b-bw)*hf
=2644*570+(2644-2644)*200
=1507080 mm2
Percentage area steel required rho=100*As/At=100*2548/1507080
=0.1691 %
=INT(2548/(3.142*25^2/4))+1
=6
=2945 mm2
Office: 1007

Flange width 2644 mm
Web width 350 mm
Parameter K' 0.1684
TENSION REINFORCEMENT Steel area required 2548 mm2
Steel area provided 2945 mm2
Number of bars 6
Minimum area of steel 300.5 mm2
Spacing of bars - Tension reinforcement

compute comp1=(bw-2*(cover+dial)-nbart*dia)
=(2644-2*(40+10)-6*25)
=2394
compute comp2=(nbart-1)=(6-1)=5
Clear spacing clear=comp1/comp2=2394/5
=478.8 mm
Deflection check
Actual span to depth ratio l'd=L*1000/d=8.2*1000/570

=14.39
=0.5477 %
N1=1.5*(fck^0.5)*rho0/rho
=1.5*(30^0.5)*0.5477/0.1691
=26.61
N2=3.2*(fck^0.5)*(rho0/rho-1)^1.5
=3.2*(30^0.5)*(0.5477/0.1691-1)^1.5
=58.72
N=11+N1+N2=11+26.61+58.72
=96.33
Factor for continuous end spans k=1.3
Flange beam ratio Ff=b/bw'=2644/350=7.554
Flange beam factor F1=0.8
Factor for long spans F2=7/L=7/8.2=0.8537
=500/(500*2548/2945)
Allowable span/depth ratio l'da=k*N*F1*F2*F3
=1.3*96.33*0.8*0.8537*1.156
=98.84
Absolute value of span/depth l'da=40*k=40*1.3=52
Office: 1007

DEFLECTION Span factor 1.3
Flange beam factor F1 0.8
Long spans factor F2 0.8537
Shear check
Location for shear calculation: 400mm from support

=0.2*30*(1-30/250)*350*570/10^3
=1053 kN
=267*10^3/(0.9*350*570)
=1.487 N/mm2
=0.528 N/mm2
=0.138*30*(1-30/250)
=3.643 N/mm2
=1.487*350/(434.8*2.5)
=0.4788
=0.08*350*30^0.5/500
=0.3067
=314.2 mm2
=656 mm
Maximum spacing limited smax=0.75*d=0.75*570=427.5 mm

Maximum spacing 427.5 mm
(based on 0.75d)
No 75
Rectangular and Tee beam - shear only Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Medium-sized section. Low shear force.
Shear in rectangular and flanged beams, with choice of av enhancement

The shear calculations
are in accordance with
the requirements of
Clause 3.4.5 Support
av Design section

It is assumed that nominal shear reinforcement at least will be provided
Shear force due to ultimate loads V=400 kN
Distance to support av=500 mm
Number of tension bars at section nbars=2
Area of longitudinal steel As=nbars*PI*dia^2/4=2*3.1416*25^2/4
=981.75 mm2
Percentages of longitudinal steel:
In terms of (bv*d): per=100*As/(bv*d)
=100*981.75/(200*500)
=0.98175 %
In terms of (bv*h): perg=100*As/(bv*h)
=100*981.75/(200*550)
=0.8925 %
From Table 3.8 with fcu=25 N/mm2, effective depth=500 mm and steel
percentage=0.98175 %, design concrete shear stress vc=0.62813 N/mm2.
Since characteristic concrete strength is between 25 and 40 N/mm2,
increase vc according to formula in footnote below Table 3.8. Then
vc=vc25*(fcu/25)^(1/3)
=0.62813*(40/25)^(1/3)
=0.73467 N/mm2
Since av is less than 2*d (see Clause 3.4.5.8),
maximum enhanced value of vc=vc*2*d/av=0.73467*2*500/500
=1.4693 N/mm2
=4 N/mm2
Full shear enhancement due to support proximity taken into account.
Total leg area Asv=nlegs*(PI*dial^2/4)
=4*(3.1416*8^2/4)
=201.06 mm2
Since v (i.e. 4 N/mm2 exceeds (vc+0.4) (i.e. 1.8693 N/mm2 ,
minimum spacing of links sv=fyv/gammaS*Asv/(bv*(v-vc))
=500/1.15*201.06/(200*(4-1.4693))
=172.72 mm
=170 mm (rounded)
Office: 1007
Use 8 mm links ( 4 legs), spaced at 170 mm centres along beam.

Approx.total weight of links 5.8 kg per metre
No 78
Office: 1007
Location: Default example
Shear in rectangular and flanged beams
Shear force due to ultimate loads VEd=345 kN
Section data

Effective breadth for shear bw=350 mm
Char yield strength of reinft. fyk=500 N/mm2
Diameter of links dial=10 N/mm2
Partial safety factor for reinft gams=1.15
Design yield strength of reinfnt fywd=fyk/gams=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
Shear

=345*10^3/(0.9*350*550)
=1.9913 N/mm2
=0.528 N/mm2
=0.138*30*(1-30/250)
=3.6432 N/mm2
Ratio shear area to spacing Asw's=vEd*bw/(fywd*2.5)
=1.9913*350/(434.78*2.5)
=0.64121
Minimum ratio area to spacing Aswm=0.08*bw*fck^0.5/fyk
=0.08*350*30^0.5/500
=0.30672
=157.08 mm2
Spacing of links smax=INT(Asw/Asw's)
=INT(157.08/0.64121)
=244 mm

Maximum spacing 244 mm
No 78
Solid slab - flexure, tens & comp steel, span/d Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Typical continuous slab reinforced with high-yield steel
Bending in solid slabs (with comp.steel if reqd.), designed for a given
width, with checks on minimum steel and span/effective-depth ratio
d'
Calculations are based on formulae
in Clause 3.4.4.4 of BS8110: Part 1 (o) (o) (o) (o)
and thus assume the use of a d
simplified rectangular concrete h
stress-block, and that the depth to o o o o o o o o o o o o
the neutral axis is restricted to d/2.

Moment before redistribution Mbef=1875 kNm (total)
Slab containing section being analysed is considered as continuous.
Design moment (after redistrib.) M=1800 kNm (total)
Characteristic steel strength fy=500 N/mm2
BS8500-1:2006.
From Table 3.4 of BS8110, minimum cover needed to all steel for
continuous slab with a fire period of 2 hour/s is 25 mm

Overall thickness of slab h=400 mm
From Figure 3.2 of BS8110, minimum possible slab thickness

complying with a fire period of 2 hour/s is 125 mm
Thickness provided complies with fire regulations (Figure 3.2 of Code).
Maximum effective depth dmax=h-cover-dia/2=400-25-20/2
=365 mm
Breadth of slab b=3000 mm
Redistribution perct=100*(Mbef-M)/Mbef
=100*(1875-1800)/1875
=4 %
(i.e. does not exceed 10%)
Thus redistribution factor b betab=M/Mbef=1800/1875=0.96
with resistance-moment factor K'=0.156
As applied-moment factor K=M*10^6/(b*d^2*fcu)

=1800*10^6/(3000*365^2*30)
=0.15012
does not exceed resistance-moment factor K', no comp.steel is needed.
Office: 1007
=365*(0.5+SQR(0.25-0.15012/0.9))
=287.78 mm
but must not exceed 0.95*d=0.95*365 =346.75 mm
i.e. take z=287.78 mm
Area of tension steel required As=M*10^6/(z*fy/gammaS)
=1800*10^6/(287.78*500/1.15)
=14386 mm2 (total)
As 3*d>750 mm, maximum clear distance between bars
for tension steel maxcl=750 mm, and
maximum spacing (c.to c.of bars) pchmx=750+dia=770 mm
Calculated c.to c.spacing for tension bars pch=b*PI/4*dia^2/As
=3000*3.1416/4*20^2/14386
=65.514 mm
As this does not exceed maximum permissible spacing of 770 mm,
employ this value.
Chosen spacing of tension bars pch=60 mm
Number of tension bars needed Not=INT((b-dia-2*cover)/pchTA)+1
=INT((3000-20-2*25)/60)+1
=49
To accommodate tension bars in width of slab available, they should be
respaced at 60 mm centres, with a side cover of 50 mm
Area of tension steel provided Aspr=Not*PI*dia^2/4=49*3.1416*20^2/4

=15394 mm2 (total)
Spacing and proportion of tension steel - see Clause 3.12.11.2.7
Tension steel provided per=100*Aspr/(b*h)

=100*15393/(3000*400)
As this falls within Code limits of 0.13% and 4%, this is satisfactory.
Basic clear dist.allowed between tension bars (see Cl.3.12.11.2.4)
is given by cdist=47000*3*Aspr*betab/(2*fy*As)
=47000*3*15393*0.96/(2*500*14386)
=144.84 mm
which is satisfactory, as it is less than 300 mm.
As the amount of tension steel is not less than 1%, no change to the
calculated spacing cdist need be made [see Clause 3.12.11.2.7(b)].
As max.allowable pitch of cdist+dia=164.84 mm is not less than rounded
value determined above (i.e. 60 mm), the above pitch is satisfactory.
Minimum distribution steel required (per metre width)
Min.permiss.steel area (Table 3.25) Asmin=0.0013*1000*h=0.0013*1000*400

=520 mm2/m width.
Diameter of distribution bars diamn=12 mm
As 3*d exceeds 750, max.permiss.clear spacing of bars is 750 mm and

thus maximum permissible pitch pchmx=750+diamn=750+12=762 mm
Max.pitch for distribution steel pchmn=1000*PI/4*diamn^2/Asmin
=1000*3.1416/4*12^2/520
=217.49 mm,
which is O.K. as it does not exceed the limit pchmx (i.e. 762. mm)
=200 mm (rounded)
Office: 1007
Spacing of distribution bars pchDA=200 mm
Area of dist.steel provided Asmpr=1000*PI/4*diamn^2/pchDA
=1000*3.1416/4*12^2/200
=565.49 mm2/m

Spacing of bars 60 mm
Effective depth 365 mm
Area of steel required 14386 mm2
Area of steel provided 15393 mm2
DISTRIBUTION Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2

SUMMARY Spacing of bars 200 mm
Depth to bar centres 349 mm
Area of steel required 520 mm2/m
Area of steel provided 565 mm2/m
Weight of steel provided 4.44 kg/m2
Calculate redistribution ratio btab=M/Mbef=1800/1875=0.96

Basic ratio for slab
continuous at one edge bs'd=23
(interpolated from Table 3.9)
Area of tension steel provided Aspr=15393 mm2
Service stress in this steel fs=2*fy*As/(3*Aspr*btab)
=2*500*14386/(3*15393*0.96)
=324.51 N/mm2
As applied-moment factor M'bd2=M*10^6/(b*d^2)
=1800*10^6/(3000*365^2)
=4.5037
From equation 7 modf1=0.55+(477-fs)/(120*(0.9+M'bd2))
=0.55+(477-324.51)/(120*(0.9
+4.5037))
=0.78517
Mod.factor for tension steel modf1=0.78517
Mod.factor for no comp.steel modf2=1.0
Maximum permissible
span/effective-depth ratio ps'd=bs'd*modf1*modf2=23*0.78517*1
=18.059
Effective span of slab span=5 m
True span/effective-depth ratio as'd=1000*span/d=1000*5/365
=13.699
No 82
Office: 1007
Location: Continuous slab
Bending in solid slabs (with comp.steel if reqd.), designed per metre
width, with checks on minimum steel and span/effective-depth ratio
d2
Calculations are based on EN1992-1
2004 Eurocode 2:Design of concrete (o) (o) (o) (o)
structures and assume the use of a d
simplified rectangular concrete h
stress-block, and that the depth to o o o o o o o o o o o o
the neutral axis is restricted to 0.45d
Design moment - (i.e. factored moment)
Design BM before redistribution Mbef=625 kNm

Section being analysed is considered as continuous.
Section considered has a hogging moment
Design BM (after redistribution) M=600 kNm
Materials

Diameter of distribution bars diad=12 mm

Exposure class XC1
Section properties

Main reinforcement

Redistribution ratio delta=M/Mbef=600/625=0.96
Percentage redistribution percnt=(1-delta)*100=(1-0.96)*100
=4 %
Office: 1007
=0.597*0.85-0.18*0.85^2-0.209
=0.1684
=600*1E6/(1000*350^2*30)
=0.1633
No compression reinforcement required.
=350/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*0.1633))
=288.9 mm
=152.7 mm
Tension reinforcement required As=M*1E6/(fyd*z)
=600*1E6/(434.8*288.9)
=4776 mm2
=2.896 N/mm2
=0.26*2.896*1000*350/500
=527.2 mm2
=16000 mm2
=1.365 %
Distribution steel Asmpr=Asmin=527.2 mm2
Minimum distribution steel Asmpr=0.2*As=0.2*4776=955.2 mm2

Parameter K' 0.1684
Steel area (tension) 4776 mm2/m
Minimum area of steel 527.2 mm2/m
Maximum area of steel 16000 mm2/m
Distribution steel 955.2 mm2/m
Spacing of bars - tension reinforcement
In accordance with the "Standard Method of Detailing Structural

Concrete" the minimum clear distance between bars is 75 mm
Minimum pitch (hogging moment) pchmn=75+dia=75+25=100 mm
Maximum pitch of bars (<3h) pchmx=400 mm
Calculated pitch of bars pitch=1000*PI*dia^2/(4*As)
=1000*3.142*25^2/(4*4776)
=102.8 mm
Round spacing (c.to c.of bars) to 100 mm (rounded).
Chosen spacing of tension bars pch=100 mm
Area of tension steel provided Aspr=1000/pch*PI*dia^2/4
=1000/100*3.142*25^2/4
=4909 mm2/m
Office: 1007
Spacing of distribution steel
Minimum area of distn. bars 955.2 mm2/m

Diameter of distribution bars diad=12 mm
Calculated pitch of bars pitch=1000*PI*diad^2/(4*Asmpr)
=1000*3.142*12^2/(4*955.2)
=118.4 mm
Chosen spacing of distn. bars pchd=100 mm
Area of distn. steel provided Asdpr=1000/pchd*PI*diad^2/4
=1000/100*3.142*12^2/4
=1131 mm2/m
TENSION REINFORCEMENT Diameter of bars 25 mm

Area of steel required 4776 mm2/m
DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT Diameter of bars 12 mm
Area of steel required 955.2 mm2/m
Shear check
Location for shear calculation: 350mm from internal support

=0.2*30*(1-30/250)*1000*350/10^3
=1848 kN
As the shear at continuous support is being considered
Area of reinforcement at section Asl=Aspr=4908 mm2/m
Percentage area rho1=100*Asl/(bw*d)
=100*4908/(1000*350)
=1.402 %
Partial concrete safety factor gamc=1.5
Factor CRdc=0.18/gamc=0.18/1.5=0.12
Factor ks=1+(200/d)^0.5=1+(200/350)^0.5
=1.756
Term for shear resistance vRdc=(rho1*fck)^(1/3)
=(1.402*30)^(1/3)
=3.478
Shear resistance VRdc=CRdc*ks*vRdc*bw*d/1000
=0.12*1.756*3.478*1000*350/1000
=256.5 kN
Minimum stress vmin=0.035*ks^1.5*fck^0.5
=0.035*1.756^1.5*30^0.5
=0.4461 N/mm2
Minimum shear resistance VRdm=vmin*bw*d/1000
=0.4461*1000*350/1000
=156.1 kN
Office: 1007
Shear resistance 256.5 kN
Crack control check - based on Clause 7.3.3
Unfactored permanent load on slab Gk=100 kN

Unfactored variable load on slab Qk=40 kN
Permanent load factor gamG=1.35
Variable load factor gamQ=1.5
As the slab is > 200 mm measures to control cracking are necessary.
The ratio (Gk+2Qk)/(G*Gk+Q*Qk) can be estimated from the shear
values at each end of the span as follows:
Factor 2 for variable load psi2=0.3
compute ratio1=Gk+psi2*Qk=100+0.3*40
=112
compute ratio2=gamG*Gk+gamQ*Qk
=1.35*100+1.5*40
=195
compute ratio=ratio1/ratio2=112/195
=0.5744
Redistribution ratio delta=M/Mbef=600/625=0.96
SLS stress in reinforcement s SLSs=500/1.15*(As/Aspr)*ratio*1/delta
=500/1.15*(4776/4908)*0.5744*1
/0.96
=253.1 N/mm2
Design crack width wk=0.3 mm
Max allowable SLS stress s SLSs2=TABLE 7.3 for pch=100
=320 N/mm2
The bar spacing 100 mm used complies with Table 7.3N of EC2 Part 1:2004
hence satisfactory.
No 82
Design of two-way slabs supporting uniform load Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Typical two-way slab with all edges fixed
Design of two-way slabs rectangular slabs supporting uniform loads
Calculation of design moments in accordance with Clauses 3.5.3

of BS8110 throughout.

dead load = gk kN/m2
lx
live load = qk kN/m2

ly
Length of shorter side lx=6 m

Length of longer side ly=8 m
Constant k=ly/lx=1.3333
Characteristic dead load gk=4 kN/m2
Characteristic imposed load qk=5 kN/m2
Total design ultimate load n=1.4*gk+1.6*qk=1.4*4+1.6*5
=13.6 kN/m2
Width of middle strip short side mstrwx=0.75*lx=4.5 m
Width of middle strip long side mstrwy=0.75*ly=6 m
Overall depth of slab h=200 mm
Characteristic strength of steel fy=500 N/mm2
Bond type (0,1 or 2) Type=2
From equation 49, with bond coefficient of 0.5 (see Table 3.26),
design ultimate anchorage bond stress fbu=2.7386 N/mm2.
Size of upper bars in x-direction diaux=20 mm

Size of lower bars in x-direction diax=20 mm
Size of upper bars in y-direction diauy=16 mm
Size of lower bars in y-direction diay=16 mm
Cover to reinforcement at top of slab:

BS8500-1:2006.

From Table 3.4 of BS8110, minimum cover needed to all steel for
continuous slab with a fire period of 2 hour/s is 25 mm
This applies to both top and bottom reinforcement.
Cover to reinforcement at bottom of slab:

BS8500-1:2006.
Office: 1007
Nominal cover at top of slab tcover=35 mm
Nominal cover at bottom of slab bcover=35 mm
Effective depths:
Of top steel: in x-direction dux=155 mm
in y-direction duy=dux-(diaux+diauy)/2
=155-(20+16)/2
=137 mm
Of bottom steel: in x-direction dx=155 mm
in y-direction dy=dx-(diax+diay)/2=155-(20+16)/2
=137 mm
From Figure 3.2 of BS8110, minimum possible slab thickness
complying with a fire period of 2 hour/s is 125 mm
Thickness provided complies with fire regulations (Figure 3.2 of Code).
/ / / / / / / / / /
// All four edges continuous
/ gk kN/m2 /
/ / lx=6 m
/ qk kN/m2 /
// Coefficients from Table 3.14
/ / / / / / / / / /

ly=8 m
Negative mt.coefft.at cont.edges betsxn=TABLE 3.15 for row=1, k=1.3333

=0.047333
Positive mt.coefft.at midspan betsxp=TABLE 3.15 for row=2, k=1.3333
=0.035667
Long-span coefft.at cont edges betsyn=0.032
Long-span coefft.at midspan betsyp=0.024
Short span lx at continuous edges
Design moment msxe=betsxn*n*mstrwy*lx^2

=0.047333*13.6*6*6^2
=139.05 kNm
Resistance-moment factor K'=0.156
As applied-moment factor K=msxe*10^6/(1000*mstrwy*dux^2*fcu)
=139.05*10^6/(1000*6*155^2*30)
=0.032153
does not exceed resistance-moment factor K' the section is satisfactory.
Calculated lever arm z=dux*(0.5+SQR(0.25-K/0.9))
=155*(0.5+SQR(0.25-0.032153/0.9))
=149.25 mm,
but must not exceed 0.95*dux= 0.95*155 =147.25 mm
i.e. take lever arm z=147.25 mm
Area of tension steel required Asxe=msxe*10^6/(fy/gammaS*z)
=139.05*10^6/(500/1.15*147.25)
=2171.9 mm2
Thus steel reqd.to resist bending Ascal=Asxe=2171.9 mm2
As 3*dux is less than 750 mm, maximum clear distance between bars
for tension steel maxcsp=3*dux=3*155=465 mm, and
maximum pitch (c.to c.of bars) pchm=3*dux+diaux=485 mm
Office: 1007
Required pitch of tension bars pchxe=1000*mstrwy*PI*diaux^2/(4*Asxe)
=1000*6*3.1416*20^2/(4*2171.9)
=867.9 mm
As this exceeds maximum permissible spacing of 485 mm, employ
spacing pchxe of 485 mm
=480 mm (rounded)
Chosen pitch for tension steel pitchC=480 mm (centre to centre)
=480 mm (rounded)
Number of bars required Noxe=INT(1000*mstrwy/pchxe)+1
=INT(1000*6/480)+1
=13
Area of tension steel provided Aspxe=Noxe*PI*diaux^2/4
=13*3.1416*20^2/4
=4084.1 mm2
Spacing and proportion of steel (see Clause 3.12.11.2.7):

Tension steel provided per=Aspxe/(10*mstrwy*h)
=4084.1/(10*6*200)
As this is within Code limits of 0.13 % and 4%, this is satisfactory.
As the slab depth does not exceed 200 mm, no check on the spacing
of bars is required [see Clause 3.12.11.2.7(a2)].
Actual stress in steel fs=fy/gammaS*Ascal/Aspxe
=500/1.15*2171.9/4084.1
=231.21 N/mm2
Min.anchorage-bond length reqd. lb=diaux*fs/(4*fbu)
=20*231.21/(4*2.7386)
=422.13 mm
=425 mm (rounded)
Long span ly at continuous edges
Design moment msye=betsyn*n*mstrwx*lx^2

=0.032*13.6*4.5*6^2
=70.502 kNm
As applied-moment factor K=msye*1000/(mstrwx*duy^2*fcu)
=70.502*1000/(4.5*137^2*30)
=0.027825
Calculated lever arm z=duy*(0.5+SQR(0.25-K/0.9))
=137*(0.5+SQR(0.25-0.027825/0.9))
=132.62 mm,
but must not exceed 0.95*duy= 0.95*137 =130.15 mm
Area of tension steel required Asye=msye*10^6/(fy/gammaS*z)
=70.502*10^6/(500/1.15*130.15)
=1245.9 mm2
Thus steel reqd.to resist bending Ascal=Asye=1245.9 mm2
As 3*duy is less than 750 mm, maximum clear distance between bars
for tension steel maxcsp=3*duy=3*137=411 mm, and
maximum pitch (c.to c.of bars) pchm=3*duy+diauy=427 mm
Reqd.pitch of tension bars pchye=1000*mstrwx*PI*diauy^2/(4*Asye)
=1000*4.5*3.1416*16^2/(4*1245.9)
=726.2 mm
spacing pchye of 427 mm
Office: 1007
=420 mm (rounded)
Number of bars required Noye=INT(1000*mstrwx/pchye)+1
=INT(1000*4.5/420)+1
=11
Area of tension steel provided Aspye=Noye*PI*diauy^2/4
=11*3.1416*16^2/4
=2211.7 mm2

Tension steel provided per=Aspye/(10*mstrwx*h)
=2211.7/(10*4.5*200)
Actual stress in steel fs=fy/gammaS*Ascal/Aspye
=500/1.15*1245.9/2211.7
=244.93 N/mm2
Min.anchorage-bond length reqd. lb=diauy*fs/(4*fbu)
=16*244.93/(4*2.7386)
=357.74 mm
=360 mm (rounded)
Short span lx at midspan
Design moment msxm=betsxp*n*mstrwy*lx^2

=0.035667*13.6*6*6^2
=104.77 kNm
As applied-moment factor K=msxm*10^6/(1000*mstrwy*dx^2*fcu)
=104.77*10^6/(1000*6*155^2*30)
=0.024228
Calculated lever arm z=dx*(0.5+SQR(0.25-K/0.9))
=155*(0.5+SQR(0.25-0.024228/0.9))
=150.71 mm,
but must not exceed 0.95*dx=0.95*155 =147.25 mm
Area of tension steel required Asxm=msxm*10^6/(fy/gammaS*z)
=104.77*10^6/(500/1.15*147.25)
=1636.5 mm2
Thus steel reqd.to resist bending Ascal=Asxm=1636.5 mm2
As 3*dx is less than 750 mm, maximum clear distance between bars
for tension steel maxcsp=3*dx=3*155=465 mm, and
maximum pitch (c.to c.of bars) pchm=3*dx+diax=485 mm
Reqd.pitch of tension bars pchxm=1000*mstrwy*PI*diax^2/(4*Asxm)
=1000*6*3.1416*20^2/(4*1636.5)
=1151.8 mm
spacing pchxe of 485 mm
=480 mm (rounded)
Number of bars required Noxm=INT(1000*mstrwy/pchxm)+1
=INT(1000*6/480)+1
=13
Office: 1007
Area of tension steel provided Aspxm=Noxm*PI*diax^2/4
=13*3.1416*20^2/4
=4084.1 mm2

Tension steel provided per=Aspxm/(10*mstrwy*h)
=4084.1/(10*6*200)
Actual stress in steel fs=fy/gammaS*Ascal/Aspxm
=500/1.15*1636.5/4084.1
=174.22 N/mm2
Min.anchorage-bond length reqd. lb=diax*fs/(4*fbu)
=20*174.22/(4*2.7386)
=318.09 mm
=320 mm (rounded)
Long span ly at midspan
Design moment msym=betsyp*n*mstrwx*lx^2

=0.024*13.6*4.5*6^2
=52.877 kNm
As applied-moment factor K=msym*1000/(mstrwx*dy^2*fcu)
=52.877*1000/(4.5*137^2*30)
=0.020868
Calculated lever arm z=dy*(0.5+SQR(0.25-K/0.9))
=137*(0.5+SQR(0.25-0.020868/0.9))
=133.75 mm,
but must not exceed 0.95*dy=0.95*137 =130.15 mm
Area of tension steel required Asym=msym*10^6/(fy/gammaS*z)
=52.877*10^6/(500/1.15*130.15)
=934.43 mm2
Thus steel reqd.to resist bending Ascal=Asym=934.43 mm2
Min.tension area (Table 3.25) Asmin=permin/100*1000*mstrwx*h
=0.13/100*1000*4.5*200
=1170 mm2
As this exceeds the calculated area, make Asym=1170 mm2.
As 3*dy is less than 750 mm, maximum clear distance between bars
for tension steel maxcsp=3*dy=3*137=411 mm, and
maximum pitch (c.to c.of bars) pchm=3*dy+diay=427 mm
Reqd.pitch for tension steel pchym=1000*mstrwx*PI*diay^2/(4*Asym)
=1000*4.5*3.1416*16^2/(4*1170)
=773.32 mm
spacing pchym of 427 mm
=420 mm (rounded)
Number of bars required Noym=INT(1000*mstrwx/pchym)+1
=INT(1000*4.5/420)+1
=11
Area of tension steel provided Aspym=Noym*PI*diay^2/4
=11*3.1416*16^2/4
=2211.7 mm2
Office: 1007

Tension steel provided per=Aspym/(10*mstrwx*h)
=2211.7/(10*4.5*200)
Actual stress in steel fs=fy/gammaS*Ascal/Aspym
=500/1.15*934.43/2211.7
=183.7 N/mm2
Min.anchorage-bond length reqd. lb=diay*fs/(4*fbu)
=16*183.7/(4*2.7386)
=268.3 mm
=270 mm (rounded)
Check on span/effective-depth ratio (in lx direction)
Basic ratio for continuous span bs'd=26 (see Table 3.9.)

Area of tension steel provided Aspxm=4084.1 mm2
Service stress fs=2*fy*Asxm/(3*Aspxm)
=2*500*1636.5/(3*4084.1)
=133.57 N/mm2
Mod.factor for tension steel:
As applied-moment factor M'bd2=msxm*10^6/(1000*mstrwy*dx^2)
=104.77*10^6/(1000*6*155^2)
=0.72684
From equation 7 (Table 3.10) modf1=0.55+(477-fs)/(120*(0.9+M'bd2))
=0.55+(477-133.57)/(120*(0.9
+0.72684))
=2.3092
but this cannot exceed 2, so modf1=2
Thus maximum permissible
span/effective-depth ratio ps'd=bs'd*modf1*modf2=26*2*1
=52
Slab span span=lx=6 m
Actual span/effective-depth ratio as'd=1000*span/dx=1000*6/155
=38.71
This does not exceed permiss.ratio of 52, and is thus acceptable.
SUMMARY OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED ( fy=500 N/mm2 )
At edges in x-direction:
Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2
Area of steel required Asxe 2171.9 mm2
Area of steel provided Aspxe 4084.1 mm2
Percentage of steel provided 0.34034 %
Size of bars 20 mm
Number of bars provided 13
Spacing of bars 480 mm centres
Minimum bond length required 425 mm
Effective depth adopted 155 mm
Weight of steel provided 32.06 kg/m run
Office: 1007
At midspan in x-direction:
Area of steel required Asxm 1636.5 mm2
Area of steel provided Aspxm 4084.1 mm2
Size of bars 20 mm
At edges in y-direction:
Area of steel required Asye 1245.9 mm2
Area of steel provided Aspye 2211.7 mm2
Size of bars 16 mm
At midspan in y-direction:
Area of steel required Asym 1170 mm2
Area of steel provided Aspym 2211.7 mm2
Size of bars 16 mm
Office: 1007
Mimimum tension reinforcement in edge strips
Min.tension area (Table 3.25) Asmin=permin/100*1000*h

=0.13/100*1000*200
=260 mm2 per metre
Diameter of distribution bars diamin=12 mm
Maximum pitch (c.to c.of bars) pchm=3*duy+diamin=3*137+12
=423 mm,
As this is less than 750 mm, this is satisfactory.
Reqd.pitch for distribution bars pchmin=1000*PI*diamin^2/(4*Asmin)
=1000*3.1416*12^2/(4*260)
=434.99 mm
As this exceeds maximum pitch found above, set pchmin=423 mm
=420 mm (rounded)
Area of dist.steel provided Asmpro=1000*PI*diamin^2/(4*pchmin)
=1000*3.1416*12^2/(4*420)
=269.28 mm2/m
Minimum lap length reqd. lb=295 mm
=300 mm (rounded)
Minimum reinforcement in edge strips:

Minimum area required Asmin 260 mm2 per m
Steel area provided Asmpro 269 mm2 per m
Size of bars 12 mm
Minimum lap length required 300 mm
Weight of steel provided 2.1117 kg/m2
No torsion reinforcement is required (see Rule 7 in Clause 3.5.3.5).

No 86
Office: 1007
Location: Typical two-way slab with all edges fixed
Design of two-way slabs rectangular slabs supporting uniform loads
The following design calculations are based on EC2 Part 1:2004 and the
ISE "Manual for the design of concrete building structures to EC2".
Partial safety factor for bond gamb=1.5

gk kN/m2
lx gk = permanent load
qk kN/m2 qk = variable load

ly
Length of shorter side lx=6 m

Length of longer side ly=8 m
Constant k'=ly/lx=1.3333
Characteristic permanent load gk=4 kN/m2
Characteristic variable load qk=5 kN/m2
Permanent load factor gamG=1.35
Variable load factor gamQ=1.5
Total design ultimate load n=gamG*gk+gamQ*qk=1.35*4+1.5*5
=12.9 kN/m2
The slab middle strips will be taken as three-quarters of the width and
each edge strip one-eighth of the width.
Middle strip width (short side) mstrwx=0.75*lx=4.5 m
Middle strip width (long side) mstrwy=0.75*ly=6 m
Overall depth of slab h=200 mm
=2.565 N/mm2 (concrete)
Size of upper bars in x-direction diaux=20 mm

Size of lower bars in x-direction diax=20 mm
Size of upper bars in y-direction diauy=16 mm
Size of lower bars in y-direction diay=16 mm
Reinforcement at top of slab:

Exposure class XC2
Office: 1007
The slab thickness 200 mm and selected 35 mm nominal cover will
provide a fire period of 2 hour/s, hence satisfactory.
Reinforcement at bottom of slab:

Exposure class XC2
The slab thickness 200 mm and selected 35 mm nominal cover will
provide a fire period of 2 hour/s, hence satisfactory.
Nominal cover at top of slab tcover=35 mm
Nominal cover at bottom of slab bcover=35 mm
Effective depths:
Of top steel: in x-direction dux=155 mm
in y-direction duy=dux-(diaux+diauy)/2
=155-(20+16)/2
=137 mm
Of bottom steel: in x-direction dx=155 mm
in y-direction dy=dx-(diax+diay)/2=155-(20+16)/2
=137 mm
/ / / / / / / / / /
// All four edges continuous
/ gk kN/m2 /
/ / lx=6 m Coefficients from the ISE
/ qk kN/m2 / Manual to EC2, Table 5.3.
//
/ / / / / / / / / /

ly=8 m
Negative mt.coefft.at cont.edges betsxn=TABLE 5.3 for row=1, k'=1.3333

=0.047333
Positive mt.coefft.at midspan betsxp=TABLE 5.3 for row=2, k'=1.3333
=0.035667
Long-span coefft.at cont edges betsyn=0.032
Long-span coefft.at midspan betsyp=0.024
Short span lx at continuous edges
Design moment M=betsxn*n*mstrwy*lx^2

=0.047333*12.9*6*6^2
=131.89 kNm
Size of upper bars dia=20 mm
Effective depth of section d=dux=155 mm
Width of middle strip wms=6 m
Office: 1007
Redistribution ratio delta=1
=0.597*0.85-0.18*0.85^2-0.209
=0.1684
Factor K=M*1E6/(b*wms*d^2*fck)
=131.9*1E6/(1000*6*155^2*25)
=0.0366
=155/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*0.0366))
=149.8 mm
Tension reinforcement required Asxe=M*1E6/(fyd*z)
=131.9*1E6/(434.8*147.3)
=2060 mm2
Mean width of the tension zone bt=b*wms=1000*6=6000 mm
=0.26*2.565*6000*155/500
=1240 mm2
Maximum reinforcement permitted Asmax=0.04*bt*h=0.04*6000*200
=48000 mm2
Minimum pitch pchmn=75 mm
Calculated pitch of tension bars pchxe=1000*mstrwy*PI*dia^2/(4*Asxe)
=1000*6*3.142*20^2/(4*2060)
=915 mm
As this exceeds the maximum permissible spacing 400 mm, employ
spacing pchxe of 400 mm (maximum value)
Chosen spacing of tension bars pchxe=400 mm
Number of bars required Noxe=INT(1000*mstrwy/pchxe)+1
=INT(1000*6/400)+1
=16
Area of tension steel provided Aspxe=Noxe*PI*dia^2/4=16*3.142*20^2/4
=5027 mm2
Ratio Areq/Aprov rareas=Asxe/Aspxe=2060/5027
=0.4098
Tension steel provided per=Aspxe/(10*mstrwy*h)
=5027/(10*6*200)
Char axial tensile strength fctk=0.7*fctm
=0.7*2.565
Char anchorage bond strength fbd=2.25*eta1*eta2*fctk/gamc
=2.25*1*1*1.795/1.5
=2.693 N/mm2
compute ratio Areq/Aprov rareas=0.4098
Actual design stress in steel fyd'=fyd*rareas=434.8*0.4098
=178.2 N/mm2
Anchorage bond length lb=INT(dia*fyd'/(4*fbd))
=INT(20*178.2/(4*2.693))
=330 mm
Office: 1007
Long span ly at continuous edges
Design moment M=betsyn*n*mstrwx*lx^2

=0.032*12.9*4.5*6^2
=66.87 kNm
Effective depth of section d=duy=137 mm
Width of middle strip wms=4.5 m
=0.597*0.85-0.18*0.85^2-0.209
=0.1684
=66.87*1E6/(1000*4.5*137^2*25)
=0.0317
=137/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*0.0317))
=133.1 mm
Tension reinforcement required Asye=M*1E6/(fyd*z)
=66.87*1E6/(434.8*130.2)
=1182 mm2
Mean width of the tension zone bt=b*wms=1000*4.5=4500 mm
=0.26*2.565*4500*137/500
=822.3 mm2
=36000 mm2
Calculated pitch of tension bars pchye=1000*mstrwx*PI*dia^2/(4*Asye)
=1000*4.5*3.142*16^2/(4*1182)
=765.6 mm
spacing pchye of 400 mm (maximum value)
Chosen spacing of tension bars pchye=400 mm
Number of bars required Noye=INT(1000*mstrwx/pchye)+1
=INT(1000*4.5/400)+1
=12
Area of tension steel provided Aspye=Noye*PI*dia^2/4=12*3.142*16^2/4
=2413 mm2
Ratio Areq/Aprov rareas=Asye/Aspye=1182/2413
=0.4898
Tension steel provided per=Aspye/(10*mstrwx*h)
=2413/(10*4.5*200)
=0.7*2.565
=2.25*1*1*1.795/1.5
=2.693 N/mm2
Office: 1007
=213 N/mm2
=INT(16*213/(4*2.693))
=316 mm
Short span lx at midspan
Design moment M=betsxp*n*mstrwy*lx^2

=0.0357*12.9*6*6^2
=99.38 kNm
Effective depth of section d=dx=155 mm
Width of middle strip wms=6 m
=0.597*0.85-0.18*0.85^2-0.209
=0.1684
=99.38*1E6/(1000*6*155^2*25)
=0.0276
=155/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*0.0276))
=151.1 mm
Tension reinforcement required Asxm=M*1E6/(fyd*z)
=99.38*1E6/(434.8*147.3)
=1552 mm2
Mean width of the tension zone bt=b*wms=1000*6=6000 mm
=0.26*2.565*6000*155/500
=1240 mm2
=48000 mm2
Calculated pitch of tension bars pchxm=1000*mstrwy*PI*dia^2/(4*Asxm)
=1000*6*3.142*20^2/(4*1552)
=1214 mm
spacing pchxm of 400 mm (maximum value)
Chosen spacing of tension bars pchxm=400 mm
Number of bars required Noxm=INT(1000*mstrwy/pchxm)+1
=INT(1000*6/400)+1
=16
Area of tension steel provided Aspxm=Noxm*PI*dia^2/4=16*3.142*20^2/4
=5027 mm2
Ratio Areq/Aprov rareas=Asxm/Aspxm=1552/5027
=0.3088
Tension steel provided per=Aspxm/(10*mstrwy*h)
=5027/(10*6*200)
Office: 1007
=0.7*2.565
=2.25*1*1*1.795/1.5
=2.693 N/mm2
=134.3 N/mm2
=INT(20*134.3/(4*2.693))
=249 mm
Long span ly at midspan
Design moment M=betsyp*n*mstrwx*lx^2

=0.024*12.9*4.5*6^2
=50.16 kNm
Effective depth of section d=dy=137 mm
Width of middle strip wms=4.5 m
=0.597*0.85-0.18*0.85^2-0.209
=0.1684
=50.16*1E6/(1000*4.5*137^2*25)
=0.0238
=137/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*0.0238))
=134.1 mm
Tension reinforcement required Asym=M*1E6/(fyd*z)
=50.16*1E6/(434.8*130.2)
=886.3 mm2
Mean width of the tension zone bt=b*wms=1000*4.5=4500 mm
=0.26*2.565*4500*137/500
=822.3 mm2
=36000 mm2
Calculated pitch of tension bars pchym=1000*mstrwx*PI*dia^2/(4*Asym)
=1000*4.5*3.142*16^2/(4*886.3)
=1021 mm
spacing pchym of 400 mm (maximum value)
Chosen spacing of tension bars pchym=400 mm
Number of bars required Noym=INT(1000*mstrwx/pchym)+1
=INT(1000*4.5/400)+1
=12
Office: 1007
Area of tension steel provided Aspym=Noym*PI*dia^2/4=12*3.142*16^2/4
=2413 mm2
Ratio Areq/Aprov rareas=Asym/Aspym=886.3/2413
=0.3674
Tension steel provided per=Aspym/(10*mstrwx*h)
=2413/(10*4.5*200)
=0.7*2.565
=2.25*1*1*1.795/1.5
=2.693 N/mm2
=159.7 N/mm2
=INT(16*159.7/(4*2.693))
=237 mm
Check on span/effective-depth ratio (in lx direction)
Effective span L=6 m

Percentage area of steel required rho=100*Asxm/(b*mstrwy*d)
=100*1552/(1000*6*137)
=0.1888 %
Actual span to depth ratio l'd=L*1000/d=6*1000/137
=43.8
=0.5 %
N1=1.5*(fck^0.5)*rho0/rho
=1.5*(25^0.5)*0.5/0.1888
=19.86
N2=3.2*(fck^0.5)*(rho0/rho-1)^1.5
=3.2*(25^0.5)*(0.5/0.1888-1)^1.5
=33.84
N=11+N1+N2=11+19.86+33.84
=64.7
Factor for interior spans k=1.5
Flange beam factor F1=1
Factor for long spans F2=1.0
=500/(500*1552/5027)
Use limiting value of F3=1.5
Allowable span/depth ratio l'da=k*N*F1*F2*F3=1.5*64.7*1*1*1.5
=145.6
Absolute value of span/depth l'da=40*k=40*1.5=60
Office: 1007

DEFLECTION Span factor 1.5
Flange beam factor F1 1
Long spans factor F2 1
Note: If the percentage reinforcement is less than 0.4% care should
be taken with the EC2 values as the deflection equations used give
unrealistically high values. Both EC2 Part 1:2004 Table 7.4N and
NA Table NA.5 give span/effective depth ratios for C30/37 concrete
and reinforcement percentage, =0.5% as follows:
Simply supported spans 20
End spans 26
Interior spans 30
SUMMARY OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED ( fy=500 N/mm2 )
At edges in x-direction:
Area of steel required Asxe 2060 mm2
Area of steel provided Aspxe 5027 mm2
Size of bars 20 mm
At midspan in x-direction:
Area of steel required Asxm 1552 mm2
Area of steel provided Aspxm 5027 mm2
Size of bars 20 mm
At edges in y-direction:
Area of steel required Asye 1182 mm2
Area of steel provided Aspye 2413 mm2
Size of bars 16 mm
Office: 1007
At midspan in y-direction:
Area of steel required Asym 886.3 mm2
Area of steel provided Aspym 2413 mm2
Size of bars 16 mm
Minimum tension reinforcement in edge strips
Mean width of the tension zone b=1000 mm

Minimum reinforcement required Asmin=0.26*fctm*b*d/fyk
=0.26*2.565*1000*155/500
=206.7 mm2 per metre
Diameter of distribution bars diamin=12 mm
Calculated pitch of tension bars pchmin=1000*PI*diamin^2/(4*Asmin)
=1000*3.142*12^2/(4*206.7)
=547.1 mm
spacing pchmin of 400 mm (maximum value)
Chosen spacing of tension bars pchmin=400 mm
Area of dist.steel provided Asmpro=1000*PI*diamin^2/(4*pchmin)
=1000*3.142*12^2/(4*400)
=282.7 mm2/m
Minimum reinforcement in edge strips:

Minimum area required Asmin 206 mm2 per m
Steel area provided Asmpro 282 mm2 per m
Size of bars 12 mm
No torsion reinforcement is required (see ISE Manual, Section 5.2.3.3).
Shear check
Case 1
Area of steel required As=2060 mm2

Area of tension steel provided Aspr=5027 mm2
Area of steel required
Location for shear calculation: Shear on long side of slab
=0.2*25*(1-25/250)*1000*155/10^3
=697.5 kN
As the shear at continuous support is being considered
Office: 1007
Area of reinforcement at section Asl=Aspr=5027 mm2/m
=100*5027/(1000*155)
=3.243 %
Factor ks=1+(200/d)^0.5=1+(200/155)^0.5
=2.136
Limiting value ks=2.0
=(3.243*25)^(1/3)
=4.328
Shear resistance VRdc=CRdc*ks*vRdc*bw*d/1000
=0.12*2*4.328*1000*155/1000
=161 kN
Minimum stress vmin=0.035*ks^1.5*fck^0.5
=0.035*2^1.5*25^0.5
=0.495 N/mm2
=0.495*1000*155/1000
=76.72 kN

Shear resistance 161 kN
Crack control check - to Clause 7.3.3
Measures to control cracking are not necessary where the overall depth
does not exceed 200 mm as per Clause 7.3.3(1).
No 86
Slender rectangular column - biaxial bending Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Column C1 (Ground to 1st floor)
Slender rectangular column subjected to biaxial bending and thrust

Y
Additional moments are calculated
in accordance with Clause 3.8.3 o o
of BS8110, and section design is
undertaken using data similar to
that used to prepare the design h X X
charts in the IStructE/ICE 'Manual h'
for the design of reinforced
concrete building structures' o o

Y
b'
b
Depth of cross-section h=500 mm
Width of cross-section b=300 mm
Size of main bars dia=25 mm
Chosen size of links dial=8 mm
BS8500-1:2006.
Chosen fire resistance (-4 hrs) fire=2 hours
From Table 3.4 of BS8110: Part 1, minimum cover required for column
Min.nominal cover to all steel is 35 mm
From Figure 3.2 of BS8110: Part 1, minimum possible dimension for
fully-exposed column with fire period of 2 hour/s is 300 mm
Effective depth about X-X axis h'=444.5 mm
Effective depth about Y-Y axis b'=244.5 mm
Clear height between restraints lo=6 m
Design ultimate axial load N=1000 kN
Moments about X-X axis:
Larger initial end mt (positive) M2x=100 kNm
Smaller initial end moment M1x=-60 kNm
Moments about Y-Y axis:
Larger initial end mt (positive) M2y=80 kNm
Smaller initial end moment M1y=-50 kNm
About X-X axis:
Fixity condition at top (1-4) ctx=2
Fixity condition at bottom (1-3) cbx=3
and column is unbraced about X-X axis.
About Y-Y axis:
Fixity condition at top (1-4) cty=1
Fixity condition at bottom (1-3) cby=1
and column is braced about Y-Y axis.
Office: 1007
Calculation of effective heights
X-X axis: -value from Table 3.20 betx=1.8

Effective height lex=betx*lo=10.8 m
Y-Y axis: -value from Table 3.19 bety=0.75
Effective height ley=bety*lo=4.5 m
Slenderness ratio in YY-plane lex/h=21.6
Slenderness ratio in XX-plane ley/b=15
Calculation of Nuz and reduction factor K
'Balanced' load Nbl=0.25*fcu*b*h/1E3

=0.25*30*300*500/1E3
=1125 kN
Area assumed for this calculation Ase=600 mm2
'Pure' axial resistance Nuz=(0.45*fcu*b*h+fy/gammaS*Ase)/1E3
=(0.45*30*300*500+500/1.15*600)/1E3
=2285.9 kN
As reduction factor K=(Nuz-N)/(Nuz-Nbl)
=(2285.9-1000)/(2285.9-1125)
=1.1077
exceeds 1, take reduction factor K=1
Bending about minor axis (in X-X plane, to resist moment My)
Column is not slender in X-X plane,

minor-axis design moment My=M2y=80 kNm
Bending about major axis (in Y-Y plane, to resist moment Mx)
Column is unbraced in Y-Y plane (about X-X axis), so Cl.3.8.3.7 applies.

Ultimate limit-state deflection au=K*h*(lex/h)^2/2
=1*500*(10.8/500)^2/2
=0.11664 m
and additional moment Madd=N*au=1000*0.11664=116.64 kNm
Assume M2x acts at the stiffer end, i.e.
major-axis design moment Mx=M2x+Madd=100+116.64=216.64 kNm
Section design ratios for chart entry
(Note: it is assumed that the maximum design moments Mx and My occur at

the same point along the column. If this assumption is incorrect
the error is on the side of safety.
Axial load ratio Nratio=N*1000/(b*h*fcu)
=1000*1000/(300*500*30)
=0.22222
From Table 3.22, -coefficient beta=TABLE 3.24 for Nratio=0.22222
=0.74333
As Mx/h' exceeds My/b', calculate Mx'=Mx*10^6+beta*h'*My*10^6/b'
=216.64*10^6+0.74333*444.5*80
*10^6/244.5
=324.75E6 Nmm
and Mratio=Mx'/(b*h^2*fcu)
=324.75E6/(300*500^2*30)
=0.14433
Office: 1007
with d'h=h'/h=444.5/500=0.889
Design of main bars
From tables corresponding to the charts given in the IStructE/ICE

'Manual for the design of reinforced concrete building structures':
With cover ratio of 0.90 per1=TABLE 8110.2 for Nratio
=0.22222, Mratio=0.14433
=0.26252
With cover ratio of 0.85 per2=TABLE 8110.3 for Nratio
=0.22222, Mratio=0.14433
=0.3047
Interpolating, we obtain per=per1+(per2-per1)*(0.90-d'h)/0.05
=0.26252+(0.3047-0.26252)*(0.90
-0.889)/0.05
=0.2718
Actual steel percentage required p=100*alpha*fcu/fy=100*0.2718*30/500
=1.6308 %
Required area of reinforcement Asc=p*b*h/100=1.6308*300*500/100
=2446.2 mm2
Area of two 25 mm diameter bars area=981.75 mm2
Number of 25 mm bars required nmin=2*INT(Asc/area)+2
=2*INT(2446.2/981.75)+2
=6
Number of bars provided nbars=6
Percentage of steel provided perpro=100*nbars*PI*dia^2/(4*b*h)
=100*6*3.1416*25^2/(4*300*500)
=1.9635 %
As this does not exceed the Code limit of 6%, this is acceptable.
Distributing the main bars uniformly along the b-faces gives a spacing
for a single layer of spabrx=INT(b''/(nbars/2-1))=INT(189/(6/2-1))
=94 mm
Spacing of main bars
Along the b-faces, the bar spacing (c.to c.) is 94 mm

Along the h-faces, the bar spacing (c.to c.) is 389 mm
Design of links
Required spacing of links spalk=10*INT(12*dia/10)

=10*INT(12*25/10)
=300 mm (rounded)
This is satisfactory, as spacing does not exceed min.column dimension.
MAIN Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2

REINFORCEMENT Area of steel required 2446.2 mm2
SUMMARY Area of steel provided 2945.2 mm2
Number of bars 6
to be placed along b-faces (spaced at 94 mm, assuming one layer).
Office: 1007
LINK Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2

SUMMARY Max.longitudinal spacing 300 mm
Approx.total wt.of steel 24.982 kg/m
No 92
Office: 1007
Location: Biaxial bending example
Isolated rectangular section subject bending and thrust
Z
Design to EN 1992 -1 -1:2004,
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete o o
structures
The main reinforcement design is
based on balancing, by iterative h Y Y
means, of the two derived expressions d
for areas of reinforcing steel -
one for axial load and the other o o
for bending.
One layer of steel is assumed for Z
the axis of bending. b'
b
Materials

Diameter of compression bars dia=32 mm

Exposure class XC1
Section properties

Overall breadth of section b=350 mm
Depth to comp. reinforcement d2=69 mm
Effective depth of section d=h-d2=350-69=281 mm
Effective breadth of section b'=b-d2=350-69=281 mm
Loading details
Clear height between restraints l=3.2 m

Larger initial end mt.(y-y axis) M2y=146.1 kNm
Smaller initial end moment M1y=0 kNm
Larger initial end mt.(z-z axis) M2z=114.5 kNm
Smaller initial end moment M1z=0 kNm
Office: 1007
Material values
Value eta=1-(fck-50)/200=1-(30-50)/200
=1.1
As eta>1 then eta=1
Design strength concrete fcd=0.85*fck/gamc*eta=0.85*30/1.5*1
=17 N/mm2
Factor lam=0.8
Slenderness - Clause 5.8.3.2
About Y-Y axis:

Column is considered to be braced.
Fixity condition at top (1-3) cty=2
Fixity condition at bottom (1-3) cby=2
-value bety=0.85
Effective height loy=bety*l*1000=0.85*3.2*1000
=2720 mm
About Z-Z axis:
Column is considered to be braced.
Fixity condition at top (1-3) ctz=2
Fixity condition at bottom (1-3) cbz=2
-value betz=0.85
Effective height loz=betz*l*1000=0.85*3.2*1000
=2720 mm
Check Slenderness
For Y-Y stronger axis:

Radius of gyration iy=h/(12)^0.5=350/(12)^0.5
=101.04 mm
Slenderness lamy=loy/iy=2720/101.04=26.921
Factor A=0.7 default
Assume 8 /32 mm bars
Steel area Asest=no*PI/4*dia^2=8*3.1416/4*32^2
=6434 mm2
Ratio of loads w=Asest*fyd/(b*h*fcd)
=6434*434.78/(350*350*17)
=1.3433
Factor B=(1+2*w)^0.5=(1+2*1.3433)^0.5
=1.92
Factor C=1.7-M1y/M2y=1.7-0/146.1
=1.7
Relative normal force n=NEd/(b*h*fcd)=1.65E6/(350*350*17)
=0.79232
Limiting slenderness lamly=20*A*B*C/n^0.5
=20*0.7*1.92*1.7/0.79232^0.5
=51.338
Column is classified as being short in accordance with EC2 Part 1-1.
For Z-Z weaker axis:

Radius of gyration iz=b/(12)^0.5=350/(12)^0.5
=101.04 mm
Slenderness lamz=loz/iz=2720/101.04=26.921
Factor B=1.92
Office: 1007
Factor C=1.7-M1z/M2z=1.7-0/114.5
=1.7
=0.79232
Limiting slenderness lamlz=20*A*B*C/n^0.5
=20*0.7*1.92*1.7/0.79232^0.5
=51.338
Column is classified as being short in accordance with EC2 Part 1-1.
Design moments - Clause 5.8.8.2
Consider Y-Y axis:

Imperfections eccentricity e1=loy/400=2720/400=6.8 mm
Load NEd eccentricity e0=h/30=350/30=11.667 mm
Minimum eccentricity e0=20 mm
Design bending moment Mo2=M2y*10^6+e1*NEd
=146.1*10^6+6.8*1.65E6
=157.32E6 Nmm
Design bending moment Mo1=ABS(M1y*10^6)+e1*NEd
=ABS(0*10^6)+6.8*1.65E6
=11.22E6 Nmm
Equivalent first order moment Moe=0.6*Mo2+0.4*Mo1
=0.6*157.32E6+0.4*11.22E6
=98.88E6 Nmm
Moment for 2nd. order effects M2=0 (as column is not slender)
Design moment MEdy=Mo2=157.32E6 Nmm
Consider Z-Z axis:

Imperfections eccentricity e1=loz/400=2720/400=6.8 mm
Load eccentricity e0=b/30=350/30=11.667 mm
Design bending moment Mo2=M2z*10^6+e1*NEd
=114.5*10^6+6.8*1.65E6
=125.72E6 Nmm
Design bending moment Mo1=ABS(M1z*10^6)+e1*NEd
=ABS(0*10^6)+6.8*1.65E6
=11.22E6 Nmm
=0.6*125.72E6+0.4*11.22E6
=79.92E6 Nmm
Moment for 2nd. order effects M2=0 (as column is not slender)
Design moment (z-z axis) MEdz=Mo2=125.72E6 Nmm
One axis of bending only used to determine reinforcement, then
check for biaxial bending.
Moment ratio y-y axis raty=MEdy/(b*h^2*fck)
=157.32E6/(350*350^2*30)
=0.12231
Moment ratio z-z axis ratz=MEdz/(b^2*h*fck)
=125.72E6/(350^2*350*30)
=0.097741
Consider moment about y-y axis ( 157.32E6 Nmm ) and axial load.
Office: 1007
Axial load and moment considerations
Effective/overall-depth ratio d2h=d2/h=69/350=0.19714

Axial load ratio Nrat=NEd/(b*h*fck)
=1.65E6/(350*350*30)
=0.44898
Moment ratio Mrat=MEd/(b*h^2*fck)
=157.32E6/(350*350^2*30)
=0.12231
Chart data for rectangular columns is taken from 'The Concrete Centre'
publication entitled 'Worked Examples to Eurocode 2: Volume 1'.
Ratio of d2/h d2h=0.19714
From table with d2/h=0.20 NEd/(b.h.fck)=0.44898
MEd/(b.h^2.fck)=0.12231
Look-up value As.fyk/(b.h.fck)=0.36224
From table with d2/h=0.15 NEd/(b.h.fck)=0.44898
MEd/(b.h^2.fck)=0.12231
Look-up value As.fyk/(b.h.fck)=0.31565
Interpolating, we obtain val=0.35958
Area of steel required As=val*fck/fyk*b*h
=0.35958*30/500*350*350
=2642.9 mm2
Area of two 32 mm diameter bars is 1608.5 mm2
Number of 32 mm bars required nbar=2*INT(As/area)+2
=2*INT(2642.9/1608.5)+2
=4
Area of steel provided Aspro=nbars*PI*dia^2/4
=8*3.1416*32^2/4
=6434 mm2
Percentage of steel provided perpro=100*Aspro/(b*h)
=100*6434/(350*350)
=5.2522 %
Permitted minimum & maximum areas of longitudinal reinforcement
Minimum area of reinforcement Asmin=379.5 mm2

Maximum area of reinforcement Asmax=0.04*b*h=0.04*350*350
=4900 mm2
Transverse reinforcement (links)
Minimum of one quarter main bar ldia=dia/4=32/4=8 mm

Maximum spacing is the minimum of the three following distances.
Based on main bar diameter smx1=20*dia=20*32=640 mm
Minimum column dimension smx2=b=350 mm
Maximum dimension smx3=400 mm
Maximum spacing smx=350 mm
This spacing should be reduced by a factor of 0.6 within a distance
equal to the larger dimension of the column cross-section above or
below a beam or slab.
Office: 1007
Check for biaxial bending
Ratio of slenderness sl=lamz/lamy=26.921/26.921

=1
Ratio 2, however check eccentricity condition.
Eccentricity (along y-y axis) ey=MEdz/NEd=125.72E6/1.65E6
=76.194 mm
Eccentricity (along z-z axis) ez=MEdy/NEd=157.32E6/1.65E6
=95.345 mm
Radius of gyration (y-y axis) iy=(h^2/12)^0.5=(350^2/12)^0.5
=101.04 mm
Radius of gyration (z-z axis) iz=(b^2/12)^0.5=(350^2/12)^0.5
=101.04 mm
Equivalent b dimension beq=iy*12^0.5=101.04*12^0.5
=350 mm
Equivalent h dimension heq=iz*12^0.5=101.04*12^0.5
=350 mm
Relative eccentricity (y-y axis) ey'h=ey/heq=76.194/350=0.2177
Relative eccentricity (z-z axis) ez'b=ez/beq=95.345/350=0.27242
Ratio of eccentricities recc=ey'h/ez'b=0.2177/0.27242
=0.79914
As recc > 0.2 further check is required for biaxial bending.
Axial load NEd=1.65E6 N
Axial resistance of section NRd=b*h*fcd+Aspro*fyd
=350*350*17+6434*434.78
=4.8799E6 N
Ratio of load terms Nr=NEd/NRd=1.65E6/4.8799E6
=0.33812
Value of power a=TABLE 5 for Nr=0.33812
=1.1984
Moment of Resistance
Depth to neutral axis x=210.7 mm

Load carried by concrete Nc=0.85*fck/1.5*b*lam*x
=0.85*30/1.5*350*0.8*210.7
=1.0029E6 N
Strain in the concrete esu=0.0035
Strain in compression steel esc=esu*(x-d2)/x
=0.0035*(210.7-69)/210.7
=0.0023538
Stress steel based on strain sigsc=esc*200000=0.0023538*200000
=470.76 N/mm2
Limit to steel stress sigsc=fyk/1.15=500/1.15=434.78
Force carried by comp. bars Ns=Aspro/2*sigsc=6434/2*434.78
=1.3987E6 N
Strain in tension steel est=esu*(h-x-d2)/x
=0.0035*(350-210.7-69)/210.7
=0.0011678
Steel stress based on strain sigst=est*200000=0.0011678*200000
=233.55 N/mm2
Bending term mrd1=(sigst+sigsc)*Aspro/2*(h/2-d2)
=(233.55+434.78)*6434/2*(350/2-69)
=227.9E6 Nmm
Axial load term mrd2=Nc*(h/2-lam*x/2)
=1.0029E6*(350/2-0.8*210.7/2)
=90.986E6 Nmm
Office: 1007
Moment of resistance MRd=mrd1+mrd2=227.9E6+90.986E6
=318.89E6 N/mm
Expression for biaxial bending factor=(MEdy/MRdy)â+(MEdz/MRdz)â
=(157.32E6/318.89E6)^1.1984
+(125.72E6/318.89E6)^1.1984
=0.75655
Section suitable no additional reinforcement required to account for
biaxial bending.
DESIGN SUMMARY Clear column height 3.2 m

Slenderness (Y-Y axis) 26.921
Column is short (Y-Y)
Slenderness (Z-Z axis) 26.921
Column is short (Z-Z)
Design axial load 1650 kN
Design bending moments:
Y-Y axis 157.32 kNm
Z-Z axis 125.72 kNm
Designed area of steel 2642.9 mm2
Link diameter 8 mm
Maximum link spacing 350 mm
Resistance moment (Y-Y) 318.89 kNm
Resistance moment (Z-Z) 318.89 kNm
Biaxial bending factor 0.75655
NOTE: Designed steel exceeds 4% of gross area. However the maximum

area can be increased provided that the concrete can be placed and
compacted sufficiently.
No 92
Rectangular beam/slab section Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
b
Rectangular beam/slab section
d' o o

d h Calculations for reinforcement
are in accordance with BS 8110
o o o
Normal-weight concrete only.
Moment before redistribution Mbefor=181.42 kNm

Shear force due to ultimate loads V=50 kN
Axial load due to ultimate loads N=0 kN
Length of beam/slab len=5 m
Overall depth of concrete section h=400 mm
Breadth of concrete section b=200 mm
Cover to all reinforcement cover=20 mm
Eff.depth of concrete section d=357.5 mm
Depth to compression steel d'=40 mm
BM at section after redistrib. M=127 kNm
Characteristic strength of links fyv=500 N/mm2
Char.strength of longitud.bars fy=500 N/mm2
Bar is deformed round Type=2
Diameter of links dial=10 mm
Section is at a support.
Main reinforcement
Moment redistribution percnt=100*ABS((Mbefor-M)/Mbefor)

=100*ABS((181.42-127)/181.42)
=29.997 %
Betab ratio in Clause 3.4.4.3 betab=M/Mbefor=127/181.42
=0.70003
Limiting factor for comp steel K'=0.402*(betab-0.4)-0.18*(betab
-0.4)^2
=0.402*(0.70003-0.4)-0.18*(0.70003
-0.4)^2
=0.10441
Compute K=M*10^6/(b*d^2*fcu)
=127*10^6/(200*357.5^2*40)
=0.12421
As K exceeds K', compression reinforcement is required and
lever arm z=d*(0.5+SQR(0.25-K'/0.9))
=357.5*(0.5+SQR(0.25-0.10441/0.9))
=309.61 mm
Depth to neutral axis x=(d-z)/0.45=(357.5-309.61)/0.45
=106.42 mm
Area of compression reinforcement As'=(K-K')*fcu*b*d^2/(fy/gammaS*(d
-d'))
=(0.12421-0.10441)*40*200*357.5^2
/(500/1.15*(357.5-40))
=146.67 mm2
Increase compression reinforcement to comply with minimum percentage
Office: 1007
given in Table 3.25 As'=0.2*b*h/100=0.2*200*400/100
=160 mm2
Number of compression bars reqd. nbarc=INT(As'/(PI*diac^2/4))+1
=INT(160/(3.1416*12^2/4))+1
=2
Area provided As'pr=nbarc*PI*diac^2/4
=2*3.1416*12^2/4
=226.19 m2
Force in one fully-stressed bar Fs=fy/gammaS*PI*diac^2/4
=500/1.15*3.1416*12^2/4
=49173 N
Bond coefficient beta=TABLE 3.28 for Type=2, column=2
=0.63
=3.9845 N/mm2
Minimum anchorage length l=Fs/(PI*diac*fbu)
=49173/(3.1416*12*3.9845)
=327.36 mm
COMPRESSION Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2
Area required 160 mm2
Area provided 226.19 mm2
See BS 8110 ( Anchorage length 330 mm
Cl.3.12.8.15 ( Lap length 410 mm
Area of tension reinforcement As=K'*fcu*b*d^2/(fy/gammaS*z)+As'

=0.10441*40*200*357.5^2/(500/1.15
*309.61)+160
=953.04 mm2
Minimum area of reinforcement Asmin=0.13*b*h/100=0.13*200*400/100
=104 mm2 from Table 3.25
=INT(953.04/(3.1416*25^2/4))+1
=2
Section under design is a beam.
Edge dist. of reinforcement edge=cover+dial=20+10=30
Clear distance between bars clear=(b-nbart*dia-2*edge)/(nbart-1)
=(200-2*25-2*30)/(2-1)
=90 mm
Max.permissible clear distance pclear=75000*betab/fy
=75000*0.70003/500
=105 mm
Clear distance within permissible ( 90 mm <= 105. mm)
Area of tension steel provided Asprov=nbart*PI*dia^2/4

=2*3.1416*25^2/4
=981.75 mm2
Bond coefficient beta=TABLE 3.28 for Type=2, column=1
=0.5
=3.1623 N/mm2
Force in one fully-stressed bar Fs=fy/gammaS*PI*dia^2/4
=500/1.15*3.1416*25^2/4
=213423 N
Based on bars at full stress:
Office: 1007
Anchor length and tension lap l=Fs/(PI*dia*fbu)
=213423/(3.1416*25*3.1623)
=859.31 mm

Area required 953.04 mm2
See BS 8110 ( Anchorage & tension lap 860 mm
: Part 1 : ( 1.4 * tension lap 1210 mm
Cl.3.12.8.13 ( 2.0 * tension lap 1730 mm
Shear reinforcement
Breadth of section for shear bv=b=200 mm

Design shear stress v=V*1000/(bv*d)=50*1000/(200*357.5)
=0.6993 N/mm2
Number of longitudinal bars in accordance with Clause 3.4.5.4.
No.of long.bars eff.for shear nbars=2
Area of tens.steel prov.for shear Aspros=nbars*PI*dia^2/4
=2*3.1416*25^2/4
=981.75 mm2
Percentage provided percnt=100*Aspros/(bv*d)
=100*981.75/(200*357.5)
=1.3731 %
Assuming at least nominal shear reinforcement is to be provided.
As eff.depth does not exceed 400 mm, depth-factor f00d=(400/d)^.25
=(400/357.5)^.25
=1.0285
Then from formula in Note 2 below Table 3.8, with pcnt=100*As/(bv*d),
Design shear stress in concrete vc=0.79*pcnt^(1/3)*f00d/1.25
=0.79*1.3731^(1/3)*1.0285/1.25
=0.72246 N/mm2
therefore increase vc according to footnote in Table 3.8.
Modified design shear stress vc=vc*(40/25)^(1/3)
=0.72246*(40/25)^(1/3)
=0.84499 N/mm2
2
Design shear stress of 0.6993 N/mm does not exceed critical shear
stress of 0.84499 N/mm2 , so only nominal links need be provided.
Area of two legs of a link Asv=nlegs*PI*dial^2/4=2*3.1416*10^2/4

=157.08 mm2
Provide minimum links to meet requirements of Table 3.7.
Spacing of links along member sv=fyv/gammaS*Asv/(0.4*bv)
=500/1.15*157.08/(0.4*200)
=853.69 mm
Limit spacing to sv=0.75*d=268.13 mm in accordance with Clause 3.4.5.5.
Spacing limit for comp.bars sv=12*diac=12*12=144 mm
Office: 1007
Spacing 140 mm
Ensure that no longitudinal bar is
more than 150 mm from vertical leg
No102
Office: 1007
Rectangular beam/slab design
d2 b
Eurocode 2:Design of concrete structures (o) (o)
and assume the use of a simplified As2


Shear force due to ultimate loads VEd=102 kN
Axial load due to ultimate loads NEd=0 kN
Length of beam/slab L=5 m
Overall depth of concrete section h=500 mm
Breadth of concrete section b=250 mm
Section being analysed is considered as continuous.
Section considered has a hogging moment.
Materials


Exposure class XC1
Effective values
BM after redistribution M=221 kNm

Effective depth d=415 mm
Main reinforcement

=0.597*0.85-0.18*0.85^2-0.209
=0.1684
Office: 1007
=221*1E6/(250*415^2*30)
=0.1711
Lever arm z=d/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*K'))
=415/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*0.1684))
=339.7 mm
=188.3 mm
Depth to compression steel d2=55 mm
Stress fsc=700*(x-d2)/x=700*(188.3-55)/188.3
=495.6 N/mm2
Limit fsc to fyd fsc=fyd=434.8 N/mm2
Area of comp.steel required As2=(K-K')*fck*b*d^2/(fsc*(d-d2))
=(0.1711-0.1684)*30*250*415^2
/(434.8*(415-55))
=22.23 mm2
Tension reinforcement As=K'*fck*b*d^2/(fyd*z)+As2*fsc/fyd
=0.1684*30*250*415^2/(434.8*339.7)
+22.23*434.8/434.8
=1495 mm2
=2.896 N/mm2
=0.26*2.896*250*415/500
=156.3 mm2
Minimum compression steel As2min=0.002*b*h=0.002*250*500
=250 mm2
Revised compression steel area As2=As2min=250 mm2
=5000 mm2
=1.441 %
=INT(1495/(3.142*25^2/4))+1
=4
=1963 mm2
Number of compression bars nbarc=INT(As2/(PI*diac^2/4))+1
=INT(250/(3.142*20^2/4))+1
=1
Adopt a minimum of nbarc=2
Area of compression steel Asprc=nbarc*PI*diac^2/4
=2*3.142*20^2/4
=628.3 mm2
Office: 1007

Parameter K' 0.1684
TENSION REINFORCEMENT Steel area provided 1963 mm2
Number of bars 4
Steel area required 1495 mm2
COMPRESSION REINFORCEMENT Steel area provided 628.3 mm2
Number of bars 2
Steel area required 22.23 mm2
Minimum area required 250 mm2
Spacing of bars - tension reinforcement

In accordance with the "Standard Method of Detailing Structural
Concrete" the minimum clear distance between bars
Minimum spacing (hogging moment) clearm=75 mm
Layers of reinforcement layers=2
Maximum number of bars/layer nbars=2
Clear spacing clear=(b-2*(cover+dial)-nbars*dia)/(nbars-1)
=(250-2*(35+10)-2*25)/(2-1)
=110 mm
Spacing of bars - compression reinforcement
Minimum spacing (hogging moment) clearm=75 mm

Compute comp1=(b-2*(cover+dial)-nbarc*diac)
=(250-2*(35+10)-2*20)
=120
Compute comp2=(nbarc-1)=(2-1)=1
Clear spacing clear=comp1/comp2=120/1=120 mm
Shear reinforcement

=0.2*30*(1-30/250)*250*415/10^3
=547.8 kN
Percentage compression steel rho'=100*As2/(bw*d)=100*250/(250*415)
=0.241 %
=102*10^3/(0.9*250*415)
=1.092 N/mm2
=0.528 N/mm2
=0.138*30*(1-30/250)
=3.643 N/mm2
Office: 1007
=1.092*250/(434.8*2.5)
=0.2512
=0.08*250*30^0.5/500
=0.2191
=157.1 mm2
=625 mm
Maximum spacing limited smax=0.75*d=0.75*415=311.3 mm

Maximum spacing 311.3 mm
(based on 0.75d)
No102
Biaxially bent stocky column Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Columns C2-C6, D2-D6, E4 & E5
Design to BS8110(1997), partial safety factor for steel gammaS=1.15
y

o o
Biaxially bent stocky column

h h' z z Calculations for reinforcement

are in accordance with BS 8110
o o Clause 3.8.4.5 and ISE 'Manual
for the design of reinforced
y concrete building structures'.
b' For effective height of column
b see Clause 3.8.1.6 of BS8110.
Design ult.moment about z-axis Mz=160 kNm

Shear force in y-direction Fy=100 kN
Effective height of column l=2.5 m
Depth of column cross-section h=450 mm
Width of column cross-section b=250 mm
Design ult.moment about y-axis My=0 kNm
Cover to all reinforcement cover=20 mm
Effective depth in y-direction h'=394 mm
Effective depth in z-direction b'=194 mm
Characteristic strength of conc. fcu=50 N/mm2
Characteristic strength of steel fy=500 N/mm2
Slenderness and eccentricity of axial load
Column is braced as defined in Clause 3.8.1.5.

Limiting slenderness ratio slender=15
Allowable effective height he=b*slender=250*15=3750 mm
Effective height of column within allowable for a stocky column.
Minimum eccentricity from z-axis
for application of axial load ecc=20 mm
Axial load at nominal eccentricity is less than design ultimate moment
about the z-axis.
Minimum eccentricity from y-axis
for application of axial load ecc=b*0.05=250*0.05=12.5 mm
Design for an ultimate moment about y-axis caused by axial load
at nominal eccentricity My=N*ecc/1000=2460*12.5/1000
=30.75 kNm
Axial load considerations
Axial load ratio Nratio=N*1000/(b*h*fcu)

=2460*1000/(250*450*50)
=0.43733
Ratio N/b.h.fcu is greater than 0.1 and design as a column is
appropriate.
Office: 1007
Equivalent moment about one axis
Coefficient beta=TABLE 3.24 for Nratio=0.43733

=0.48893
Increased moment about one axis Mz'=Mz*10^6+beta*h'*My*10^6/b'
=160*10^6+0.48893*394*30.75*10^6
/194
=190.53E6 Nmm
Effective/overall depth ratio d'h=h'/h=394/450=0.87556
Moment ratio Mratio=Mz'/(b*h^2*fcu)
=190.53E6/(250*450^2*50)
=0.075273
Round down for chart reading d'h=INT(20*d'h)*0.05
=INT(20*0.87556)*0.05
=0.85
Main bars
Ratio p.fy/fcu obtained from column charts similar to those given in

'Manual for the design of reinforced concrete building structures'
published by the Institution of Structural Engineers.
Ratio read from ISE-type charts p=per*fcu/fy=0.23016*50/500
=0.023016
Calculated area of reinforcement Asc=p*b*h=0.023016*250*450
=2589.3 mm2
Bar diameter for main steel dia=32 mm
Area of two bars area=2*PI*dia^2/4=2*3.1416*32^2/4
=1608.5 mm2
No.of bars required nbar=2*INT(Asc/area)+2
=2*INT(2589.3/1608.5)+2
=4
Nett area of concrete Ac=b*h-nbar*area/2=250*450-4*1608.5/2
=109283 mm2
Axial load is less than 0.2 x fcu x Ac and sufficient bars should
be provided at a spacing of not more than 250mm. See Clauses 3.8.6
and 3.12.11 for recommendations regarding spacing of bars.
Shear in column - Clause 3.8.4.6
Allowable shear stress vc=5 N/mm2
Calc.shear stress in y-direction vy=Fy*1000/(b*h')=100*1000/(250*394)

=1.0152 N/mm2
No shear reinforcement is required to resist shear in y-direction.
Links
Minimum diameter of links Diam=dia/4=32/4=8 mm

Make diameter of links 8 mm
Spacing of links spac=10*INT(12*dia/10)
=10*INT(12*32/10)
=380 mm
spac=b=250 mm, as must not exceed
width.
Office: 1007
SUMMARY OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED
VERTICAL Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2

REINFORCEMENT Number of bars 4
SUMMARY Diameter of bars 32 mm
LINK Diameter of links 8 mm

REINFORCEMENT Spacing 250 mm
SUMMARY Links round every corner bar and each
alternate bar. Included angle must not
exceed 135 deg. No bar must be more
than 150 mm from a bar restrained by
a link. See Clause 3.12.7.2.
Due to the column being lightly loaded

sufficient longitudinal steel must be
provided to control cracking.
No104
Office: 1007
Location: Biaxial bending example
Isolated rectangular section subject bending and thrust
Z
Design is based on EN 1992-1-1:2004,
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete o o
structures.
The main reinforcement design is
based on balancing, by iterative h Y Y
means, of the two derived expressions d
for areas of reinforcing steel -
one for axial load and the other o o
for bending.
One layer of steel is assumed for Z
the axis of bending. b'
b
Design ult.moment about y-axis Myy=146.1 kNm
Shear force in z-direction Vz=0 kN
Effective height of column l=3.2 m
Depth of column cross-section h=350 mm
Width of column cross-section b=350 mm
Materials

Diameter of compression bars dia=32 mm

Exposure class XC1
Section properties
Depth to comp. reinforcement d2=88 mm

Effective depth of section d=h-d2=350-88=262 mm
Effective breadth of section b'=b-d2=350-88=262 mm
Loading details
Larger initial end mt.(y-y axis) M2y=Myy=146.1 kNm

Smaller initial end moment M1y=0 kNm
Larger initial end mt.(z-z axis) M2z=114.5 kNm
Smaller initial end moment M1z=0 kNm
Office: 1007
Material values

Characteristic yield strength fyk=fy=500 N/mm2 steel
Design steel strength fyd=fyk/gams=500/1.15=434.78 N/mm2
Value eta=1-(fck-50)/200=1-(30-50)/200
=1.1
As eta>1 then eta=1
Design strength concrete fcd=0.85*fck/gamc*eta=0.85*30/1.5*1
=17 N/mm2
Factor lam=0.8
Check slenderness - Clause 5.8.3.2
About Y-Y axis:

Column under consideration is braced.
Fixity condition at top cty=2
Fixity condition at bottom cby=2
-value from Table 3.19 bety=0.85
Effective height loy=bety*l*1000=0.85*3.2*1000
=2720 mm
About Z-Z axis:
Column under consideration is braced.
Fixity condition at top ctz=2
Fixity condition at bottom cbz=2
-value from Table 3.19 betz=0.85
Effective height loz=betz*l*1000=0.85*3.2*1000
=2720 mm
For y-y axis - (stronger axis)

Radius of gyration iy=h/(12)^0.5=350/(12)^0.5
=101.04 mm
Slenderness lamy=loy/iy=2720/101.04=26.921
Assume 8 /32 mm bars
Steel area Asest=no*PI/4*dia^2=8*3.1416/4*32^2
=6434 mm2
Ratio of loads w=Asest*fyd/(b*h*fcd)
=6434*434.78/(350*350*17)
=1.3433
Factor B=(1+2*w)^0.5=(1+2*1.3433)^0.5
=1.92
Factor C=1.7-M1y/M2y=1.7-0/146.1
=1.7
=0.79232
Limiting slenderness lamly=20*A*B*C/n^0.5
=20*0.7*1.92*1.7/0.79232^0.5
=51.338
Column is short
For z-z axis - (weaker axis)

Radius of gyration iz=b/(12)^0.5=350/(12)^0.5
=101.04 mm
Office: 1007
Slenderness lamz=loz/iz=2720/101.04=26.921
Factor B=1.92
Factor C=1.7-M1z/M2z=1.7-0/114.5
=1.7
=0.79232
Limiting slenderness lamlz=20*A*B*C/n^0.5
=20*0.7*1.92*1.7/0.79232^0.5
=51.338
Column is short
Design moments - Clause 5.8.8.2
Y-Y axis:
Nominal eccentricity of axial load NEd,
Due to imperfections e1=l*1000/400=3.2*1000/400
=8 mm
Due to eccentricity of load e0=h/30=350/30=11.667 mm
Design bending moment Mo2=M2y*10^6+e1*NEd
=146.1*10^6+8*1.65E6
=159.3E6 Nmm
Design bending moment Mo1=ABS(M1y*10^6)+e1*NEd
=ABS(0*10^6)+8*1.65E6
=13.2E6 Nmm
=0.6*13.2E6+0.4*159.3E6
=71.64E6 Nmm
Column not slender
Moment for 2nd. order effects M2=0
Design moment MEdy=Mo2=159.3E6 Nmm
Z-Z axis:
Nominal eccentricity of axial load NEd,
Due to imperfections e1=l*1000/400=3.2*1000/400
=8 mm
Due to eccentricity of load e0=b/30=350/30=11.667 mm
Design bending moment Mo2=M2z*10^6+e1*NEd
=114.5*10^6+8*1.65E6
=127.7E6 Nmm
Design bending moment Mo1=ABS(M1z*10^6)+e1*NEd
=ABS(0*10^6)+8*1.65E6
=13.2E6 Nmm
=0.6*13.2E6+0.4*127.7E6
=59E6 Nmm
Column not slender
Moment for 2nd. order effects M2=0
Design moment (z-z axis) MEdz=Mo2=127.7E6 Nmm
One axis of bending only used to determine reinforcement, then
check for bi-axial bending
Moment ratio y-y axis raty=MEdy/(b*h^2*fck)
=159.3E6/(350*350^2*30)
=0.12385
Office: 1007
Moment ratio z-z axis ratz=MEdz/(b^2*h*fck)
=127.7E6/(350^2*350*30)
=0.099281
Consider moment about y-y axis ( 159.3E6 Nmm ) and axial load
Main reinforcement
Two expressions have been derived for the area of reinforcing steel
required, one for axial load the other for moments. These can only
be solved iteratively, the last iteration to balance the expressions
based on the position of neutral axis depth "x" gives:
=0.85*30/1.5*350*0.8*234.1
=1.1143E6 N
=0.0035*(234.1-88)/234.1
=0.0021843
=436.86 N/mm2
Limit to steel stress sigsc=fyk/1.15=500/1.15=434.78
=0.0035*(350-234.1-88)/234.1
=0.41713E-3
Steel stress based on strain sigst=est*200000=0.41713E-3*200000
=83.426 N/mm2
Net stresses sign=ABS(sigst-sigsc)
=ABS(83.426-434.78)
=351.36 N/mm2
Sum of steel stresses sigt=sigst+sigsc=83.426+434.78
=518.21 N/mm2
Axial load term AsN2=(NEd-Nc)/(sign)
=(1.65E6-1.1143E6)/(351.36)
=1524.6 mm2
compute comp1=(MEd-Nc*(h/2-lam*x/2))
=(159.3E6-1.1143E6*(350/2-0.8
*234.1/2))
=68.639E6
compute comp2=((h/2-d2)*sigt)
=((350/2-88)*518.21)
=45084
Bending moment term AsM2=comp1/comp2=68.639E6/45084
=1522.5 mm2
Area of steel required As=AsN2+AsM2=1524.6+1522.5
=3047.1 mm2
Required area of reinforcement As=3047.1 mm2

Area of two 32 mm diameter bars is 1608.5 mm2
Number of 32 mm bars required nbar=2*INT(As/area)+2
=2*INT(3047.1/1608.5)+2
=4
Office: 1007
Area of steel provided Aspro=nbars*PI*dia^2/4
=8*3.1416*32^2/4
=6434 mm2
Percentage of steel provided perpro=100*Aspro/(b*h)
=100*6434/(350*350)
=5.2522 %
Minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement
Minimum area is the greater of:

Expression 1 Asm1=0.1*NEd/fyd=0.1*1.65E6/434.78
=379.5 mm2
Expression 2 Asm2=0.002*b*h=0.002*350*350
=245 mm2
Minimum area Asmin=Asm1=379.5 mm2
Maximum area of steel Asmax=0.04*b*h=0.04*350*350
=4900 mm2
Transverse reinforcement (links)
Minimum of one quarter main bar ldia=dia/4=32/4=8 mm

Maximum spacing is the minimum of the following distances:
Based on main bar diameter smx1=20*dia=20*32=640 mm
Minimum column dimension smx2=b=350 mm
Maximum dimension smx3=400 mm
Maximum spacing smx=350 mm
This spacing should be reduced by a factor of 0.6 within a distance
equal to the larger dimension of the column cross-section above or
below a beam or slab.
Check for biaxial bending
Ratio of slenderness sl=lamz/lamy=26.921/26.921

=1
Ratio < 2, however check eccentricity condition
Eccentricity (y-y axis) ey=MEdy/NEd=159.3E6/1.65E6
=96.545 mm
Eccentricity (z-z axis) ez=MEdz/NEd=127.7E6/1.65E6
=77.394 mm
Radius of gyration (y-y axis) iy=(h^2/12)^0.5=(350^2/12)^0.5
=101.04 mm
Radius of gyration (z-z axis) iz=(b^2/12)^0.5=(350^2/12)^0.5
=101.04 mm
Equivalent b dimension beq=iy*12^0.5=101.04*12^0.5
=350 mm
Equivalent h dimension heq=iz*12^0.5=101.04*12^0.5
=350 mm
Relative eccentricity (y-y axis) ey'h=ey/heq=96.545/350=0.27584
Relative eccentricity (z-z axis) ez'b=ey/beq=96.545/350=0.27584
Ratio of eccentricities recc=ey'h/ez'b=0.27584/0.27584
=1
Further check required for biaxial bending
Axial load NEd=1.65E6 N
Axial resistance of section NRd=b*h*fcd+Aspro*fyd
=350*350*17+6434*434.78
=4.8799E6 N
Office: 1007
Ratio of load terms Nr=NEd/NRd=1.65E6/4.8799E6
=0.33812
Value of power a=TABLE 5 for Nr=0.33812
=1.1984
Moment of resistance

=0.85*30/1.5*350*0.8*205.7
=979132 N
=0.0035*(205.7-88)/205.7
=0.0020027
=400.53 N/mm2
Force carried by comp. bars Ns=Aspro/2*sigsc=6434/2*400.53
=1.2885E6 N
=0.0035*(350-205.7-88)/205.7
=0.95795E-3
Steel stress based on strain sigst=est*200000=0.95795E-3*200000
=191.59 N/mm2
Bending term mrd1=(sigst+sigsc)*Aspro/2*(h/2-d2)
=(191.59+400.53)*6434/2*(350/2-88)
=165.72E6 Nmm
Axial load term mrd2=Nc*(h/2-lam*x/2)
=979132*(350/2-0.8*205.7/2)
=90.785E6 Nmm
Moment of resistance MRd=mrd1+mrd2=165.72E6+90.785E6
=256.51E6 N/mm
Expression for biaxial bending factor=(MEdy/MRdy)â+(MEdz/MRdz)â
=(159.3E6/256.51E6)^1.1984
+(127.7E6/256.51E6)^1.1984
=0.99851
Section suitable no additional reinforcement required to account for
bi-axial bending.
Office: 1007
DESIGN SUMMARY Clear column height 3.2 m

Slenderness (y-y axis) 26.921
Column is short (y-y)
Slenderness (z-z axis) 26.921
Column is short (z-z)
Design axial load 1650 kN
Design bending moments:
Y-Y axis 159.3 kNm
Z-Z axis 127.7 kNm
Designed area of steel 3047.1 mm2
Link diameter 8 mm
Maximum link spacing 350 mm
Resistance moment (y-y) 256.51 kNm
Resistance moment (z-z) 256.51 kNm
Biaxial bending factor 0.99851
Designed steel exceeds 4% of gross
area. However the maximum area can
be increased provided that the
concrete can be placed and
compacted sufficiently.
No104
Rectangular column section checking aid Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN CHECKING AID TO BS 8110
Parameters: fcu=37 fck=30 fy=500 b=300 h=300 d'=45
Every corner bar and each alternate bar in the outer layer should be
supported by a link passing around the bar. No bar should be more than
150 mm from a restrained bar. Link sizes and spacing follow:
Main steel diameter 12 16 20 25 32 40
Minimum link diameter 6 6 6 8 8 10
Maximum link spacing 140 190 240 300 300 300
In the chart below: A,B,C etc. denote axial loads of values given.
When low value is not shown, the section should be designed as a beam.
Read along from moment to intercept with A,B,C etc. then down to
selection of bars (which may be restricted by depth to reinforcement).
180BCD
U B C D
l B= 600 kN B C D
t C= 900 kN B C D
i 160D=1200 kNBCD
m E=1500 kN B C D E
a F=1800 kN B C D E
t G=2100 kN B C D E
e 140H=2400 kNBCDE
B C D E
B C D E F
B C D E F
B 120BCDEF
e B C D E F
n B C D E F
d B C D E F
i 100BCDEFG
n B C D E F G
g B C D E F G
B C D E F G
80BCDEFG
B C D E F G
M BC D E F G H
o C D E F G H
m 60CDEFGH
e C D E F G H
n D E F G H
t D E F G H
40DEFGH
D E F G H
E F G H
k E F G H
N 20EFGH
E F G H
m E F G H
E F G H
1%2%3%
Area(mm) 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600
Number of 1 1 1
bars reqd 4 4 8 6 40 28 6 0 4
/ / / / / // // / / /
Diameter 1 2 1 2 21 12 2 2 3
of bar(mm) 6 0 6 0 56 60 5 0 2
No105
Office: 1007
300
U A= 400 kN B A
l B= 800 kN B A C
t 275C=1200 kNBAC
i D=1600 kN B A C
m E=2000 kN B A C
a 250F=2400 kNBAC
t G=2800 kN B A C D
e B A C D
225BACD
B A C D
B AC D
B 200BACDE
e B A C D E
n B AC D E
d 175BACDE
i B AC D E
n B AC D E F
g 150BACDEF
B AC D E F
B C D E F
125BCDEF
M CA D E F
o CA D E F G
m 100CADEFG
e CA D E F G
n CA D E F G
t 75CDEFG
C D E F G
A D E F G
50DEFG
k D E F G
N D E F G
25DEFG
m D E F G
D E F G
1%2%3%4%
Area(mm) 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Number of 1 1 1
bars reqd 4 64 8 640 2 8 6 0 4 8
/ / // / /// / / / / / /
Diameter 1 12 1 221 1 2 2 2 3 2
of bar(mm) 6 60 6 056 6 0 5 0 2 5
No105
Office: 1007
450
U B
l B= 800 kN B C
t C=1200 kN B C
i 400D=1600 kNBC
m E=2000 kN B C
a F=2400 kN B C D
t G=2800 kN B C D
e 350H=3200 kNBCD
B C D
B C D E
B C D E
B 300BCDE
e B C D E
n B C D E F
d B C D E F
i 250BCDEF
n B C D E F
g B C D E F G
B C D E F G
200BCDEFG
B C D E F G
M B C D E F G
o B C D E F G H
m 150BCDEFGH
e BC D E F G H
n BC D E F G H
t C D E F G H
100CDEFGH
D E F G H
D E F G H
k D E F G H
N 50EFGH
E F G H
m E F G H
E F G H
1%2%3%4%
Area(mm) 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400
Number of 1 1 1 1 1
bars reqd 4 4 8 640 28 6 04 2 8 604
/ / / / /// // / // / / ///
Diameter 1 2 1 221 12 2 23 2 2 324
of bar(mm) 6 0 6 056 60 5 02 0 5 250
No105
Office: 1007
450BC
U A= 500 kN B C
l B=1000 kN B C
t C=1500 kN B C D
i 400D=2000 kNBCD
m E=2500 kN B C D
a F=3000 kN B C D
t G=3500 kN B C D
e 350BCDE
B C D E
B C D E
B C D E
B 300BCDE
e B C D E
n B C D E F
d B C D E F
i 250BCDEF
n C D E F
g C D E F
C D E F
200CDEF
C D E F G
M C D E F G
o C D E F G
m 150CDEFG
e CA D E F G
n C D E F G
t C D E F G
100ADEFG
AD E F G
D E F G
k D E F G
N 50DEFG
E F G
m E F G
E F G
1%2%3%
Area(mm) 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400
Number of 1 1 1 1 1
bars reqd 4 4 8 640 28 6 04 2 8 604
/ / / / /// // / // / / ///
Diameter 1 2 1 221 12 2 23 2 2 324
of bar(mm) 6 0 6 056 60 5 02 0 5 250
No105
Office: 1007
700BA
U A= 600 kN B A C
l B=1200 kN B A C
t C=1800 kN B A C
i D=2400 kN B A C
m 600E=3000 kNBACD
a F=3600 kN B A C D
t G=4200 kN B A C D
e B A C D
B A C D
500BACDE
B A C D E
B B A C D E
e B A C D E
n B A C D E
d 400BACDEF
i B A C D E F
n B A C D E F
g B A C D E F
B A C D E F
300BACDEF
B A C D E F G
M B A C D E F G
o B AC D E F G
m B AC D E F G
e 200BACDEFG
n B C D E F G
t C D E F G
C D E F G
A D E F G
100DEFG
k D E F G
N D E F G
D E F G
m D E F G
1%2%3%4%
Area(mm) 800 1600 2400 3200 4000 4800 5600 6400 7200
Number of 1 1
bars reqd 4 4 8 64 8 6 04 2 8 64 8
/ / / / // / / // / / // /
Diameter 1 2 1 22 2 2 23 2 2 34 3
of bar(mm) 6 0 6 05 0 5 02 0 5 20 2
No105
Office: 1007
REINFORCED CONCRETE COLUMN CHECKING AID TO EUROCODE 2
180BC
U B C
l B= 600 kN B C D
t C= 900 kN B C D
i 160D=1200 kNBCD
m E=1500 kN B C D
a F=1800 kN B C D E
t G=2100 kN B C D E
e 140H=2400 kNBCDE
B C D E
B C D E
B C D E F
B 120BCDEF
e B C D E F
n B C D E F
d B C D E F
i 100BCDEFG
n B C D E F G
g B C D E F G
B C D E F G
80BCDEFG
B C D E F G
M BC D E F G
o B C D E F G H
m 60BCDEFGH
e BC D E F G H
n BC D E F G H
t BCD E F G H
40BCDEFGH
BCD E F G H
BCD E F G H
k BCD E F G H
N 20BCDEFGH
BCD E F G H
m BCD E F G H
BCD E F G H
1%2%3%
Area(mm) 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600
Number of 1 1 1
bars reqd 4 4 8 6 40 28 6 0 4
/ / / / / // // / / /
Diameter 1 2 1 2 21 12 2 2 3
of bar(mm) 6 0 6 0 56 60 5 0 2
No105
Office: 1007
300B
U A= 400 kN B A
l B= 800 kN B A
t 275C=1200 kNBA
i D=1600 kN B A C
m E=2000 kN B A C
a 250F=2400 kNBAC
t G=2800 kN B A C
e B A C D
225BACD
B A C D
B A C D
B 200BACDE
e B A C D E
n B A C D E
d 175BACDE
i B A C D E
n B A C D E F
g 150BACDEF
B A C D E F
B A C D E F
125BACDEF
M B C D E F
o B C D E F G
m 100BCADEFG
e B CA D E F G
n B CA D E F G
t 75BCADEFG
BC D E F G
BC D E F G
50BCDEFG
k BCD E F G
N BCD E F G
25BCDEFG
m BCD E F G
BCD E F G
1%2%3%4%
Area(mm) 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
Number of 1 1 1
bars reqd 4 64 8 640 2 8 6 0 4 8
/ / // / /// / / / / / /
Diameter 1 12 1 221 1 2 2 2 3 2
of bar(mm) 6 60 6 056 6 0 5 0 2 5
No105
Office: 1007
450
U B
l B= 800 kN B
t C=1200 kN B
i 400D=1600 kNBC
m E=2000 kN B C
a F=2400 kN B C
t G=2800 kN B C
e 350H=3200 kNBCD
B C D
B C D
B C D E
B 300BCDE
e B C D E
n B C D E
d B C D E F
i 250BCDEF
n B C D E F
g B C D E F
B C D E F G
200BCDEFG
B C D E F G
M B C D E F G
o B C D E F G H
m 150BCDEFGH
e B C D E F G H
n BC D E F G H
t BC D E F G H
100CDEFGH
C D E F G H
CD E F G H
k CD E F G H
N 50CDEFGH
CD E F G H
m CD E F G H
CD E F G H
1%2%3%4%
Area(mm) 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400
Number of 1 1 1 1 1
bars reqd 4 4 8 640 28 6 04 2 8 604
/ / / / /// // / // / / ///
Diameter 1 2 1 221 12 2 23 2 2 324
of bar(mm) 6 0 6 056 60 5 02 0 5 250
No105
Office: 1007
450BAC
U A= 500 kN B A C
l B=1000 kN B A C
t C=1500 kN B A C
i 400D=2000 kNBAC
m E=2500 kN B A C D
a F=3000 kN B A C D
t G=3500 kN B A C D
e 350BACD
B A C D E
B A C D E
B A C D E
B 300BACDE
e B A C D E
n B A C D E
d B AC D E F
i 250BACDEF
n B AC D E F
g B C D E F
B C D E F
200BCADEF
B CA D E F
M B CA D E F G
o B C A D E F G
m 150BCADEFG
e B C A D E F G
n BC A D E F G
t BC D E F G
100BCDEFG
BCD E F G
BCD E F G
k BCD E F G
N 50BCDEFG
BCD E F G
m BCD E F G
BCD E F G
1%2%3%
Area(mm) 600 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600 4200 4800 5400
Number of 1 1 1 1 1
bars reqd 4 4 8 640 28 6 04 2 8 604
/ / / / /// // / // / / ///
Diameter 1 2 1 221 12 2 23 2 2 324
of bar(mm) 6 0 6 056 60 5 02 0 5 250
No105
Office: 1007
700BA
U A= 600 kN B A
l B=1200 kN B A
t C=1800 kN B A C
i D=2400 kN B A C
m 600E=3000 kNBAC
a F=3600 kN B A C
t G=4200 kN B A C D
e B A C D
B A C D
500BACD
B A C D
B B A C D E
e B A C D E
n B A C D E
d 400BACDE
i B A C D E F
n B A C D E F
g B A C D E F
B A C D E F
300BACDEF
B A C D E F
M B A C D E F G
o B AC D E F G
m B A C D E F G
e 200BACDEFG
n B C D E F G
t B C D E F G
BC D E F G
BC D E F G
100BCDEFG
k BCD E F G
N BCD E F G
BCD E F G
m BCD E F G
1%2%3%4%
Area(mm) 800 1600 2400 3200 4000 4800 5600 6400 7200
Number of 1 1
bars reqd 4 4 8 64 8 6 04 2 8 64 8
/ / / / // / / // / / // /
Diameter 1 2 1 22 2 2 23 2 2 34 3
of bar(mm) 6 0 6 05 0 5 02 0 5 20 2
No105
Ground-supported concrete slab for industrial bldg Date: 10/04/13
(C) 2013 Fitzroy Systems Ltd. www.fitzroy.com Ref No: SC109
Office: 1007
Design of ground-supported concrete slabs: Pallet loading
CBR of subgrade CBR=10 %

Type of sub-base is granular material.
Sub-base thickness sbb=150 mm
>From Figure 1 of TR550, with CBR value for subgrade of 10
modulus of subgrade reaction K=TABLE 2 for CBR=10
=53
>From Table given by Packard, with subgrade modulus K of 53 and
granular subbase, enhanced value of K=60.143 MN/m3.
Thus K=K1=60.143 MN/m3
This is PALLET RACKING type of loading.
Loading category (1-5) Lcat=2
Specified concrete grade fcu=40 N/mm2
From Figure 2 in TR550 with fcu=40 N/mm2,
28-day modulus of rupture mrupt=4.77 MN/m2
Allowable 90-day modulus of rupture Amrupt=mrupt*1.1*1000
=4.77*1.1*1000
=5247 kN/m2
As concrete is made with crushed or angular aggregate, enhance
allowable 90-day modulus of rupture to Amrupt=1.2*Amrupt=1.2*5247
=6296.4 kN/m2
Poisson's ratio u=0.15
From Figure 2 in TR550 with fcu=40 N/mm2,
static modulus of elasticity E=31 kN/m2
Safety factor for load Lsf=1.5
Leg load Lload=4 tonnes
Depth of rack d=900 mm
Leg spacing centre to centre Lcc=2700 mm
Dist.from edge to first rack leg Defr=150 mm
Dist.between double rack legs Dbr=300 mm
Aisle width A=1500 mm
Design load for rack(single leg) Sld=Lload*Lsf=4*1.5=6 tonnes
Design load for rack(double leg) Dld=Lload*2*Lsf=4*2*1.5=12 tonnes
Length of base plate (in X-dir.) L=100 mm
Breadth of base plate (in Y-dir.) b=100 mm

Base o o
plate 100 mm
Y o o

X 100
Capacity of forklift truck fcap=2.5 tonnes

Number of wheels per axle naxle=2
Thousands of load repetitions nrpt=120
Radius of equivalent circ. area Rw=100 mm
Axle load Aload=6 tonnes
Load per wheel LW=Aload/naxle=6/2=3 tonnes
>From Table 2 in TR550, with 120000 repetitions of load,
wheel-load safety-factor wsf=1.81
Design load per wheel Dlw=LW*wsf=3*1.81=5.43 tonnes
Office: 1007
Rad.of equiv.semi-circ.area (wheel at edge) SRw=SQR(Rw^2*2)
=SQR(100^2*2)
=141.42 mm
Wheel spacing centre-to-centre Wcc=1500 mm
Radius of relative stiffness l=(E*h^3*1E6/(12*(1-u^2)*K))^0.25
=(31*175^3*1E6/(12*(1-0.15^2)
*60.143))^0.25
=696.62 mm
STRESS CALCULATIONS
Stress influences
a) Rack positioned at edge of slab - Arrangement 1
Radius of equiv.semi-circ.area R1=rde1=225.68 mm
Since R1 is less than 1.72h,
Equivalent radius of loaded area b1=SQR(1.6*(R1)^2+h^2)-0.675*h
=SQR(1.6*(225.68)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=216.71 mm
Radius of equiv.circular area R2=rdi=112.84 mm
=SQR(1.6*(112.84)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=107.7 mm
Radius of equiv.semi-circ.area R3=rse=112.84 mm
=SQR(1.6*(112.84)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=107.7 mm
=SQR(1.6*(112.84)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=107.7 mm
900 300 900

150
R3 R1 R4

All dimensions are in millimetres 2700
R1 and R2 have double legs
R3 and R4 have single legs

R2
LEG STRESSES i.e. from racks (from formulae 1-3 in TR550)

1. Edge stress beneath double-leg loaded point R1:
pe1=5.19*(1+0.54*u)*(Dld/h^2)=5.19*(1+0.54*0.15)*(12/175^2)
=0.0021984
and
qe1=pe1*(1.73718*LOG(l/b1)+0.43429*LOG(b1/25.4))*1E6
=0.0021984*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/216.71)+0.43429*LOG(216.71/25.4))*1E6
=6506.1 kN/m2
2. Internal stress beneath double-leg loaded point R2:

Office: 1007
qi2=2.7*(1+u)*(Dld/h^2)*(1.73718*LOG(l/b2)+1.069)*1E6
=2.7*(1+0.15)*(12/175^2)*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/107.7)+1.069)*1E6
=5246.4 kN/m2
3. Edge stress beneath single-leg loaded point R3:

p3=5.19*(1+0.54*u)*(Sld/h^2)=5.19*(1+0.54*0.15)*(6/175^2)
=0.0010992
and
qe3=p3*(1.73718*LOG(l/b3)+0.43429*LOG(b3/25.4))*1E6
=0.0010992*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/107.7)+0.43429*LOG(107.7/25.4))*1E6
=4254.4 kN/m2

p4=5.19*(1+0.54*u)*(Sld/h^2)=5.19*(1+0.54*0.15)*(6/175^2)
=0.0010992
and
qe4=p4*(1.73718*LOG(l/b4)+0.43429*LOG(b4/25.4))*1E6
=0.0010992*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/107.7)+0.43429*LOG(107.7/25.4))*1E6
=4254.4 kN/m2
Displacement of R2 from R1 D21=Defr+Lcc-R2=150+2700-112.84
=2737.2 mm
Displacement of R3 from R1 D31=Dbr/2+d-R3=300/2+900-112.84
=937.16 mm
Displacement of R4 from R1 D41=Dbr/2+d-R4=300/2+900-112.84
=937.16 mm
Ratio of displacement of R2 to l R21=D21/l=2737.2/696.62=3.9292
>From Figure 5 of TR550, with R21=3.9292, R31=1.3453 and R41=1.3453
Percentage effect at R1 due to R2 P21=0 %
Percentage effect at R1 due to R3 P31=-10.596 %
Stress at R1 due to R2 qi21=qi2*P21/100=5246.4*0/100
=0 kN/m2
Stress at R1 due to R3 qe31=qe3*P31/100=4254.4*-10.596/100
=-450.77 kN/m2
=-450.77 kN/m2
Total stress at R1 Tqe1=(qe1+qi21+qe31+qe41)*0.85
=(6506.1+0+-450.77+-450.77)*0.85
=4763.9 kN/m2
where 0.85 is the load-transfer factor at the edge.
b) Rack positioned at edge of slab - Arrangement 2

=SQR(1.6*(178.41)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=167.45 mm
Radius of equiv.circular area R2=rsi=56.419 mm
=SQR(1.6*(56.419)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=70.867 mm
Office: 1007
=SQR(1.6*(178.41)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=167.45 mm
=SQR(1.6*(178.41)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=167.45 mm
2700 2700

150
R3 R1 R4
300

900

All dimensions are in millimetres.
R1, R3 and R4 have double legs. R2
R2 has single leg.

pe1=5.19*(1+0.54*u)*(Dld/h^2)=5.19*(1+0.54*0.15)*(12/175^2)
=0.0021984
and
qe1=pe1*(1.73718*LOG(l/b1)+0.43429*LOG(b1/25.4))*1E6
=0.0021984*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/167.45)+0.43429*LOG(167.45/25.4))*1E6
=7244.6 kN/m2
2. Internal stress beneath single-leg loaded point R2:

qi2=2.7*(1+u)*(Sld/h^2)*(1.73718*LOG(l/b2)+1.069)*1E6
=2.7*(1+0.15)*(6/175^2)*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/70.867)+1.069)*1E6
=3065.5 kN/m2

p3=5.19*(1+0.54*u)*(Dld/h^2)=5.19*(1+0.54*0.15)*(12/175^2)
=0.0021984
and
qe3=p3*(1.73718*LOG(l/b3)+0.43429*LOG(b3/25.4))*1E6
=0.0021984*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/167.45)+0.43429*LOG(167.45/25.4))*1E6
=7244.6 kN/m2

p4=5.19*(1+0.54*u)*(Dld/h^2)=5.19*(1+0.54*0.15)*(12/175^2)
=0.0021984
and
qe4=p4*(1.73718*LOG(l/b4)+0.43429*LOG(b4/25.4))*1E6
=0.0021984*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/167.45)+0.43429*LOG(167.45/25.4))*1E6
=7244.6 kN/m2
Displacement of R2 from R1 D21=Defr+Dbr+d-R2=150+300+900-56.419
=1293.6 mm
Displacement of R3 from R1 D31=Lcc-R3=2700-178.41=2521.6 mm
Office: 1007
>From Figure 5 of TR550, with R21=1.8569, R31=3.6197 and R41=3.6197
Percentage effect at R1 due to R2 P21=2.5584 %
Stress at R1 due to R2 qi21=qi2*P21/100=3065.5*2.5584/100
=78.428 kN/m2
=-267.85 kN/m2
=-267.85 kN/m2
Total stress at R1 Tqe2=(qe1+qi21+qe31+qe41)*0.85
=(7244.6+78.428+-267.85+-267.85)
*0.85
=5769.3 kN/m2
c) Rack positioned at corner of slab - Arrangement 1

Radius of equiv.circular area R1=rdc1=178.41 mm
=SQR(1.6*(178.41)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=167.45 mm
=SQR(1.6*(112.84)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=107.7 mm
=SQR(1.6*(112.84)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=107.7 mm
Radius of equiv.semi-circ.area R4=rde1=225.68
=SQR(1.6*(225.68)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=216.71 mm
Point of max.stress from corner Cr=2*SQR(SQR(2)*R1*l)
=2*SQR(SQR(2)*178.41*696.62)
=838.49 mm
Office: 1007
900 1500 900

/ R2 R3 R4 150
R1 /
838.49 /
/
/

150 300

R1 and R4 have double legs.
R2 and R3 have single legs.
Critical position is at a radius of 838.49 mm from corner
1. Corner stress beneath double-leg loaded point R1:

qc1=41.2*(Dld/h^2)*(1-(SQR(R1/l))/(0.925+0.22*R1/l))*1E6
=41.2*(12/175^2)*(1-(SQR(178.41/696.62))/(0.925+0.22*178.41
/696.62))*1E6
=7818.5 kN/m2

p2=5.19*(1+0.54*u)*(Sld/h^2)=5.19*(1+0.54*0.15)*(6/175^2)
=0.0010992
and
qe2=p2*(1.73718*LOG(l/b2)+0.43429*LOG(b2/25.4))*1E6
=0.0010992*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/107.7)+0.43429*LOG(107.7/25.4))*1E6
=4254.4 kN/m2

p3=5.19*(1+0.54*u)*(Sld/h^2)=5.19*(1+0.54*0.15)*(6/175^2)
=0.0010992
and
qe3=p3*(1.73718*LOG(l/b3)+0.43429*LOG(b3/25.4))*1E6
=0.0010992*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/107.7)+0.43429*LOG(107.7/25.4))*1E6
=4254.4 kN/m2

p4=5.19*(1+0.54*u)*(Dld/h^2)=5.19*(1+0.54*0.15)*(12/175^2)
=0.0021984
and
qe4=p4*(1.73718*LOG(l/b4)+0.43429*LOG(b4/25.4))*1E6
=0.0021984*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/216.71)+0.43429*LOG(216.71/25.4))*1E6
=6506.1 kN/m2
Displacement of R2 from Cr D2Cr=Defr+Dbr+d-R2-Cr

=150+300+900-112.84-838.49
=398.67 mm
Displacement of R3 from Cr D3Cr=Defr+Dbr+d+A-R3-Cr
=150+300+900+1500-112.84-838.49
=1898.7 mm
Office: 1007
Displacement of R4 from Cr D4Cr=Defr+Dbr+d+A+d+Dbr/2-R4-Cr
=150+300+900+1500+900+300/2
-225.68-838.49
=2835.8 mm
Ratio of displacement of R2 to l R2Cr=D2Cr/l=398.67/696.62
=0.57229
=2.7255
=4.0708
>From Figure 5 of TR550, with R2Cr=0.57229 R3Cr=2.7255 and R4Cr=4.0708
Percentage effect at Cr due to R2 P2Cr=4.4037 %
Percentage effect at Cr due to R3 P3Cr=-7.9272 %
Stress at Cr due to R2 qe2Cr=qe2*P2Cr/100=4254.4*4.4037/100
=187.35 kN/m2
Stress at Cr due to R3 qe3Cr=qe3*P3Cr/100=4254.4*-7.9272/100
=-337.26 kN/m2
=-117.28 kN/m2
Total stress at Cr Tqc1=0.7*(qc1+ABS(qe2Cr)+ABS(qe3Cr)+ABS(qe4Cr))
=0.7*(7818.5+ABS(187.35)+ABS(-337.26)+ABS(
-117.28))
=5922.3 kN/m2
where 0.7 is the factor for load transfer at the corner.
d) Rack positioned at corner of slab - Arrangement 2

Radius of equiv.circular area R1=rdc2=178.41 mm
=SQR(1.6*(178.41)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=167.45 mm
=SQR(1.6*(178.41)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=167.45 mm
=SQR(1.6*(178.41)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=167.45 mm
Point of max.stress from corner Cr=2*SQR(SQR(2)*R1*l)
=2*SQR(SQR(2)*178.41*696.62)
=838.49 mm
Office: 1007
2700 2700

150
/
R1 / R2 R3 300
838.49 /
/
/

150

R1, R2 and R4 have double legs.
Critical position is at a radius of 838.49 mm from corner
1. Corner stress beneath double-leg loaded point R1:

qc1=41.2*(Dld/h^2)*(1-(SQR(R1/l))/(0.925+0.22*R1/l))*1E6
=41.2*(12/175^2)*(1-(SQR(178.41/696.62))/(0.925+0.22*178.41
/696.62))*1E6
=7818.5 kN/m2

p2=5.19*(1+0.54*u)*(Dld/h^2)=5.19*(1+0.54*0.15)*(12/175^2)
=0.0021984
and
qe2=p2*(1.73718*LOG(l/b2)+0.43429*LOG(b2/25.4))*1E6
=0.0021984*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/167.45)+0.43429*LOG(167.45/25.4))*1E6
=7244.6 kN/m2

p3=5.19*(1+0.54*u)*(Dld/h^2)=5.19*(1+0.54*0.15)*(12/175^2)
=0.0021984
and
qe3=p3*(1.73718*LOG(l/b3)+0.43429*LOG(b3/25.4))*1E6
=0.0021984*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/167.45)+0.43429*LOG(167.45/25.4))*1E6
=7244.6 kN/m2
Displacement of R2 from Cr D2Cr=Defr+Lcc-R2-Cr

=150+2700-178.41-838.49
=1833.1 mm
Displacement of R3 from Cr D3Cr=Defr+Lcc+Lcc-R3-Cr
=150+2700+2700-178.41-838.49
=4533.1 mm
=2.6314
=6.5072
>From Figure 5 of TR550, with R2Cr=2.6314 and R3Cr=6.5072
Percentage effect at Cr due to R3 P3Cr=0 %
=-609.76 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Stress at Cr due to R3 qe3Cr=qe3*P3Cr/100=7244.6*0/100
=0 kN/m2
Total stress at Cr Tqc2=0.7*(qc1+ABS(qe2Cr)+ABS(qe3Cr))
=0.7*(7818.5+ABS(-609.76)+ABS(0))
=5899.8 kN/m2
where 0.7 is the factor for load transfer at the corner.
e) Rack positioned internally

=SQR(1.6*(112.84)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=107.7 mm
=SQR(1.6*(56.419)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=70.867 mm
=SQR(1.6*(56.419)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=70.867 mm
=SQR(1.6*(112.84)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=107.7 mm
=SQR(1.6*(112.84)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=107.7 mm

qi1=2.7*(1+u)*(Dld/h^2)*(1.73718*LOG(l/b1)+1.069)*1E6
=2.7*(1+0.15)*(12/175^2)*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/107.7)+1.069)*1E6
=5246.4 kN/m2

qi2=2.7*(1+u)*(Sld/h^2)*(1.73718*LOG(l/b2)+1.069)*1E6
=2.7*(1+0.15)*(6/175^2)*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/70.867)+1.069)*1E6
=3065.5 kN/m2

qi3=2.7*(1+u)*(Sld/h^2)*(1.73718*LOG(l/b3)+1.069)*1E6
=2.7*(1+0.15)*(6/175^2)*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/70.867)+1.069)*1E6
=3065.5 kN/m2

qi4=2.7*(1+u)*(Dld/h^2)*(1.73718*LOG(l/b4)+1.069)*1E6
=2.7*(1+0.15)*(12/175^2)*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/107.7)+1.069)*1E6
=5246.4 kN/m2

Office: 1007
qi5=2.7*(1+u)*(Dld/h^2)*(1.73718*LOG(l/b5)+1.069)*1E6
=2.7*(1+0.15)*(12/175^2)*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/107.7)+1.069)*1E6
=5246.4 kN/m2
300

R4

2700 900

R2 R1 R3

Y 2700 R1, R4 and R5 have double legs.
R2 and R3 have single legs.
X R5
Displacement of R2 from R1 D21=d+Dbr/2-R2=900+300/2-56.419

=993.58 mm
Displacement of R3 from R1 D31=d+Dbr/2-R3=900+300/2-56.419
=993.58 mm
Orientated about X-X axis
>From Figure 5 of TR550, with R21=1.4263 and R31=1.4263
and R41=3.7139 and R51=3.7139
Percentage effect on R1 due to R2 P21=-5.5397 %
Percentage effect on R1 due to R4 P41=0 %
Percentage effect on R1 due to R5 P51=0 %
Stress at R1 due to R2 qi21x=qi2*P21x/100=3065.5*-5.5397/100
=-169.82 kN/m2
Stress at R1 due to R3 qi31x=qi3*P31x/100=3065.5*-5.5397/100
=-169.82 kN/m2
Stress at R1 due to R4 qi41x=qi4*P41x/100=5246.4*0/100
=0 kN/m2
Stress at R1 due to R5 qi51x=qi5*P51x/100=5246.4*0/100
=0 kN/m2
Total internal stress at R1 Tqix=qi1+qi21x+qi31x+qi41x+qi51x
=5246.4+-169.82+-169.82+0+0
=4906.7 kN/m2
Orientated about Y-Y axis
>From Figure 5 of TR550, with R21=1.4263 and R31=1.4263
and R41=3.7139 and R51=3.7139
Percentage effect on R1 due to R2 P21=6.1846 %
Percentage effect on R1 due to R3 P31=6.1846 %
Office: 1007
Stress at R1 due to R2 qi21y=qi2*P21y/100=3065.5*6.1846/100
=189.59 kN/m2
Stress at R1 due to R3 qi31y=qi3*P31y/100=3065.5*6.1846/100
=189.59 kN/m2
Stress at R1 due to R4 qi41y=qi4*P41y/100=5246.4*-2.6873/100
=-140.99 kN/m2
Stress at R1 due to R5 qi51y=qi5*P51y/100=5246.4*-2.6873/100
=-140.99 kN/m2
Total internal stress at R1 Tqiy=qi1+qi21y+qi31y+qi41y+qi51y
=5246.4+189.59+189.59+-140.99+
-140.99
=5343.6 kN/m2
WHEEL LOADING
WHEEL STRESSES i.e. from forklift or other trucks
Since radius of equivalent circular area is less than 1.72h,
equivalent radius of circular area bw1=SQR(1.6*Rw^2+h^2)-0.675*h
=SQR(1.6*100^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=97.803 mm
Since radius of equivalent semi-circular area is less than 1.72h,
equivalent radius of semi-circ. area bw=SQR(1.6*SRw^2+h^2)-0.675*h
=SQR(1.6*141.42^2+175^2)-0.675
*175
=132.12 mm
1. Edge stress due to wheel load:
ew=5.19*(1+0.54*u)*(Dlw/h^2)=5.19*(1+0.54*0.15)*(5.43/175^2)
=0.99476E-3
and
qew=ew*(1.73718*LOG(l/bw)+0.43429*LOG(bw/25.4))*1E6
=0.99476E-3*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/132.12)+0.43429*LOG(132.12/25.4))
*1E6
=3585.3 kN/m2
2. Corner stress due to wheel load:
qcw=41.2*(Dlw/h^2)*(1-(SQR(Rw/l))/(0.925+0.22*Rw/l))*1E6
=41.2*(5.43/175^2)*(1-(SQR(100/696.62))/(0.925+0.22*100/696.62))*1E6
=4411.7 kN/m2
3. Internal stress due to rack leg beneath double-leg point R1:
=SQR(1.6*(112.84)^2+175^2)-0.675*175
=107.7 mm
Since R1=112.84 mm and b1=107.7 mm for double-leg located internally,
qi1=2.7*(1+u)*(Dld/h^2)*(1.73718*LOG(l/b1)+1.069)*1E6
=2.7*(1+0.15)*(12/175^2)*(1.73718*LOG(696.62/107.7)+1.069)*1E6
=5246.4 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Wheel loads
a) Wheel stress at the edge
141.42 1500

W2 W1

500 W1 and W2 are wheel loads.
R1 is a double rack leg.

R1
Displacement of W2 from W1 Dw2w1=Wcc-SRw=1500-141.42

=1358.6 mm
Displacement of R1 from W1 D1w1=500-R1=500-112.84=387.16 mm
Ratio of displacement of W2 to l Rw2w1=Dw2w1/l=1358.6/696.62
=1.9502
Ratio of displacement of R1 to l R1w1=D1w1/l=387.16/696.62
=0.55577
>From Figure 5 of TR550, with Dw2w1/l=1.9502 and D1w1/l=0.55577
percentage effect of W2 on W1 Pw2w1=-11.36 %
percentage effect of R1 on W1 p1w1=27.412 %
Stress at W1 due to W2 qw2w1=qew*Pw2w1/100=3585.3*-11.36/100
=-407.28 kN/m2
Stress at W1 due to R1 q1w1=qi1*p1w1/100=5246.4*27.412/100
=1438.2 kN/m2
Total stress at W1 Tqwe=(qew+qw2w1+q1w1)*0.85
=(3585.3+-407.28+1438.2)*0.85
=3923.7 kN/m2
b) Wheel stress at the corner

Dist.of critical point from corner Cr=2*SQR(SQR(2)*Rw*l)
=2*SQR(SQR(2)*100*696.62)
=627.75 mm
100 1500 141.42

W1 / W2
627.75 /
/ All dimensions are in millimetres.
/ W1 and W2 are wheel loads

Displacement of W2 from crit.point Dw2s=Wcc+Rw-SRw-Cr

=1500+100-141.42-627.75
=830.83 mm
Ratio of displacement W2 to l Rw2s=Dw2s/l=830.83/696.62
=1.1927
>From Figure 5 of TR550, with Dw2s/l=1.1927
percentage effect of W2 on Cr Pw2s=-9.4806 %
Office: 1007
Stress at Cr due to W2 qw2s=qcw*Pw2s/100=4411.7*-9.4806/100
=-418.25 kN/m2
Total corner stress Tqwc=(qcw+qw2s)*0.7
=(4411.7+-418.25)*0.7
=2795.4 kN/m2
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Concrete grade specified fcu=40 N/mm2
Allowable 90-day modulus of rupture Amrupt=6296.4 kN/m2
Thus the calculated stresses are:
Edge stress in slab due to rack 1 REstress1=4763.9 kN/m2
Edge stress in slab due to rack 2 REstress2=5769.3 kN/m2
Corner stress in slab due to rack 1 RCstress1=5922.3 kN/m2
Corner stress in slab due to rack 2 RCstress2=5899.8 kN/m2
Internal stress in slab due to rack RIstressx=4906.7 kN/m2
Internal stress in slab due to rack RIstressy=5343.6 kN/m2
Edge stress in slab due to wheel WEstress =3923.7 kN/m2
Corner stress in slab due to wheel WCstress =2795.4 kN/m2
Minimum suitable slab thickness h=175 mm
No109
Pad footing, uniaxial bending, incl section design Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Typical problem
Design of r.c.pad footing with shear checks
Design to BS8110(1997), partial safety factor for steel gammaS=1.15
All calculations to requirements lx

in Clauses 3.4.4.4 and 3.11 of
BS8110: Part 1.
Moment & shear are positive in
directions shown. cx
M
N cy
V ly

A B la lb

lx

Ultimate axial force in column N=1606 kN
Ultimate moment in column M=163.6 kNm
Ultimate shear force at base top V=73 kN
Column dimension in X-direction cx=450 mm
Column dimension in Y-direction cy=450 mm
Base length [in bending (X) dir.] lx=3.6 m
Width of base (i.e. in Y-dir.) ly=2.8 m
Note: A separate check should be made to ensure the resistance of the
base against sliding due to this shear force.
Left distance to edge of column la=lm-cx/2000=1.8-450/2000
=1.575 m
Right distance to edge of column lb=lx-lm-cx/2000=3.6-1.8-450/2000
=1.575 m
High-yield reinforcement
Ultimate bond stress (3.12.8.4) fbu=0.50*SQR(fcu)=0.50*SQR(35)
=2.958 N/mm2
Overall thickness of base h=500 mm
Assuming self-weight of reinforced concrete conc=24 kN/m3
Self-weight of base (factored) Swt=1.4*conc*lx*ly*h/1000
=1.4*24*3.6*2.8*500/1000
=169.34 kN
BS8500-1:2006.
Cover to reinforcement cover=35 mm
Office: 1007
Ground pressures
Note: As these pressures are calculated from factored loads and moments
they are also factored values and thus not true bearing pressures
Taking moments about left edge Mlh=N*(la+cx/2E3)+Swt*lx/2+V*h/1E3+M
=1606*(1.575+450/2E3)+169.34*3.6
/2+73*500/1E3+163.6
=3395.7 kNm
Distance of line of action
from left edge of base y=Mlh/(N+Swt)=3395.7/(1606+169.34)
=1.9127 m
N
:
e
:
AB
:
< y ->
since y>lx/2, eccentricity e=y-lx/2=1.9127-3.6/2=0.11271 m

Since eccentricity does not exceed lx/6, centroid of load lies within
the middle-third, giving a trapezoidal distribution of pressure, which
varies linearly from pa=143.04 kN/m2 at A to pb=209.21 kN/m2 at B.

pa
pb

Elastic modulus of base in plan z=ly*lx^2/6=2.8*3.6^2/6=6.048 m3

Uniform pressure due to self wt. ps=Swt/(lx*ly)=169.34/(3.6*2.8)
=16.8 kN/m2
Pressure at end A pa=(N+Swt)/(lx*ly)-(N+Swt)*e/z
=(1606+169.34)/(3.6*2.8)-(1606
+169.34)*0.11271/6.048
=143.04 kN/m2
Pressure at end B pb=(N+Swt)/(lx*ly)+(N+Swt)*e/z
=(1606+169.34)/(3.6*2.8)+(1606
+169.34)*0.11271/6.048
=209.21 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Ultimate moments and shears
For initial shear calculations,

assume effective depth ds=0.85*h/1000=0.85*500/1000=0.425 m
Ultimate moment (at left face of column)
Mda=(3*(pa-ps)+(pb-pa)*la/lx)*ly*la^2/6
=(3*(143.04-16.8)+(209.21-143.04)*1.575/3.6)
*2.8*1.575^2/6
=471.93 kNm
Ultimate moment (at right face of column)
Mdb=(3*(pb-ps)-(pb-pa)*lb/lx)*ly*lb^2/6
=(3*(209.21-16.8)-(209.21-143.04)*1.575/3.6)
*2.8*1.575^2/6
=634.71 kNm
Ultimate shear (near left face of column)
Vda=(2*(pa-ps)+(pb-pa)*(la-ds)/lx)*ly*(la-ds)/2
=(2*(143.04-16.8)+(209.21-143.04)*(1.575
-0.425)/3.6)*2.8*(1.575-0.425)/2
=440.52 kN
Ultimate shear (near right face of column)
Vdb=(2*(pb-ps)-(pb-pa)*(lb-ds)/lx)*ly*(lb-ds)/2
=(2*(209.21-16.8)-(209.21-143.04)*(1.575
-0.425)/3.6)*2.8*(1.575-0.425)/2
=585.53 kN
Design for Vdx=585.53 kN

and Mdx=634.71 kNm
The maximum moment is reduced to one-half of this value (i.e. about
317.41 kNm at a distance of 0.47 m from the RH face of the column.
Reinforcement to resist bending in X-direction
Diameter of X-direction bars diax=16 mm

Since specified bar size does not exceed cover,
Effective depth dx=h-cover-0.5*diax=500-35-0.5*16
=457 mm
Crit.dist.for curtailment calcs. lc=((1000*lx-cx)/2+lcx-lcxc)/1000
=((1000*3.6-450)/2+457-930)/1000
=1.102 m from edge
At this point, soil pressure px=pb-(pb-pa)*lc/lx
=209.21-(209.21-143.04)*1.102/3.6
=188.96 kN/m2
and total bending moment Md=lc^2/6*(2*pb+px)*ly
=1.102^2/6*(2*209.21+188.96)*2.8
=344.21 kNm
Min.anchorage-bond
length required with 90-bob lcx1=INT(fy*diax/(fbu*4*gammaS))+1-12*diax
=INT(500*16/(2.958*4*1.15))+1-12*16
=396 mm
As this is less than effective depth, increase as per Cl.3.12.9.1(a).
Thus min.length required beyond theoretical termination=929 mm
Min. 50%-bar-curtailment point lcxp=0.929 m from column face.
Specified bar-curtailment point lcxcm=0.93 m from column face so OK
Applied-moment factor K=Mdx*10^6/(1000*ly*dx^2*fcu)

=634.71*10^6/(1000*2.8*457^2*35)
=0.031011
Office: 1007
This does not exceed resistance-moment factor K'=0.156 so section is OK
Lever arm z=dx*(0.5+SQR(0.25-K/0.9))
=457*(0.5+SQR(0.25-0.031011/0.9))
=440.67 mm,
but must not exceed 0.95*dx= 0.95*457 =434.15 mm,
i.e. take z=434.15 mm
Area of tension steel required Asx=Mdx*10^6/(fy/gammaS*z)
=634.71*10^6/(500/1.15*434.15)
=3362.5 mm2
Since base width ( ly=2.8 m ) exceeds ( 1.5*cy+4.5*dx=2.7315 m )
Clause 3.11.3.2 requires that two-thirds of the required reinforcement
must be concentrated within a width (3d+cy) located centrally under the
column.
Thus over central strip Asx1=2/3*Asx=2/3*3362.5=2241.7 mm2,
and over remainder of base Asx2=Asx/3=3362.5/3=1120.8 mm2
Width of central strip widY1=(cy+3*dx)/1000=(450+3*457)/1000
=1.821 m
Total width of outer edge strips widY2=ly-widY1=2.8-1.821
=0.979 m
Reinforcement: central strip of width 1.821 m
Since 3*dx is not less than 750 mm, maximum clear distance between
bars for tension steel maxcsp=750 mm, and
maximum pitch (c.to c.of bars) pchm=750+diax=766 mm
Calculated bar spacing (c.to c.) pitch=1000*widY*PI*diax^2/(4*Asx)
=1000*1.821*3.1416*16^2/(4
*2241.7)
=163.33 mm
Since this does not exceed maximum permissible spacing of 766 mm,
adopt this value.
Round bar spacing (c.to c.) to 160 mm (rounded)
Revised number of bars required Nox=INT(1000*widY1/pchx)+1
=INT(1000*1.821/160)+1
=12
Revised width of edge strip steel wdY2=ly*1000-(Nox-1)*pchx
=2.8*1000-(12-1)*160
=1040 mm
Area of tension steel provided Asprx=Nox*PI*diax^2/4
=12*3.1416*16^2/4
=2412.7 mm2
Check spacing and proportion of steel (Clause 3.12.11.2.7)
Percentage of steel provided per=Asprx/(10*widY*h)

=2412.7/(10*1.821*500)
As the area of tension steel provided does not exceed 0.3%, no check
on the spacing of bars is needed [see Clause 3.12.11.2.7(a3)].
Since percentage of steel provided is at least twice the minimum

permissible proportion, 50% of these bars will be curtailed at a
distance of 930 mm from the face of the column.
Office: 1007
Reinforcement: edge strips, each of width 0.4895 m
Since 3*dx is not less than 750 mm, maximum clear distance between
maximum pitch (c.to c.of bars) pchm=750+diax=766 mm
=1000*0.979*3.1416*16^2/(4
*1120.8)
=175.62 mm
adopt this value.
Revised number of bars required Nox=2*INT(wdY2/pchx/2)+2
=2*INT(1040/175/2)+2
=6
Area of tension steel provided Asprx=Nox*PI*diax^2/4=6*3.1416*16^2/4
=1206.4 mm2

=1206.4/(10*0.979*500)
Since percentage of steel provided is less than twice the minimum

permissible proportion, bar curtailment is not possible.
Shear across base in X-direction
Since 0.8*fcu is less than 5 N/mm2,

Absolute maximum shear stress Vmax=0.8*SQR(fcu)=0.8*SQR(35)
=4.7329 N/mm2
Dist.to critical shear plane avX=alphX*dx
=1.5*457
=685.5 mm from col.face
Shear: central strip of width 1.821 m
Percentage of steel provided pcnt=Asprx/(10*widY*dx)

=2412.7/(10*1.821*457)
=0.28992 %
Assuming no specific shear reinforcement is to be provided
Using the appropriate formula given in Note 2 below Table 3.8,
Design concrete shear stress vc=0.45261 N/mm2
Since dist.from col.face is less than 2*dx, enhance as per Cl.3.4.5.8.
Enhanced design shear stress 0.60348 N/mm2
Ultimate shear stress v=Vdx/(ly*dx)=585.53/(2.8*457)
=0.45759 N/mm2
As actual shear stress (v=0.45759 N/mm2 does not exceed design stress
(vc=0.60348 N/mm2 , no shear steel is needed across Y-direction faces.
Office: 1007
Shear: edge strips, each of width 0.4895 m
Percentage of steel provided pcnt=Asprx/(10*widY*dx)

=1206.4/(10*0.979*457)
=0.26964 %
Since dist.from col.face is less than 2*dx, enhance as per Cl.3.4.5.8.
Ultimate shear stress v=Vdx/(ly*dx)=585.53/(2.8*457)
=0.45759 N/mm2
(vc=0.58906 N/mm2 , no shear steel is needed across Y-direction faces.
Reinforcement to resist bending in Y-direction
As eccentricity of load is within middle-third, it seems reasonable to

design for a uniform moment in Y-direction. Hence
Ultimate bending moment Mdy=N*(ly-cy/1000)^2/(8*ly)
=1606*(2.8-450/1000)^2/(8*2.8)
=395.94 kNm
assume effective depth ds=0.85*h/1000=0.85*500/1000
=0.425 m
Ultimate shear force Vdy=N*(ly-cy/1000-2*ds)/(2*ly)
=1606*(2.8-450/1000-2*0.425)/(2
*2.8)
=430.18 kN
The maximum moment is reduced to one-half of this value (i.e. 197.97
kNm) at a distance of 0.9326 m from the column face.
Diameter of Y-direction bars diay=12 mm

Actual effective depth dy=dx-diax/2-diay/2=457-16/2-12/2
=443 mm
Crit.dist.for curtailment calcs. lc=((1000*ly-cy)/2+lcy-lcyc)/1000
=((1000*2.8-450)/2+443-920)/1000
=0.698 m from edge
Total bending moment Md=Mdy/2=395.94/2=197.97 kNm
Min.anchorage-bond
length required with 90-bob lcy1=INT(fy*diay/(fbu*4*gammaS))+1-12*diay
=INT(500*12/(2.958*4*1.15))+1-12*12
=297 mm
As this is less than effective depth, increase as per Cl.3.12.9.1(a).
Thus min.length required beyond theoretical termination=915 mm
Min. 50%-bar-curtailment point lcyp=0.915 m from column face.
Specified bar-curtailment point lcycm=0.92 m from column face so OK
Applied-moment factor K=Mdy*10^6/(1000*lx*dy^2*fcu)

=395.94*10^6/(1000*3.6*443^2*35)
=0.016012
This does not exceed resistance-moment factor K'=0.156 so section is OK
Lever arm z=dy*(0.5+SQR(0.25-K/0.9))
=443*(0.5+SQR(0.25-0.016012/0.9))
=434.97 mm,
but must not exceed 0.95*dy= 0.95*443 =420.85 mm,
i.e. take z=420.85 mm.
Office: 1007
Area of tension steel required Asy=Mdy*10^6/(fy/gammaS*z)
=395.94*10^6/(500/1.15*420.85)
=2163.9 mm2
Since base width ( lx=3.6 m ) exceeds ( 1.5*cx+4.5*dy=2.6595 m )
Clause 3.11.3.2 requires that two-thirds of the required reinforcement
must be concentrated within a width (3d+cx) located centrally under the
column.
Thus over central strip Asy1=2/3*Asy=2/3*2163.9=1442.6 mm2
and over remainder of base Asy2=Asy/3=2163.9/3=721.29 mm2
Width of central strip widX1=(cx+3*dy)/1000=(450+3*443)/1000
=1.779 m
Total width of outer edge strips widX2=lx-widX1=3.6-1.779
=1.821 m
Since 3*dy is not less than 750 mm, maximum clear distance between
maximum pitch (c.to c.of bars) pchm=750+diay=762 mm
Calculated bar spacing (c.to c.) pitch=1000*widX*PI*diay^2/(4*Asy)
=1000*1.779*3.1416*12^2/(4
*1442.6)
=139.47 mm
adopt this value.
Revised number of bars required Noy=INT(1000*widX1/pchy)+1
=INT(1000*1.779/130)+1
=14
Revised width of edge strip steel wdX2=lx*1000-(Noy-1)*pchy
=3.6*1000-(14-1)*130
=1910 mm
Area of tension steel provided Aspry=Noy*PI*diay^2/4
=14*3.1416*12^2/4
=1583.4 mm2
Percentage of steel provided per=Aspry/(10*widX*h)

=1583.4/(10*1.779*500)
Since percentage of steel provided is less than twice the minimum

permissible proportion, bar curtailment is not possible.
Minimum steel area (Table 3.25) Asmin=Pmin1*1000*widX*h

=0.0013*1000*1.821*500
=1183.7 mm2
Since calculated area required is less than this value, provide
Asy=1183.7 mm2
Since 3*dy is not less than 750 mm, maximum clear distance between
Office: 1007
maximum pitch (c.to c.of bars) pchm=750+diay=762 mm
=1000*1.821*3.1416*12^2/(4
*1183.7)
=174 mm
adopt this value.
Revised number of bars required Noy=2*INT(wdX2/pchy/2)+2
=2*INT(1910/170/2)+2
=12
=12*3.1416*12^2/4
=1357.2 mm2

=1357.2/(10*1.821*500)
Shear across base in Y-direction
Dist.to critical shear plane avY=alphY*dy

=1.5*443
=664.5 mm from column face.
Percentage of steel provided pcnt=Aspry/(10*widX*dy)

=1583.4/(10*1.779*443)
=0.20091 %
Since dist.from col.face is less than 2*dy, enhance as per Cl.3.4.5.8.
Ultimate shear stress v=Vdy/(lx*dy)=430.18/(3.6*443)
=0.26974 N/mm2
(vc=0.5382 N/mm2 , no shear steel is needed across X-direction faces.

=1357.2/(10*1.821*443)
=0.16824 %
Since dist.from col.face is less than 2*dy, enhance as per Cl.3.4.5.8.
Office: 1007
Ultimate shear stress v=Vdy/(lx*dy)=430.18/(3.6*443)
=0.26974 N/mm2
(vc=0.50729 N/mm2 , no shear steel is needed across X-direction faces.
Check punching shear at critical plane (Clause 3.11.3.4)
In X-direction:
Dist.from col.face to crit.plane avX=1.5*dx=1.5*457=685.5 mm
Punching-shear-perimeter length PerY=cy+3*dy=450+3*443=1779 mm
Punching-shear-perimeter length does not exceed central-strip width so
Punching-shear-perimeter length of over central strip PerY1=1779 mm
Punching-shear-perimeter length of over edge strips PerY2=0 mm
Over central strip:
Area of steel provided AsProv=Asprx=2412.7 mm2
Breadth of section EffB=widY1*1000=1.821*1000
=1821 mm
Over edges of base:
Area of steel provided AsProv=Asprx=1206.4 mm2
Breadth of section EffB=widY2*1000=0.979*1000
=979 mm
In Y-direction:
Dist.from col.face to crit.plane avY=1.5*dy=1.5*443=664.5 mm
Punching-shear-perimeter length PerX=cx+3*dx=450+3*457=1821 mm
Length of punching-shear perimeter exceeds width of central strip, so
Punching-shear-perimeter length over central strip PerX1=1779 mm
Punching-shear-perimeter length over edge strips PerX2=42 mm
Over central strip:
Area of steel provided AsProv=Aspry=1583.4 mm2
Breadth of section EffB=widX1*1000=1.779*1000
=1779 mm
Over edges of base:
Area of steel provided AsProv=Aspry=1357.2 mm2
Breadth of section EffB=widX2*1000=1.821*1000
=1821 mm
If Vprx=dx*(vcX1*PerY1+vcX2*PerY2)
=457*(0.45261*1779+0.4418*0)
=367973 N
and Vpry=dy*(vcY1*PerX1+vcY2*PerX2)
=443*(0.40365*1779+0.38046*42)
=325196 N
Punching-shear resistance prov. Vprov=2*(Vprx+Vpry)/1000
=2*(367973+325196)/1000
=1386.3 kN
Office: 1007
Ultimate effective shear force at critical
plane (taking account of moment) Veff=N*(1+1.5*ABS(M)/(N*PerY/1000))
=1606*(1+1.5*ABS(163.6)/(1606
*1779/1000))
=1743.9 kN
Av.bearing stress below column pf=pa-(pa-pb)*(la+cx/2000)/lx
=143.04-(143.04-209.21)*(1.575+450
/2000)/3.6
=176.13 kN/m2
Reduction in punching load due to
direct load transfer to subbase Vred=pf*(cy+2*avX)*(cx+2*avY)/1E6
=176.13*(450+2*685.5)*(450+2
*664.5)/1E6
=570.57 kN
Punching-shear resistance reqd. Vreq=Veff-Vred=1743.9-570.57
=1173.4 kN
As the resistance required (Vreq=1173.4 kN does not exceed that
provided (Vprov=1386.3 kN), no punching shear reinforcement is needed.
Check punching shear at column face
Length of column perimeter uo=2*(cx+cy)=2*(450+450)

=1800 mm
Punching-shear resistance prov. VpRes=Vmax*uo*(dx+dy)/2000
=4.7329*1800*(457+443)/2000
=3833.6 kN
Punching-shear resistance reqd. N=1606 kN
Punching-shear stress on perimeter of column is satisfactory.
Office: 1007
SUMMARY OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED IN X-DIRECTION

Since base width ( 2.8 m ) exceeds ( 3cy/2+9dx/2)=2.7315 m )
according to Cl.3.11.3.2, two-thirds of steel must be concentrated
within central zone extending 1d from each column face ( i.e. total
width =1.821 m ).

CENTRAL ZONE Number of bars required 12
Alternate bars curtailed at 930
mm from either side of column face.
Max spacing of bars 160 mm
EDGE ZONES Number of bars required 6
(Note: reduce spacing of outermost
bars to obtain side cover.)
ACROSS ENTIRE BASE Total number of bars 18
Total steel area reqd. 3362.5 mm2
Total steel area prov. 3619.1 mm2
Av.percentage provided 0.26 %
Av.weight of steel prov. 10.146 kg/m2
Office: 1007
SUMMARY OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED IN Y-DIRECTION
Since base width ( 3.6 m ) exceeds ( 3cx/2+9dy/2=2.6685 m ),
according to Cl.3.11.3.2, two-thirds of steel must be concentrated
within central zone extending 1d from each column face ( i.e.total
width =1.779 m ).

(Note: reduce spacing of outermost
bars to obtain side cover.)
(Note: steel area required is minimum
permitted by Table 3.25.)
Total steel area reqd. 2626.2 mm2
Total steel area prov. 2940.5 mm2
Av.percentage provided 0.16 %
Av.weight of steel prov. 6.412 kg/m2
QUANTITIES Total volume of concrete required 5.04 m3

Total area of formwork (base sides only) 6.4 m2
Total volume of reinforcement 18486 cm3
Total weight of reinforcement 145.11 kg
No shear reinforcement is required.

No110
Office: 1007
Location: Typical problem
Design of reinforced concrete pad footing with shear checks
All calculations to EC2 Part 1-1 lx

and IStructE Manual to EC2.
Moment & shear are positive in
directions shown.
cx
MEd
NEd cy
VEd' ly

A B
la lb

lx

Ultimate axial force in column NEd=1606 kN
Ultimate moment in column MEd=163.6 kNm
Ultimate shear force at base top VEd'=73 kN
Column dimension in X-direction cx=450 mm
Column dimension in Y-direction cy=450 mm
Base length (bending in X-dir.) lx=3.6 m
Width of base (i.e. in Y-dir.) ly=2.8 m
Note: A separate check should be made to ensure the resistance of the
base against sliding due to this shear force.
Left distance to edge of column la=lm-cx/2000=1.8-450/2000
=1.575 m
Right distance to edge of column lb=lx-lm-cx/2000=3.6-1.8-450/2000
=1.575 m
All reinft. in pad footing to be high-yield ribbed bars Grade 500.
Char axial tensile strength fctk=0.7*fctm=0.7*2.7663
=2.25*1*1*1.9364/1.5
=2.9046 N/mm2
Overall thickness of base h=550 mm
Assuming self-weight of reinforced concrete conc=25 kN/m3
Self-weight of base (factored) Swt=1.35*conc*lx*ly*h/1000
=1.35*25*3.6*2.8*550/1000
=187.11 kN
Office: 1007

Exposure class XC2
Ground pressures
The pressures below will be calculated from factored loads and moments
and they are not allowable bearing pressures.
Taking moments about left edge Mlh=NEd*(la+cx/2E3)+Swt*lx/2+VEd'*h
/1E3+MEd
=1606*(1.575+450/2E3)+187.11*3.6
/2+73*550/1E3+163.6
=3431.3 k
Distance of line of action
from left edge of base y=Mlh/(NEd+Swt)=3431.3/(1606+187.11)
=1.9136 m
NEd
:
e
:
AB
:
< y ->
since y>lx/2, eccentricity e=y-lx/2=1.9136-3.6/2=0.11363 m

Since eccentricity does not exceed lx/6, centroid of load lies within
the middle-third, giving a trapezoidal distribution of pressure, which
varies linearly from pa=144.2 kN/m2 at A to pb=211.58 kN/m2 at B.

pa
pb

Elastic modulus of base in plan z=ly*lx^2/6=2.8*3.6^2/6=6.048 m3

Uniform pressure due to self wt. ps=Swt/(lx*ly)=187.11/(3.6*2.8)
=18.563 kN/m2
Pressure at end A pa=(NEd+Swt)/(lx*ly)-(NEd+Swt)*e/z
=(1606+187.11)/(3.6*2.8)-(1606
+187.11)*0.11363/6.048
=144.2 kN/m2
Pressure at end B pb=(NEd+Swt)/(lx*ly)+(NEd+Swt)*e/z
=(1606+187.11)/(3.6*2.8)+(1606
+187.11)*0.11363/6.048
=211.58 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Ultimate moments and shears

assume effective depth ds=0.85*h/1000=0.85*550/1000=0.4675 m
Ultimate moment (at left face of column)
Mda=(3*(pa-ps)+(pb-pa)*la/lx)*ly*la^2/6
=(3*(144.2-18.563)+(211.58-144.2)*1.575/3.6)
*2.8*1.575^2/6
=470.44 kNm
Ultimate moment (at right face of column)
Mdb=(3*(pb-ps)-(pb-pa)*lb/lx)*ly*lb^2/6
=(3*(211.58-18.563)-(211.58-144.2)*1.575
/3.6)*2.8*1.575^2/6
=636.19 kNm
Ultimate shear (near left face of column)
Vda=(2*(pa-ps)+(pb-pa)*(la-ds)/lx)*ly*(la-ds)/2
=(2*(144.2-18.563)+(211.58-144.2)*(1.575
-0.4675)/3.6)*2.8*(1.575-0.4675)/2
=421.74 kN
Ultimate shear (near right face of column)
Vdb=(2*(pb-ps)-(pb-pa)*(lb-ds)/lx)*ly*(lb-ds)/2
=(2*(211.58-18.563)-(211.58-144.2)*(1.575
-0.4675)/3.6)*2.8*(1.575-0.4675)/2
=566.4 kN
Effective depth X-direction dx=h-cover-0.5*diax=550-35-0.5*16

=507 mm
Design shear force at 1.0dx Vdx=566.4 kN
Design moment at RH column face Mdx=636.19 kNm
The maximum moment is reduced to one-half of this value ( i.e. about
318.01 kNm ) at a distance of 0.47 m from the RH face of the column.
Reinforcement to resist bending in X-direction

Since specified bar size does not exceed cover,
Effective depth dx=507 mm
Redistribution ratio delta=1.0
=0.597*0.85-0.18*0.85^2-0.209
=0.1684
Factor K=Mdx*10^6/(1000*ly*dx^2*fck)
=636.2*10^6/(1000*2.8*507^2*28)
=0.0316
Lever arm z=dx/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*K))
=507/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*0.0316))
=492.5 mm
Reduce lever arm to z=0.95*dx=0.95*507=481.7 mm
Area of tension steel required Asx=Mdx*10^6/(fyk/gams*z)
=636.2*10^6/(500/1.15*481.7)
=3038 mm2
Since base width ( ly=2.8 m ) does not exceed ( 1.5*cy+4.5*dx=2.957 m )
no bar re-spacing is necessary in X-direction.
Office: 1007
=1000*2.8*3.142*16^2/(4*3038)
=185.3 mm
adopt this value.
Revised number of bars required Nox=INT(1000*ly/pchx)+1
=INT(1000*2.8/180)+1
=16
Area of tension steel provided Asprx=Nox*PI*diax^2/4
=16*3.142*16^2/4
=3217 mm2
Check spacing and proportion of steel

=3217/(10*2.8*550)
Furthermore as the area of tension steel provided does not exceed 0.5%,
the bar spacing of 180 mm is satisfactory (refer to IStructE Standard
Method of Detailing Structural Concrete for further information).
Shear across base in X-direction
Distance to critical shear plane avX=dx=507 mm (from column face)

Shear enhancement beta'=2*dx/avX=2*507/507
=2
Design shear force @ 1.0dx VEd=Vdx=566.4 kN
=0.2*28*(1-28/250)*2800*507/10^3
=7059 kN
Area of reinforcement at section Asl=Aspr=3217 mm2
=100*3217/(2800*507)
=0.2266 %
Factor ks=1+(200/d)^0.5=1+(200/507)^0.5
=1.628
=(0.2266*28)^(1/3)
=1.851
Shear resistance VRdc=beta'*CRdc*ks*vRdc*bw*d/1000
=2*0.12*1.628*1.851*2800*507/1000
=1027 kN
Minimum stress vmin=beta'*0.035*ks^1.5*fck^0.5
=2*0.035*1.628^1.5*28^0.5
=0.7695 N/mm2
=0.7695*2800*507/1000
=1092 kN
Modified shear resistance VRdc=VRdm=1092 kN
Office: 1007
SHEAR SUMMARY Shear force 566.4 kN

Hence section is satisfactory, no shear reinforcement is required.
Reinforcement to resist bending in Y-direction
As eccentricity of load is within middle-third, it seems reasonable to

design for a uniform moment in Y-direction. Hence
Ultimate bending moment Mdy=NEd*(ly-cy/1000)^2/(8*ly)
=1606*(2.8-450/1000)^2/(8*2.8)
=395.9 kNm
assume effective depth ds=0.85*h/1000=0.85*550/1000
=0.4675 m
Ultimate shear force @ 1.0ds Vdy=NEd*(ly-cy/1000-2*ds)/(2*ly)
=1606*(2.8-450/1000-2*0.4675)/(2
*2.8)
=405.8 kN
The maximum moment is reduced to one-half of this value (i.e. 198
kNm) at a distance of 0.9326 m from the column face.

Actual effective depth dy=dx-diax/2-diay/2=507-16/2-12/2
=493 mm
=0.597*0.85-0.18*0.85^2-0.209
=0.1684
Factor K=Mdy*10^6/(1000*lx*dy^2*fck)
=395.9*10^6/(1000*3.6*493^2*28)
=0.0162
Lever arm z=dy/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*K))
=493/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*0.0162))
=485.9 mm
Reduce lever arm to z=0.95*dy=0.95*493=468.4 mm
Area of tension steel required Asy=Mdy*10^6/(fyk/gams*z)
=395.9*10^6/(500/1.15*468.4)
=1944 mm2
Since base width ( lx=3.6 m ) exceeds ( 1.5*cx+4.5*dy=2.885 m )
two-thirds of the required reinforcement must be concentrated within
a width (3d+cx) located centrally under the column.
Thus over central strip Asy1=2/3*Asy=2/3*1944=1296 mm2
and over remainder of base Asy2=Asy/3=1944/3=648.1 mm2
Width of central strip widX1=(cx+3*dy)/1000=(450+3*493)/1000
=1.929 m
Total width of outer edge strips widX2=lx-widX1=3.6-1.929
=1.671 m
Min area of main steel required Asy=Pmin1*1000*widX*h

=0.0015*1000*1.929*550
=1591 mm2
Office: 1007
=1000*1.929*3.142*12^2/(4*1591)
=137.1 mm
adopt this value.
Revised number of bars required Noy=INT(1000*widX1/pchy)+1
=INT(1000*1.929/130)+1
=15
Revised width of edge strip steel wdX2=lx*1000-(Noy-1)*pchy
=3.6*1000-(15-1)*130
=1780 mm
=15*3.142*12^2/4
=1696 mm2

=1696/(10*1.929*550)
Min area of main steel required Asy=Pmin1*1000*widX*h

=0.0015*1000*1.671*550
=1379 mm2
=1000*1.671*3.142*12^2/(4*1379)
=137.1 mm
adopt this value.
Revised number of bars required Noy=2*INT(wdX2/pchy/2)+2
=2*INT(1780/130/2)+2
=14
=14*3.142*12^2/4
=1583 mm2

=1583/(10*1.671*550)
Office: 1007
Shear across base in Y-direction
Distance to critical shear plane avY=dy=493 mm (from column face)

=1696/(10*1.929*493)
=0.1784 %
Shear enhancement beta'=2*dy/avY=2*493/493
=2
Design shear force @ 1.0dy VEd=Vdy=405.8 kN (from column face)
=0.2*28*(1-28/250)*1929*493/10^3
=4729 kN
=100*1696/(1929*493)
=0.1784 %
Factor ks=1+(200/d)^0.5=1+(200/493)^0.5
=1.637
=(0.1784*28)^(1/3)
=1.709
=2*0.12*1.637*1.709*1929*493/1000
=638.6 kN
=2*0.035*1.637^1.5*28^0.5
=0.7758 N/mm2
=0.7758*1929*493/1000
=737.7 kN
Modified shear resistance VRdc=VRdm=737.7 kN


=1583/(10*1.671*493)
=0.1922 %
Shear enhancement beta'=2*dy/avY=2*493/493
=2
Design shear force @ 1.0dy VEd=Vdy=405.8 kN (from column face)
=0.2*28*(1-28/250)*1671*493/10^3
=4097 kN
Office: 1007
=100*1583/(1671*493)
=0.1922 %
Factor ks=1+(200/d)^0.5=1+(200/493)^0.5
=1.637
=(0.1922*28)^(1/3)
=1.752
=2*0.12*1.637*1.752*1671*493/1000
=567.2 kN
=2*0.035*1.637^1.5*28^0.5
=0.7758 N/mm2
=0.7758*1671*493/1000
=639.1 kN
Modified shear resistance VRdc=VRdm=639.1 kN

Check punching shear at column face
Eccentricity factor beta=1.15

Punching shear at column face VEd=beta*NEd=1.15*1606=1847 kN
Column perimeter uo=2*(cx+cy)=2*(450+450)
=1800 mm
=0.5328
Design concrete compress strength fcd=fck/gamc=28/1.5=18.67 N/mm2
Average effective depth dav=(dx+dy)/2=(507+493)/2
=500 mm
Maximum shear resistance VRdmax=0.5*v*fcd*uo*dav/1000
=0.5*0.5328*18.67*1800*500/1000
=4476 kN
The punching shear at column face ( VEd=1847 kN ) is less than the
maximum shear resistance ( VRdmax=4476 kN ), hence OK.
Check punching shear at critical plane
Av.bearing stress below column pf=pa-(pa-pb)*(la+cx/2000)/lx

=144.2-(144.2-211.6)*(1.575+450
/2000)/3.6
=177.9 kN/m2
compute comp=2*(2*dav*cx+2*dav*cy)
=2*(2*500*450+2*500*450)
=1800000
Upward force within control per. Vup=pf*(cx*cy+PI*(2*dav)^2+comp)/1E6
=177.9*(450*450+3.142*(2*500)^2
+1800000)/1E6
=915.1 kN
Office: 1007
Punching-shear resistance reqd. VEd=pf*lx*ly-Vup=177.9*3.6*2.8-915.1
=878 kN
Basic control perimeter at 2d u1=2*(cx+cy)+2*PI*(2*dav)
=2*(450+450)+2*3.142*(2*500)
=8083 mm
Shear stress at control perimeter vEd=beta*VEd*1000/(u1*dav)
=1.15*878*1000/(8083*500)
=0.2498 N/mm2
compute k=1+(200/dav)^0.5=1+(200/500)^0.5
=1.632
Reinforcement ratio p1=0.0021
Design punching shear resistance vRdc=(0.18/gamc)*k*(100*p1*fck)^0.333
=(0.18/1.5)*1.632*(100*0.0021
*28)^0.333
=0.3534 N/mm2
Shear enhancement 2d/av senh=1
Enhanced punching shear resist. vRdc=senh*vRdc=1*0.3534
=0.3534 N/mm2
The min design punching shear resistance governs and will be adopted.
Design punching shear resistance vRdc=senh*0.035*k^1.5*fck^0.5
=1*0.035*1.632^1.5*28^0.5
=0.3863 N/mm2
As vEd vRdc punching shear reinforcement is not necessary.
SUMMARY OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED IN X-DIRECTION

Since base width ( 2.8 m ) does not exceed ( 3cy/2+9dx/2=4.2 m )
bars should be spaced uniformly across base.

(Note: reduce spacing as necessary
to accommodate bars required)
Total steel area reqd. 3038 mm2
Total steel area prov. 3217 mm2
Office: 1007
SUMMARY OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED IN Y-DIRECTION
Since base width ( 3.6 m ) exceeds ( 3cx/2+9dy/2=2.894 m )
two-thirds of steel must be concentrated within central zone
extending 1d from each column face ( i.e.total width =1.929 m ).

Area provided 1696 mm2
(Note: reduce spacing as necessary
to accommodate bars required)
Area provided 1583 mm2
Total steel area reqd. 2970 mm2
Total steel area prov. 3280 mm2
QUANTITIES Total concrete volume 5.544 m3

Total area of formwork 7.04 m2
(base sides only).
No110
Deep beams - Kong's method Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Design of deep beam using Kong simplified method
Location: Typical uniformly-loaded deep beam with high-yield steel.
See Table 148 of Reinforced Concrete Designer's Handbook 10th edition.

a1 CLine

.
:
.
opening : opening
h if . if
provided : provided
.
:
.

l
Span between centres of supports l=3 m
Overall depth of beam h=2 m
Breadth of beam b=0.5 m
Total self-weight of beam SelfWt=24*b*h*l=24*0.5*2*3
=72 kN
Uniform load:
Load per unit length w=500 kN/m
Total applied load F=w*l=500*3=1500 kN
Dist. to point of application a1=l/4=3/4=0.75 m
Maximum bending moment M=(F+SelfWt)*l/8=(1500+72)*3/8
=589.5 kNm
Maximum shearing force V=(F+SelfWt)/2=(1500+72)/2
=786 kN
Principal diagonal crack acts at 69 degrees to the horizontal.

Grade of concrete fcu=30 N/mm2
Yield strength of reinforcement fy=500 N/mm2
Normal-weight concrete is used.
Value of concrete constant k1=0.7
From table of data given by Kong, Robins and Sharp, concrete cylinder
splitting tensile strength Ft=2.74 N/mm2
Reinforcement assumed to consist of deformed high-yield bars.
Value of reinforcement constant k2=225
BS8500-1:2006.
supported beam with a fire period of 2 hour/s is 35 mm.
Cover to all bars cover=35 mm
Office: 1007
Main reinforcement
shear bars above opening (if required)

TYPICAL STEEL
ARRANGEMENT

: provide nominal
opening : opening vertical links
: throughout span
: (max. diameter
assumed to be
12 mm
in this
proforma)
horizontal shear bars (or links) below opening (if required)

main reinforcement Note:If shear steel is needed, bars must be
provided both above and below opening.
From Table 148 in RCD Handbook using formulae A and B.

Calculated steel area Asreq=1900*M/(fy*h)
=1900*589.5/(500*2)
=1120.1 mm2
Minimum breadth of beam required bmin=650*V/(k1*1000*(h-0.35*a1)*Ft)
=650*786/(0.7*1000*(2-0.35*0.75)
*2.74)
=153.31 mm
Calculated area of main steel is less than minimum percentage of 0.13 %,
i.e. 1300 mm2 , as specified in Table 3.25 of BS8110:
Part 1 (or equivalent) and must be increased accordingly.
Area of main tension steel reqd Asreq=AsMin=1300 mm2
Steel corresponding to minimum allowable proportion only needed.
Diameter of main tension bars dia=12 mm
Number of main bars NumBar=12
Steel area provided AsProv=NumBar*PI*(dia)^2/4
=12*3.1416*(12)^2/4
=1357.2 mm2
Effective depth of main bars d=1925 mm
MAIN TENSION Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2

Shearing reinforcement
From Table 148 in RCD Handbook using formulae C and D

with Vx1=k1*(h-0.35*a1)*Ft*b*1000^2/1000
=0.7*(2-0.35*0.75)*2.74*0.5*1000^2/1000
=1666.3 kN
and Vx2=k2*AsProv*d*(SIN(ThetaL))^2/(1000*1000*h)
=225*1357.2*1925*(SIN(1.212))^2/(1000*1000*2)
=257.68 kN
Office: 1007
Shear resistance from main bars V1=Vx1+Vx2=1666.3+257.68
=1923.9 kN
As this value exceeds the applied shear force of 786 kN, no
specific shearing reinforcement is needed. Provide nominal steel only.
Anti-cracking steel
Diameter of anti-cracking bars Ldia=12 mm

As the overall beam depth exceeds 750 mm, Clauses 3.12.5.4 and
3.12.11.2.6 of BS8110 require 11 No. 12 mm horizontal bars to be
provided at 130 mm centres near each face over a height of 1333.3 mm
from the bottom of the section. The main tension steel and any shear
bars provided may be considered to contribute to this reinforcement.
According to Clause 3.12.5.4 of BS8110, as beam breadth is less than
500 mm, take a value of b of 500 mm.
Minimum bar diameter mDia=SQR(sb*bEquiv/fy)
=SQR(130*500/500)
=11.402 mm
As the diameter of the horizontal bars provided is 12 mm
the requirements of BS8110 in this respect are met.
ANTI-CRACKING Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2

SUMMARY Number of bars (each face) 11
Spacing 130 mm
No111
Timber design to BS5268 and Eurocode 5 Made by: IFB
Rectangular section with axial load and bending Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Rectangular section with axial load and bending
Rectangular timber member

y
subject to axial load and

bending about z-z axis
z z d
Calculations in accordance
with BS5268-2:2002.

y
Design BM about zz (positive) Mz=0.5 kNm

Design shear force in y direction V=0 kN
Design axial load (+ve compress) F=5 kN
Member is in compression.
Eff length for bending about zz Lez'=2.346 m
Depth of section d=97 mm
Width of section b=97 mm
Lez=Lez'*1000=2.346*1000
=2346 mm
Eff length for bending about yy Ley'=0 m
Ley=Ley'*1000=0*1000=0 mm
Strength class C18 to Table 8
Section properties
Largest section dimension h=b=97 mm

Inertia about zz axis Iz=b*d^3/12=97*97^3/12=7.3774E6 mm4
Inertia about yy axis Iy=d*b^3/12=97*97^3/12=7.3774E6 mm4
Area of cross section A=b*d=97*97=9409 mm2
Radius of gyration about zz axis iz=SQR(Iz/A)=SQR(7.3774E6/9409)

=28.001 mm
Radius of gyration about yy axis iy=SQR(Iy/A)=SQR(7.3774E6/9409)
=28.001 mm
Slenderness
Slenderness ratio about zz axis lambdz=Lez/iz=2346/28.001

=83.781
Slenderness ratio about yy axis lambdy=Ley/iy=0/28.001=0
zz axis controls SR lambda=lambdz=83.781
Office: 1007
Grade stresses
Compression parallel to grain cparg=7.1 N/mm2

Bending parallel to grain bparg=5.8 N/mm2
Shear parallel to grain sparg=0.67 N/mm2
Mean modulus of elasticity Emean=9100 N/mm2
Minimum modulus of elasticity Emin=6000 N/mm2
Modification factors
Timber service class adopted tmclass=1

Timber service class modification factor K2=1 as Table 16.
Modification factors:
Bending parallel to grain K2ben=1.0
Tension parallel to grain K2ten=1.0
Compression parallel to grain K2com=1.0
Compression to grain K2per=1.0
Shear parallel to grain K2shr=1.0
Mean & min modulus of elasticity K2mod=1.0
Duration of loading K3=1.25
Depth factor K7=(300/d)^0.11=(300/97)^0.11
=1.1322
Member is not in a load-sharing system as defined by Clause 2.9.
Modulus of elasticity E=Emin*K2mod=6000*1=6000 N/mm2
Load-sharing modification factor K8=1.0
For compression members with slenderness ratios equal to or greater

than 5, the permissible stress should be calculated as the product
of the grade compression parallel to the grain stress, modified as
appropriate for size, moisture content, duration of load and
load sharing, and the modification factor K12 given by table, or
calculated as follows using the equation in annex B. The value
of modulus of elasticity should be the minimum modulus of elasticity.
The compression parallel to the grain stress required for entry to
annex B should be the grade stress modified only for moisture
content and duration of load.
Compr. parallel to grain stress sigc=K2com*K3*cparg=1*1.25*7.1
=8.875 N/mm2
Factor for annex B C=PI^2*E/(1.5*lambda^2*sigc)
=3.1416^2*6000/(1.5*83.781^2*8.875)
=0.63372
Eccentricity factor eta=0.005*lambda=0.005*83.781
=0.41891
Modification factor K12=(0.5+(1+eta)*C/2)-((0.5+(1+eta)*C/2)^2-C)^0.5
=(0.5+(1+0.41891)*0.63372/2)-((0.5+(1
+0.41891)*0.63372/2)^2-0.63372)^0.5
=0.4319
Office: 1007
Permissible stresses
Permissible compression stress sigcad=K2com*K3*K8*K12*cparg

=1*1.25*1*0.4319*7.1
=3.8331 N/mm2
Permissible bending stress sigmad=K2ben*K3*K7*K8*bparg
=1*1.25*1.1322*1*5.8
=8.2087 N/mm2
Axial compression
The limitation on bow in most stress grading rules are inadequate

for the selection of material for columns. Particular attention
should therefore be paid to the straightness of columns, e.g. by
limiting bow to approximately 1/300 of the length.
Applied compression stress sigca=F*1000/A=5*1000/9409
=0.53141 N/mm2
Bending
Applied bending stress sigma=Mz*1E6*(d/2)/Iz

=0.5*1E6*(97/2)/7.3774E6
=3.287 N/mm2
Euler critical stress sige=PI^2*E/lambda^2
=3.1416^2*6000/83.781^2
=8.4364 N/mm2
Bending stress modification fact bsmf=1-1.5*sigca*K12/sige
=1-1.5*0.53141*0.4319/8.4364
=0.95919
Interaction factor factor=sigma/(sigmad*bsmf)+sigca
/sigcad
=3.287/(8.2087*0.95919)
+0.53141/3.8331
=0.55611
Interaction factor less than or equal to unity therefore OK.
Depth of section 97 mm
DESIGN Width of section 97 mm
SUMMARY Strength class C18 to Table 8
Timber moisture class 1
Applied comprn stress 0.53141 N/mm2
Permiss comprn stress 3.8331 N/mm2
Applied bending stress 3.287 N/mm2
Permiss bending stress 8.2087 N/mm2
Interaction factor 0.55611
No250
Office: 1007
Location: Rectangular section with axial load and bending
z
Rectangular timber section

With axial load and bending
y y h about y-y axis in accordance
with EC5 BS EN 1995-1-1:2004.

z
Design BM about yy (positive) Md=0.725 kNm

Design shear force in z direction Vd=0 kN
Design axial load (+ve compress) Nd=7.25 kN
The member under consideration is in compression.
Eff length for bending about yy ley=2.346 m
Depth of section h=97 mm
Ley=ley*1000=2.346*1000=2346 mm
Eff length for bending about zz lez=0 m
Lez=lez*1000=0*1000=0 mm
Timber strength class C18
Section properties
Largest section dimension lardim=97 mm

Inertia about yy axis Iy=b*h^3/12=97*97^3/12=7.3774E6 mm4
Inertia about zz axis Iz=h*b^3/12=97*97^3/12=7.3774E6 mm4
Area of cross section A=b*h=97*97=9409 mm2
=28.001 mm
=28.001 mm
Slenderness
Slenderness ratio about yy axis lambdy=Ley/iy=2346/28.001

=83.781
Slenderness ratio about zz axis lambdz=Lez/iz=0/28.001=0
Controlling slenderness ratio lambda=lambdy=83.781
Characteristic strength properties - Table 1 BS EN 338:2009(E)
Compression parallel to grain fc0k=18 N/mm2

Bending parallel to grain fmk=18 N/mm2
Shear parallel to grain fvk=3.4 N/mm2
Mean modulus of elasticity E0mean=9000 N/mm2
5th percentile mod of elasticity E005=6000 N/mm2
Office: 1007
Timber service class 1 : Internal use, continuously heated or similar

with a max moisture content of 12%.
Medium-term duration factor kmod=0.8
Depth factor (from Clause 3.2) kh=(150/h)^0.2=(150/97)^0.2
=1.0911
Load-sharing modification factor ksys=1.0
For compression members the compressive strength needs to be be modified
by the following instability factors (EC5 Clause 6.3.2):
Relative slenderness ratio yy rsry=lambdy/PI*(fc0k/E005)^0.5
=83.781/3.1416*(18/6000)^0.5
=1.4607
Relative slenderness ratio zz rsrz=lambdz/PI*(fc0k/E005)^0.5
=0/3.1416*(18/6000)^0.5
=0
From eq 6.27 and 6.28 of EC5,
Factor for yy axis ky=0.5*(1+0.2*(rsry-0.3)+rsry^2)
=0.5*(1+0.2*(1.4607-0.3)+1.4607^2)
=1.6829
Factor for zz axis kz=0.5*(1+0.2*(rsrz-0.3)+rsrz^2)
=0.5*(1+0.2*(0-0.3)+0^2)
=0.47
Instability factor kcy=1/(ky+(ky^2-rsry^2)^0.5)
=1/(1.6829+(1.6829^2-1.4607^2)^0.5)
=0.39704
Instability factor kcz=1/(kz+(kz^2-rsrz^2)^0.5)
=1/(0.47+(0.47^2-0^2)^0.5)
=1.0638
Max instability factor kcz=1
The shear strength parallel to the grain will be reduced by 33% to
allow for possible drying splits and glue-line failure (refer to EC5
Part 1-1 Clause 6.1.7(2) for further clarification).
Shear reduction factor ksh=0.67
Lateral stability factor - Clause 6.3.3
The lateral stability needs to be considered for members subjected to

bending in the evaluation of bending parallel to grain.
Effective length about zz Le=0 m
The effective length about zz will be taken as 0.1 m.
Critical bending stress cbs=0.78*b^2*E005/(h*Le*1000)
=0.78*97^2*6000/(97*0.1*1000)
=4539.6 N/mm2
Relative slenderness (bending) rsb=(fmk/cbs)^0.5=(18/4539.6)^0.5
=0.062969
Reduced bending strength factor kcrit=1.0
Office: 1007
Design strengths
Material partial factor gamM=1.3

Design compressive strength fc0d=ksys*kmod*fc0k/gamM=1*0.8*18/1.3
=11.077 N/mm2
Design bending strength fmd=kh*ksys*kmod*fmk/gamM
=1.0911*1*0.8*18/1.3
=12.086 N/mm2
Design compression strength

Design compression stress sc0d=Nd*1000/A=7.25*1000/9409
=0.77054 N/mm2
Since sc0d fc0d ( 0.77054 N/mm 11.077 N/mm2 ) design
2
compression stress is within the design compression strength.
Design bending strength
Design bending stress smd=Md*1E6*(h/2)/Iy

=0.725*1E6*(97/2)/7.3774E6
=4.7662 N/mm2
Column is non-stocky hence use clause 6.3.2 and 6.3.3 of EC5,
Interaction factor fact1=sc0d/(kcy*fc0d)+smd/fmd
=0.77054/(0.39704*11.077)
+4.7662/12.086
=0.56956
Interaction factor fact2=(smd/(kcrit*fmd))^2+sc0d/(kcz
*fc0d)
=(4.7662/(1*12.086))^2+0.77054
/(1*11.077)
=0.22508
Governing interaction factor factor=0.56956
Interaction equation is satisfied, therefore OK.
Depth of section 97 mm
DESIGN Width of section 97 mm
SUMMARY Timber strength class C18
Timber moisture class 1
Design compr. stress 0.77054 N/mm2
Design compr. strength 11.077 N/mm2
Design bending stress 4.7662 N/mm2
Design bending strength 12.086 N/mm2
Interaction factor 0.56956 1
No250
Rectangular Glulam column/tie with axial load Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Glulam section with axial load & bending
Rectangular Glulam member

y

bending about axis zz.
z z d
Horizontal Laminations.

tp Calculations in accordance
y with BS5268-2:2002.
b
Design BM about zz (+ve only) Mz'=21.5 kNm

Design shear force in y direction V'=25 kN
Design axial load (+ve compress) F'=30.9 kN
Mz=21.5E6 Nmm
V=25000 N
F=30900 N
Member is in compression.
Eff length for bending about zz Lez'=4.5 m
Number of laminates in section np=10
Thickness of laminates in section tp=45 mm
Depth of section d=tp*np=45*10=450 mm
Glulam beam laterally restrained with support restraint as Table 19.
Eff length for bending about yy Ley'=0 m
Grade Stresses
For horizontally glue laminated members the grade stresses should be

taken as the product of the strength class stresses given in Table 8
for the relevant grade and species and the modification factors of
Table 24.
Chosen species is a Softwood.
Section properties
Largest section dimension h=d=450 mm

Inertia about zz axis Iz=b*d^3/12=135*450^3/12
=1.0252E9 mm4
Inertia about yy axis Iy=d*b^3/12=450*135^3/12
=92.264E6 mm4
=129.9 mm
=38.971 mm
Office: 1007
Slenderness
Slenderness ratio about zz axis lambdz=Lez/iz=4500/129.9

=34.641
=0
zz axis controls slenderness ratio lambda=lambdz=34.641
Grade stresses


Duration of loading K3=1.25
Depth factor K7=0.81*(d^2+92300)/(d^2+56800)
=0.81*(450^2+92300)/(450^2+56800)
=0.92089
Member is not in a load-sharing system as defined by Clause 2.9
Modification factor K15 K15=1.42

The mean modulus of elasticity modified by K20 should be used

to calculate deflections and displacements under both dead and
imposed loads.
Modulus of elasticity E=Emean*K2mod*K20=9700*1*1.07
=10379 N/mm2
For compression members with slenderness ratios equal to or greater
than 5, the permissible stress should be calculated as the product
of the grade compression parallel to the grain stress, modified as
appropriate for size, moisture content, duration of load and
load sharing, and the modification factor K12 given by table, or
calculated as follows using the equation in annex B. The value
of modulus of elasticity should be the mean modulus of elasticity
modified by K20.
The compression parallel to the grain stress required for entry to
annex B should be the grade stress modified only for moisture
content and duration of load.
Office: 1007
Compress parallel to grain stress sigc=K2com*K3*cparg=1*1.25*7.5
=9.375 N/mm2
Modified modulus of elasticity 10379 N/mm2
Factor for annex B C=PI^2*E/(1.5*lambda^2*sigc)
=3.1416^2*10379/(1.5*34.641^2*9.375)
=6.0703
Eccentricity factor eta=0.005*lambda=0.005*34.641
=0.17321
Modification factor K12=(0.5+(1+eta)*C/2)-((0.5+(1+eta)*C/2)^2-C)^0.5
=(0.5+(1+0.17321)*6.0703/2)-((0.5+(1+0.17321)
*6.0703/2)^2-6.0703)^0.5
=0.83282
Permissible compression stress sigcad=K2com*K3*K8*K12*K17*cparg

=1*1.25*1*0.83282*1.04*7.5
=8.1199 N/mm2
Permissible bending stress sigmad=K2ben*K3*K7*K8*K15*bparg
=1*1.25*0.92089*1*1.42*6.8
=11.115 N/mm2
Permissible shear stress torad=K2shr*K3*K8*K19*sparg
=1*1.25*1*2.34*0.71
=2.0768 N/mm2
Axial compression

Applied compression stress sigca=F/A=30900/60750=0.50864 N/mm2
Bending stress
Applied bending stress sigma=Mz*(d/2)/Iz

=21.5E6*(450/2)/1.0252E9
=4.7188 N/mm2
Euler critical stress sige=PI^2*E/lambda^2
=3.1416^2*10379/34.641^2
=85.364 N/mm2
Bending stress modification fact bsmf=1-1.5*sigca*K12/sige
=1-1.5*0.50864*0.83282/85.364
=0.99256
Interaction factor factor=sigma/(sigmad*bsmf)+sigca
/sigcad
=4.7188/(11.115*0.99256)
+0.50864/8.1199
=0.49036
Interaction factor less than or equal to unity therefore OK.
Office: 1007
Shear stress
Shear stress (No notches) tora=3*V/(2*b*d)=3*25000/(2*135*450)

=0.61728 N/mm2
Since tora <= torad ( 0.61728 N/mm <=2.0768 N/mm2 ) shear stress
2
does not exceed permissible therefore OK.
Laminate Thickness 45 mm
DESIGN Number of laminates 10
SUMMARY Depth of section 450 mm
GRADE STRESSES
Bending 6.8 N/mm2
Compression // to grain 7.5 N/mm2
Shear 0.71 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity 9700 N/mm2
Moisture service class 1
Dry stresses are appropriate
Applied comprn stress 0.50864 N/mm2

Permiss comprn stress 8.1199 N/mm2
Applied bending stress 4.7188 N/mm2
Permiss bending stress 11.115 N/mm2
Applied shear stress 0.61728 N/mm2
Permiss shear stress 2.0768 N/mm2
No251
Office: 1007
Location: Glulam section with axial load & bending
Rectangular Glulam member

z

bending about yy axis.
y y h
Horizontal laminations.

tp Design is based on EC5.
z
b
Design BM about yy (+ve only) Md'=31.175 kNm

Design shear force in z direction Vd'=36.25 kN
Design axial load (+ve compress) Nd'=44.805 kN
Member under consideration is in compression.
Eff length for bending about yy ley'=4.5 m
Number of laminates in section np=10
Thickness of laminates in section tp=45 mm
Depth of section h=tp*np=45*10=450 mm
Eff length for bending about zz lez'=0 m
Glulam strength class GL36h
Section properties
Largest section dimension lardim=450 mm

Inertia about yy axis Iy=b*h^3/12=135*450^3/12
=1.0252E9 mm4
Inertia about zz axis Iz=h*b^3/12=450*135^3/12
=92.264E6 mm4
=129.9 mm
=38.971 mm
Slenderness

=34.641
Slenderness ratio about zz axis lambdz=Lez/iz=0/38.971=0
Controlling slenderness ratio lambda=lambdy=34.641
Office: 1007
Characteristic strength properties - to BS EN 1194:1999


Medium-term duration factor kmod=0.8
Depth factor (from Clause 3.3) kh=(600/h)^0.1=(600/450)^0.1
=1.0292
Member is in a load-sharing system as defined by Clause 6.6
For compression members the compressive strength needs to be be modified
by the following instability factors (EC5 Clause 6.3.2):
Relative slenderness ratio yy rsry=lambdy/PI*(fc0k/E005)^0.5
=34.641/3.1416*(31/11900)^0.5
=0.56279
Relative slenderness ratio zz rsrz=lambdz/PI*(fc0k/E005)^0.5
=0/3.1416*(31/11900)^0.5
=0
From expressions 6.27 and 6.28 of EC5,
Factor for yy axis ky=0.5*(1+0.1*(rsry-0.3)+rsry^2)
=0.5*(1+0.1*(0.56279-0.3)+0.56279^2)
=0.67151
Factor for zz axis kz=0.5*(1+0.1*(rsrz-0.3)+rsrz^2)
=0.5*(1+0.1*(0-0.3)+0^2)
=0.485
Instability factor kcy=1/(ky+(ky^2-rsry^2)^0.5)
=1/(0.67151+(0.67151^2
-0.56279^2)^0.5)
=0.96356
Instability factor kcz=1/(kz+(kz^2-rsrz^2)^0.5)
=1/(0.485+(0.485^2-0^2)^0.5)
=1.0309
Max instability factor kcz=1
Lateral stability factor - to EC5 Clause 6.3.3

Effective length about zz Le=3.6 m
=0.78*135^2*11900/(450*3.6*1000)
=104.42 N/mm2
=0.58716
Office: 1007
Design strengths

Design compression strength fc0d=ksys*kmod*fc0k/gamM
=1.2*0.8*31/1.25
=23.808 N/mm2
Design bending strength fmd=kh*ksys*kmod*fmk/gamM
=1.0292*1.2*0.8*36/1.25
=28.455 N/mm2
Design shear strength fvd=ksh*ksys*kmod*fvk/gamM
=0.67*1.2*0.8*4.3/1.25
=2.2126 N/mm2
Design axial compression

Design compression stress sc0d=Nd/A=44805/60750=0.73753 N/mm2
Design bending stress smd=Md*(h/2)/Iy

=31.175E6*(450/2)/1.0252E9
=6.8422 N/mm2
Column is non-stocky hence use EC5 Clause 6.3.2 & 6.3.3.
Interaction factor fact1=sc0d/(kcy*fc0d)+smd/fmd
=0.73753/(0.96356*23.808)
+6.8422/28.455
=0.27261
Interaction factor fact2=(smd/(kcrit*fmd))^2+sc0d/(kcz
*fc0d)
=(6.8422/(1*28.455))^2+0.73753
/(1*23.808)
=0.088799
Governing interaction factor factor=0.27261
Interaction equation is satisfied, therefore OK.
Design Shear strength
Shear stress (No notches) svd=Vd/(0.67*b*h)

=36250/(0.67*135*450)
=0.89061 N/mm2
Since svd <= fvd ( 0.89061 N/mm2 <=2.2126 N/mm2 ) design shear stress
does not exceed the design shear strength, therefore OK.
Office: 1007
Laminate thickness 45 mm
DESIGN Number of laminates 10
SUMMARY Depth of section 450 mm
CHARACTERISTIC GRADE STRENGTHS

Bending 36 N/mm2
Compression // to grain 31 N/mm2
Shear 4.3 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity 14700 N/mm2
Glulam strength class GL36h
Moisture service class 1
Dry stresses are appropriate
Design comprn stress 0.73753 N/mm2

Design comprn strength 23.808 N/mm2
Design shear stress 0.89061 N/mm2
No251
Biaxial bending of timber section Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Biaxial bending of timber section
Dead+imposed
Timber beam subject to

_ _ _ _ bi-axial bending to
/// ooo
BS5268-2:2002
L
Beam span L=2.2 m

Depth of section d=172 mm
Beam laterally restrained with support restraint as Table 19.
Loading

Theta is the angle between
Y X force W and axis Y-Y, and

also as shown in the diagram.

W Load W is applied vertically

and is to be resolved into

components in each of the axes

X-X and Y-Y.

Load W is applied in the

vertical direction only.

____ _)_theta__

Dead vertical load W Wvd=0.44 kN/m

Live vertical load W Wvl=0.44 kN/m
Total Vertical load W W=Wvd+Wvl=0.44+0.44=0.88 kN/m
Angle of X-X axis of rafter to horizontal theta=30 degrees
Force resolved along Y-Y axis Wx=W*COS(RAD(theta))
=0.88*COS(RAD(30))
=0.7621 kN/m
Force resolved along X-X axis Wy=W*SIN(RAD(theta))
=0.88*SIN(RAD(30))
=0.44 kN/m
Axial load (+ve Compress) Fa'=0 kN
Fa=0 N
Office: 1007
Section properties
Inertia about x-x axis Ix=b*d^3/12=63*172^3/12=26.714E6 mm4

Inertia about y-y axis Iy=d*b^3/12=172*63^3/12=3.584E6 mm4
Radius of gyration abt x-x axis ix=SQR(Ix/A)=SQR(26.714E6/10836)
=49.652 mm
Radius of gyration abt y-y axis iy=SQR(Iy/A)=SQR(3.584E6/10836)
=18.187 mm
Bending moments and reactions
Max span BM about X-X Mx=Wx*L^2/8=0.7621*2.2^2/8

=0.46107 kNm
Max span BM about Y-Y My=Wy*L^2/8=0.44*2.2^2/8
=0.2662 kNm
Max SF in direction of X-X axis Rx=Wx*L/2=0.7621*2.2/2=0.83831 kN
Max SF in direction of Y-Y axis Ry=Wy*L/2=0.44*2.2/2=0.484 kN
Design shear force Fve=SQR(Rx^2+Ry^2)
=SQR(0.83831^2+0.484^2)
=0.968 kN
Grade stresses

Compression to grain cperd=2.2 N/mm2
Duration of loading K3=1

For bending about X-X axis depth factor based on depth d
Depth factor Kx7=(300/d)^0.11=(300/172)^0.11
=1.0631
For bending about Y-Y axis depth factor based on width b
Depth factor Ky7=1.17
Permissible bending stress X-X xsigmad=K2ben*K3*Kx7*K8*bparg

=1*1*1.0631*1*5.8
=6.166 N/mm2
Permissible bending stress Y-Y ysigmad=K2ben*K3*Ky7*K8*bparg
=1*1*1.17*1*5.8
=6.786 N/mm2
Shear parallel to grain torad=K2shr*K3*K8*sparg=1*1*1*0.67
=0.67 N/mm2
Office: 1007
Bending
Applied bending stress about X-X sigmax=Mx*1E6*(d/2)/Ix

=0.46107*1E6*(172/2)/26.714E6
=1.4843 N/mm2
Applied bending stress about Y-Y sigmay=My*1E6*(b/2)/Iy
=0.2662*1E6*(63/2)/3.584E6
=2.3396 N/mm2
Factor due to bending about X-X factx=sigmax/xsigmad=1.4843/6.166
=0.24072
Factor due to bending about Y-Y facty=sigmay/ysigmad=2.3396/6.786
=0.34478
Interaction factor factor=factx+facty=0.24072+0.34478
=0.5855
Interaction factor less than or equal to unity therefore combined
stresses are satisfactory.
Check for deflection (including shear defln as reqd by Clause 2.10.7)
Deflection based on E =6000 N/mm2

Deflect about X-X axis without shear
Delx=5*Wx*L^4*1E12/384/E/Ix
=5*0.7621*2.2^4*1E12/384/6000/26.714E6
=1.4503 mm
Deflect about Y-Y axis without shear
Dely=5*Wy*L^4*1E12/384/E/Iy=5*0.44*2.2^4*1E12/384/6000/3.584E6
=6.2411 mm
Modulus of rigidity G=E/16=6000/16=375 N/mm2
Shape factor for rect section KF=1.2
Shear area for beam Ay=d*b/KF=172*63/1.2=9030 mm2
Add X-X deflect due to shear dsux=Wx*L^2*10^6/(8*Ay*G)
=0.7621*2.2^2*10^6/(8*9030*375)
=0.13616 mm
Add Y-Y deflect due to shear dsuy=Wy*L^2*10^6/(8*Ay*G)
=0.44*2.2^2*10^6/(8*9030*375)
=0.078612 mm
Total deflection about X-X Defx=Delx+dsux=1.4503+0.13616
=1.5864 mm
Total deflection about Y-Y Defy=Dely+dsuy=6.2411+0.078612
=6.3197 mm
Resultant deflection DEL=SQR(Defx^2+Defy^2)
=SQR(1.5864^2+6.3197^2)
=6.5158
Limiting deflection DELlim=0.003*L*10^3=0.003*2.2*10^3
=6.6 mm
Since DEL DELlim ( 6.5158 mm 6.6 mm ), deflection OK.
Shear and bearing
Shear stress (no notches) tora=Fve*1E3/(0.67*b*d)

=0.968*1E3/(0.67*63*172)
=0.13333 N/mm2
As tora torad ( 0.13333 N/mm2 0.67 N/mm2 ), shear stress
does not exceed permissible.
Length of bearing lb=100 mm
From BS5268-2 Table 18, bearing is < 75 mm from joist end.
Office: 1007
Bearing Modification factor K4=1.0
Member assumed to have support over the full depth 'd' and width 'b'.
Bearing stress from load Wx sigba1=Rx*1000/(lb*b)
=0.83831*1000/(100*63)
=0.13307 N/mm2
Bearing stress from load Wy sigba2=Ry*1000/(lb*d)
=0.484*1000/(100*172)
=0.02814 N/mm2
Compress to grain (no wane) sigbad=K2per*K3*K4*K8*cperd
=1*1*1*1*2.2
=2.2 N/mm2
As sigba1 sigbad ( 0.13307 N/mm2 2.2 N/mm2 ), bearing
stress does not exceed permissible from load Wx.
As sigba2 sigbad ( 0.02814 N/mm2 2.2 N/mm2 ), bearing
stress does not exceed permissible from load Wy.
Member: 172 mm x 63 mm
Bending stress X-X 1.4843 N/mm2
Bending stress Y-Y 2.3396 N/mm2
Permiss bending X-X 6.166 N/mm2
Permiss bending Y-Y 6.786 N/mm2
DESIGN Deflection 6.5158 mm
SUMMARY Limiting deflection 6.6 mm
Shear stress 0.13333 N/mm2
Permissible shear 0.67 N/mm2
Wx Bearing stress 0.13307 N/mm2
Wy Bearing stress 0.02814 N/mm2
Permissible bearing 2.2 N/mm2
No253
Office: 1007
Location: Biaxial bending of timber section
Dead+imposed
Timber beam subject to

_ _ _ _ bi-axial bending to EC5
/// ooo
Beam span L=2.2 m

Depth of section h=172 mm
Bearing length lb=100 mm
Beam laterally restrained with support restraint.
Partial safety factors
Permanent actions factor gamG=1.35

Variable actions factor gamQ=1.5
Ultimate loads
z y

GkQk Loads Gk and Qk are to be

resolved into yy and zz

components.

____ _)_theta__

Permanent load Gk=0.44 kN/m

Variable load Qk=0.44 kN/m
Design vertical load Fv=Gk*gamG+Qk*gamQ=0.44*1.35+0.44*1.5
=1.254 kN/m
Angle of yy axis to horizontal theta=30 degrees
Design load (bending about yy) Fyd=Fv*COS(RAD(theta))
=1.254*COS(RAD(30))
=1.086 kN/m
Design load (bending about zz) Fzd=Fv*SIN(RAD(theta))
=1.254*SIN(RAD(30))
=0.627 kN/m
Permanent axial load (+ve Comp) Nper=0 kN
Variable axial load (+ve Comp) Nvar=0 kN
Office: 1007
Design axial load (+ve Comp) Nd'=Nper*gamG+Nvar*gamQ=0*1.35+0*1.5
=0 kN
Nd= Nd'*1000= 0*1000=0 N
Section properties
Inertia about yy axis Iy=b*h^3/12=63*172^3/12=26.714E6 mm4

Inertia about zz axis Iz=h*b^3/12=172*63^3/12=3.584E6 mm4
Radius of gyration yy axis iy=SQR(Iy/A)=SQR(26.714E6/10836)
=49.652 mm
Radius of gyration zz axis iz=SQR(Iz/A)=SQR(3.584E6/10836)
=18.187 mm
Ultimate bending moments and reactions
Design bending moment about yy Myd=Fyd*L^2/8=1.086*2.2^2/8

=0.65703 kNm
Design bending moment about zz Mzd=Fzd*L^2/8=0.627*2.2^2/8
=0.37934 kNm
Max SF in direction of yy axis Vyd=Fyd*L/2=1.086*2.2/2=1.1946 kN
Max SF in direction of zz axis Vzd=Fzd*L/2=0.627*2.2/2=0.6897 kN
Design shear force (resultant) Vrd=SQR(Vyd^2+Vzd^2)
=SQR(1.1946^2+0.6897^2)
=1.3794 kN
Characteristic strength properties - Table 1 BS EN 338:2009(E)

Compression to grain fc90k=2.2 N/mm2
Permanent duration factor kmod=0.6

Bearing modification factor kc90=1.5
Creep deformation factor kdef=0.6
For bending about yy axis the depth factor will be based on depth h.
Depth factor (from Clause 3.3) kyh=1.0
For bending about zz axis the depth factor will be based on width b.
Depth factor (from Clause 3.2) kzh=(150/b)^0.2=(150/63)^0.2
=1.1895
Office: 1007
Lateral stability factor - as per EC5:Part 1-1, Clause 6.3.3

Effective length about zz Le=1.76 m
=0.78*63^2*6000/(172*1.76*1000)
=61.36 N/mm2
=0.54162
Design strengths
Design bending strength yy fmyd=kyh*ksys*fmk*kmod/gamM

=1*1*18*0.6/1.3
=8.3077 N/mm2
Design bending strength zz fmzd=kzh*ksys*fmk*kmod/gamM
=1.1895*1*18*0.6/1.3
=9.8817 N/mm2
Design shear strength // to grain,
fvd=ksh*ksys*fvk*kmod/gamM
=0.67*1*3.4*0.6/1.3
=1.0514 N/mm2
Design bending stress about yy smyd=Myd*1E6*(h/2)/Iy

=0.65703*1E6*(172/2)/26.714E6
=2.1151 N/mm2
Design bending stress about zz smzd=Mzd*1E6*(b/2)/Iz
=0.37934*1E6*(63/2)/3.584E6
=3.334 N/mm2
Factor due to bending about yy facty=smyd/fmyd=2.1151/8.3077

=0.2546
Factor due to bending about zz factz=smzd/fmzd=3.334/9.8817
=0.33739
Interaction factor fact1=0.7*facty+factz
=0.7*0.2546+0.33739
=0.51561
Interaction factor fact2=facty+0.7*factz
=0.2546+0.7*0.33739
=0.49077
Interaction factor factor=fact1=0.51561
Interaction factor less than or equal to unity therefore combined
stresses are satisfactory.
Check for deflection (shear and creep effects considered)
Total Vertical load F=Gk*(1+kdef)+Qk*(1+0.3*kdef)

=0.44*(1+0.6)+0.44*(1+0.3*0.6)
=1.2232 kN/m
Office: 1007
Force resolved along zz axis Fy=F*COS(RAD(theta))
=1.2232*COS(RAD(30))
=1.0593 kN/m
Force resolved along yy axis Fz=F*SIN(RAD(theta))
=1.2232*SIN(RAD(30))
=0.6116 kN/m
Deflection about yy axis without shear but including creep effects;
Dely=5*Fy*L^4*1E12/384/E0mean/Iy
=5*1.0593*2.2^4*1E12/384/9000/26.714E6
=1.3439 mm
Deflection about zz axis without shear but including creep effects;
Delz=5*Fz*L^4*1E12/384/E0mean/Iz
=5*0.6116*2.2^4*1E12/384/9000/3.584E6
=5.7834 mm
Mean value of shear modulus Gmean=E0mean/16=9000/16=562.5 N/mm2
Shape factor for rect section KF=1.2
Shear area for beam Az=h*b/KF=172*63/1.2=9030 mm2
Actual deflection including shear and creep effects
Add yy deflect due to shear dsuy=Fy*L^2*10^6/(8*Az*Gmean)
=1.0593*2.2^2*10^6/(8*9030*562.5)
=0.12617 mm
Add zz deflect due to shear dsuz=Fz*L^2*10^6/(8*Az*Gmean)
=0.6116*2.2^2*10^6/(8*9030*562.5)
=0.072847 mm
Total deflection about yy Defy=Dely+dsuy=1.3439+0.12617
=1.4701 mm
Total deflection about zz Defz=Delz+dsuz=5.7834+0.072847
=5.8563 mm
Resultant deflection DEL=SQR(Defy^2+Defz^2)
=SQR(1.4701^2+5.8563^2)
=6.038
Limiting deflection DELlim=L/250*10^3=2.2/250*10^3
=8.8 mm
Since DEL DELlim ( 6.038 mm 8.8 mm ), deflection OK.
Design Shear and bearing strengths
Design shear stress (no notches) svd=Vrd*1E3/(0.67*b*h)

=1.3794*1E3/(0.67*63*172)
=0.19 N/mm2
Since svd fvd ( 0.19 N/mm2 1.0514 N/mm2 ), shear stress
does not exceed the design shear strength.
Member assumed to have support over the full depth 'h' and width 'b'.
Design bearing stress from Fyd sc90d1=Vyd*1000/(lb*b)
=1.1946*1000/(100*63)
=0.18962 N/mm2
Design bearing stress from Fzd sc90d2=Vzd*1000/(lb*h)
=0.6897*1000/(100*172)
=0.040099 N/mm2
Design bearing strength fc90d=kc90*ksys*fc90k=1.5*1*2.2
=3.3 N/mm2
As sc90d1 fc90d ( 0.18962 N/mm 3.3 N/mm2 ), design bearing
2
stress is within the design strength from load Fyd.

As sc90d2 fc90d ( 0.040099 N/mm2 3.3 N/mm2 ), design bearing
stress is within the design strength from load Fzd.
Office: 1007
Member: 172 mm x 63 mm
Bending stress yy 2.1151 N/mm2
Bending stress zz 3.334 N/mm2
Design bending strength yy 8.3077 N/mm2
Design bending strength zz 9.8817 N/mm2
Deflection 6.038 mm
DESIGN Limiting deflection 8.8 mm
SUMMARY Shear stress 0.19 N/mm2
Fyd Bearing stress 0.18962 N/mm2
Fzd Bearing stress 0.040099 N/mm2
Design bearing strength 3.3 N/mm2
No253
Bolted joint Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Bolt design
Bolted joint comprising 2 members with bolts in single shear
Axial load to be carried by joint F=4.55 kN

F (2) : (1) F

ELEVATION In line connection
alp1'= 0 & alp2'= 0
(1) t1 (1) = member 1
(2) = member 2

t2 (2)
PLAN
Member 1:
Thickness of thinner member t1=47 mm
Timber characteristic density pk1=350 kg/m3
Angle between grain and load alp1'=0 degrees
alp1=RAD(alp1')=0 radians
Member:2
Thickness of other member t2=47 mm
Joint to be connected by bolts K2b=1.33
Fixing diameter ( 8 to 36 mm) bd=16 mm
Bolts should comply with BS EN 20898-2 and washers with BS4320. Bolts
to have a minimum tensile strength of 400N/mm2. Bolt holes should be
drilled to as near as practicable to 16 mm diameter, but in no case
should bolt holes exceed 18 mm diameter.
Nominal diameter of washer 48 mm
Nominal washer thickness 4 mm
Bolts should protrude one complete thread from the nut.
Bolt shear capacities
Basic loads in kN will be derived from formula given in Annex G.3

Constant Kd=1
Load duration for bolt/dowel connection = Medium term.
Fixing spacing parallel to the grain alphapar=64 mm
K90 factor K90=1.35+0.015*bd=1.35+0.015*16
=1.59
Embedded strength for timber 1
K factor for timber 1 Ka=0.75593
Embedding strength fhod=0.050*(1-0.01*bd)*pk1*Ka
=0.050*(1-0.01*16)*350*0.75593
=11.112
Embedding strength (Timb 1) fhd1=fhod/((K90*SIN(alp1)^2)+COS(alp1)^2)
=11.112/((1.59*SIN(0)^2)+COS(0)^2)
=11.112
Office: 1007
Embedded strength for timber 2
K factor for timber 2 Ka=0.75593
Embedding strength fhod=0.050*(1-0.01*bd)*pk2*Ka
=0.050*(1-0.01*16)*350*0.75593
=11.112
Embedding strength (Timb 2) fhd2=fhod/((K90*SIN(alp2)^2)+COS(alp2)^2)
=11.112/((1.59*SIN(0)^2)+COS(0)^2)
=11.112
Factor beta=fhd2/fhd1=11.112/11.112
=1
Equations G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6
8356.4 8356.4 4603.5 6628.7 6628.7 9197.5
Minimum value of equations G1 to G6 Gmin=4603.5
Basic bolt shear capacity basic=1*Gmin/(Fd*Kd)

=1*4603.5/(1400*1)
=3.2882 kN
Mod factor for moisture content K56=1
Mod factor for number of bolts K57=1
Permissible bolt load pbl=basic*K56*K57=3.2882*1*1

=3.2882 kN
Number of bolts required n=INT(F/pbl)+1=INT(4.55/3.2882)+1
=2
Minimum bolt/dowel spacing
The fixing spacing in the direction of load should be not less than
64 mm. For loading parallel to the grain, the spacing across the
grain between fixings or rows of fixings should be not less than
64 mm.
For loading perpendicular to the grain, the spacing parallel to the

grain between fixings or rows of fixings should be not less than
79 mm.
When two timber members are fixed together at right-angles to each

other, the minimum bolt/dowel spacing should be 80 mm.
The distance from the end of the timber to the centre of the nearest
bolt/dowel hole for parallel to the grain loading should be not less
than 64 mm where the bolts/dowels are bearing away from the end of
the member, or 112 mm where bolts/dowels are bearing towards the
end of the member.
The distance from the edge of the timber to the centre of the nearest
bolt/dowel hole should be not less than 24 mm except when
loading is perpendicular to the grain and then the distance from the
edge of the timber towards which the fixings are bearing and the
centre of the nearest fixing hole, should be not less than 64 mm.
Office: 1007
DESIGN Axial load to be carried by joint 4.55 kN

SUMMARY Permissible load on each bolt 3.2882 kN
Number of bolts required per joint 2
Load capacity of the joint 6.5765 kN
No273
Office: 1007
Location: Bolt design
Joint comprising 2 members (fasteners in single shear)
Design axial load at joint Fd'=5.8 kN

Fd' (2) : (1) Fd'

ELEVATION In line connection

(1) t1 alp1'= 0 & alp2'=0
(1) = member 1
(2) = member 2
t2 (2)
PLAN
Member 1:
Thickness of thinner member t1=47 mm
Member 2:
Thickness of other member t2=47 mm
Bolt/dowel diameter (8 to 30 mm) bd=16 mm
Fasteners should comply with BS EN 20898-2 and have a minimum tensile
strength of 400 N/mm2 as per EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.1 (i.e. class 4.6).
Bolt holes should be drilled to as near as practicable to 16 mm
diameter, but in no case should bolt holes exceed 17 mm diameter.
Dowel pre-bored holes in timber members should have 16 mm diameter.
Minimum diameter of bolt washer 48 mm
Minimum washer thickness 4.8 mm
Bolts should protrude one complete thread from the nut. Washers should
always be fitted beneath the bolt head and the nut (EC5 10.4.3(2)).
Fastener shear capacities

Long-term duration factor kmod=0.7
Basic loads are in kN and will be derived from EC5 Section 8.
Charact fastener yield moment MyRk=0.3*400*bd^2.6=0.3*400*16^2.6
=162141 Nmm
K90 factor K90=1.35+0.015*bd=1.35+0.015*16
=1.59
Timber 1 Embedded strength:
Charact embedment strength fhok1=0.082*(1-0.01*bd)*pk1
=0.082*(1-0.01*16)*350
=24.108 N/mm2
Office: 1007
Denominator (expression 8.31) denom1=((K90*SIN(alp1)^2)+COS(alp1)^2)
=((1.59*SIN(0)^2)+COS(0)^2)
=1
Embedment strength (Timber 1) fh1k=fhok1/denom1=24.108/1
=24.108 N/mm2
Timber 2 Embedded strength:
Charact embedment strength fhok2=0.082*(1-0.01*bd)*pk1
=0.082*(1-0.01*16)*350
=24.108 N/mm2
Denominator (expression 8.31) denom2=((K90*SIN(alp2)^2)+COS(alp2)^2)
=((1.59*SIN(0)^2)+COS(0)^2)
=1
Embedment strength (Timber 2) fh2k=fhok2/denom2=24.108/1
=24.108 N/mm2
Factor beta=fh2k/fh1k=24.108/24.108
=1
Equations a b c d e f
18129 18129 7509.4 9560.3 9560.3 12862
Min value of equations (a)-(f) Gmin=7509.4
Char fastener shear resistance basic=Gmin/1000=7509.4/1000
=7.5094 kN
Material factor for connections gamM=1.3

Design resistance per fastener pbl=kmod*basic/gamM=0.7*7.5094/1.3
=4.0435 kN
Number of fasteners required n=INT(Fd'/pbl)+1=INT(5.8/4.0435)+1
=2
As fasteners will be positioned in one or more rows parallel to the
grain direction, the load carrying capacity parallel to the grain
should be calculated using the effective number of fasteners as per
EC5 expression 8.34.
Total No of fasteners at joint n=2
Number of fasteners per row nfpr=2
Lines of fasteners to be adopted rpl=1
Spacing between fasteners a1=80 mm
Effect No of fasteners per row nef=nfpr^0.9*(a1/(13*bd))^0.25
=2^0.9*(80/(13*16))^0.25
=1.4695
The effective lateral load design capacity of the connection parallel
to the grain is given by the following expression:
Effective joint design capacity Fvef=rpl*nef*pbl=1*1.4695*4.0435
=5.9421 kN
Since Fd' < n*pbl ( 5.8 < 8.087 ) the design axial load at
the joint is less than the joint design resistance, hence OK.
Minimum bolt spacings
Minimum values of spacing and edge/end distances for bolts in

accordance with EC5 Table 8.4. Refer to EC5 Figure 8.7 for key
to symbols used below.
Angle alpha alpha=0 radians
Spacing parallel to grain a1=(4+COS(alpha))*bd=(4+COS(0))*16
=80 mm
Spacing perpendicular to grain a2=4*bd=4*16=64 mm
End distance (loaded end) a3t=7*bd=7*16=112 mm
Office: 1007
End distance (unloaded end) a3c=4*bd=4*16=64 mm
Edge distance (loaded edge) a4t=3*bd=3*16=48 mm
Edge distance (unloaded edge) a4c=3*bd=3*16=48 mm
DESIGN Design axial load at joint 5.8 kN

SUMMARY Number of fasteners per joint 2
Effective joint design capacity 5.9421 kN
No273
Steel design to BS5950-1:2000 and Eurocode 3 Made by: IFB
I beam section design Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Ex1 - 'Steelwork Design Guide' Example 4
y
I section beam

with BS5950-1:2000.
z z D
>t< All loads and moments are
factored.
T

y
Design moment about z-z axis Mz=282 kNm

Design shear force Fv=152 kN
Design axial load (+ve comp) F=0 kN
Length of member L=9 m
Steel section properties
457 x 152 x 52 UB.

Dimensions (mm): D=449.8 B=152.4 t=7.6 T=10.9 r=10.2
Properties (cm): Iz=21400 Iy=645 Sz=1100 Sy=133 J=21.4
A=66.6 ry=3.112
Strength of steel - Clause 3.1.1
The material thickness is 10.9 mm and the steel grade is S 275.

Young's Modulus E=205 kN/mm2
Classification - Clause 3.5.2
Classify outstand element of compression flange:

Parameter (Table 11 Note b) e=(275/py)^0.5=(275/275)^0.5
=1
Outstand b=B/2=152.4/2=76.2 mm
Ratio b'T=b/T=76.2/10.9=6.9908
As b/T <= 9e ( 9 ), outstand element of compression
flange is classified as Class 1 plastic.
Classify web of section:
Depth between fillets d=D-2*(T+r)=449.8-2*(10.9+10.2)
=407.6 mm
Ratio d't=d/t=407.6/7.6=53.632
For sections with neutral axis at mid-depth
As d/t <= 80e ( 80 ), web is classified as Class 1 plastic.
Shear buckling
Since d/t < 70e no check for shear buckling is required.

Office: 1007
Shear capacity - Clause 4.2.3
Shear area Av=t*D=7.6*449.8=3418.5 mm2

Shear capacity Pv=0.6*py*Av/10^3=0.6*275*3418.5/10^3
=564.05 kN
Since Fv <= Pv ( 152 kN <=564.05 kN ) applied shear force
within the shear capacity.
Moment capacity - Clause 4.2.5
Elastic modulus Zz=Iz/(D/20)=21400/(449.8/20)

=951.53 cm3
Since Fv < 0.6 Pv
Moment capacity for compact sec Mc=py*Sz/10^3=275*1100/10^3
=302.5 kNm
Since Mz <= Mc ( 282 kNm <=302.5 kNm ) applied moment within
the moment capacity.
Restraint assumptions
As the member is not provided with full lateral restraint its

resistance to lateral-torsional buckling must be checked
The member is provided with intermediate restraints to each flange
and will be checked using the procedure of Clause 4.3.5.2
Resistance to lateral-torsional buckling - Section 4.3
Effective length - Clause 4.3.5.2
In considering lateral torsional buckling the effective length, Le,

for the minor axis of the member is taken as follows:
Length between restraints LT=3 m
Compression flange laterally restrained.
Nominal torsional restraint about longitudinal axis.
Both flanges fully restrained against rotation on plan.
Normal loading conditions therefore
Effective length (Table 13) Le=0.7*LT=0.7*3=2.1 m
Lateral torsional resistance moment - Clause 4.3.6
Slenderness of section lambda=Le*100/ry=2.1*100/3.112

=67.48
Buckling parameter u=(4*Sz^2*(1-Iy/Iz)/(A^2*((D-T)
/10)^2))^0.25
=(4*1100^2*(1-645/21400)/(66.6^2
*((449.8-10.9)/10)^2))^0.25
=0.86093
Torsional index x=0.566*((D-T)/10)*(A/J)^0.5
=0.566*((449.8-10.9)/10)*(66.6
/21.4)^0.5
=43.824
Ratio ratio=lambda/x=67.48/43.824
=1.5398
Slenderness factor v=1/((1+0.05*ratio^2)^0.25)
=1/((1+0.05*1.5398^2)^0.25)
=0.97238
Office: 1007
Ratio w betaw=1.0
Equivalent slenderness lamLT=u*v*lambda*(betaw)^0.5
=0.86093*0.97238*67.48*(1)^0.5
=56.491
Limiting slenderness lamlo=0.4*((PI^2*E*10^3)/py)^0.5
=0.4*((3.1416^2*205*10^3)
/275)^0.5
=34.31
Perry coefficient etaLT=0.007*(lamLT-lamlo)
=0.007*(56.491-34.31)
=0.15527
Elastic strength pe=PI^2*E*10^3/(lamLT^2)
=3.1416^2*205*10^3/(56.491^2)
=634 N/mm2
Factor phiLT=(py+(etaLT+1)*pe)/2
=(275+(0.15527+1)*634)/2
=503.72 N/mm2
Factor pey=pe*py=634*275=174351
Bending strength pb=(pey)/(phiLT+((phiLT^2-pey)^0.5))
=(174351)/(503.72+((503.72^2
-174351)^0.5))
=221.97 N/mm2
Buckling resistance moment Mb=Sz*pb/10^3=1100*221.97/10^3
=244.17 kNm
Clause 4.3.6.6 and Table 18
The member is not loaded between restraints.

Maximum moment on segment MLT=282 kNm
Far end BM betaM=-158 kNm
Table 18 beta factor beta=betaM/MLT=-158/282=-0.56028
Equivalent uniform moment factor mLT=TABLE 18 for beta=-0.56028
=0.44
Since Mz <= Mb/mLT ( 282 kNm <=554.92 kNm ) section O.K. for
lateral torsional buckling resistance.
UNIVERSAL BEAM 457 x 152 x 52 UKB Grade S 275

SECTION Section is satisfactory for axial,
SUMMARY bending, shear, and local capacity,
and overall buckling checks.
Factored shear force 152 kN
DESIGN Shear capacity 564.05 kN
SUMMARY Factored moment 282 kNm
Moment capacity 302.5 kNm
Buckling resistance 244.17 kNm
Moment factor mLT 0.44
Resistance (Mb/mLT) 554.92 kNm
No410
Office: 1007
Location: Example 12 Steel Building Design
z
Open Section Beam

y y h with BS EN 1993-1-1:2005.
tw Internal forces and moments
tf have been determined by
elastic global analysis.
z
All forces and moments are
b factored.
Design moment about major axis MyEd=146 kNm

Design shear force VzEd=46 kN
Design axial load (+ve comp) NEd=1100 kN
NOTE: The steel beam design axial load is compressive.
457 x 191 x 67 UKB

Dimensions (mm): h=453.4 b=189.9 tw=8.5 tf=12.7 r=10.2
Properties (cm): Iy=29400 Iz=1450 Wply=1470 Wplz=237 It=37.1
A=85.5 iy=18.543 iz=4.1181
Strength of steel - Table 3.1 (amended by N.A.)
The material thickness is 12.7 mm and steel grade is S 355.

Yield strength fy=355 N/mm2
Ultimate strength fu=470 N/mm2
Young's modulus E=210000 N/mm2
Section Classification

Parameter (Table 5) e=(235/fy)^0.5=(235/355)^0.5
=0.81362
Outstand c=(b-tw-2*r)/2=(189.9-8.5-2*10.2)/2
=80.5 mm
Ratio c't=c/tf=80.5/12.7=6.3386
As c/tf <= 9e ( 7.3225 ), outstand element of compression
Classify web element of section:
Depth between fillets d=h-2*(tf+r)=453.4-2*(12.7+10.2)
=407.6 mm
Ratio c'tw=d/tw=407.6/8.5=47.953
Ratio ad=0.5*(1+NEd*10^3/(fy*tw*d))
=0.5*(1+1100*10^3/(355*8.5*407.6))
=0.94718
Office: 1007
Factor psic=2*NEd*10/(A*fy)-1
=2*1100*10/(85.5*355)-1
=-0.27518
Limiting ratio c't3=42*e/(0.67+0.33*psic)
=42*0.81362/(0.67+0.33*-0.27518)
=59
Web is semi-compact.
Moment resistance - Clause 6.2.5
Elastic modulus about y-y axis Wely=Iy/(h/20)=29400/(453.4/20)

=1296.9 cm3
Moment resistance McRd=Wely*fy/10^3=1296.9*355/10^3
=460.39 kNm
Unity factor unity=MyEd/McRd=146/460.39
=0.31712
Section chosen is considered suitable.
Shear plastic resistance - Clause 6.2.6
In the absence of torsion the shear plastic resistance depends on:

Shear area Avz=A*100-2*b*tf+(tw+2*r)*tf
=85.5*100-2*189.9*12.7+(8.5+2
*10.2)*12.7
=4093.6 mm2
Shear plastic resistance VplRd=Avz*fy/SQR(3)/1000
=4093.6*355/SQR(3)/1000
=839.02 kN
Unity factor Unity=VzEd/VplRd=46/839.02
=0.054826
Note: No M-V interaction has to be considered as actual shear force

is less than 0.5VplRd ( 46 kN < 419.51 kN )
Shear buckling - Clause 6.2.6(6)
Depth between the flanges hw=h-2*tf=453.4-2*12.7=428 mm

Buckling ratio hw't=hw/tw=428/8.5=50.353
Since hw/tw < 72e ( 58.58 ), no check for shear buckling is required.
Bending and axial force - Clause 6.2.9
Design axial resistance NRd=A*fy/10=85.5*355/10=3035.3 kN

Maximum longitudinal stress sigmax=MyEd*10^3/Wely+NEd*10/A
=146*10^3/1296.9+1100*10/85.5
=241.23 N/mm2
Section is suitable for the combination of bending and axial force.
Effective lengths for compressive resistance
Length between restraints (y-y) Ly=6 m (major axis bending)

Length between restraints (z-z) Lz=3 m (minor axis bending)
Effective length about y-y axis Lcry=1.0*Ly*1000=1.0*6*1000
=6000 mm
Office: 1007
Effective length about z-z axis Lcrz=1.0*Lz*1000=1.0*3*1000
=3000 mm
Elastic critical force
Buckling force about y-y axis Ncry=PI^2*E*Iy*10^7/(Lcry*10^3)^2

=3.1416^2*210000*29400*10^7
/(6000*10^3)^2
=16926 kN
Buckling force about z-z axis Ncrz=PI^2*E*Iz*10^7/(Lcrz*10^3)^2
=3.1416^2*210000*1450*10^7/(3000
*10^3)^2
=3339.2 kN
Non-dimensional slenderness
Slenderness about y-y axis lamy=SQR(A*10^2*fy/(Ncry*10^3))

=SQR(85.5*10^2*355/(16926*10^3))
=0.42346
Slenderness about z-z axis lamz=SQR(A*10^2*fy/(Ncrz*10^3))
=SQR(85.5*10^2*355/(3339.2*10^3))
=0.9534
Reduction factor
For buckling about y-y axis
Imperfection factor alpha=0.21 (curve a)

Factor phiy=0.5*(1+alpha*(lamy-0.2)+lamy^2)
=0.5*(1+0.21*(0.42346-0.2)
+0.42346^2)
=0.61312
Reduction factor y-y axis chiy=1/(phiy+SQR(phiy^2-lamy^2))
=1/(0.61312+SQR(0.61312^2
-0.42346^2))
=0.9465
For buckling about z-z axis
Imperfection factor alpha=0.34 (curve b)

Factor phiz=0.5*(1+alpha*(lamz-0.2)+lamz^2)
=0.5*(1+0.34*(0.9534-0.2)
+0.9534^2)
=1.0826
Reduction factor z-z axis chiz=1/(phiz+SQR(phiz^2-lamz^2))
=1/(1.0826+SQR(1.0826^2-0.9534^2))
=0.62681
Reduction factor chi=0.62681
Design buckling resistance of compression member
Design buckling resistance NbRd=chi*A*fy/10=0.62681*85.5*355/10

=1902.5 kN
Unity factor unity=NEd/NbRd=1100/1902.5
=0.57818
Section chosen is suitable.
Office: 1007
Lateral torsional buckling
Effective length parameter K=1

Length for LTB LT=3 m
Shear modulus G=80770 N/mm2
Warping constant Iw=Iz/4*((h-tf)/10)^2
=1450/4*((453.4-12.7)/10)^2
=704035 cm6
Terms for Critical moment Mcr:
Euler term Et=PI^2*E*Iz/((K*LT)^2*100)
=3.1416^2*210000*1450/((1*3)^2*100)
=3.3392E6 N
Load to shear centre distance zg=h/2=453.4/2=226.7 mm
Shear modulus term Gt=(K*LT)^2*G*It/(PI^2*E*Iz)*10^6
=(1*3)^2*80770*37.1/(3.1416^2
*210000*1450)*10^6
=8973.9 mm2
Square root term Sr=(K^2*Iw*100/Iz+Gt)^0.5
=(1^2*704035*100/1450+8973.9)^0.5
=239.85 mm
Maximum moment on section M=146 kNm
Far end moment psiM=0 kNm
Factor psi=psiM/M=0/146=0
Coefficient C1 C1=TABLE 3.1 for psi=0
=1.77
Factor kc=1/(1.33-0.33*psi)=1/(1.33-0.33*0)
=0.75188
Critical moment Mcr=C1*Et*Sr/10^6
=1.77*3.3392E6*239.85/10^6
=1417.6 kNm
Non-dimensional slenderness lamLT=(Wely*fy/(Mcr*10^3))^0.5
=(1296.9*355/(1417.6*10^3))^0.5
=0.56988
Limiting slenderness value lamLT0=0.4
As MyEd/Mcr 0.16 ( 0.10299 0.16 )
Lateral torsional buckling effects are ignored.
Modification factor ChiLT=1.0
Design buckling resistance moment MybRd=ChiLT*Wely*fy/10^3
=1*1296.9*355/10^3
=460.39 kNm
Coefficients C and interaction factors k
Factor Cmy
Member under consideration is loaded between lateral restraints.

Maximum end moment Mh(1)=0 kNm
Maximum span moment Ms(1)=146 kNm
End moment pMh(1)=0 kNm
Factor ah=Mh(i)/Ms(i)=0/146=0
Factor psi=1
Equivalent uniform moment factor Cm=0.9+0.1*ah=0.9+0.1*0=0.9
Equivalent uniform moment factor Cmy=Cm=0.9
Office: 1007
Factor CmLT

Maximum span moment Ms(2)=79 kNm
End moment pMh(2)=0 kNm
Factor as=Ms(i)/Mh(i)=79/146=0.5411
Factor psi=pMh(i)/Mh(i)=0/146=0
Equivalent uniform moment factor Cm=0.2+0.8*as=0.2+0.8*0.5411
=0.63288
Equivalent uniform moment factor CmLT=Cm=0.63288
Interaction factors kij
Interaction factor kyy1=Cmy*(1+0.6*lamy*NEd/(chiy*NRd))

=0.9*(1+0.6*0.42346*1100/(0.9465
*3035.3))
=0.98756
Interaction factor kyy2=Cmy*(1+0.6*NEd/(chiy*NRd))
=0.9*(1+0.6*1100/(0.9465*3035.3))
=1.1068
Interaction factor kyy=0.98756
Term for factor Nr=NEd/(chiz*NRd)
=1100/(0.62681*3035.3)
=0.57818
Interaction factor kzy1=1-0.05*lamz/(CmLT-0.25)*Nr
=1-0.05*0.9534/(0.63288-0.25)
*0.57818
=0.92801
Interaction factor kzy2=1-0.05/(CmLT-0.25)*Nr
=1-0.05/(0.63288-0.25)*0.57818
=0.9245
Interaction factor kzy=0.92801
Interaction equations
NEd MyEd
+ kyy 1
y.NRd LT.McRd
compute comp1=kyy*MyEd/(ChiLT*McRd)
=0.98756*146/(1*460.39)
=0.31318
Unity factor Unity1=NEd/(chiy*NRd)+comp1
=1100/(0.9465*3035.3)+0.31318
=0.69607
NEd MyEd
+ kzy 1
z.NRd LT.McRd
compute comp2=kzy*MyEd/(ChiLT*McRd)
=0.92801*146/(1*460.39)
=0.2943
Office: 1007
Unity factor Unity2=NEd/(chiz*NRd)+comp2
=1100/(0.62681*3035.3)+0.2943
=0.87247
SECTION 457 x 191 x 67 UKB Grade S 355

DESIGN Design compression load 1100 kN
SUMMARY Axial resistance 3035.3 kN
Buckling resistance 1902.5 kN
Design BM y-y axis 146 kNm
Moment resistance (y-y) 460.39 kNm
Interaction factors 0.69607 1
0.87247 1
No410
Portal frame rafter design Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Example 13, 'Steelwork Design Guide'
y

Rafter stability
a'
Calculations in accordance with
z z D BS5950-1 : 2000 Clause 5.3 and
Annex G - Members with one flange
>t< laterally restrained. All loads
and moments are factored.
T
y
B
Uniform section of rafter
Design moment about z-z axis Mz=283.8 kNm

Design axial load (+ve comp) F=92.615 kN
Length of member L=12.145 m
Section properties
406 x 178 x 60 UB.

Properties (cm): Iz=21600 Iy=1200 Sz=1200 Sy=209 J=33.3
A=76.5 rz=16.803 ry=3.9606


=1
Outstand b=B/2=177.9/2=88.95 mm
Ratio b'T=b/T=88.95/12.8=6.9492
As b/T <= 9e ( 9 ), outstand element of compression
=360.4 mm
Ratio d't=d/t=360.4/7.9=45.62
Stress ratios for use with Table 11 limiting values defined in 3.5.4
Ratio r1=F*10^3/(d*t*py)
=92.615*10^3/(360.4*7.9*275)
=0.11829
Office: 1007
Limiting value for Class 1 d'tl1=80*e/(1+r1)=80*1/(1+0.11829)
=71.538
As d/t <= d'tl1, web is classified as Class 1 plastic.
Shear buckling

=529.74 kN
Since Fv <= Pv ( 150 kN <=529.74 kN ) applied shear force
Elastic modulus Z=Iz/(D/20)=21600/(406.4/20)

=1063 cm3
Since Fv < 0.6 Pv
Moment capacity for compact sec Mcz=py*Sz/10^3=275*1200/10^3
=330 kNm
Since Mz <= Mcz ( 283.8 kNm <=330 kNm ) applied moment within
Adjacent to the plastic hinge - Clause 5.3.3
Maximum distance from 38 ry

plastic hinge to the
adjacent restraint Lu = fc py ^2 x ^2 ^0.5
+ .
130 275 36
Axial load at hinge position F'=89.537 kN

Radius of gyration ry=(Iy/A)^0.5=(1200/76.5)^0.5
=3.9606 cm
=0.566*((406.4-12.8)/10)*(76.5
/33.3)^0.5
=33.766
Average compressive stress fc=F'*10/A=89.537*10/76.5
=11.704 N/mm2
Ratio rfc'=fc/130=11.704/130=0.090032
Ratio rpy'=py/275=275/275=1
Ratio rx'=x/36=33.766/36=0.93795
Max dist from hinge to restraint Lu=38*ry*10/(rfc'+rpy'^2*rx'^2)^0.5
=38*3.9606*10/(0.090032+1^2
*0.93795^2)^0.5
=1528.3 mm
Coefficient betau=0.44+x/270-fc/200
=0.44+33.766/270-11.704/200
=0.50654
Office: 1007
Coefficient Ko=(180+x)/300=(180+33.766)/300
=0.71255
Coefficient K=0.8+0.08*x-(x-10)*fc/2000
=0.8+0.08*33.766-(33.766-10)*11.704
/2000
=3.3622
Far end bending moment value Mf=279.1 kNm
Ratio of moments beta=Mf/Mz=279.1/283.8=0.98344
Coefficient phi=1.0
Max dist from hinge to restraint Lm'=phi*Lu=1*1528.3=1528.3 mm
Provide a restraint at Lm=1100 mm below plastic hinge
and check member beyond this restraint as given in Section 4 of BS5950.
Away from the plastic hinge position
For buckling about the y-y axis distance between:

Lateral restraints Ly=1500 mm
Torsional restraints Lyt=4500 mm
Local capacity check - Clause 4.8.3.2
One purlin down from the plastic hinge position

Design moment M1=279.1 kNm
Design axial load F1=92.615 kN
F Mz
+ 1
A.py Mcz
Unity factor uf=F1*10/(A*py)+M1/Mcz

=92.615*10/(76.5*275)+279.1/330
=0.88978
The interaction formula is satisfied.
Effective length z-z axis
In considering the compressive resistance, Pcz, and major axis

flexural buckling the effective length Lz will be taken as the
actual length of the rafter.
Length of rafter Lz=15524 mm
Compressive resistance - Section 4.7
Compressive strength: Perry strut formula from Annex C
Limiting slenderness lamb0=0.2*(PI^2*E*1000/py)^0.5

=0.2*(3.1416^2*205*1000/275)^0.5
=17.155
Slenderness lambdy=Ly/(ry*10)=1500/(3.9606*10)
=37.873
Robertson constant for I section a=3.5 for table 24(b)
Perry factor eta=0.001*a*(lambdy-lamb0)
=0.001*3.5*(37.873-17.155)
=0.072514
Office: 1007
Euler strength pe=PI^2*E*1000/lambdy^2
=3.1416^2*205*1000/37.873^2
=1410.6 N/mm2
Factor phi=(py+(eta+1)*pe)/2
=(275+(0.072514+1)*1410.6)/2
=893.92 N/mm2
Compressive strength pcy=pe*py/(phi+(phi^2-pe*py)^0.5)
=1410.6*275/(893.92+(893.92^2
-1410.6*275)^0.5)
=252.68 N/mm2
Compression resistance Pcy=A*pcy/10=76.5*252.68/10
=1933 kN
Radius of gyration rz=(Iz/A)^0.5=(21600/76.5)^0.5
=16.803 cm
Slenderness lambdx=Lz/(rz*10)=15524/(16.803*10)
=92.386
Robertson constant for I section a=2.0 for table 24(a)
Perry factor eta=0.001*a*(lambdx-lamb0)
=0.001*2*(92.386-17.155)
=0.15046
Euler strength pe=PI^2*E*1000/lambdx^2
=3.1416^2*205*1000/92.386^2
=237.05 N/mm2
=(275+(0.15046+1)*237.05)/2
=273.86 N/mm2
Compressive strength pcz=pe*py/(phi+(phi^2-pe*py)^0.5)
=237.05*275/(273.86+(273.86^2
-237.05*275)^0.5)
=174.82 N/mm2
Compression resistance Pcz=A*pcz/10=76.5*174.82/10
=1337.3 kN
Compressive resistance Pc=1337.3 kN
Since F <= Pc ( 92.615 kN <=1337.3 kN ) design axial compressive
load does not exceed compression resistance.
The member is not loaded between lateral restraints.

Maximum moment on segment MLT=M1=279.1 kNm
Far end BM betaM=247.83 kNm
Table 18 beta factor beta=betaM/MLT=247.83/279.1
=0.88796
Equivalent uniform moment factor mLT=TABLE 18 for beta=0.88796
=0.95518
In considering lateral torsional buckling the effective length, LT,

for the major axis of the member is taken as follows:
Effective length LT=Ly=1500 mm
Office: 1007
Lateral-torsional resistance moment - Clause 4.3.6
Slenderness of section lambda=LT/(ry*10)=1500/(3.9606*10)

=37.873
=0.566*((406.4-12.8)/10)*(76.5
/33.3)^0.5
=33.766
=1.1216
=1/((1+0.05*1.1216^2)^0.25)
=0.98486
Ratio w betaw=1.0
Buckling parameter u=(4*Sz^2*(1-Iy/Iz)/(A^2*((D-T)
/10)^2))^0.25
=(4*1200^2*(1-1200/21600)/(76.5^2
*((406.4-12.8)/10)^2))^0.25
=0.88012
=0.88012*0.98486*37.873*(1)^0.5
=32.828
=0.4*((3.1416^2*205*10^3)
/275)^0.5
=34.31
As the equivalent slenderness is less than the limiting slenderness
Bending strength pb=py=275 N/mm2
Buckling resistance moment Mb=Sz*pb/10^3=1200*275/10^3
=330 kNm
Major axis flexural buckling - Table 26
The factor 'mz' is over the segment length Lz governing Pcz

Length between restraints z axis Lz=15524 mm
The member is loaded between restraints and the equation given in the
notes to Table 26 is used to determine mz.
Moments on member segment
Quarter point m2=-162.85 kNm
Mid-span m3=131.77 kNm
Three quarter point m4=273.69 kNm
Maximum Moment on segment Mz'=573.68 kNm
Maximum moment on central half M24=273.69 kNm
Equivalent uniform moment factor mz=0.2+(0.1*m2+0.6*m3+0.1*m4)/Mz'
=0.2+(0.1*-162.85+0.6*131.77+0.1
*273.69)/573.68
=0.35714
Limiting value of m mzlim=0.8*M24/Mz'=0.8*273.69/573.68
=0.38166
Revised moment factor mz=mzlim=0.38166
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Member buckling resistance
Overall buckling check - Clause 4.8.3.3.2
For members with moments about major axis only

For major axis in-plane buckling

F mz.M F
+ 1 + 0.5 1
Pcz Mcz Pcz

Unity relationship unity=F/Pcz+mz*M1/Mcz*(1+0.5*F/Pcz)

=92.615/1337.3+0.38166*279.1
/330*(1+0.5*92.615/1337.3)
=0.40322
The unity relationship is satisfied.
For out-of-plane buckling:
Fc mLT.MLT
+ 1
Pcy Mb
Unity relationship ufy=F/Pcy+mLT*ABS(MLT)/Mb

=92.615/1933+0.95518*ABS(279.1)/330
=0.85577
Hogging moment region
Section properties - haunch cutting
533 x 210 x 101 UB.

Dimensions (mm): Da=536.7 Ba=210 ta=10.8 Ta=17.4 ra=12.7
da=476.5
Properties (cm): Ja=101 Aa=129 xh=33.218
Vertical overall depth of section Do=810 mm
Restrictions to haunch
The haunch section will be made by welding a T-section of varying depth

to the uniform doubly symmetrical I-section. The additional T-section
should be obtained from a similar or larger I-section.
Area of uniform flange Auf=B*T=177.9*12.8=2277.1 mm2
Area of haunch flange Ahf=Ba*Ta=210*17.4=3654 mm2
Geometry of the haunch
Spacing of lateral restraints Ly=1500 mm

Length measured on slope Lh=3000 mm
Distance to 1st lateral restraint Lp=1226.6 mm from eaves connection
Distance between effective torsional restraints to both flanges
eaves to 1st. torsional restraint Lty1=1226.6 mm
Office: 1007
Load and moment values at eaves
Maximum applied moment BM1=573.68 kNm

Axial load Fc1=126.2 kN
Combined section properties at eaves
Note: the section properties are calculated on the basis of a

cross-section normal to the axis of the parent (unhaunched) member
Section properties are based on the smallest section depth between
restraints.
Overall depth Do'=Do*COS(theta)=810*COS(0.2606)
=782.65 mm
Depth of smallest section Dr=Do'-(Do'-D)*Lty1/Lh
=782.65-(782.65-406.4)*1226.6/3000
=628.81 mm
At section where moment is applied:
Total plastic modulus Sx=3617.6 cm3
At minimum section between restraints:
Depth of haunch section Dc=Dr-D=628.81-406.4=222.41 mm
Area of haunch Ah=59.374 cm2
Total area At=A+Ah=76.5+59.374=135.87 cm2
Total second moment of area Ixx=71183 cm4
Total second moment of area Iyy=2545.9 cm4
Radius gyration about minor axis ryy=SQR(Iyy/At)=SQR(2545.9/135.87)
=4.3286 cm
Torsional constant haunch Ja=(Ba*Ta^3+(Dc-Ta)*ta^3)/30000
=(210*17.4^3+(222.41-17.4)*10.8^3)
/30000
=45.485 cm4
Torsional constant Jt=Ja+J=45.485+33.3=78.785 cm3
Dist between flange shear crs hs=(Dr*COS(theta)-T/2-Ta/2)/10
=(628.81*COS(0.2606)-12.8/2-17.4
/2)/10
=59.248 cm
Torsional index xt=(0.566*hs)*(At/Jt)^0.5
=(0.566*59.248)*(135.87/78.785)^0.5
=44.039
Lateral buckling resistance - Annex G Section G.2
For a tapered or haunched section with one flange laterally restrained

and a non-restrained compression flange, its resistance to overall out-
of-plane buckling should be checked as follows:
Mx(i) Mb(i)(1-Fc/Pc)
For buckling about the y-y axis

Slenderness lambda=LTy/(ry*10)=1226.6/(3.9606*10)
=30.97
Distance between ref. axes a'=245 mm
Term from Annex G.2.3 y'=1+((2*a')/(hs*10))^2
=1+((2*245)/(59.248*10))^2
=1.684
Office: 1007
y''=(1/20)*((lambda/xt)^2)
=(1/20)*((30.97/44.039)^2)
=0.024727
y=(y'/(y'+y''))^0.5
=(1.684/(1.684+0.024727))^0.5
=0.99274
Minor axis slenderness ratio lambTC=y*lambda=0.99274*30.97
=30.745
=0.2*(3.1416^2*205*1000/275)^0.5
=17.155
Perry factor eta=0.001*a*(lambTC-lamb0)
=0.001*3.5*(30.745-17.155)
=0.047566
Euler strength pe=PI^2*E*1000/lambTC^2
=3.1416^2*205*1000/30.745^2
=2140.4 N/mm2
=(275+(0.047566+1)*2140.4)/2
=1258.6 N/mm2
Compressive strength pc=pe*py/(phi+(phi^2-pe*py)^0.5)
=2140.4*275/(1258.6+(1258.6^2
-2140.4*275)^0.5)
=260.87 N/mm2
Compressive resistance Pc=pc*At/10=260.87*135.87/10
=3544.5 kN
Since Fc <= Pc ( 126.2 kN <=3544.5 kN ), design axial compressive
load does not exceed compressive resistance.
Equivalent uniform moment factor - Annex G Section G.4.2
Slenderness correction factor nt=1.0

As the member is not loaded between torsional restraints use the
procedure of Annex G.4.2
Larger end moment BM=573.68 kNm
Smaller end moment Ms=419.19 kNm
Ratio of moments betat=Ms/BM=419.19/573.68
=0.7307
Equivalent uniform moment factor mt=TABLE 39 for betat=0.7307, y
=0.99274
=0.85535
Term from Annex G Section G.2.4.2 vt'=4*a'/(hs*10)=4*245/(59.248*10)
=1.6541
yh=0.02*(lambda/xh)^2
=0.02*(30.97/33.218)^2
=0.017385
vt=(vt'/(y'+y''+yh))^0.5
=(1.6541/(1.684+0.024727
+0.017385))^0.5
=0.97891
In accordance with Figure G.3 the segment is defined as
a tapered segment.
Maximum depth within length Lty Dmax=Do'=782.65 mm
Minimum depth within length Lty Dmin=Dr=628.81 mm
Office: 1007
Taper factor G.2.5 c=1+3/(xt-9)*(Dmax/Dmin-1)^2/3
=1+3/(44.039-9)*(782.65/628.81-1)^2/3
=1.0017
Equivalent slenderness lamTB=c*nt*vt*lambda
=1.0017*1*0.97891*30.97
=30.369
=0.4*((3.1416^2*205*10^3)
/275)^0.5
=34.31
The equivalent slenderness is less than the limiting slenderness.
Buckling resistance moment Mb=Sx*pb/10^3=3617.6*275/10^3
=994.83 kNm
Resistance moment Mbi=Mb*(1-Fc/Pc)

=994.83*(1-126.2/3544.5)
=959.41 kNm
Applied moment Mxi=BM=573.68 kNm
The relationship is satisfied, thus the stability is ensured between
effective torsional restraints for the section chosen.
Between first and second torsional restraints
Distance between effective torsional restraints to both flanges

1st to 2nd torsional restraint Lty2=1500 mm
Load and moment
Maximum applied moment BM2=419.19 kNm

Axial load Fc2=122.77 kN
Section properties along the haunch
Overall depth Do'=Dr=628.81 mm

Depth of smallest section Dr=Do'-(Do'-D)*Lty2/(Lh-Lty1)
=628.81-(628.81-406.4)*1500/(3000
-1226.6)
=440.69 mm
At section where moment is applied:
Total plastic modulus Sx=2569.6 cm3
At minimum section between restraints:
Depth of haunch section Dc=Dr-D=440.69-406.4=34.289 mm
Area of haunch Ah=39.056 cm2
Total area At=A+Ah=76.5+39.056=115.56 cm2
Total second moment of area Ixx=35031 cm4
Total second moment of area Iyy=2543.9 cm4
Radius gyration about minor axis ryy=SQR(Iyy/At)=SQR(2543.9/115.56)
=4.6919 cm
Torsional constant haunch Ja=(Ba*Ta^3+(Dc-Ta)*ta^3)/30000
=(210*17.4^3+(34.289-17.4)*10.8^3)
/30000
=37.585 cm4
Office: 1007
Torsional constant Jt=Ja+J=37.585+33.3=70.885 cm3
Dist between flange shear crs hs=(Dr*COS(theta)-T/2-Ta/2)/10
=(440.69*COS(0.2606)-12.8/2-17.4
/2)/10
=41.071 cm
Torsional index xt=(0.566*hs)*(At/Jt)^0.5
=(0.566*41.071)*(115.56/70.885)^0.5
=29.68
Substituting values BM=BM2=419.19 kNm
in equations Fc=Fc2=122.77 kN
Lateral buckling resistance - Annex G Section G.2
For a tapered or haunched section with one flange laterally restrained

and a non-restrained compression flange, its resistance to overall out-
of-plane buckling should be checked as follows:
For buckling about the y-y axis

Slenderness lambda=LTy/(ry*10)=1500/(3.9606*10)
=37.873
Distance between ref. axes a'=245 mm
Term from Annex G.2.3 y'=1+((2*a')/(hs*10))^2
=1+((2*245)/(41.071*10))^2
=2.4234
y''=(1/20)*((lambda/xt)^2)
=(1/20)*((37.873/29.68)^2)
=0.081413
y=(y'/(y'+y''))^0.5
=(2.4234/(2.4234+0.081413))^0.5
=0.98361
Minor axis slenderness ratio lambTC=y*lambda=0.98361*37.873
=37.253
=0.2*(3.1416^2*205*1000/275)^0.5
=17.155
Perry factor eta=0.001*a*(lambTC-lamb0)
=0.001*3.5*(37.253-17.155)
=0.070342
Euler strength pe=PI^2*E*1000/lambTC^2
=3.1416^2*205*1000/37.253^2
=1457.9 N/mm2
=(275+(0.070342+1)*1457.9)/2
=917.75 N/mm2
=1457.9*275/(917.75+(917.75^2
-1457.9*275)^0.5)
=253.42 N/mm2
Compressive resistance Pc=pc*At/10=253.42*115.56/10
=2928.5 kN
Since Fc <= Pc ( 122.77 kN <=2928.5 kN ), design axial compressive
load does not exceed compressive resistance.
Office: 1007
Equivalent uniform moment factor - Annex G Section G.4.2
Slenderness correction factor nt=1.0

As the member is not loaded between torsional restraints use the
procedure of Annex G.4.2
Larger end moment BM=419.19 kNm
Smaller end moment Ms=251 kNm
Ratio of moments betat=Ms/BM=251/419.19=0.59877
Equivalent uniform moment factor mt=TABLE 39 for betat=0.59877, y
=0.98361
=0.78939
Term from Annex G Section G.2.4.2 vt'=4*a'/(hs*10)=4*245/(41.071*10)
=2.3861
yh=0.02*(lambda/xh)^2
=0.02*(37.873/33.218)^2
=0.025999
vt=(vt'/(y'+y''+yh))^0.5
=(2.3861/(2.4234+0.081413
+0.025999))^0.5
=0.97099
In accordance with Figure G.3 the segment is defined as
a tapered segment.
Maximum depth within length Lty Dmax=Do'=628.81 mm
Minimum depth within length Lty Dmin=Dr=440.69 mm
Taper factor G.2.5 c=1+3/(xt-9)*(Dmax/Dmin-1)^2/3
=1+3/(29.68-9)*(628.81/440.69-1)^2/3
=1.0088
Equivalent slenderness lamTB=c*nt*vt*lambda
=1.0088*1*0.97099*37.873
=37.099
=0.4*((3.1416^2*205*10^3)
/275)^0.5
=34.31
Perry coefficient etaLT=0.007*(lamTB-lamlo)
=0.007*(37.099-34.31)
=0.019521
Elastic strength pe=PI^2*E*10^3/(lamTB^2)
=3.1416^2*205*10^3/(37.099^2)
=1470.1 N/mm2
=(275+(0.019521+1)*1470.1)/2
=886.88 N/mm2
Factor pey=pe*py=1470.1*275=404268
=(404268)/(886.88+((886.88^2
-404268)^0.5))
=268.58 N/mm2
Buckling resistance moment Mb=Sx*pb/10^3=2569.6*268.58/10^3
=690.17 kNm
Resistance moment Mbi=Mb*(1-Fc/Pc)

=690.17*(1-122.77/2928.5)
=661.23 kNm
Office: 1007
Applied moment Mxi=BM=419.19 kNm
The relationship is satisfied, thus the stability is ensured between
effective torsional restraints for the section chosen.
The section is suitable.
DESIGN SUMMARY
1500 1500 1500

<><><>
x * X X X

C.L. of member

810

*
1226.6 mm Lateral restraint
<>
1226.6 mm Torsional restraint
<>
leg X lateral restraint
C.L * lateral & torsional restraint
UNIVERSAL BEAM 406 x 178 x 60 UB Grade S 275

HAUNCH SECTION 533 x 210 x 101 UB Grade S 275
Section is satisfactory for bending,
buckling resistance between intermediate
restraints and overall buckling between
torsional restraints.
Restraint spacing:
Adjacent to rafter hinge Lateral and torsional 1100 mm

Along the rafter Lateral restraints 1500 mm
Torsional restraints 4500 mm
At eaves position Lateral restraint 1226.6 mm
Torsional restraint 1226.6 mm
No411
Office: 1007
Location: Ex1 - Based on example 13, 'Steelwork Design Guide'
z

Rafter stability

Calculations in accordance with
BS EN 1993-1-:2005 Clause 6.3.5
and Annex BB.3.
y y h
This proforma assumes that rafter
tw plastic hinge forms just below the
portal apex at the point of maximum
sagging moment.
tf z
b Loads and moments are factored.
Uniform section of rafter
Design moment about major axis MyEd=283.8 kNm

Design axial load (+ve comp) NEd=92.615 kN
NOTE: The length of member above is the uniform length and does not
include the length of the haunch.
406 x 178 x 60 UKB

A=76.5 iy=16.803 iz=3.9606

Partial factors for resistance
Resistance partial factor gamM0=1.0

Section classification

=0.92442
Outstand c=(b-tw-2*r)/2=(177.9-7.9-2*10.2)/2
=74.8 mm
Ratio c't=c/tf=74.8/12.8=5.8437
As c/tf <= 9e ( 8.3197 ), outstand element of compression
Office: 1007
Depth between fillets d=h-2*(tf+r)=406.4-2*(12.8+10.2)
=360.4 mm
Ratio c'tw=d/tw=360.4/7.9=45.62
Ratio ad=0.5*(1+NEd*10^3/(fy*tw*d))
=0.5*(1+92.615*10^3/(275*7.9*360.4))
=0.55914
Limiting ratio c't1=396*e/(13*ad-1)
=396*0.92442/(13*0.55914-1)
=58.395
Web is Class 1 plastic.
Shear buckling
Depth between flanges hw=h-2*tf=406.4-2*12.8=380.8 mm

Buckling ratio hw'tw=hw/tw=380.8/7.9=48.203
Since hw/tw 72e ( 66.558 ) no check for shear buckling is required.
Shear Area Avz=A*100-2*b*tf+(tw+2*r)*tf

=76.5*100-2*177.9*12.8+(7.9+2
*10.2)*12.8
=3458 mm2
Shear plastic resistance VplRd=Avz*fy/SQR(3)/(gamM0*1000)
=3458*275/SQR(3)/(1*1000)
=549.03 kN
Since VzEd <= VplRd ( 150 kN <=549.03 kN ) design shear force
within the shear plastic resistance.
Design moment resistance McRdy=fy*Wply/(gamM0*10^3)

=275*1200/(1*10^3)
=330 kNm
Since MyEd <= McRdy ( 283.8 kNm <=330 kNm ) design moment within
the moment resistance.
Adjacent to the plastic hinge - Annex BB.3
At plastic hinge location lateral restraint to both flanges needs to be

provided. The maximum distance from the plastic hinge to the adjacent
lateral restraints is derived from the following expression:
38 iz

Lm' = 1 NEd' 1 (Wply)^2 fy ^2 ^0.5
. + . .
57.4 A 756(C1)^2 A.It 235
Axial load at hinge position NEd'=89.537 kN

Correction factor kc=1
Coefficient C1=1/kc^2=1/1^2=1
compute comp1=NEd'*10/(A*57.4)
=89.537*10/(76.5*57.4)
=0.20391 N/mm2
Office: 1007
compute comp2=Wply^2/(756*C1^2*A*It)
=1200^2/(756*1^2*76.5*33.3)
=0.74771
compute comp3=(fy/235)^2=(275/235)^2
=1.3694
Max dist from hinge to restraint Lm'=38*iz*10/(comp1+comp2+comp3)^0.5
=38*3.9606*10/(0.20391+0.74771
+1.3694)^0.5
=987.88 mm
Max dist from hinge to restraint Lm'=Lm' mm
Provide a restraint at Lm=975 mm below plastic hinge
and check member beyond this restraint as per Cl. 6.3 of EC3 Part 1-1.
Away from the plastic hinge position - uniform section
Consider buckling about the z-z axis (i.e. the minor axis).
Dist.between lateral restraints Lz=1500 mm
Dist.between torsional restraints Lzt=4500 mm
Cross-section resistance - Clause 6.2(7)
Consider the first purlin down from the rafter plastic hinge position.
Design moment MyEd1=279.1 kNm
Design axial load NEd1=92.615 kN
NEd MyEd
+ 1
A.fy McRdy
Unity factor uf=NEd1*10/(A*fy)+MyEd1/McRdy

=92.615*10/(76.5*275)+279.1/330
=0.88978
Effective length about y-y axis (major axis)
In considering the design buckling resistance, NbRd, and major axis

flexural buckling the effective length Ly will be taken as the actual
length of the rafter.
Length of the whole rafter Ly=15524 mm
Effective length about y-y axis Lcry=1.0*Ly=1.0*15524=15524 mm

Effective length about z-z axis Lcrz=1.0*Lz=1.0*1500=1500 mm
=3.1416^2*210000*21600*10^7
/(15524*10^3)^2
=1857.7 kN
=3.1416^2*210000*1200*10^7/(1500
*10^3)^2
=11054 kN
As the ratio of applied load to buckling load is less than 0.4, then
Office: 1007
Reduction factor z-z axis chiz=1.0

=SQR(76.5*10^2*275/(1857.7*10^3))
=1.0642
=SQR(76.5*10^2*275/(11054*10^3))
=0.43625
Reduction factor for buckling about y-y axis
Imperfection factor alpha=0.21

=0.5*(1+0.21*(1.0642-0.2)
+1.0642^2)
=1.157
=1/(1.157+SQR(1.157^2-1.0642^2))
=0.62074
Design buckling resistance
Design axial resistance NRd=A*fy/10=76.5*275/10=2103.8 kN

Design buckling resistance NbRd=chi*A*fy/(gamM1*10)
=0.62074*76.5*275/(1*10)
=1305.9 kN
Unity factor unity=NEd1/NbRd=92.615/1305.9
=0.070921

Length for LTB LT=Lz/1000=1500/1000=1.5 m
=1200/4*((406.4-12.8)/10)^2
=464763 cm6
=3.1416^2*210000*1200/((1*1.5)^2
*100)
=11.054E6 N
=(1*1.5)^2*80770*33.3/(3.1416^2
*210000*1200)*10^6
=2433.2 mm2
=(1^2*464763*100/1200+2433.2)^0.5
=202.89 mm
Maximum moment on member M=283.8 kNm
Far end moment psiM=247 kNm
Office: 1007
Factor psi=psiM/M=247/283.8=0.87033
Coefficient C1 C1=TABLE 3.1 for psi=0.87033
=1.0726
Factor kc=1/(1.33-0.33*psi)
=1/(1.33-0.33*0.87033)
=0.95897
=1.0726*11.054E6*202.89/10^6
=2405.6 kNm
Non-dimensional slenderness lamLT=(Wply*fy/(Mcr*10^3))^0.5
=(1200*275/(2405.6*10^3))^0.5
=0.37038
As lamLT <= lamLT0,
Lateral torsional buckling effects are ignored.
Design buckling resistance moment MybRd=ChiLT*Wply*fy/(gamM1*10^3)
=1*1200*275/(1*10^3)
=330 kNm
Coefficients C and interaction factors k
Factor Cmy

Maximum span moment Ms(1)=-279 kNm
End moment pMh(1)=-247 kNm
Factor as=Ms(i)/Mh(i)=-279/573=-0.48691
Factor psi=pMh(i)/Mh(i)=-247/573
=-0.43106
Equivalent uniform moment factor Cm=0.2*(-psi)-0.8*as
=0.2*(--0.43106)-0.8*-0.48691
=0.47574
Factor CmLT
Equivalent uniform moment factor CmLT=1.0
Interaction factor kyy1=Cmy*(1+(lamy-0.2)*NEd/(chiy*NRd))

=0.47574*(1+(1.0642-0.2)*92.615
/(0.62074*2103.8))
=0.5049
=0.47574*(1+0.8*92.615/(0.62074
*2103.8))
=0.50273
Term for factor Nr=NEd/(chiz*NRd)=92.615/(1*2103.8)
=0.044024
Interaction factor kzy1=1-0.1*lamz/(CmLT-0.25)*Nr
=1-0.1*0.43625/(1-0.25)*0.044024
=0.99744
Office: 1007
Interaction factor kzy2=1-0.1/(CmLT-0.25)*Nr
=1-0.1/(1-0.25)*0.044024
=0.99413
Interaction factor kzy=0.99744
NEd MyEd
+ kyy 1
y.NRd LT.McRdy
Unity factor Unity1=NEd1/(chiy*NRd)+kyy*MyEd1/(ChiLT*McRdy)

=92.615/(0.62074*2103.8)+0.50273*279.1
/(1*330)
=0.49611
NEd MyEd
+ kzy 1
z.NRd LT.McRdy
Unity factor Unity2=NEd1/(chiz*NRd)+kzy*MyEd1/(ChiLT*McRdy)

=92.615/(1*2103.8)+0.99744*279.1/(1*330)
=0.88762
Hogging moment region
Section properties - haunch cutting
533 x 210 x 101 UKB

Dimensions (mm): ha=536.7 ba=210 twa=10.8 tfa=17.4
ra=12.7 da=476.5
Properties (cm): Ita=101 Aa=129 xh=33.218
Vertical overall depth of section ho=810 mm
Haunch geometry
Spacing of lateral restraints Lz=1500 mm

Haunch length measured on slope Lh=3000 mm (from column face)
Distance to 1st lateral restraint Lp=1226.6 mm (from column face)
Distance between effective torsional restraints to both flanges,
eaves to end of haunch Ltz1=Lp+Lz=1226.6+1500=2726.6 mm
Pitch of rafter Theta=14.6 degrees
Pitch in radians theta=RAD(Theta)=0.25482 radians
Overall depth ho'=ho*COS(theta)=810*COS(0.25482)
=783.84 mm
Haunch stability - based on EC3 Part 1-1, Annex BB.3
Provide lateral restraint to both flanges at the end of the haunch. At

the face of the column the bolt connections provide lateral restraint to
both flanges. Based on Annex BB.3 lateral torsional buckling effects may
be ignored where the limiting length Ls and basic critical length Lk are
not exceeded.
Office: 1007
1500 mm 1500 mm 1500 mm 1500 mm 1500 mm

<><><><><>
X * X * X X *

C.L. of member

810 * *

*
<Ls><Lk>

leg X lateral restraint
C.L * lateral & torsional restraint
compute comp1=((5.4*(fy/E)*(h/tf)^2-1))^0.5
=((5.4*(275/210000)*(406.4
/12.8)^2-1))^0.5
=2.4756
Basic critical length Lk=(5.4+600*fy/E)*h/tf*iz*10/comp1
=(5.4+600*275/210000)*406.4/12.8
*3.9606*10/2.4756
=3142.1 mm
Vertical depth (unhaunched sect.) hs=h/COS(theta)=406.4/COS(0.25482)
=419.96 mm
Vertical depth of haunch hh=ho-hs=810-419.96=390.04 mm
Length between points at which the compression flange is laterally
restrained (Annex BB.3.3.3) Ly=Ltz1=2726.6 mm
Length of haunch within length Ly Lh'=Ltz1=2726.6 mm
Taper factor (Annex BB.3.3.3) c=1+3/((h/tf)-9)*(hh/hs)^0.67*(Lh'
/Ly)^0.5
=1+3/((406.4/12.8)-9)*(390.04
/419.96)^0.67*(2726.6/2726.6)^0.5
=1.1255
From the I.Struct.E publication entitled 'manual for the design of
steelwork building structures to EC3' conservatively the limiting
length between torsional restraints Ls can be taken as follows:
Limiting length Ls=Lk/c=3142.1/1.1255=2791.7 mm
As Ls < Lh ( 2791.7 mm < 3000 mm ) the limiting length does not exceed
the length of the haunch, provide lateral restraint to both flanges at
mid-span and end of the haunch.
Point of contraflexure
Distance from the end of haunch to the point of contraflexure needs to

be less or equal to the basic critical length Lk.
Dist.to point of contraflexure Lcon=2776 mm (from haunch end)
Basic critical length Lk=3142.1 mm
As Lcon Lk ( 2776 mm 3142.1 mm ) the distance from the end of
haunch to the point of contraflexure is less or equal to the basic
critical length Lk=3142.1 mm and therefore no additional bottom flange
restrain is required.
The section is considered to be suitable.
Office: 1007
DESIGN SUMMARY

HAUNCH SECTION 533 x 210 x 101 UB Grade S 275
buckling resistance between intermediate
restraints and overall buckling between
torsional restraints.
Restraint spacing:
Adjacent to rafter hinge Lateral and torsional 975 mm
Along the rafter Lateral restraints 1500 mm

Torsional restraints 4500 mm
Restraint spacing (measured from column face):
At eaves position Lateral restraint 1226.6 mm

No411
RHS beam section design Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Example 3 'SHS Design Examples'
y
Structural Hollow Section Design

with BS5950-1:2000 Sections
z z D 4.7 and 4.8.

All loads and moments are
T factored.

y
Factored bending moment axis zz Mz=5.04 kNm

Factored SF in y direction Fv=5.6 kN
Axial load (+ve compression) F=598 kN
150 x 150 x 6.3 SHS - Hot finished.

Properties (cm): A=35.8 rx=5.85 Zx=163 Sx=192 Ix=1220 J=1910 C=240
Effective lengths - Clause 4.7.2
Length of member 3600 mm

Length between restraints y axis Ly=1800 mm
Effective length about z-z axis Lez=Kz*Lz=0.85*3600=3060 mm
Effective length about y-y axis Ley=Ky*Ly=1*1800=1800 mm

Design strength py=275 N/mm2
Classify internal element of compression flange:

=1
Internal flange size b=B-3*t=150-3*6.3=131.1 mm
Ratio - local buckling of flange b't=b/t=131.1/6.3=20.81
Web depth d=D-3*t=150-3*6.3=131.1 mm
Ratio - local buckling of web d't=d/t=131.1/6.3=20.81
As b/t 28e or 80e - d/t ( 28 ), internal element of
compression flange is classified as Class 1 plastic.
Ratio r1=F*10^3/(2*d*t*py)
=598*10^3/(2*131.1*6.3*275)
=1.3164
Office: 1007
Value limited r1=1
Limiting local buckling ratio d'tlim=40*e=40*1=40
As d't < 64e/(1+0.6r1) ( 40 ), web is classified
as class 1 plastic.
Web shear
Shear area Av=(D/(D+B))*A*100

=(150/(150+150))*35.8*100
=1790 mm2
Shear capacity Pv=0.6*py*Av/10^3=0.6*275*1790/10^3
=295.35 kN
Shear force Fv=5.6 kN
Since Fv Pv ( 5.6 kN 295.35 kN ), shear force within
shear capacity.
Moment capacities
Since Fv < 0.6 Pv

Moment capacity for compact sec Mc=py*Sz/10^3=275*192/10^3
=52.8 kNm
As Mz Mc ( 5.04 kNm 52.8 kNm ), applied moment is OK.
Considering the simplified approach of 4.8.3.2,
F Mz
+ 1.0
A.py Mc
Unity factor uf=F*10/(A*py)+Mz/Mc

=598*10/(35.8*275)+5.04/52.8
=0.70287
Slenderness - Clause 4.7.2
Slenderness (minor axis) lam'y=Ley/(ry*10)=1800/(5.85*10)

=30.769
Slenderness (major axis) lam'z=Lez/(rz*10)=3060/(5.85*10)
=52.308
Controlling slenderness ratio lambda=52.308

=0.2*(3.1416^2*205*1000/275)^0.5
=17.155
Robertson cont.for hollow sect. a=2.0 for table 24(a) hot finished
Perry factor eta=0.001*a*(lam'y-lamb0)
=0.001*2*(30.769-17.155)
=0.027228
Euler strength pe=PI^2*E*1000/lam'y^2
=3.1416^2*205*1000/30.769^2
=2137.1 N/mm2
Office: 1007
=(275+(0.027228+1)*2137.1)/2
=1235.1 N/mm2
=2137.1*275/(1235.1+(1235.1^2
-2137.1*275)^0.5)
=266.7 N/mm2
=954.8 kN
Perry factor eta=0.001*a*(lam'z-lamb0)
=0.001*2*(52.308-17.155)
=0.070305
Euler strength pe=PI^2*E*1000/lam'z^2
=3.1416^2*205*1000/52.308^2
=739.47 N/mm2
=(275+(0.070305+1)*739.47)/2
=533.23 N/mm2
=739.47*275/(533.23+(533.23^2
-739.47*275)^0.5)
=248.66 N/mm2
=890.21 kN
Since F Pc ( 598 kN 890.21 kN ), design axial compressive
load does not exceed compression resistance, section OK.
Equivalent uniform moment factors - Clause 4.8.3.3.4
notes to Table 18 is used to determine mLT.
Quarter point m2=0 kNm
Three quarter point m4=0 kNm
Maximum Moment on segment Mz=5.04 kNm
Equivalent uniform moment factor mLT=0.2+(0.15*m2+0.5*m3+0.15*m4)/Mz
=0.2+(0.15*0+0.5*5.04+0.15*0)/5.04
=0.7

Quarter point mz2=0 kNm
Mid-span mz3=5.04 kNm
Three quarter point mz4=0 kNm
Office: 1007
Equivalent uniform moment factor mz=0.2+(0.1*mz2+0.6*mz3+0.1*mz4)/Mz
=0.2+(0.1*0+0.6*5.04+0.1*0)/5.04
=0.8
Limiting value of m mzlim=0.8*M24/Mz=0.8*5.04/5.04
=0.8
Buckling resistance - Clause 4.3.6
In accordance with Clause 4.3.6.1 square hollow sections need

not be checked separately for resistance to lateral-torsional
buckling.
Buckling resistance moment Mb=Mc=52.8 kNm
=0.2+(0.15*0+0.5*5.04+0.15*0)/5.04
=0.7
Since Mz < Mb/mLT ( 5.04 kNm < 75.429 kNm ), section is OK for
For major axis in-plane buckling,

F mz.Mz F
+ 1 + 0.5 1.0
Pcz Mc Pcz

Unity relationship unity=F/Pcz+mz*Mz/Mc*(1+0.5*F/Pcz)

=598/890.21+0.8*5.04/52.8*(1
+0.5*598/890.21)
=0.77377
For out-of-plane buckling,
Fc mLT.Mz
+ 0.5 1.0
Pcy Mc
Unity relationship ufy=F/Pcy+0.5*mLT*Mz/Mc

=598/954.8+0.5*0.7*5.04/52.8
=0.65972
Office: 1007
HOT FINISHED In accordance with EN 10210

SQUARE HOLLOW SECTION 150 x 150 x 6.3 SHS Grade S 275
SECTION Section is satisfactory for axial
SUMMARY load, and overall buckling check.
Axial load 598 kN
Compression resistance 890.21 kN
Maximum moment z axis 5.04 kNm
Local capacity check 0.70287 1
Overall buckling checks 0.77377 < 1
0.65972 1
No412
Office: 1007
Location: SCI example
z

Hollow section beam design

y y h with BS EN 1993-1-1:2005.
Internal forces and moments
have been determined by
t elastic global analysis.

z All forces and moments are
factored.
b
Moment about y-y axis MyEd=10.1 kNm

Shear force VzEd=11.2 kN
Axial load (+ve compression) NEd=525 kN
150 x 150 x 5 SHS - Hot finished.

Properties (cm): A=28.7 iy=5.9 Wely=134 Wply=156 Iy=1000 It=1550
Wt=197
Axial load compressive
The material thickness is 5 mm and steel grade is S 355.

The classification is conservatively determined by using the class

limits in the "part subject to compression" section of Table 5.2.
Parameter (Table 5.2) e=(235/fy)^0.5=(235/355)^0.5
=0.81362
Depth between fillets C=b-3*t=150-3*5=135 mm
Ratio C't=C/t=135/5=27
Classify internal element of section:
As C/t 38e ( 30.917 ), internal element in compression is
classified as Class 2 compact.
Moment resistance
Moment resistance McRd=Wply*fy/10^3=156*355/10^3

=55.38 kNm
Unity factor unity=MyEd/McRd=10.1/55.38
=0.18238
Office: 1007
Shear plastic resistance

Shear area Avz=A*100*h/(b+h)
=28.7*100*150/(150+150)
=1435 mm2
=1435*355/SQR(3)/1000
=294.12 kN
Unity factor Unity=VzEd/VplRd=11.2/294.12
=0.03808
M-V interaction
Shear force at maximum BM V=11.2 kN

No M-V interaction has to be considered as actual shear force is less
than 0.5VplRd ( 11.2 kN < 147.06 kN ).
Design moment of resistance MyRd=McRd=55.38 kNm

Axial ratio n=NEd/(A*fy/10)=525/(28.7*355/10)
=0.51529
Area ratio aw=(A-2*b*t/100)/A
=(28.7-2*150*5/100)/28.7
=0.47735
Moment resistance MNRd=MyRd*(1-n)/(1-0.5*aw)
=55.38*(1-0.51529)/(1-0.5*0.47735)
=35.259 kNm
Effective length
Length between restraints (y-y) Ly=3.6 m

Length between restraints (z-z) Lz=1.8 m
Effective length about y-y axis Lcry=1.0*Ly*1000=1.0*3.6*1000
=3600 mm
Effective length about z-z axis Lcrz=1.0*Lz*1000=1.0*1.8*1000
=1800 mm

=3.1416^2*210000*1000*10^7/(3600
*10^3)^2
=1599.2 kN
=3.1416^2*210000*1000*10^7/(1800
*10^3)^2
=6397 kN
Office: 1007

=SQR(28.7*10^2*355/(1599.2*10^3))
=0.79817
=SQR(28.7*10^2*355/(6397*10^3))
=0.39909
Reduction factor
Hot finished imperfection factor alpha=0.21

=0.5*(1+0.21*(0.79817-0.2)
+0.79817^2)
=0.88135
=1/(0.88135+SQR(0.88135^2
-0.79817^2))
=0.79674

=0.5*(1+0.21*(0.39909-0.2)
+0.39909^2)
=0.60054
=1/(0.60054+SQR(0.60054^2
-0.39909^2))
=0.95303
Axial resistance NRd=A*fy/10=28.7*355/10=1018.9 kN

Design buckling resistance NbRd=chi*NRd=0.79674*1018.9
=811.76 kN
=0.64674
Coefficient factor Cmy

Maximum end moment Mh(1)=10.1 kNm
Maximum span moment Ms(1)=-10.1 kNm
End moment pMh(1)=10.1 kNm
Factor ah=Mh(i)/Ms(i)=10.1/-10.1
=-1
Factor psi=1
Equivalent uniform moment factor Cm=0.9+0.1*ah=0.9+0.1*-1
=0.8
Office: 1007

=0.8*(1+(0.79817-0.2)*525
/(0.79674*1018.9))
=1.1095
=0.8*(1+0.8*525/(0.79674*1018.9))
=1.2139
Interaction factor kzy=0.6*kyy=0.6*1.1095=0.66569

Length for LTB LT=1.8 m
Terms for critical moment Mcr:
=3.1416^2*210000*1000/((1*1.8)^2
*100)
=6.397E6 N
=(1*1.8)^2*80770*1550/(3.1416^2
*210000*1000)*10^6
=195708 mm2
Maximum moment on section M=10.1 kNm
Far end moment psiM=-10.1 kNm
Factor psi=psiM/M=-10.1/10.1=-1
Coefficient C1 C1=TABLE 3.1 for psi=-1
=2.55
Factor kc=1/(1.33-0.33*psi)=1/(1.33-0.33*-1)
=0.60241
Critical moment Mcr=C1*Et*Gt^0.5/10^6
=2.55*6.397E6*195708^0.5/10^6
=7216.4 kNm
=(156*355/(7216.4*10^3))^0.5
=0.087603
As lamLT lamLT0,
The segment of the beam is not subject to lateral torsional buckling.
Design buckling resistance moment MybRd=ChiLT*Wply*fy/10^3
=1*156*355/10^3
=55.38 kNm
NEd MyEd
+ kyy 1.0
y.NRd LT.McRd
Office: 1007
Unity factor Unity1=NEd/(chiy*NRd)+kyy*MyEd/(ChiLT*McRd)
=525/(0.79674*1018.9)+1.1095*10.1/(1
*55.38)
=0.84909
NEd MyEd
+ kzy 1.0
z.NRd LT.McRd
Unity factor Unity2=NEd/(chiz*NRd)+kzy*MyEd/(ChiLT*McRd)

=525/(0.95303*1018.9)+0.66569*10.1/(1
*55.38)
=0.66209

SQUARE HOLLOW SECTION 150 x 150 x 5 SHS Grade S 355
DESIGN Design BM y-y axis 10.1 kNm
SUMMARY Moment resistance (y-y) 55.38 kNm
Design compression load 525 kN
Buckling resistance 811.76 kN
0.66209 1
No412
CHS beam and column section design Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
y
Circular Hollow Section

with BS 5950:Part 1:2000
D z z Sections 4.7 and 4.8.

All loads and moments
are factored.

y
Design moment axis zz Mz=5.04 kNm

Design SF in y direction Fv=5.6 kN
Axial load (+ve compression) F=598 kN
Factored moment about axis yy My=0 kNm
193.7 dia x 5 thick CHS - Hot finished.

Properties (cm): A=29.641 r=6.6739 Z=136.32 S=178.08 I=1320.2
The material thickness is 5 mm and the steel grade is S 275.

Effective lengths - Clause 4.7.2
Length of member 3600 mm

Length between restraints y axis Ly=1800 mm
Effective length about z-z axis Lez=Kz*Lz=0.85*3600=3060 mm
Effective length about y-y axis Ley=Ky*Ly=1*1800=1800 mm
Classification of cross section - Clause 3.5.2
Clause 4.8.1 - members with combined moment and axial forces states
that CHS should be classified separately for axial compression and
for bending.
=1
Ratio for local buckling D't=D/t=193.7/5=38.74
For axial load:
As D/t 80e^2 ( 80 ), the section is at least semi-compact.
For moment:
As D/t 40e^2 ( 40 ), the section is class 1 plastic.
Office: 1007
Web shear
Shear area Av=0.6*A*100=0.6*29.641*100

=1778.5 mm2 Cl 4.2.3(g)
=293.45 kN
Applied shear force Fv=5.6 N
Since Fv Pv ( 5.6 kN 293.45 kN ), shear force within
shear capacity.
Moment capacities
Since Fv < 0.6 Pv

Moment capacity for compact sec Mc=py*S/10^3=275*178.08/10^3
=48.972 kNm
Since Mz Mc ( 5.04 kNm 48.972 kNm ), applied moment within
moment capacity.
F Mz My
+ + 1.0
A.py Mc Mc
Unity factor uf=F*10/(A*py)+Mz/Mc+My/Mc

=598*10/(29.641*275)+5.04/48.972+0
/48.972
=0.83655
Slenderness (minor axis) lam'y=Ley/(r*10)=1800/(6.6739*10)

=26.971
Slenderness (major axis) lam'z=Lez/(r*10)=3060/(6.6739*10)
=45.85
Controlling slenderness ratio lambda=45.85

=0.2*(3.1416^2*205*1000/275)^0.5
=17.155
Perry factor eta=0.001*a*(lam'y-lamb0)
=0.001*2*(26.971-17.155)
=0.019632
Euler strength pe=PI^2*E*1000/lam'y^2
=3.1416^2*205*1000/26.971^2
=2781.4 N/mm2
=(275+(0.019632+1)*2781.4)/2
=1555.5 N/mm2
Office: 1007
=2781.4*275/(1555.5+(1555.5^2
-2781.4*275)^0.5)
=269.15 N/mm2
=797.79 kN
Perry factor eta=0.001*a*(lam'z-lamb0)
=0.001*2*(45.85-17.155)
=0.057391
Euler strength pe=PI^2*E*1000/lam'z^2
=3.1416^2*205*1000/45.85^2
=962.43 N/mm2
=(275+(0.057391+1)*962.43)/2
=646.33 N/mm2
=962.43*275/(646.33+(646.33^2
-962.43*275)^0.5)
=255.08 N/mm2
=756.09 kN
Since F Pc ( 598 kN 756.09 kN ), design axial compressive
=0.2+(0.15*0+0.5*5.04+0.15*0)/5.04
=0.7

Quarter point mz2=0 kNm
Mid-span mz3=5.04 kNm
Three quarter point mz4=0 kNm
Equivalent uniform moment factor mz=0.2+(0.1*mz2+0.6*mz3+0.1*mz4)/Mz
=0.2+(0.1*0+0.6*5.04+0.1*0)/5.04
=0.8
Office: 1007
Limiting value of m mzlim=0.8*M24/Mz=0.8*5.04/5.04
=0.8
Buckling resistance - Clause 4.3.6.1
For circular hollow sections resistance to lateral-torsional buckling

need not be checked separately and the buckling resistance moment is:
Buckling resistance Mb=Mc=48.972 kNm
For major axis in-plane buckling,

F mz.Mz F
+ 1 + 0.5 1.0
Pcz Mc Pcz

Unity relationship unity=F/Pcz+mz*Mz/Mc*(1+0.5*F/Pcz)

=598/756.09+0.8*5.04/48.972*(1
+0.5*598/756.09)
=0.90581
For out-of-plane buckling,
Fc mLT.Mz
+ 0.5 1.0
Pcy Mc
Unity relationship ufy=F/Pcy+0.5*mLT*Mz/Mc

=598/797.79+0.5*0.7*5.04/48.972
=0.7856

CIRCULAR HOLLOW 193.7 mm O.D. x 5 mm CHS Grade S 275
SECTION & DESIGN Section is satisfactory for bending
SUMMARY axial load, local capacity and
overall buckling check.
Axial load 598 kN
Compression resistance 756.09 kN
Maximum moment z zxis 5.04 kNm
Local capacity check 0.83655 1
Overall buckling check 0.90581 1
No414
Office: 1007
Location: Default example - intermediate column length
Z
Circular Hollow Section

D with BS EN 1993-1-1:2005.
Y Y Internal forces and moments
have been determined by
elastic global analysis.

All forces and moments are
factored.
Z
Moment about y-y axis MyEd=50 kNm

Shear force VzEd=22 kN
Axial load (+ve compression) NEd=760 kN
Moment about z-z axis MzEd=50 kNm
Accompanying shear force VyEd=22 kNm
Axial load is compressive.
244.5 dia x 8 thick CHS - Hot finished.

Properties (cm): A=59.439 iy=8.3663 Wely=340.32 Wply=447.63 Iy=4160.4
It=8320.9


=0.81362
Ratio for local buckling C't=D/t=244.5/8=30.563
As C/t 50e^2 ( 33.099 ), the section is Class 1 plastic.
Moment resistance
Moment resistance McRd=Wply*fy/10^3=447.63*355/10^3

=158.91 kNm
Unity factor unity=MyEd/McRd=50/158.91
=0.31465
Office: 1007
Shear plastic resistance

Shear area Avz=2*A*100/PI=2*59.439*100/3.1416
=3784 mm2
=3784*355/SQR(3)/1000
=775.57 kN
Unity factor Unity=VzEd/VplRd=22/775.57
=0.028366
Unity factor Unity=VyEd/VplRd=22/775.57
=0.028366
M-V interaction
Shear force at maximum BM V=22 kN

No M-V interaction has to be considered as actual shear force is less
than 0.5VplRd ( 22 kN < 387.78 kN ).
Axial ratio n=NEd/(A*fy/10)=760/(59.439*355/10)

=0.36018
Assumed ratio of area of aw=0.5
Moment resistance MNRd=McRd*(1-n)/(1-0.5*aw)
=158.91*(1-0.36018)/(1-0.5*0.5)
=135.56 kNm
2 2
MyEd MzEd
+ 1.0
MNRd MNRd

Unity expression unity=(MyEd/MNRd)^2+(MzEd/MNRd)^2

=(50/135.56)^2+(50/135.56)^2
=0.27207
Effective length
Length between restraints (y-y) Ly=7 m

Length between restraints (z-z) Lz=7 m
Effective length about y-y axis Lcry=1.0*Ly*1000=1.0*7*1000
=7000 mm
Effective length about z-z axis Lcrz=1.0*Lz*1000=1.0*7*1000
=7000 mm
Office: 1007

=3.1416^2*210000*4160.4*10^7
/(7000*10^3)^2
=1759.8 kN
=3.1416^2*210000*4160.4*10^7
/(7000*10^3)^2
=1759.8 kN

=SQR(59.439*10^2*355/(1759.8
*10^3))
=1.095
=SQR(59.439*10^2*355/(1759.8
*10^3))
=1.095
Reduction factor

=0.5*(1+0.21*(1.095-0.2)+1.095^2)
=1.1935
=1/(1.1935+SQR(1.1935^2-1.095^2))
=0.59943

=0.5*(1+0.21*(1.095-0.2)+1.095^2)
=1.1935
=1/(1.1935+SQR(1.1935^2-1.095^2))
=0.59943
Axial resistance NRd=A*fy/10=59.439*355/10

=2110.1 kN
Unity factor unity=NEd/NRd=760/2110.1
=0.36018
Office: 1007
Coefficient factor
Factor Cmy:
Member under consideration is not loaded between lateral restraints.
Maximum moment on segment Mcm=50 kNm
Far end bending moment pM(1)=-50 kNm
Table 3.1 psi factor psi=pM(i)/Mcm=-50/50=-1
Moment factor Cm=0.6+0.4*psi=0.6+0.4*-1
=0.2
Factor limited Cm=0.4
Factor Cmz:
Member under consideration is not loaded between lateral restraints.
Maximum moment on segment Mcm=50 kNm
Far end bending moment pM(2)=-50 kNm
Table 3.1 psi factor psi=pM(i)/Mcm=-50/50=-1
Moment factor Cm=0.6+0.4*psi=0.6+0.4*-1
=0.2
Factor limited Cm=0.4
Equivalent uniform moment factor Cmz=Cm=0.4

=0.4*(1+(1.095-0.2)*760/(0.59943
*2110.1))
=0.61511
=0.4*(1+0.8*760/(0.59943*2110.1))
=0.59228
Interaction factor kzy=0.6*kyy=0.6*0.59228=0.35537
Interaction factor kzz1=Cmz*(1+(lamz-0.2)*NEd/(chiz*NRd))
=0.4*(1+(1.095-0.2)*760/(0.59943
*2110.1))
=0.61511
Interaction factor kzz2=Cmz*(1+0.8*NEd/(chiz*NRd))
=0.4*(1+0.8*760/(0.59943*2110.1))
=0.59228
Interaction factor kzz=0.59228
Interaction factor kyz=0.6*kzz=0.6*0.59228=0.35537
Length for LTB LT=7 m

Effective length parameter K=0.85
Euler term Et=PI^2*E*Iz/(K*LT^2*100)
=3.1416^2*210000*4160.4/(0.85*7^2
*100)
=2.0704E6 N
Shear modulus term Gt=K*LT^2*G*It/(PI^2*E*Iz)*10^6
=0.85*7^2*80770*8320.9/(3.1416^2
*210000*4160.4)*10^6
=3.2462E6 mm2
Office: 1007
Maximum moment on section M=50 kNm
Far end moment psiM=-50 kNm
Factor psi=psiM/M=-50/50=-1
Coefficient C1 C1=TABLE 3.1 for psi=-1
=2.55
Factor kc=1/(1.33-0.33*psi)=1/(1.33-0.33*-1)
=0.60241
Critical moment Mcr=C1*Et*Gt^0.5/10^6
=2.55*2.0704E6*3.2462E6^0.5/10^6
=9512 kNm
=(447.63*355/(9512*10^3))^0.5
=0.12925
As lamLT lamLT0,
The segment of the beam is not subject to lateral torsional buckling.
=1*447.63*355/10^3
=158.91 kNm
NEd MyEd MzEd

+ kyy + kyz 1.0
y.NRd LT.McRd McRd
Unity factor Unity1=NEd/(chiy*NRd)+kyy*MyEd/(ChiLT*McRd)+kyz*MzEd/McRd

=760/(0.59943*2110.1)+0.59228*50/(1*158.91)+0.35537
*50/158.91
=0.89904
NEd MyEd MzEd

+ kzy + kzz 1.0
z.NRd LT.McRd McRd
Unity factor Unity2=NEd/(chiz*NRd)+kzy*MyEd/(ChiLT*McRd)+kzz*MzEd/McRd

=760/(0.59943*2110.1)+0.35537*50/(1*158.91)+0.59228
*50/158.91
=0.89904

CIRCULAR HOLLOW 244.5 mm O.D. x 8 mm CHS Grade S 355
DESIGN Design BM y-y axis 50 kNm
SUMMARY Moment resistance (y-y) 158.91 kNm
Design BM z-z axis 50 kNm
Moment resistance (z-z) 158.91 kNm
Design compression load 760 kN
Axial resistance 2110.1 kN
0.89904 1
No414
Slim floor design using deep decking Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Ex1 from 'Slim Floor Construction Using Deep Decking'
Simply supported beam

Slim floor construction
non-composite beam.
Calculations are in
accordance with BS5950
and SCI publication
entitled 'Slim Floor
Construction Using Deep
Decking'.
Assumptions:
No restraint is provided to the compression flange

during the construction stage
In the construction stage the beam is assumed to be
torsional fixed and warping free at the supports
For the imposed loading condition the beam is assumed
laterally restrained
The steel deck is propped by a central line of props.
Bay details
Beam span L1=7.5 m

Beam cross-centres L2=7.5 m
Beam properties
254 x 254 x 107 UC.

Dimensions (mm): D=266.7 B=258.8 T=20.5 t=12.8 r=12.7
Properties (cm): Ixx=17500 Iyy=5930 Juc=172 A=136

Young's modulus E=205 kN/mm2
Poisson's ratio neu=0.3
Shear modulus G=E/(2*(1+neu))=205/(2*(1+0.3))
=78.846 kN/mm2
Plate properties

Tp
Bp
Thickness of plate Tp=15 mm

Width of plate Bp=460 mm
Area of plate Ap=Tp*Bp/100=15*460/100=69 cm2
Office: 1007
Concrete details
Concrete Grade fcu=30 N/mm2

For buildings of normal usage the modular ratio is assumed to be 2/3
of the value due to short term loading and 1/3 of the value due to
long term loading.
Assuming light weight concrete
Modular ratio (LWC) Alphae=15
Loading (unfactored)
Dead loads:
Self weight of beam:
UC section wuc=serM*9.81/1000=107*9.81/1000
=1.0497 kN/m
Plate self weight wpl=wuc*Ap/A=1.0497*69/136
=0.53255 kN/m
Self weight of beam + plate ws=(wuc+wpl)/L2 kN/m2
=0.21 kN/m2
Floor loading concrete
Air dry density for concrete Dc=18 kN/m3
Wet density for concrete D'c=19 kN/m3
Deck spans onto the supporting beam.
<Ct>

- - mesh
_____________ _____________ Ds
/ \ / \ Dp
__/ \_____________/ \__
<p> <b>
Slab depth Ds=300 mm

Depth of profiling Dp=285 mm
Centres of profiles Ct=600 mm
Width at inside of profile b=548 mm
Width at outside of profile p=424 mm
Dry weight of slab + troughs wd=(Ds-Dp/(2*Ct)*(b+p))*Dc/1000
=(300-285/(2*600)*(548+424))*18/1000
=1.2447 kN/m2
Wet weight of slab + troughs ww=(Ds-Dp/(2*Ct)*(b+p))*D'c/1000
=(300-285/(2*600)*(548+424))*19/1000
=1.3139 kN/m2
Dry weight surrounding beam wsd=Bp*Dp*Dc/(L1*L2*10^6)
=460*285*18/(7.5*7.5*10^6)
=0.041952 kN/m2
Wet weight surrounding beam wsw=Bp*Dp*D'c/(L1*L2*10^6)
=460*285*19/(7.5*7.5*10^6)
=0.044283 kN/m2
Dry weight of concrete wud=1.29 kN/m2
Wet weight of concrete wuw=1.36 kN/m2
Deck and end closures wg=0.2 kN/m2
Construction load wc=0.5 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Floor & minor services wf=0.25 kN/m2
Ceiling wci=0 kN/m2
Imposed loads:
Occupancy wo=3.5 kN/m2
Partitions wp=1 kN/m2
Total imposed loading wi'=wo+wp=3.5+1=4.5 kN/m2
Imposed load reduction wr=L1*L2*wi'/1000=7.5*7.5*4.5/1000
=0.25312 kN/m2
Revised imposed load wi=wi'-wr=4.5-0.25=4.25 kN/m2
Loading combinations
The load case combinations outlined below follow the design criteria
listed in the SCI publication.
Case 1 - Construction stage. Only one span constructed and subject to

construction load. This load combination is not applicable to
this type of construction.
Case 2(a) - Construction stage. Two spans constructed, one subject to

construction load. Deck props in position.
Eccentric loading (deck only) W21=wg*1.4*L2/4*L1=0.2*1.4*7.5/4*7.5

=3.9375 kN
Eccentric loading W22=((wuw+wg)*1.4+wc*1.6)*L1*L2/4
=((1.36+0.2)*1.4+0.5*1.6)*7.5*7.5/4
=41.963 kN
Axial loading W23=ws*1.4*L2*L1=0.21*1.4*7.5*7.5
=16.538 kN

3.9375 kN 41.963 kN

16.538 kN
Total applied load W2=W21+W22+W23=3.9375+41.963+16.538

=62.438 kN
Check: Lateral torsional buckling combined with torsion.
Case 2(b) - Construction stage (plastic capacity). Two spans

constructed, both subject to construction load.
Deck props in position.

41.963 kN 41.963 kN

16.538 kN
Total axial load W2a=W23+2*W22=16.538+2*41.963

=100.46 kN
Check: Maximum loading for lateral torsional buckling.

Office: 1007
Case 3(a) - In-service stage. Only one span subject to imposed load
This load case is not required.
Case 3(b) - In-service stage (ultimate combined bending check)

Axial loading W33=(wi*1.6+(wud+ws+wf+wg+wci)*1.4)*L2*L1
=(4.25*1.6+(1.29+0.21+0.25+0.2+0)*1.4)
*7.5*7.5
=536.06 kN

536.06 kN
Check: Maximum loading for moment capacity.

=0.89281
Outstand b'=B/2=258.8/2=129.4 mm
Ratio b'T=b'/T=129.4/20.5=6.3122
Compact limiting value of ratio b'Tlim=10*e=10*0.89281=8.9281
b/T ratio within limiting value of 10e.
Compact limiting value of ratio d'tlim=100*e=100*0.89281
=89.281
=200.3 mm
Ratio d't=d/t=200.3/12.8=15.648
d/t ratio within limiting value of 100e.
Section properties - (beam + plate)
The plate thickness is 15 mm and the steel grade is S 355.

Design strength pyp=355 N/mm2
Torsional constant of plate Jp=Tp^3*Bp/30000=15^3*460/30000
=51.75 cm4
Area of plate & bottom flange Ab=Bp*Tp+B*T=460*15+258.8*20.5
=12205 mm2
Neutral axis is in plate
Top of plate to centre of area hc=Tp-Ab/(2*Bp)=15-12205/(2*460)
=1.7333 mm
Distance between flange centroids hs=D-T/2+hc=266.7-20.5/2+1.7333
=258.18 mm
Total area At=A+Ap=136+69=205 cm2
Taking area moments about bottom surface of plate
Distance to centroid ybar=(A*(D/2+Tp)+Ap*Tp/2)/At
=(136*(266.7/2+15)+69*15/2)/205
=100.94 mm
Second moment of Area about neutral axis:
Ix=Ixx+A*((D/2-ybar+Tp)/10)^2+Ap*((ybar-Tp/2)/10)^2
=17500+136*((266.7/2-100.94+15)/10)^2+69*((100.94-15/2)
/10)^2
=26581 cm4
Office: 1007
Second moment of area Iy=Iyy+Tp/10*(Bp/10)^3/12
=5930+15/10*(460/10)^3/12
=18097 cm4
Radius of gyration about y-y ry=(Iy/At)^0.5=(18097/205)^0.5
=9.3956 cm
Equal area axis above the bottom flange
When the design strengths of the UC and the plate are not the same
the SCI Slim Floor publication adopts the approach that the different
design strengths should be used to determine the plastic modulus Sx.
Design strength of plate pyp=355 N/mm2
Modified plate area Ap=Ap*pyp/py=69*355/345=71 cm2
Modified total area At=A+Ap=136+71=207 cm2
Depth between flanges of beam df=D-2*T=266.7-2*20.5=225.7 mm
The Equal-Area axis lies in the flange of the beam.
Distance from top of plate yea=(At/2-Ap)*100/B
=(207/2-71)*100/258.8
=12.558 mm
Distance to centre of areas y1=T-yea=20.5-12.558=7.942 mm
y2=df/2+y1=225.7/2+7.942
=120.79 mm
y3=df+y1+T/2=225.7+7.942+20.5/2
=243.89 mm
Ignoring the fillets, the plastic modulus of the combined section is
Sx=(Ap*(yea+Tp/2)*100+B*yea^2/2+B*y1^2/2+t*df*y2+B*T*y3)/10^3
=(71*(12.558+15/2)*100+258.8*12.558^2/2+258.8*7.942^2/2+12.8*225.7
*120.79+258.8*20.5*243.89)/10^3
=1813.9 cm3
Transverse plate bending
Prop loads - Case 2b
Before proceeding further with design checks determine the biaxial

stress effects (if any) in the plate. In some instances the trans-
verse moment may have such an effect as to reduce the moment capacity
for overall bending of the section.
Maximum transverse moment, M, in the plate is obtained from:
M (c^2-sigma^2) sigma=longitudinal bending stress

= Mp=plate moment capacity
Mp 2.c.pyp c =(4pyp^2-3sigma^2)^0.5
For transverse bending effects refer directly to the bottom flange.

Bending moment Mx=W2a*L1/8=100.46*7.5/8
=94.184 kNm
Longitudinal bending stress sigma=Mx*10^3/Sx=94.184*10^3/1813.9
=51.924 N/mm2
Stress c=(4*pyp^2-3*sigma^2)^0.5
=(4*355^2-3*51.924^2)^0.5
=704.28 N/mm2
Ratio of moments M'Mp=(c^2-sigma^2)/(2*c*pyp)
=(704.28^2-51.924^2)/(2*704.28
*355)
=0.98655
Office: 1007
The ratio of plate transverse moment/ moment capacity of
plate must not exceed 0.98655 otherwise the longitudinal bending
capacity of the beam is reduced.
Assuming clearance of 25 mm between beam flange and floor slab
Distance to load W22 as=(Bp-B'-2*25)/4+25
=(460-260-2*25)/4+25
=62.5 mm
Plate transverse moment (total) M'=W22*as/10^3=41.963*62.5/10^3
=2.6227 kNm
Unit length moment M=M'/L1=2.6227/7.5=0.34969 kNm per m.
Plate section modulus (total) Sxp'=Tp^2*L1/4=15^2*7.5/4
=421.88 cm3
Unit length section modulus Sxp=Sxp'/L1
=421.88/7.5
=56.25 cm3 per m
Plate moment capacity Mp=Sxp*pyp/10^3=56.25*355/10^3
=19.969 kNm per m
Ratio of moment Mr=M/Mp=0.34969/19.969=0.017512
Since Mr M'Mp ( 0.017512 0.98655 ) biaxial bending has no
influence on the overall bending of the section.
Case 2a - Construction loading - One side loaded
Buckling Check
Mx ( fbyt + fw ) 0.5 Mx
+ 1 + 1.0
Mb/mLT py Mb/mLT
Bending moment Mx=W2*L1/8=62.438*7.5/8=58.535 kNm

Eccentricity of load ecc=B/2+as=258.8/2+62.5=191.9 mm
Torsional moment Tq=(W22-W21)*ecc/10^3
=(41.963-3.9375)*191.9/10^3
=7.297 kNm

Both flanges free to rotate on plan.
Effective length (Table 13) Le=1.0*L1*1000=1.0*7.5*1000
=7500 mm
Resistance to lateral torsional buckling - Clause 4.3.6
Gamma of combined section gamma=(1-Iy/Ix)=(1-18097/26581)

=0.31918
Buckling parameter u=(4*Sx^2*gamma/(At^2*(hs/10)^2))^0.25
=(4*1813.9^2*0.31918/(207^2*(258.18
/10)^2))^0.25
=0.61927
Torsional constant of section J=Juc+Jp=172+51.75=223.75 cm4
Torsional index of section x=0.566*hs/10*(At/J)^0.5
=0.566*258.18/10*(207/223.75)^0.5
=14.056
Second moment of area of flanges in transverse bending
Office: 1007
Flange only Icf=T*B^3/120000=20.5*258.8^3/120000
=2961.2 cm4
Flange and plate Itf=Icf+Tp*Bp^3/120000
=2961.2+15*460^3/120000
=15128 cm4
Ratio of moment areas of flanges eta=Icf/(Icf+Itf)
=2961.2/(2961.2+15128)
=0.1637
Factor for psi keta=1.0
Slenderness of section lambda=Le/(ry*10)=7500/(9.3956*10)
=79.824
=5.6792
Monosymmetry index psi=keta*(2*eta-1)=1*(2*0.1637-1)
=-0.67261
Slenderness factor v=((4*eta*(1-eta)+1/20*ratio^2+psi^2)^0.5+psi)^-0.5
=((4*0.1637*(1-0.1637)+1/20*5.6792^2+
-0.67261^2)^0.5+-0.67261)^-0.5
=1.0294
Ratio w betaw=1.0
=0.61927*1.0294*79.824*(1)^0.5
=50.884
=0.4*((3.1416^2*205*10^3)
/345)^0.5
=30.632
Perry coefficient etaLT=2*0.007*(lamLT-lamlo)
=2*0.007*(50.884-30.632)
=0.28353
=3.1416^2*205*10^3/(50.884^2)
=781.42 N/mm2
=(345+(0.28353+1)*781.42)/2
=673.99 N/mm2
Factor pey=pe*py=781.42*345=269592
=(269592)/(673.99+((673.99^2
-269592)^0.5))
=244.26 N/mm2
Buckling resistance moment Mb=Sx*pb/10^3=1813.9*244.26/10^3
=443.05 kNm
Equivalent uniform moment factor mLT=0.925
Warping constant H=(hs/10)^2*Icf*Itf/Iy
=(258.18/10)^2*2961.2*15128/18097
=1.6501E6 cm6
Torsional bending constant a=(E*H/(G*J))^0.5*10
=(205*1.6501E6/(78.846*223.75))^0.5
*10
=1384.7 mm
Length of beam L=7500 mm
Distance along member z=L/2=7500/2=3750 mm
Hyperbolic sine of z/a t1=SNH(z/a)=SNH(3750/1384.7)
=7.4675
Office: 1007
Hyperbolic tangent of L/2a t2=TNH(L/(2*a))=TNH(7500/(2*1384.7))
=0.99115
Hyperbolic cosine of z/a t3=CSH(z/a)=CSH(3750/1384.7)
=7.5342
term t4=L^2/(2*a^2)*(z/L-(z^2/L^2))
=7500^2/(2*1384.7^2)*(3750/7500
-(3750^2/7500^2))
=3.6671
Angle of twist phi=Tq*a/(G*J*10)*a/L*(t4+t3-t2*t1-1)
=7.297*1384.7/(78.846*223.75*10)
*1384.7/7500*(3.6671+7.5342
-0.99115*7.4675-1)
=0.029606 rad
Torsional moment (y-y axis) Myt=Mx*phi=58.535*0.029606
=1.733 kNm
Torsional bending stress (y-y) fbyt=Myt*(B/2)/Iy*10^2
=1.733*(258.8/2)/18097*10^2
=1.2392 N/mm2
Distance bet. flange centroids hs=258.18 mm
Centroid to top flange centroid ht=D+Tp-T/2-ybar
=266.7+15-20.5/2-100.94
=170.51 mm
Centroid to bot. fl. centroid hb=hs-ht=258.18-170.51=87.675 mm
Distance centroid to shear ctr. yo=(hb*Itf-ht*Icf)/(Icf+Itf)
=(87.675*15128-170.51*2961.2)
/(2961.2+15128)
=45.411 mm
Distance to shear centre h1=ht+yo=170.51+45.411=215.92 mm
Normalised warping function(top) Wno=h1*B/2=215.92*258.8/2
=27940 mm2
Second derivative of phi phi''=Tq/(G*J*10*a)*a/L*(-1+t3-t2*t1)
=7.297/(78.846*223.75*10*1384.7)
*1384.7/7500*(-1+7.5342-0.99115
*7.4675)
=-4.7829E-9 rad/mm2
Consider phi'' as positive phi''=4.7829E-9 rad/mm2
Torsional stress in flange fw=E*10^3*Wno*phi''
=205*10^3*27940*4.7829E-9
=27.395 N/mm2
Unity factor uf=mLT*Mx/Mb+((fbyt+fw)/py)*(1+0.5*Mx*mLT/Mb)
=0.925*58.535/443.05+((1.2392+27.395)/345)*(1
+0.5*58.535*0.925/443.05)
=0.21028
As uf 1 a whole ' internal bay' could be cast without any undue
influence of torsion combined with bending.
Local capacity check
fbx + fbyt + fw py
Bending normal stress fbx=Mx*(D+Tp-ybar)/Ix*100

=58.535*(266.7+15-100.94)/26581*100
=39.805 N/mm2
Combined stress fcb=fbx+fbyt+fw=39.805+1.2392+27.395
=68.439 N/mm2
Since fcb py ( 68.439 N/mm2 345 N/mm2 ), section is suitable.
Office: 1007
Horizontal deflection - top flange of beam
Construction stage - concrete on one side only (slab propped)
Eccentric loading due to concrete W1=wuw*L1*L2/4=1.36*7.5*7.5/4

=19.125 kN
Torsional moment Tq=W1*ecc/10^3=19.125*191.9/10^3
=3.6701 kNm
Angle of twist phi=Tq*a/(G*J*10)*a/L*(t4+t3-t2*t1-1)
=3.6701*1384.7/(78.846*223.75*10)
*1384.7/7500*(3.6671+7.5342
-0.99115*7.4675-1)
=0.014891 rad
Distance: shear centre/top flange ys=D+Tp-ybar+yo
=266.7+15-100.94+45.411
=226.17 mm
Horizontal movement hy=ys*phi=226.17*0.014891
=3.3678 mm
The maximum horizontal movement of the top flange ( 3.3678 mm ) occurs

at midspan. Arbitrarily, a limit of 20 mm to movement of the top
flange would be within normal tolerances. The deck connected to
either side of the beam to the flange plate plus the closure flashing
will provide additional stiffness. This additional stiffness has not
been included in the above.
Design Case 3(b) - In-service stage (imposed loading)
Since the beam is fully restrained in the in-service stage,

moment capacity is considered.
Moment capacity for compact sect. Mc=py*Sx/10^3=345*1813.9/10^3
=625.79 kNm
Loading due to flooring Wi1=((wud+wf+wci)*1.4+wi*1.6)*L1*L2/2
=((1.29+0.25+0)*1.4+4.25*1.6)*7.5
*7.5/2
=251.89 kN
Loading due to self weight Wi2=(ws+wg)*1.4*L1*L2
=(0.21+0.2)*1.4*7.5*7.5
=32.288 kN

W3 W1 251.89 kN 251.89 kN

W2 32.288 kN
Total factored load W33=536.06 kN

Bending moment Mx=W33*L1/8=536.06*7.5/8
=502.56 kNm
Since Mx Mc ( 502.56 kNm 625.79 kNm ), the section is suitable
for moment capacity.
Office: 1007
Vertical shear
Shear force Fv=W33/2=536.06/2=268.03 kN

=706.65 kN
Since Fv Pv ( 268.03 kN 706.65 kN ), design shear force within
shear capacity.
Elastic section properties
Section properties calculations from Annex B of SCI publication.
Serviceability
(a) Uncracked section properties used for deflection

Concrete area Acs=df*Bp/(100*Alphae)
=225.7*460/(100*15)
=69.215 cm2
Concrete second moment of area Icxs=Bp*df^3/(120000*Alphae)
=460*225.7^3/(120000*15)
=2938.2 cm4
Elastic N.A. below mid-height ycs=Ap*(D+Tp)/(2*(At+Acs))/10
=69*(266.7+15)/(2*(207+69.215))/10
=3.5185 cm
Composite second moment of area:
Ixs=Ixx+A*ycs^2+Icxs+Acs*ycs^2+Ap*((D+Tp)/20-ycs)^2
=17500+136*3.5185^2+2938.2+69.215*3.5185^2+69*((266.7
+15)/20-3.5185)^2
=30683 cm4
(b) Cracked section properties used for elastic stresses. Assume

the elastic neutral axis height 'ye' is below the centroid of the
UC section.
Term k1=Bp/(2*Alphae)=460/(2*15)
=15.333 mm
Term k2=At*10^2+Bp/Alphae*df/2
=207*10^2+460/15*225.7/2
=24161 mm
Term k3=Bp/(2*Alphae)*(df/2)^2-Ap*100*(D+Tp)/2
=460/(2*15)*(225.7/2)^2-69*100*(266.7+15)/2
=-776593 mm
Elastic N.A. below mid-height ye=(-k2+(k2^2-4*k1*k3)^0.5)/(20*k1)
=(-24161+(24161^2-4*15.333*
-776593)^0.5)/(20*15.333)
=3.1513 cm
Concrete area in steel units Asc=Bp/(10*Alphae)*(df/20+ye)
=460/(10*15)*(225.7/20+3.1513)
=44.271 cm2
Second moment of area of UC k4=Ixx+A*ye^2=17500+136*3.1513^2
=18851 cm4
Second moment of area of plate k5=Ap*((D+Tp)/20-ye)^2
=69*((266.7+15)/20-3.1513)^2
=8248.7 cm4
Second moment of area of concrete k6=Bp/(120*Alphae)*(df/20+ye)^3
=460/(120*15)*(225.7/20+3.1513)^3
=768.86 cm4
Office: 1007
Second moment of area of concrete k7=Asc*((df/20+ye)/2)^2
=44.271*((225.7/20+3.1513)/2)^2
=2306.6 cm4
Combined second moment of area Ixc=k4+k5+k6+k7
=18851+8248.7+768.86+2306.6
=30175 cm4
Elastic modulus of concrete Zc=Ixc*Alphae/(df/20+ye)
=30175*15/(225.7/20+3.1513)
=31353 cm3
Elastic modulus steel (top) Zst=Ixc/(D/20+ye)
=30175/(266.7/20+3.1513)
=1830.3 cm3
Elastic modulus steel (bottom) Zsb=Ixc/((D/2+Tp)/10-ye)
=30175/((266.7/2+15)/10-3.1513)
=2582.6 cm3
Construction stage (steel beam + plate only)
Loading:
Self weight Ws=ws*L1*L2=0.21*7.5*7.5
=11.813 kN
Decking Wg=wg*L1*L2/2=0.2*7.5*7.5/2
=5.625 kN
Concrete Wu=wuw*L1*L2/2=1.36*7.5*7.5/2
=38.25 kN
Total load Wsb=Ws+Wg+Wu=11.813+5.625+38.25
=55.688 kN
Maximum moment Mxs=Wsb*L1/8=55.688*7.5/8
=52.207 kNm
Second moment of area Ix=26581 cm4
Compressive stress fc=Mxs*10^3*(D+Tp-ybar)/10/Ix
=52.207*10^3*(266.7+15-100.94)/10
/26581
=35.502 N/mm2
Tensile stress ft=Mxs*10^3*ybar/10/Ix
=52.207*10^3*100.94/10/26581
=19.826 N/mm2
Composite stage - cracked section
Loading Wcc=(wi+wf+wci)*L1*L2
=(4.25+0.25+0)*7.5*7.5
=253.13 kN
Moment Mxcc=Wcc*L1/8=253.13*7.5/8
=237.3 kNm
Dead loading (prop removed) Wdcc=(wud+wg)*L1*L2/2
=(1.29+0.2)*7.5*7.5/2
=41.906 kN
Moment Mxdc=Wdcc*L1/8=41.906*7.5/8
=39.287 kNm
Total moment Mxc=Mxcc+Mxdc=237.3+39.287
=276.59 kNm
Maximum concrete stress fcc=Mxc*10^3/Zc=276.59*10^3/31353
=8.8218 N/mm2
As fcc fcu/2 ( 8.8218 N/mm 15 N/mm2 ), the concrete
2
serviceability stresses are acceptable.

Office: 1007
Steel compressive stress fsc=Mxc*10^3/Zst=276.59*10^3/1830.3
=151.12 N/mm2
Steel tensile stress fst=Mxc*10^3/Zsb=276.59*10^3/2582.6
=107.1 N/mm2
Combine steel stresses for composite and construction stages.
Compression (combined) fcc=fc+fsc=35.502+151.12
=186.62 N/mm2
As fcc py ( 186.62 N/mm 345 N/mm2 ), serviceability stresses
2
are acceptable.
Tension ftc=ft+fst=19.826+107.1=126.92 N/mm2
As ftc pyp ( 126.92 N/mm 355 N/mm2 ), serviceability stresses
2
are acceptable.
Transverse plate bending (elastic condition)
Longitudinal stress sigmat=ftc=126.92 N/mm2

Plate bending:
Deck + concrete loads Wdc=(wud+wg)*L1*L2/2
=(1.29+0.2)*7.5*7.5/2
=41.906 kN
Imposed + service loads Wic=(wi+wf+wci)*L1*L2/2
=(4.25+0.25+0)*7.5*7.5/2
=126.56 kN
Flange plate line load Wpl=Wdc+Wic=41.906+126.56
=168.47 kN
Plate bending moment Mpl=Wpl*as/10^3=168.47*62.5/10^3
=10.529 kNm
Plate elastic modulus Zpl=L1*Tp^2/6=7.5*15^2/6
=281.25 cm3
Transverse bending stress sigtt=Mpl*10^3/Zpl=10.529*10^3/281.25
=37.438 N/mm2
Combined stress must be less than or equal to py,
i.e.
(sigtt^2 + sigmat^2 + sigtt.sigmat)^0.5 py
combined stress sigmac=(sigtt^2+sigmat^2+sigtt*sigmat)^0.5

=(37.438^2+126.92^2+37.438*126.92)^0.5
=149.21 N/mm2
As sigmac pyp ( 149.21 N/mm2 355 N/mm2 ), serviceability
stresses are acceptable.
Hence, serviceability stresses for steel and concrete are OK.
Deflections
Construction stage - Case 2(b)
Loading Wsb=55.688 kN
Deflection due to self weights dc=5*Wsb*L^3/(384*E*Ix*10^4)
=5*55.688*7500^3/(384*205*26581
*10^4)
=5.6137 mm
Additional deflection due to prop removal
Loading Wsp=Wg+Wu=5.625+38.25=43.875 kN
Concrete hardened around the steel section use:
Second moment of area Ixs=30683 cm4
Office: 1007
Additional deflection dca=5*Wsp*L^3/(384*E*Ixs*10^4)
=5*43.875*7500^3/(384*205*30683
*10^4)
=3.8317 mm
Imposed loading Wi=wi*L1*L2=4.25*7.5*7.5
=239.06 kN
Deflection due to imposed load di=dca*Wi/Wsp=3.8317*239.06/43.875
=20.878 mm
Deflection to span ratio 1: 359
Minor services and flooring Wm=(wf+wci)*L1*L2=(0.25+0)*7.5*7.5
=14.063 kN
Deflection due to minor loads dd=dca*Wm/Wsp=3.8317*14.063/43.875
=1.2281 kN
Total deflection dt=dc+dca+di+dd
=5.6137+3.8317+20.878+1.2281
=31.551 mm
Note: Where construction stage deflections of the steel deck are

considered to be high, account should be taken of the increased
concrete weight due to ponding. Refer to manufacturers' literature
for further details.
Natural frequency
Loading = Dead + 10% Imposed (not including partitions)

Dead loading wd=(wud+wf+ws+wg+wci)
=(1.29+0.25+0.21+0.2+0)
=1.95 kN/m2
Imposed load wo=3.5 kN/m2
Imposed load reduction wr=L1*L2*wo/1000=7.5*7.5*3.5/1000
=0.19688 kN/m2
Revised imposed load wri=wo-wr=3.5-0.2=3.3 kN/m2
Total load W=(wd+0.1*wri)*L1*L2
=(1.95+0.1*3.3)*7.5*7.5
=128.25 kN
Deflection due to permanent loads dp=5*W*L^3/(384*E*Ixs*10^4)
=5*128.25*7500^3/(384*205*30683
*10^4)
=11.2 mm
Natural frequency Hf=18/SQR(dp)=18/SQR(11.2)
=5.3784 Hz
As Hf 4 the floor structure is satisfactory for natural frequency.
Welding
The electrode is grade 35 and the steel grade is S 355.

Design strength of fillet weld pw=220 N/mm2
For the weld design all of the vertical shear is assumed to act
through the flange plate except for the own weight of steelwork
and concrete infill.
Loading due to flooring W1=((wud+wf+wci)*1.4+wi*1.6)*L1*L2/2
=((1.29+0.25+0)*1.4+4.25*1.6)*7.5
*7.5/2
=251.89 kN
Office: 1007
Loading due to self weight W2=(ws+wg)*1.4*L1*L2
=(0.21+0.2)*1.4*7.5*7.5
=32.288 kN

251.89 kN 251.89 kN Under balanced load conditions the
curvature at the centre of the beam
is zero. The assumption is that
the plate then acts as a propped
as 32.288 kN cantilever.
Distance to load W1 from weld as=62.5 mm

Vertical force in weld Pa=W1*(1+1.5*as/(B/2))
=251.89*(1+1.5*62.5/(258.8/2))
=434.38 kN
Load per metre Ra=Pa/L1=434.38/7.5=57.917 kN/m
Max. long. force in plate Pl=Ap*pyp/10=69*355/10=2449.5 kN
Assuming an elastic stress distribution for the transfer of
longitudinal shear between UC and plate
Longitudinal shear per weld Rl=2*Pl/L1=2*2449.5/7.5=653.2 kN/m
Assumed fillet weld size s'=8 mm
Horizontal force in plate Ph=W1*as/((s'+Tp)/2)
=251.89*62.5/((8+15)/2)
=1369 kN
Horizontal force per metre Rh=Ph/L1=1369/7.5=182.53 kN/m
Resultant force in weld R=(Ra^2+Rl^2+Rh^2)^0.5
=(57.917^2+653.2^2+182.53^2)^0.5
=680.69 N/mm
Weld leg length s=8 mm
Design strength of weld per mm Pw=0.7*s*pw=0.7*8*220=1232 N/mm
Since R Pw ( 680.69 N/mm 1232 N/mm ), the 8 mm FW is suitable.
End plate details
Thickness of end plate tp=10 mm

Grade of steel pgrade=355
Diameter of bolts db=20 mm
Bolt grade 8.8
Shear strength (Table 30) ps=375 N/mm2
Bearing strength (Table 31) pbb=560 N/mm2
Total number of bolts to be used bn=6
Diameter of hole Dh=db+2=20+2=22 mm
Distance to first row of bolts a1=80 mm
Edge distance a2=15 mm
Pitch of bolts a3=70 mm
Bolt cross-centres g=140 mm
Width of end plate Bep=250 mm
Edge distance at cross centres ed=(Bep-g)/2=(250-140)/2
=55 mm
Assuming length of plate must extend beyond bottom flange of beam
End plate length Dp=a2+D'=15+270=285 mm
Office: 1007
Bolt group strength in shear
Maximum load per bolt Fvs=W33/(2*bn)=536.06/(2*6)

=44.672 kN
Shear strength of bolt ps=375 N/mm2 from Table 30
Shear area of bolt As=TABLE 1.1 for db=20
=245 mm2
Shear capacity of bolt Ps=ps*As/10^3=375*245/10^3
=91.875 kN
Since Fvs Ps ( 44.672 kN 91.875 kN ), maximum load per bolt
within shear capacity.
Bolt group strength in bearing
The bearing capacity is taken as the lesser of the following:

(1) Bearing capacity of the bolt
Bearing strength of bolts pbb=1000 N/mm2 from Table 31
Assuming the end plate thickness to be less than the thickness
of supporting column.
Thinner material thickness is 10 mm.
Bearing capacity of bolt Pbb=db*tp*pbb/10^3=20*10*1000/10^3
=200 kN
(2) Bearing capacity of the end plate
Bearing strength pbs=TABLE 32 for pgrade=355
=550 N/mm2
Bearing capacity Pbs=db*tp*pbs/10^3=20*10*550/10^3
=110 kN
Bearing capacity Pb=Pbs=110 kN
Since Fvs Pb ( 44.672 kN 110 kN ), maximum load per bolt
within the bearing capacity of the end plate.
End plate shear strength
For material thickness of 10 mm and steel grade S 355.

Design strength pye=355 N/mm2
Shear area Avnet=0.9*tp*(Dp-Dh*bn/2)
=0.9*10*(285-22*6/2)
=1971 mm2
Effective net area coefficient Ke=1.1
Limiting shear area Avlim=0.85*0.9*tp*Dp/Ke
=0.85*0.9*10*285/1.1
=1982 mm2
As Avnet < Avlim then the bolt holes must be allowed for in the
shear area
Shear area Av=Avnet=1971 mm2
Shear capacity Pvp=0.6*pye*Av/10^3=0.6*355*1971/10^3
=419.82 kN
Shear force Fvp=W33/4=536.06/4=134.02 kN
Since Fvp Pvp ( 134.02 kN 419.82 kN ), end plate is within
shear capacity.
Office: 1007
Check on bolt forces due to out of balance loads
in the construction stage
Eccentric loading (deck only) W21=3.9375 kN

Eccentric loading W22=41.963 kN
Axial loading W23=16.538 kN

3.9375 kN 41.963 kN

16.538 kN
Torsional moment of connection Tor=(W22-W21)/2*ecc/10^3

=(41.963-3.9375)/2*191.9/10^3
=3.6485 kNm
Polar inertia of bolt group Ip=4*a3^2+6*(g/2)^2
=4*70^2+6*(140/2)^2
=49000 mm4
Distance to extreme bolt r'=((g/2)^2+a3^2)^0.5
=((140/2)^2+70^2)^0.5
=98.995 mm
Component force due to torsion Ft=Tor*10^3*r'/Ip
=3.6485*10^3*98.995/49000
=7.3711 kN
Vertical component of force Fvc=(W21+W22+W23)/(2*bn)
=(3.9375+41.963+16.538)/(2*6)
=5.2031 kN
Term cos0=g/(2*r')=140/(2*98.995)
=0.70711
Resultant force in bolt Fr=(Ft^2+Fvc^2+2*Ft*Fvc*cos0)^0.5
=(7.3711^2+5.2031^2+2*7.3711
*5.2031*0.70711)^0.5
=11.647 kN
Since Fr Ps ( 11.647 kN 91.875 kN ), shear capacity OK.
Since Fr Pb ( 11.647 kN 110 kN ), bearing capacity OK.
Guidelines for the provision of service voids
Holes to be contained within the middle third of the span

Maximum number of 5 holes per span
Circular service voids only
Minimum centres of holes, 600 mm
One hole per cross-section of deck
Holes to be symmetrically arranged about the centre line of
the UC web
Maximum hole diameter 0.6D ( 160 mm )
The cylindrical sleeve used to form service duct to be cold
formed steel minimum thickness 1.2 mm
Aggregate size should be considered, because the concrete has
to be vigorously vibrated to ensure that the concrete passes
beneath the cylindrical sleeve.
Office: 1007
CONNECTION SUMMARY
tp=10 Bep=250 mm
<>

a1 a2=15 80 mm Dp=
o o 285 mm
a3 70 mm
o o
a3 70 mm
o o
a6 65 mm

g=140 mm
Number of bolts 6
Bolt diameter 20 mm 55 mm 55 mm
Bolt grade 8.8
Plate grade S 355
UNIVERSAL COLUMN 254 x 254 x 107 UC Grade S 355

Design strength 345 N/mm2
BOTTOM PLATE 460 mm x 15 mm Grade S 355
Design shear force 268 kN
SUMMARY Design moment 502.6 kNm
Buckling check 0.2103 1
Imposed load deflection 20.88 mm
Total deflection 31.55 mm
NOTE: Use lightweight aggregate concrete (LWC) and provide top
reinforcement to tie the floor on each side of the beam together
in order to meet robustness requirements.
No419
Office: 1007
Location: Ex1 from 'Slim Floor Construction Using Deep Decking'
b
Simply supported beam

Slim floor construction non-composite
beam. Calculations are in accordance
h with EC3 Part 1-1 & SCI P385 entitled
'Design of Steel Beams in Torsion'.

A plate is welded to the bottom flange
of the UC section extending beyond the
Bp Tp bottom flange by 100 mm either side to
support the metal decking.
Design assumptions:
No restraint is provided to the compression flange

during the construction stage
In the construction stage the beam is assumed to be
torsional fixed and warping free at the supports
For the variable loading condition the beam is assumed
laterally restrained (i.e. LTB cannot occur)
The steel deck is propped by a central line of props.
Bay details
Beam span L1=7.5 m

Beam cross-centres L2=7.5 m
Beam properties
254 x 254 x 107 UKC

Dimensions (mm): h=266.7 b=258.8 tf=20.5 tw=12.8 r=12.7
Properties (cm): Iyy=17500 Izz=5930 Ituc=172 A=136

Shear modulus G=81 kN/mm2
Plate properties

Tp
Bp
Thickness of plate Tp=15 mm

Width of plate Bp=460 mm
Office: 1007
Area of plate Ap=Tp*Bp/100=15*460/100=69 cm2
Concrete details

Concrete grade fcu=TABLE 1.3 for fck=25
=30 N/mm2
For buildings of normal usage the modular ratio is assumed to be 2/3
of the value due to short term loading and 1/3 of the value due to
long term loading.
Modular ratio (assuming LWAC) Alphae=15
Permanent actions - unfactored
Self weight of beam wuc=serM*9.81/1000=107*9.81/1000

=1.0497 kN/m
Plate self weight wpl=wuc*Ap/A=1.0497*69/136
=0.53255 kN/m
Self weight of beam + plate ws=(wuc+wpl)/L2 kN/m2
=0.21 kN/m2
Concrete density (const.stage) D'c=19 kN/m3
Concrete density (final stage) Dc=18 kN/m3
Deck spans onto supporting beam.
<Ct>

- - mesh
_____________ _____________ Ds
/ \ / \ Dp
__/ \_____________/ \__
<wop> <wip>
Slab depth Ds=300 mm

Depth of profiling Dp=285 mm
Centres of profiles Ct=600 mm
Width at inside of profile wip=548 mm
Width at outside of profile wop=424 mm
Dry weight of slab + troughs wd=(Ds-Dp/(2*Ct)*(wip+wop))*Dc/1000
=(300-285/(2*600)*(548+424))*18/1000
=1.2447 kN/m2
Wet weight of slab + troughs ww=(Ds-Dp/(2*Ct)*(wip+wop))*D'c/1000
=(300-285/(2*600)*(548+424))*19/1000
=1.3139 kN/m2
Dry weight surrounding beam wsd=Bp*Dp*Dc/(L1*L2*10^6)
=460*285*18/(7.5*7.5*10^6)
=0.041952 kN/m2
Wet weight surrounding beam wsw=Bp*Dp*D'c/(L1*L2*10^6)
=460*285*19/(7.5*7.5*10^6)
=0.044283 kN/m2
Dry weight of concrete wud=1.29 kN/m2
Wet weight of concrete wuw=1.36 kN/m2
Deck and end closures wg=0.2 kN/m2
Construction load wc=0.5 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Floor & minor services wf=0.25 kN/m2
Ceiling wci=0 kN/m2
Variable actions - unfactored
Occupancy wo=3.5 kN/m2

Partitions wp=1 kN/m2
Total variable loading wi'=wo+wp=3.5+1=4.5 kN/m2
Variable load reduction wr=L1*L2*wi'/1000=7.5*7.5*4.5/1000
=0.25312 kN/m2
Revised variable load wi=wi'-wr=4.5-0.25=4.25 kN/m2
Partial factors for actions
Permanent actions gamG=1.35

Variable actions gamQ=1.5
Loading combinations
The load case combinations outlined below follow the design criteria in
in the SCI publication 'Slim Floor Construction Using Deep Decking'.
Case 1 - Construction stage with only one span constructed and subject
to construction load. This load combination is not applicable
to this type of construction.
Case 2(a) - Construction stage with two spans constructed, one subject
to construction load and deck props in position.
Eccentric loading (deck only) W21=wg*gamG*L2/4*L1

=0.2*1.35*7.5/4*7.5
=3.7969 kN
Eccentric loading W22=((wuw+wg)*gamG+wc*gamQ)*L1*L2/4
=((1.36+0.2)*1.35+0.5*1.5)*7.5
*7.5/4
=40.163 kN
Axial loading W23=ws*gamG*L2*L1=0.21*1.35*7.5*7.5
=15.947 kN

W21=3.7969 kN W22=40.163 kN

W23=15.947 kN
Total applied load W2a=W21+W22+W23=3.7969+40.163+15.947

=59.906 kN
Check: Lateral torsional buckling combined with torsion.
Case 2(b) - Construction stage (plastic resistance). Two spans

constructed, both subject to construction load. Deck
props in position.
Office: 1007

W22=40.163 kN W22=40.163 kN

W23=15.947 kN
Total axial load W2b=W23+2*W22=15.947+2*40.163

=96.272 kN
Check: Maximum loading for lateral torsional buckling.
Case 3(a) - In-service stage and only one span subject to variable
load. This check is not required.
Case 3(b) - In-service stage (ultimate combined bending check)
Axial loading W33=(wi*gamQ+(wud+ws+wf+wg+wci)*gamG)*L2*L1

=(4.25*1.5+(1.29+0.21+0.25+0.2+0)*1.35)
*7.5*7.5
=506.67 kN

W33=506.67 kN
Check: Maximum loading for moment resistance.

=0.82532
Outstand c=b/2=258.8/2=129.4 mm
Ratio c'tf=c/tf=129.4/20.5=6.3122
Compact limiting value of ratio c'Tlim=10*e=10*0.82532=8.2532
c/tf ratio within limiting value of 10e.
Compact limiting value of ratio C'tlim=83*e=83*0.82532=68.502
Depth between fillets C=h-2*(tf+r)=266.7-2*(20.5+12.7)
=200.3 mm
Ratio C'tw=C/tw=200.3/12.8=15.648
C/tw ratio within limiting value of 83e.
Therefore section classification is at least compact.
Section properties - (beam + plate)

Design strength of plate fyp=355 N/mm2
Torsional constant of plate Itp=Tp^3*Bp/30000=15^3*460/30000
=51.75 cm4
Area of plate & bottom flange Ab=Bp*Tp+b*tf=460*15+258.8*20.5
=12205 mm2
Neutral axis is in plate.
Office: 1007
Top of plate to centre of area zc=Tp-Ab/(2*Bp)=15-12205/(2*460)
=1.7333 mm
Distance between flange centroids hs=h-tf/2+zc=266.7-20.5/2+1.7333
=258.18 mm
Total area At=A+Ap=136+69=205 cm2
Taking area moments about bottom surface of plate,
Distance to centroid zbar=(A*(h/2+Tp)+Ap*Tp/2)/At
=(136*(266.7/2+15)+69*15/2)/205
=100.94 mm
Second moment of Area about neutral axis:
Iy=Iyy+A*((h/2-zbar+Tp)/10)^2+Ap*((zbar-Tp/2)/10)^2
=17500+136*((266.7/2-100.94+15)/10)^2+69*((100.94-15/2)
/10)^2
=26581 cm4
Second moment of area Iz=Izz+Tp/10*(Bp/10)^3/12
=5930+15/10*(460/10)^3/12
=18097 cm4
Radius of gyration about z-z iz=(Iz/At)^0.5=(18097/205)^0.5
=9.3956 cm
Equal area axis above the bottom flange
When the design strengths of the UKC and the plate are not the same
the SCI Slim Floor publication adopts the approach that the different
design strengths should be used to determine the plastic modulus Wply.
Modified plate area Ap=Ap*fyp/fy=69*355/345=71 cm2
Modified total area At=A+Ap=136+71=207 cm2
Depth between beam flanges hw=h-2*tf=266.7-2*20.5=225.7 mm
The Equal-Area axis lies in the flange of the beam then,
Distance from top of plate yea=(At/2-Ap)*100/b
=(207/2-71)*100/258.8
=12.558 mm
Distance to centre of areas z1=tf-yea=20.5-12.558=7.942 mm
z2=hw/2+z1=225.7/2+7.942
=120.79 mm
z3=hw+z1+tf/2=225.7+7.942+20.5/2
=243.89 mm
Ignoring the fillets, the plastic modulus of the combined section is
Wply=(Ap*(yea+Tp/2)*100+b*yea^2/2+b*z1^2/2+tw*hw*z2+b*tf*z3)/10^3
=(71*(12.558+15/2)*100+258.8*12.558^2/2+258.8*7.942^2/2+12.8*225.7
*120.79+258.8*20.5*243.89)/10^3
=1813.9 cm3
Buckling resistance
Since the beam is subject to possible lateral torsional buckling, the

buckling resistance moment, MbRd, will be considered rather than the
moment resistance as a guide to selection.
Moment resistance MyRd=Wply*fy/(gamM0*10^3)
=1813.9*345/(1*10^3)
=625.79 kNm
Office: 1007
Coefficient C1
Effective length parameter K=1.0

Length between restraints LT=L1=7.5 m
Coefficient C1 C1=1.0 (conservative)
As the section is symmetric only about one axis the SCI P362 will be
adopted to determine the non-dimensional slenderness LT.
Slenderness about z-z axis lamz=LT*10^2/iz=7.5*10^2/9.3956
=79.824
Lambda 1 lam1=PI*(E/fy)^0.5
=3.1416*(210000/345)^0.5
=77.509
Lambda z lambar=lamz/lam1=79.824/77.509
=1.0299
compute X=h/tf=266.7/20.5=13.01
Slenderness parameter V=1/(1+0.05*(lamz/X)^2)^0.25
=1/(1+0.05*(79.824/13.01)^2)^0.25
=0.76747
Beta w betaw=1.0
Section property U=0.9 (conservative)
Non-dimensional slenderness LT:
lamLT=1/(C1)^0.5*U*V*lambar*(betaw)^0.5
=1/(1)^0.5*0.9*0.76747*1.0299*(1)^0.5
=0.71136
According to the NA to BS EN 1993-1-1, for not doubly symmetrical
sections buckling curve d should be used.
Imperfection value aLT=0.76 (curve d)
compute comp1=aLT*(lamLT-lamLT0)
=0.76*(0.71136-0.4)
=0.23664
compute comp2=0.75*lamLT^2=0.75*0.71136^2
=0.37953
Factor phiLT=0.5*(1+comp1+comp2)
=0.5*(1+0.23664+0.37953)
=0.80808
Modification factor chiLT=1/(phiLT+(phiLT^2-0.75*lamLT^2)^0.5)
=1/(0.80808+(0.80808^2-0.75
*0.71136^2)^0.5)
=0.7513
Factor kc=1/(C1)^0.5=1/(1)^0.5=1
Moment distribution factor f=1-0.5*(1-kc)*(1-2*(lamLT-0.8)^2)
=1-0.5*(1-1)*(1-2*(0.71136-0.8)^2)
=1
Modified chiLT factor ChiLT=chiLT/f=0.7513/1=0.7513
Design buckling resistance moment MbRd=ChiLT*Wply*fy/(gamM1*10^3)
=0.7513*1813.9*345/(1*10^3)
=470.16 kNm
Biaxial stress effects in the plate - Case 2(b)
In some instances the transverse moment may have such an effect as to

reduce the moment resistance for overall bending of the section.
Maximum transverse moment, M, in the plate is obtained from:
Office: 1007
M (c^2-sigma^2) sigma=longitudinal bending stress

= Mp=plate moment resistance
Mp 2.c.fyp c=(4fyp^2-3sigma^2)^0.5
For transverse bending effects refer directly to the bottom flange.

Design strength fyp=355 N/mm2
Bending moment MyEd2b=W2b*L1/8=96.272*7.5/8
=90.255 kNm
Longitudinal bending stress sigma=MyEd2b*10^3/Wply
=90.255*10^3/1813.9
=49.758 N/mm2
Stress c=(4*fyp^2-3*sigma^2)^0.5
=(4*355^2-3*49.758^2)^0.5
=704.75 N/mm2
Ratio of moments M'Mp=(c^2-sigma^2)/(2*c*fyp)
=(704.75^2-49.758^2)/(2*704.75
*355)
=0.98766
The ratio of plate transverse moment/moment resistance of plate must
not exceed 0.98766 otherwise the longitudinal bending resistance
of the beam is reduced.
Assuming clearance of 25 mm between beam flange and floor slab
Distance to load W22 as=(Bp-B'-2*25)/4+25
=(460-260-2*25)/4+25
=62.5 mm
Plate transverse moment (total) M'=W22*as/10^3=40.163*62.5/10^3
=2.5102 kNm
Unit length moment M=M'/L1=2.5102/7.5=0.33469 kNm per m.
Plate section modulus (total) Wplyp'=Tp^2*L1/4=15^2*7.5/4
=421.88 cm3
Unit length section modulus Wplyp=Wplyp'/L1=421.88/7.5
=56.25 cm3 per m
Plate moment resistance Mp=Wplyp*fyp/10^3=56.25*355/10^3
=19.969 kNm per m
Ratio of moment Mr=M/Mp=0.33469/19.969=0.016761
Since Mr M'Mp ( 0.016761 0.98766 ), biaxial bending has no
influence on the overall bending of the section.
Case 2a - Construction loading (one side loaded)
Interaction of LTB with minor axis bending and torsion
MyEd2 Cmz.MzEd2 kw.kzw.ka.MwEd2

+ + 1
MbRd MzRd MwRd
Equivalent uniform moment factor Cmz=0.95

Bending moment MyEd2=W2a*L1/8=59.906*7.5/8
=56.162 kNm
Eccentricity of load ecc=b/2+as=258.8/2+62.5=191.9 mm
Torsional moment Td=(W22-W21)*ecc/10^3
=(40.163-3.7969)*191.9/10^3
=6.9786 kNm
Office: 1007
Torsional constant of section It=Ituc+Itp=172+51.75=223.75 cm4
Flange only Icf=tf*b^3/120000=20.5*258.8^3/120000
=2961.2 cm4
Flange and plate Itf=Icf+Tp*Bp^3/120000
=2961.2+15*460^3/120000
=15128 cm4
Warping constant Iw=(hs/10)^2*Icf*Itf/Iz
=(258.18/10)^2*2961.2*15128/18097
=1.6501E6 cm6
Centroid to top flange centroid ht=h+Tp-tf/2-zbar
=266.7+15-20.5/2-100.94
=170.51 mm
Centroid to bot. fl. centroid hb=hs-ht=258.18-170.51=87.675 mm
Distance centroid to shear ctr. zo=(hb*Itf-ht*Icf)/(Icf+Itf)
=(87.675*15128-170.51*2961.2)
/(2961.2+15128)
=45.411 mm
Torsional bending constant a=(E/1000*Iw/(G*It))^0.5*10
=(210000/1000*1.6501E6/(81
*223.75))^0.5*10
=1382.7 mm
Length of beam L=7500 mm
Distance along member z=L/2=7500/2=3750 mm
=7.4967
Hyperbolic tangent of L/2a t2=TNH(L/(2*a))=TNH(7500/(2*1382.7))
=0.99122
=7.5631
term t4=L^2/(2*a^2)*(z/L-(z^2/L^2))
=7500^2/(2*1382.7^2)*(3750/7500
-(3750^2/7500^2))
=3.6776
Angle of twist phi=Td*a/(G*It*10)*a/L*(t4+t3-t2*t1-1)
=6.9786*1382.7/(81*223.75*10)
*1382.7/7500*(3.6776+7.5631
-0.99122*7.4967-1)
=0.02758 rad
Minor axis moment MzEd2=MyEd2*phi=56.162*0.02758
=1.549 kNm
Bending resistance of top flange MzRd=(tf*b^2/4)*fy/10^6
=(20.5*258.8^2/4)*345/10^6
=118.42 kNm
Second derivative of phi phi''=Td/(G*It*10*a)*a/L*(-1+t3-t2*t1)
=6.9786/(81*223.75*10*1382.7)
*1382.7/7500*(-1+7.5631-0.99122
*7.4967)
=-4.4552E-9 rad/mm2
Consider phi'' as positive phi''=4.4552E-9 rad/mm2
Warping moment at mid-span MwEd2=E*Iw*phi''/(h-tf)
=210000*1.6501E6*4.4552E-9
/(266.7-20.5)
=6.2705 kNm
Critical moment Mcr=Wply*fy/(lamLT^2*1000)
=1813.9*345/(0.71136^2*1000)
=1236.7 kNm
Office: 1007
Warping resistance of one flange MwRd=MzRd/2=118.42/2=59.212 kNm
Factor kw=0.7-0.2*MwEd2/MwRd
=0.7-0.2*6.2705/59.212
=0.67882
kzw=1-MzEd2/MzRd=1-1.549/118.42
=0.98692
ka=1/(1-MyEd2/Mcr)
=1/(1-56.162/1236.7)
=1.0476
Unity factor UF2=MyEd2/MbRd+Cmz*MzEd2/MzRd+kw*kzw*ka*MwEd2/MwRd
=56.162/470.16+0.95*1.549/118.42+0.67882*0.98692
*1.0476*6.2705/59.212
=0.2062
Since UF2 1, the section is adequate.
Horizontal deflection at top flange of beam
Construction stage - concrete on one side (slab propped)
Eccentric loading due to concrete W1=wuw*L1*L2/4=1.36*7.5*7.5/4

=19.125 kN
Torsional moment Td=W1*ecc/10^3=19.125*191.9/10^3
=3.6701 kNm
Angle of twist phi=Td*a/(G*It*10)*a/L*(t4+t3-t2*t1-1)
=3.6701*1382.7/(81*223.75*10)
*1382.7/7500*(3.6776+7.5631
-0.99122*7.4967-1)
=0.014505 rad
Distance: shear centre/top flange zs=h+Tp-zbar+zo
=266.7+15-100.94+45.411
=226.17 mm
Horizontal movement hy=zs*phi=226.17*0.014505
=3.2805 mm
The maximum horizontal movement of the top flange ( 3.2805 mm ) occurs
at midspan. A limit of 20 mm to movement of the top flange would
be within normal tolerances. The deck connected to either side of the
beam to the flange plate plus the closure flashing will provide an
additional stiffness (not included in the above).
Design Case 3(b) - In-service stage (variable loading)
Since the beam is fully restrained in the in-service stage, the moment
resistance, MyRd, will be considered.
Moment resistance MyRd=fy*Wply/10^3=345*1813.9/10^3
=625.79 kNm
Loading due to flooring Wi1=((wud+wf+wci)*gamG+wi*gamQ)*L1*L2/2
=((1.29+0.25+0)*1.35+4.25*1.5)*7.5
*7.5/2
=237.77 kN
Loading due to self weight Wi2=(ws+wg)*gamG*L1*L2
=(0.21+0.2)*1.35*7.5*7.5
=31.134 kN
Loading due to flooring Wi3=Wi1=237.77 kN
Office: 1007

W3 W1 237.77 kN 237.77 kN

W2a 31.134 kN
Total factored load W33=506.67 kN

Bending moment (y-y axis) MyEd=W33*L1/8=506.67*7.5/8
=475 kNm
Since MyEd MyRd ( 475 kNm 625.79 kNm ), moment resistance OK.

=136*100-2*258.8*20.5+(12.8+2
*12.7)*20.5
=3772.3 mm2
=3772.3*345/SQR(3)/(1*1000)
=751.39 kN
Shear force Case 3(b) VzEd=W33/2=506.67/2=253.34 kN
As VzEd < VplRd, section is suitable. Case 3(a) check for reduced
shear resistance in the presence of torsion is nor required.
Elastic section properties - serviceability limit state
(a) Uncracked section properties used for deflection

Concrete area Acs=hw*Bp/(100*Alphae)
=225.7*460/(100*15)
=69.215 cm2
Concrete second moment of area Icys=Bp*hw^3/(120000*Alphae)
=460*225.7^3/(120000*15)
=2938.2 cm4
Elastic N.A. below mid-height zcs=Ap*(h+Tp)/(2*(At+Acs))/10
=69*(266.7+15)/(2*(207+69.215))/10
=3.5185 cm
Composite second moment of area:
Iys=Iyy+A*zcs^2+Icys+Acs*zcs^2+Ap*((h+Tp)/20-zcs)^2
=17500+136*3.5185^2+2938.2+69.215*3.5185^2+69*((266.7
+15)/20-3.5185)^2
=30683 cm4
(b) Cracked section properties used for elastic stresses. The elastic
neutral axis height 'ze' is assumed to be below the centroid of the
UKC section.
Term k1=Bp/(2*Alphae)=460/(2*15)
=15.333 mm
Term k2=At*10^2+Bp/Alphae*hw/2
=207*10^2+460/15*225.7/2
=24161 mm
Term k3=Bp/(2*Alphae)*(hw/2)^2-Ap*100*(h+Tp)/2
=460/(2*15)*(225.7/2)^2-69*100*(266.7+15)/2
=-776593 mm
Office: 1007
Elastic N.A. below mid-height ze=(-k2+(k2^2-4*k1*k3)^0.5)/(20*k1)
=(-24161+(24161^2-4*15.333*
-776593)^0.5)/(20*15.333)
=3.1513 cm
Concrete area in steel units Asc=Bp/(10*Alphae)*(hw/20+ze)
=460/(10*15)*(225.7/20+3.1513)
=44.271 cm2
Second moment of area of UKC k4=Iyy+A*ze^2=17500+136*3.1513^2
=18851 cm4
Second moment of area of plate k5=Ap*((h+Tp)/20-ze)^2
=69*((266.7+15)/20-3.1513)^2
=8248.7 cm4
Second moment of area of concrete k6=Bp/(120*Alphae)*(hw/20+ze)^3
=460/(120*15)*(225.7/20+3.1513)^3
=768.86 cm4
Second moment of area of concrete k7=Asc*((hw/20+ze)/2)^2
=44.271*((225.7/20+3.1513)/2)^2
=2306.6 cm4
Combined second moment of area Iyc=k4+k5+k6+k7
=18851+8248.7+768.86+2306.6
=30175 cm4
Elastic modulus of concrete Welc=Iyc*Alphae/(hw/20+ze)
=30175*15/(225.7/20+3.1513)
=31353 cm3
Elastic modulus steel (top) Welst=Iyc/(h/20+ze)
=30175/(266.7/20+3.1513)
=1830.3 cm3
Elastic modulus steel (bottom) Welsb=Iyc/((h/2+Tp)/10-ze)
=30175/((266.7/2+15)/10-3.1513)
=2582.6 cm3
Construction stage - (steel beam + plate only)
Self weight Ws=ws*L1*L2=0.21*7.5*7.5

=11.813 kN
Decking weight Wg=wg*L1*L2/2=0.2*7.5*7.5/2
=5.625 kN
Concrete weight Wu=wuw*L1*L2/2=1.36*7.5*7.5/2
=38.25 kN
Total load Wsb=Ws+Wg+Wu=11.813+5.625+38.25
=55.688 kN
Maximum moment Mys=Wsb*L1/8=55.688*7.5/8
=52.207 kNm
Second moment of area Iy=26581 cm4
Compressive stress fc=Mys*10^3*(h+Tp-zbar)/10/Iy
=52.207*10^3*(266.7+15-100.94)/10
/26581
=35.502 N/mm2
Tensile stress ft=Mys*10^3*zbar/10/Iy
=52.207*10^3*100.94/10/26581
=19.826 N/mm2
Office: 1007
Composite stage - cracked section
Loading Wcc=(wi+wf+wci)*L1*L2
=(4.25+0.25+0)*7.5*7.5
=253.13 kN
Moment Mycc=Wcc*L1/8=253.13*7.5/8
=237.3 kNm
Permanent loading (prop removed) Wdcc=(wud+wg)*L1*L2/2
=(1.29+0.2)*7.5*7.5/2
=41.906 kN
Moment Mydc=Wdcc*L1/8=41.906*7.5/8
=39.287 kNm
Total moment Myc=Mycc+Mydc=237.3+39.287
=276.59 kNm
Maximum concrete stress fcc=Myc*10^3/Welc=276.59*10^3/31353
=8.8218 N/mm2
As fcc fcu/2 ( 8.8218 N/mm 15 N/mm2 ), the serviceability
2
stresses for concrete are acceptable.

Steel compressive stress fsc=Myc*10^3/Welst=276.59*10^3/1830.3
=151.12 N/mm2
Steel tensile stress fst=Myc*10^3/Welsb=276.59*10^3/2582.6
=107.1 N/mm2
Combine steel stresses for composite and construction stages.
Compression (combined) fcc=fc+fsc=35.502+151.12=186.62 N/mm2
Tension ftc=ft+fst=19.826+107.1=126.92 N/mm2
As fcc fy ( 186.62 N/mm 345 N/mm2 ), serviceability stresses OK.
2
As ftc fyp ( 126.92 N/mm2 355 N/mm2 ), serviceability stresses OK.
Transverse plate bending - elastic condition
Longitudinal stress sigmat=ftc=126.92 N/mm2

Deck + concrete loads Wdc=(wud+wg)*L1*L2/2
=(1.29+0.2)*7.5*7.5/2
=41.906 kN
Variable + service loads Wic=(wi+wf+wci)*L1*L2/2
=(4.25+0.25+0)*7.5*7.5/2
=126.56 kN
Flange plate line load Wpl=Wdc+Wic=41.906+126.56
=168.47 kN
Plate bending moment Mpl=Wpl*as/10^3=168.47*62.5/10^3
=10.529 kNm
Plate elastic modulus Zpl=L1*Tp^2/6=7.5*15^2/6
=281.25 cm3
Transverse bending stress sigtt=Mpl*10^3/Zpl=10.529*10^3/281.25
=37.438 N/mm2
Combined stress must be less than or equal to fyp as follows:

sigtt^2 + sigmat^2 + sigtt.sigmat fyp

combined stress sigmac=(sigtt^2+sigmat^2+sigtt*sigmat)^0.5

=(37.438^2+126.92^2+37.438*126.92)^0.5
=149.21 N/mm2
As sigmac fyp ( 149.21 N/mm2 355 N/mm2 ), serviceability stresses
for steel and concrete are OK.
Office: 1007
Deflections
Construction stage - Case 2(b)
Loading Wsb=55.688 kN
Deflection due to self weights dc=5*Wsb*L^3/(384*E*Iy*10)
=5*55.688*7500^3/(384*210000*26581
*10)
=5.4801 mm
Additional deflection due to prop removal
Loading Wsp=Wg+Wu=5.625+38.25=43.875 kN
Concrete hardened around the steel section use:
Second moment of area Iys=30683 cm4
Additional deflection dca=5*Wsp*L^3/(384*E*Iys*10)
=5*43.875*7500^3/(384*210000
*30683*10)
=3.7405 mm
Imposed loading Wi=wi*L1*L2=4.25*7.5*7.5
=239.06 kN
Deflection due to imposed load di=dca*Wi/Wsp=3.7405*239.06/43.875
=20.381 mm
Minor services and flooring Wm=(wf+wci)*L1*L2=(0.25+0)*7.5*7.5
=14.063 kN
Deflection due to minor loads dd=dca*Wm/Wsp=3.7405*14.063/43.875
=1.1989 kN
Total deflection dt=dc+dca+di+dd
=5.4801+3.7405+20.381+1.1989
=30.8 mm
Note: Where construction stage deflections of the steel deck are

considered to be high, account should be taken of the increased
concrete weight due to ponding (see manufacturers' literature for
for further information).
Natural frequency
Loading = Permanent + 10% Imposed (not including partitions)

Permanent loading wd=(wud+wf+ws+wg+wci)
=(1.29+0.25+0.21+0.2+0)
=1.95 kN/m2
Variable load wo=3.5 kN/m2
Variable load reduction wr=L1*L2*wo/1000=7.5*7.5*3.5/1000
=0.19688 kN/m2
Revised variable load wri=wo-wr=3.5-0.2=3.3 kN/m2
Total load W=(wd+0.1*wri)*L1*L2
=(1.95+0.1*3.3)*7.5*7.5
=128.25 kN
Deflection due to permanent loads dp=5*W*L^3/(384*E*Iys*10)
=5*128.25*7500^3/(384*210000*30683
*10)
=10.934 mm
Natural frequency Hf=18/SQR(dp)=18/SQR(10.934)
=5.4436 Hz
As Hf 4 the floor structure is satisfactory for natural frequency.
Office: 1007
Welding of steel plate to underside of UKC section
Correction factor (Table 4.1) betw=0.9 (EC3 Part 1-8)

Partial factor (welds) gamM2=1.25
Design strength of fillet weld fvwd=fu/(SQR(3)*betw*gamM2)
=470/(SQR(3)*0.9*1.25)
=241.2 N/mm2
For the weld design all of the vertical shear is assumed to act
through the flange plate except for the own weight of steelwork
and concrete infill.
Loading due to flooring W1=((wud+wf+wci)*gamG+wi*gamQ)*L1*L2/2
=((1.29+0.25+0)*1.35+4.25*1.5)*7.5
*7.5/2
=237.77 kN
Loading due to self weight W2a=(ws+wg)*gamG*L1*L2
=(0.21+0.2)*1.35*7.5*7.5
=31.134 kN

W1 W1 Under balanced load conditions the
curvature at the centre of the beam
is zero. The assumption is that
the plate then acts as a propped
as cantilever.
W2a
Distance to load W1 from weld as=62.5 mm

Vertical force in weld Pa=W1*(1+1.5*as/(b/2))
=237.77*(1+1.5*62.5/(258.8/2))
=410.03 kN
Load per metre Ra=Pa/L1=410.03/7.5=54.671 kN/m
Max. long. force in plate Pl=Ap*fyp/10=69*355/10=2449.5 kN
Assuming an elastic stress distribution for the transfer of
longitudinal shear between UKC and plate.
Longitudinal shear per weld Rl=2*Pl/L1=2*2449.5/7.5=653.2 kN/m
Assumed fillet weld size s'=8 mm
Horizontal force in plate Ph=W1*as/((s'+Tp)/2)
=237.77*62.5/((8+15)/2)
=1292.2 kN
Horizontal force per metre Rh=Ph/L1=1292.2/7.5=172.3 kN/m
Resultant force in weld FwEd=(Ra^2+Rl^2+Rh^2)^0.5/1000
=(54.671^2+653.2^2+172.3^2)^0.5
/1000
=0.67775 kN/mm
Weld size (leg length) s=8 mm
Design weld resistance FwRd=0.7*s*fvwd/1000=0.7*8*241.2/1000
=1.3507 kN/mm
Since FwEd FwRd ( 0.67775 kN/mm 1.3507 kN/mm ) the 8 mm fillet weld
is satisfactory.
Office: 1007
End plate details
Thickness of end plate tep=10 mm

Grade of end plate pgrade=355
Bolt grade bgrade=8.8
Factor av=0.6
Tensile area of bolt As=245 mm2
Total number of bolts to be used bn=4
Diameter of hole do=db+2=20+2=22 mm
Distance from top edge of plate e4=10 mm
Distance to first row of bolts e1=100 mm
Pitch of bolts vertically p1=80 mm
Bolt cross-centres p3=140 mm
Width of end plate bep=250 mm
Distance from top edge of plate
to the top edge of beam flange e4=10 mm
Distance to first row of bolts
from the top edge of plate e1=100 mm
Pitch of bolts p1=80 mm
Assuming length of plate must extend beyond bottom flange of beam
End plate length hep=2*e4+h'=2*10+270=290 mm
Bolt cross-centres p3=140 mm
Width of end plate bep=250 mm
Edge distance at cross centres e2=(bep-p3)/2=(250-140)/2
=55 mm
Bolt group
Maximum load per bolt FvEds=W33/(2*bn)=506.67/(2*4)

=63.334 kN
Shear resistance of bolt FvRd=av*fub*As/(gamM2*10^3)
=0.6*800*245/(1.25*10^3)
=94.08 kN
Since FvEds FvRd ( 63.334 kN 94.08 kN ) maximum load per
bolt within shear resistance.
Bearing on the end plate
Design strength (end plate) fyep=355 N/mm2

Ultimate strength (end plate) fuep=470 N/mm2
Factor k1=2.8*e2/do-1.7=2.8*55/22-1.7
=5.3
Limiting factor k1=2.5
Ratios for factor ab ab1=e1/(3*do)=100/(3*22)
=1.5152
ab2=p1/(3*do)-1/4=80/(3*22)-1/4
=0.96212
ab3=fub/fuep=800/470=1.7021
Factor ab=0.96212
Bearing resistance FbRd=k1*ab*fuep*db*tep/(1.25*10^3)
=2.5*0.96212*470*20*10/(1.25*10^3)
=180.88 kN
As FbRd > 0.8 FvRd ( 180.88 > 75.264 ), then the resistance
of the bolt group is FRd=0.8*bn*FvRd=0.8*4*94.08
=301.06 kN
As FRd VzEd ( 301.06 kN 253.34 kN ), end plate bearing OK.
Office: 1007
End plate in shear
Gross section resistance VRdg=2*hep*tep*fyep/(1.27*SQR(3)*1000)

=2*290*10*355/(1.27*SQR(3)*1000)
=936.03 kN
Net shear area Avnet=tep*(hep-bn/2*do)
=10*(290-4/2*22)
=2460 mm2
Net section resistance VRdn=2*Avnet*fuep/(SQR(3)*1.1*1000)
=2*2460*470/(SQR(3)*1.1*1000)
=1213.7 kN
Areas for block tearing Ant=tep*(e2-do/2)=10*(55-22/2)
=440 mm2
Anv=tep*(hep-e1-(bn/2-0.5)*do)
=10*(290-100-(4/2-0.5)*22)
=1570 mm2
Block shear resistance VRdb=2*(Ant*fuep/1.1+Anv*fyep/SQR(3))/1000
=2*(440*470/1.1+1570*355/SQR(3))/1000
=1019.6 kN
Minimum shear resistance VRdm=936.03 kN
Shear force FvEdp=W33/4=506.67/4=126.67 kN
As VRdm FvEdp ( 936.03 kN 126.67 kN ), end plate shear OK.
Additional requirements - End plate in-plane bending
As hep > 1.36 p3 ( 290 mm > 190.4 mm ), no further check required.
Check on bolt forces due to out of balance loads
in the construction stage - Case 2(a)
Eccentric loading (deck only) W21=3.7969 kN

Eccentric loading W22=40.163 kN
Axial loading W23=15.947 kN

W21=3.7969 kN W22=40.163 kN

W23=15.947 kN
Torsional moment of connection Tor=(W22-W21)/2*ecc/10^3

=(40.163-3.7969)/2*191.9/10^3
=3.4893 kNm
Polar inertia of bolt group Ip=4*((p1/2)^2+(p3/2)^2)
=4*((80/2)^2+(140/2)^2)
=26000 mm4
Distance to extreme bolt r'=((p3/2)^2+(p1/2)^2)^0.5
=((140/2)^2+(80/2)^2)^0.5
=80.623 mm
Component force due to torsion Ft=Tor*10^3*r'/Ip
=3.4893*10^3*80.623/26000
=10.82 kN
Office: 1007
Vertical component of force Fvc=(W21+W22+W23)/(2*bn)
=(3.7969+40.163+15.947)/(2*4)
=7.4883 kN
Term cos0=p3/(2*r')=140/(2*80.623)
=0.86824
Resultant force in bolt FvEd=(Ft^2+Fvc^2+2*Ft*Fvc*cos0)^0.5
=(10.82^2+7.4883^2+2*10.82
*7.4883*0.86824)^0.5
=17.715 kN
Since FvEd FvRd ( 17.715 kN 94.08 kN ), shear resistance OK.
Since FvEd FbRd ( 17.715 kN 180.88 kN ), bearing resistance OK.
Weld strength between beam and end plate
Load on weld FwEdw=W33/(4*(hep-2*e4))

=506.67/(4*(290-2*10))
=0.46914 kN/mm
Weld size (leg length) sw=10 mm
Throat thickness of weld a=sw/2^0.5=10/2^0.5=7.0711 mm
Minimum weld size am=0.48*tw=0.48*12.8=6.144 mm
Weld throat size ( 7.0711 mm ) > basic requirement ( 6.144 mm ),
weld suitable.
Design weld resistance FwRdw=0.7*sw*fvwd/1000
=0.7*10*241.2/1000
=1.6884 kN/mm
Since FwEdw FwRdw ( 0.46914 kN/mm 1.6884 kN/mm ), the 10 mm fillet
weld is satisfactory.
Guidelines for the provision of service voids
Holes to be contained within the middle third of the span

Maximum number of 5 holes per span
Circular service voids only
Minimum centres of holes, 600 mm
One hole per cross-section of deck
Holes to be symmetrically arranged about the centre line of
the UKC web
Maximum hole diameter 0.6h ( 160 mm )
The cylindrical sleeve used to form service duct to be cold
formed steel minimum thickness 1.2 mm
Aggregate size should be considered, because the concrete has
to be vigorously vibrated to ensure that the concrete passes
beneath the cylindrical sleeve.
Office: 1007
CONNECTION SUMMARY
tep=10 bep=250 mm

e1 e4=10 100 mm hep=
o o 290 mm
p1 80 mm
o o
e3 110 mm
e4=10
p3=140 mm
Number of bolts 4
Bolt diameter 20 mm e2=55 mm e2=55 mm
Bolt grade 8.8
Plate grade S 355
UNIVERSAL COLUMN 254 x 254 x 107 UKC Grade S 355

BOTTOM PLATE 460 mm x 15 mm Grade S 355
Design strength of plate 355 N/mm2
Design shear force 253.3 kN
DESIGN Shear plastic resistance 751.4 kN
SUMMARY Design moment 475 kNm
Moment resistance 625.8 kNm
Variable load deflection 20.38 mm
Total deflection 30.8 mm
NOTE: Use lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC) and provide top
reinforcement to tie the floor on each side of the beam together
in order to meet robustness requirements.
No419
Flush bolted end plate connection beam to column Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Ex1 - Three rows of tension bolts
Bolted flush end plate connection - beam to column
Beams are connected to both column flanges.

The web panel shear can be discounted in the determination of the
compressive force, Fc, as connection is assumed to have balanced
moments.
bp
tp

ex tension ex
o o
p2 p2
V o o
M Lc
p3 p3

o o
pes compression pes

ped ep ep
g
Factored moment Ma=332 kNm

Factored shear force V=128 kN
Axial force (+ve compression) N=90 kN
Grade details

Grade of supported beam grade=275
Grade of end plate pgrade=275
Grade of supporting column sgrade=275
The electrode is grade 35 and the steel grade is S 275.
Design strength of fillet weld pw=220 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity E=205 kN/mm2
Supporting column details
254 x 254 x 107 UC.

Dimensions (mm): Dc=266.7 Bc=258.8 tc=12.8 Tc=20.5 rc=12.7
Design strength pyc=265 N/mm2
Office: 1007
Supported beam details
533 x 210 x 92 UB.

Dimensions (mm): Db=533.1 Bb=209.3 tb=10.1 Tb=15.6 rb=12.7
Design strength pyb=275 N/mm2
Design strength pyb=275 N/mm2
Bolt details
Diameter of bolts bd=24 mm

Tensile area of one bolt At=TABLE 1.1 for bd=24
=353 mm2
Tensile strength (grade 8.8) pt=560 N/mm2
Tensile capacity Pt=pt*At/10^3=560*353/10^3
=197.68 kN
End plate details
Thickness of plate tp=25 mm

Total number of bolts bn=8
Number of shear bolts ns=2
Number of tension bolts nt=bn-ns=8-2=6
Distance to first row of bolts ex=75 mm
Distance to beam flange x=15 mm
Pitch of tension bolts p2=90 mm
Distance tension to shear bolts p3=230 mm
Edge distance for shear bolts pes=100 mm
Length of end plate Lc=ex+((bn-4)/2)*p2+p3+pes
=75+((8-4)/2)*90+230+100
=585 mm
Edge distance to bottom of flange ped=Lc-(Db+x)=585-(533.1+15)
=36.9 mm
Bolt cross-centres g=100 mm
Width of end plate bp=200 mm
Edge distance at cross centres ep=(bp-g)/2=(200-100)/2=50 mm
The centre of rotation of the bolt group is taken as the centre of
the compression flange.
Distance to bolt row 1 h1=Lc-ex-ped-Tb/2=585-75-36.9-15.6/2
=465.3 mm
Distance to bolt row 2 h2=h1-p2=465.3-90=375.3 mm
Distance to bolt row 3 h3=h2-p2=375.3-90=285.3 mm
Assumed web fillet weld size sww=8 mm
Assumed flange fillet weld size swf=12 mm
Office: 1007
SUMMARY OF BOLT POTENTIAL RESISTANCES
Top row of bolts Pr1=375.14 kN

Row 2 Pr2=303.2 kN
Row 3 Pr3=286.25 kN
RESISTANCE OF THE COLUMN WEB & BEAM FLANGE IN THE COMPRESSION ZONE
The compressive resistance Pc is the minimum of the following
three values:
Column web crushing
Stiff bearing length b1=Tb+1.6*sww+2*tp=15.6+1.6*8+2*25

=78.4 mm
Thickness k=rc+Tc=12.7+20.5=33.2 mm
Distance to end of member be is at least equal to the length of
the end plate be=Lc=585 mm
Support factor n=2*(2+0.6*be/k)=2*(2+0.6*585/33.2)
=25.145
Support factor limited n=5
Bearing capacity of web Pbw=(b1+n*k)*tc*pyc/10^3
=(78.4+5*33.2)*12.8*265/10^3
=829 kN
Column web buckling
Similarly to dimension 'be', the distance to the nearer end

of the column ae=Lc=585 mm
Depth of web d=Dc-2*(Tc+rc)=266.7-2*(20.5+12.7)
=200.3 mm
Parameter e=(275/pyc)^0.5=(275/265)^0.5
=1.0187
Buckling resistance Px=25*e*tc/((b1+n*k)*d)^0.5*Pbw
=25*1.0187*12.8/((78.4+5*33.2)
*200.3)^0.5*829
=1221.4 kN
Beam flange crushing
Resistance of beam flange Pbf=1.4*pyb*Tb*bp/10^3

=1.4*275*15.6*200/10^3
=1201.2 kN
RESISTANCE IN COMPRESSION ZONE Pc=829 kN
Applied moment modified by axial load
Distance to axial force hN=(Db-Tb)/2=(533.1-15.6)/2

=258.75 mm
Modified moment M=Ma-N*hN/10^3=332-90*258.75/10^3
=308.71 kNm
Office: 1007
Resistance of the column web panel in shear
Shear area Avc=tc*Dc=12.8*266.7=3413.8 mm2

Shear resistance Pv=0.6*pyc*Avc/10^3
=0.6*265*3413.8/10^3
=542.79 kN
compressive force, Fc, as this is not a one sided connection.
Shear force Fv=0 kN
Calculation of the moment capacity
The potential resistances must now be translated into a set of

horizontal forces which the moment capacity can be calculated.
The compressive force, Fc, is the minimum of:
(1) Pri + N bolt forces + axial load 1054.6 kN (PRT)
(2) Pc compression zone resistance 829 kN
(3) Pv web panel shear 542.79 kN

compressive force, Fc, as this is not a one sided connection
Compressive force Fc is the minimum of ( Pri+N, Pc ).
Force Pc controls
Compressive force Fc=829 kN
Design of compression stiffeners
The column web must resist the sum of the potential bolt
resistances( Pri ), as the resistance of the column in the
compression zone is less than the bolt resistances full depth
compression stiffeners will be considered ( 829 kN < 1054.6 kN ).
Stiffener bearing
Assuming initially that stiffener will be less than or equal to

16 mm thick, TWO stiffeners are to be used and allowing for a
corner snipe of 15 mm at the root of the column:
Design strength pys=275 N/mm2
Net force Fc'=PRT-Pbw=1054.6-829=225.59 kN
Minimum area of stiffener Asmin=Fc'*10^3/pys=225.59*10^3/275
=820.31 mm2
Stiffener 15 mm thick (ts) by 120 mm wide (bsg)
Area in contact with flange Asn=2*(bsg-cut)*ts=2*(120-15)*15
=3150 mm2
Design strength pys=275 N/mm2
term e=(275/pys)^0.5=(275/275)^0.5
=1
Allowable stiffener outstand out=13*ts*e=13*15*1=195 mm
The actual stiffener outstand is less than the allowable outstand
i.e. ( 120 mm < 195 mm ), hence OK.
Office: 1007
Stiffener buckling
Moment of inertia of stiffener Iy=ts*(2*bsg+tc)^3/12+(30*tc-ts)*tc^3/12

=15*(2*120+12.8)^3/12+(30*12.8-15)
*12.8^3/12
=20.259E6 mm4
Effective area AE=(2*bsg+tc)*ts+(30*tc-ts)*tc
=(2*120+12.8)*15+(30*12.8-15)*12.8
=8515.2 mm2
Radius of gyration ry=(Iy/AE)^0.5=(20.259E6/8515.2)^0.5
=48.777 mm
Effective length LE=0.7*(Dc-2*Tc)=0.7*(266.7-2*20.5)
=157.99 mm
Slenderness Lambda=LE/ry=157.99/48.777
=3.239
Limiting slenderness lamb0=0.2*(PI^2*E*1000/pys)^0.5
=0.2*(3.1416^2*205*1000/275)^0.5
=17.155
The slenderness is less than the limiting slenderness.
Compressive strength pc=pys=275 N/mm2
Buckling resistance Pcb=pc*AE/10^3=275*8515.2/10^3
=2341.7 kN
As Fc' Pcb ( 225.59 kN 2341.7 kN ), the stiffener is suitable.
Stiffener/column web crushing
Stiffener net contact area Asn=3150 mm2

Lower design strength pyl=265 N/mm2
Crushing resistance stiffener Pcs=Asn*pyl/10^3=3150*265/10^3
=834.75 kN
Crushing resistance column Pbw =829 kN
Total crushing resistance Pccr=Pbw+Pcs=829+834.75=1663.8 kN
Critical stiffener resistance Pws=1663.8 kN
Since Pws > Pri the stiffener is OK for stiffener/column web crushing.
Connection of stiffeners to column web
Net stiffener length Lsn=Dc-2*Tc-2*cut=266.7-2*20.5-2*15

=195.7 mm
Applying Clause 6.8.2 of BS5950-1, assuming a weld size similar
to the web weld fillet size of the beam.
Effective length of weld Lw=4*(Lsn-2*sww)=4*(195.7-2*8)
=718.8 mm
Assuming the load on the welds to be equal to the crushing
resistance of stiffener.
Load on welds fws=Pcs*10^3/Lw=834.75*10^3/718.8
=1161.3 N/mm
For electrode grade 35
Design strength pw=TABLE 37 for sgrade=275, Es=35
=220 N/mm2
Weld size ss=8 mm
Capacity of weld pws=0.7*ss*pw=0.7*8*220=1232 N/mm
ADOPT 2/120 mm x 15 mm plate stiffeners Grade S 275 adjacent to

the haunch compression flange connected by 4/8 mm fillet welds.
Beam flange crushing controls in the calculation of Pc.
Office: 1007
Compression zone resistance Pc=Pbf=1201.2 kN
As the beam flange crushing is the critical value in the
calculation of Pc, then a 'T' shaped compression zone is
considered with the stress limited to 1.2pyb.
Revised crushing area Ac=Pc*10^3/(1.2*pyp)
=1201.2*10^3/(1.2*265)
=3777.4 mm2
Height of 'T' shape hb=(Ac-bp*Tb)/tb
=(3777.4-200*15.6)/10.1
=65.085 mm
Eccentricity term ecc=(bp*Tb^2/2+hb*tb*(hb/2+Tb))/Ac
=(200*15.6^2/2+65.085*10.1
*(65.085/2+15.6))/3777.4
=14.821 mm
Revised lever arm distances:
Distance to bolt row 1 h1=h1-ecc+Tb/2=465.3-14.821+15.6/2
=458.28 mm
=368.28 mm
=278.28 mm
Force Pri + N controls
Compressive force Fc=1054.6 kN
Moment capacity Mc=(Pr1*h1+Pr2*h2+Pr3*h3)/10^3
=(375.14*458.28+303.2*368.28
+286.25*278.28)/10^3
=363.24 kNm
Applied moment moment capacity ( 308.71 kNm 363.24 kNm ), hence OK.
DESIGN FOR VERTICAL SHEAR FORCE

Bolts in the shear zone
Shear Area As=353 mm2

Shear strength ps=375 N/mm2
Bearing strength of end plate pbp=460 N/mm2
Bearing strength of column pbc=460 N/mm2
The shear capacity of a single bolt in the shear zone is the least
of the following values:
Shear capacity of bolt Pss1=ps*As/10^3=375*353/10^3
=132.38 kN
Bearing capacity of plate Pss2=bd*tp*pbp/10^3=24*25*460/10^3
=276 kN
Bearing capacity of column Pss3=bd*Tc*pbc/10^3=24*20.5*460/10^3
=226.32 kN
Shear capacity (shear zone) Pss=132.38 kN
The shear capacity of a single bolt in the tension zone is the least
of:
Shear capacity of bolt Pts1=0.4*ps*As/10^3=0.4*375*353/10^3
=52.95 kN
Bearing capacity of plate Pts2=Pss2=276 kN
Bearing capacity of column Pts3=Pss3=226.32 kN
Shear capacity (tension zone) Pts=52.95 kN
Vertical shear capacity Pvb=ns*Pss+nt*Pts=2*132.38+6*52.95
=582.45 kN
Shear force V=128 kN
Shear capacity exceeds vertical shear force, bolts OK.
Office: 1007
WELD DESIGN
Tension flange welds
The force in the tension flange welds is the lesser of:

Tension capacity of the flange Tf=bp*Tb*pyb/10^3=200*15.6*275/10^3
=858 kN
Tension force in top 2 bolt rows Tfc=Pr1+Pr2=375.14+303.2
=678.34 kN
Tension force in beam flange Tfb=678.34 kN
Weld force per mm Fw=Tfb/(2*bp-tb)=678.34/(2*200-10.1)
=1.7398 kN/mm
For electrode grade 35
Design strength pw=TABLE 37 for gradm=275, Es=35
=220 N/mm2
Weld size required swfr=Fw*10^3/(0.7*pw)
=1.7398*10^3/(0.7*220)
=11.297 mm
Selected fillet weld size swt=12 mm
Web welds
Tension zone:
A full strength weld is recommended in the web tension zone with
the sum of the throat thicknesses not less than the web thickness, tb.
Selected fillet weld size sfw=8 mm
Length of web weld Lwt=(ex-x-Tb-rb)+(trow-1)*p2+1.73*g/2
=(75-15-15.6-12.7)+(3-1)*90+1.73
*100/2
=298.2 mm
Shear zone:
Assuming a fillet weld of 8 mm continued for the full depth, the
capacity of the beam web weld for vertical shear is as follows:
Length of weld for shear Lws=Db-2*(Tb+rb)-Lwt
=533.1-2*(15.6+12.7)-298.2
=178.3 mm
Capacity of weld for shear Psw=2*0.7*sfw*pw*Lws/10^3
=2*0.7*8*220*178.3/10^3
=439.33 kN
Vertical shear V=128 kN
Web weld size 8 mm is suitable.
Compression welds
Assuming a bearing fit between the flange and end plate.

An 8 mm fillet weld will be used for the compression flange.
Connection is suitable.
Office: 1007
CONNECTION SUMMARY
25 200

75 75
o o
90 90
o o
90 90
o o

230 230 585

o o
100 100
36.9
Number of bolts 8
Bolt diameter 24 mm 50 100 50
Bolt grade 8.8
Welds Tension flange fillet weld 12 mm
Web fillet weld 8 mm
Compression flange fillet weld 8 mm
Supporting column section 254 x 254 x 107 Universal Column
Beam / Rafter section 533 x 210 x 92 Universal Beam
Column stiffener details

Compression stiffeners 2/120 mm x 15 mm Grade S 275
connected by 4/8 mm fillet welds
The connection is two sided.
No423
SS I Beam with UDL - restrained at ends only Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Example 3, 'Steelwork Design Guide'
w = wd + wi Simply supported steel

vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
beam restrained at ends

Calculations are in
accordance with
BS5950-1:2000 Clause
<b1< >b1< 4.3.5.1. Beam has no
intermediate lateral
< L > restraints.
The moment capacity of the section is determined from 4.2.5.2 or

4.2.5.3 and is based on the classification obtained from Table 11.
Beam span L=9 m
Section properties
686 x 254 x 125 UB.

Dimensions (mm): D=677.9 B=253 t=11.7 T=16.2 r=15.2
Properties (cm): Ix=118000 Iy=4380 Sx=3990 Sy=542 J=116
A=159 ry=5.2485 rx=27.242

Dead UDL (including S.W) wd=10 kN/m

Imposed UDL wi=15 kN/m
Factored loads
Distributed load w'=wd*1.4+wi*1.6=10*1.4+15*1.6

=38 kN/m
Factored shear force
At end B Fvb=w'*L/2=38*9/2=171 kN
At end A Fva=w'*L-Fvb=38*9-171=171 kN
Max shear is same at both ends Fve=Fva=171 kN
Office: 1007
Unfactored end shears
At end B dead Fudb=wd*L/2=10*9/2=45 kN

At end B imposed Fuib=wi*L/2=15*9/2=67.5 kN
At end A dead Fuda=wd*L-Fudb=10*9-45=45 kN
At end A imposed Fuia=wi*L-Fuib=15*9-67.5
=67.5 kN
Factored moment
Maximum bending moment at centre M=w'*L^2/8=38*9^2/8=384.75 kNm

Corresponding shear force F=0 kN

=1.0187
Outstand b=B/2=253/2=126.5 mm
Ratio b'T=b/T=126.5/16.2=7.8086
As b/T <= 9e ( 9.1682 ), outstand element of compression
Depth between fillet radii d=D-2*(T+r)=677.9-2*(16.2+15.2)
=615.1 mm
Ratio d't=d/t=615.1/11.7=52.573
Neutral axis is assumed to be at mid-depth of section.
As d/t <= 80e ( 81.495 ), web is classified as Class 1 plastic.
Shear buckling
Buckling resistance
Since the beam is subject to possible lateral torsional buckling, the

buckling resistance moment Mb is first considered rather than the
moment capacity Mc as a guide to selection.
As beam is restrained at ends only LT=L=9 m
In considering lateral torsional buckling the effective length, Le,

for the minor axis of the member is taken as follows:
Length between restraints LT=9 m
Compression flange fully restrained against rotation on plan.
Effective length (Table 13) Le=0.75*LT=0.75*9=6.75 m
Office: 1007
Lateral torsional resistance moment - Clause 4.3.6
Slenderness of section lambda=Le*100/ry=6.75*100/5.2485

=128.61
Buckling parameter u=(4*Sx^2*(1-Iy/Ix)/(A^2*((D-T)
/10)^2))^0.25
=(4*3990^2*(1-4380/118000)/(159^2
*((677.9-16.2)/10)^2))^0.25
=0.86271
=0.566*((677.9-16.2)/10)*(159
/116)^0.5
=43.848
=2.933
=1/((1+0.05*2.933^2)^0.25)
=0.91444
Ratio w betaw=1.0
=0.86271*0.91444*128.61*(1)^0.5
=101.46
=0.4*((3.1416^2*205*10^3)
/265)^0.5
=34.951
=0.007*(101.46-34.951)
=0.46555
=3.1416^2*205*10^3/(101.46^2)
=196.55 N/mm2
=(265+(0.46555+1)*196.55)/2
=276.53 N/mm2
Factor pey=pe*py=196.55*265=52087
=(52087)/(276.53+((276.53^2
-52087)^0.5))
=120.38 N/mm2
Buckling resistance moment Mb=Sx*pb/10^3=3990*120.38/10^3
=480.33 kNm
Since M Mb/mLT ( 384.75 kNm 519.27 kNm ), section OK for
Check section for combined moment and shear
Maximum moment and co-existent shear

=1261.1 kN
Design shear force Fv=F=0 kN
Elastic modulus Z=Ix/(D/20)=118000/(677.9/20)
=3481.3 cm3
Since Fv < 0.6 Pv
Office: 1007
Moment capacity for compact sec Mc=py*Sx/10^3=265*3990/10^3
=1057.3 kNm
Since M Mc ( 384.75 kNm 1057.3 kNm ), applied moment within
moment capacity.
Maximum shear and coexistent moment
Shear capacity Pv=1261.1 kN

Design shear force Fv=Fve=171 kN
Coexistent moment M'=0 kNm
Since Fv Pv ( 171 kN 1261.1 kN ), shear force within
shear capacity.
Check for deflection
Imposed load only considered in deflection calculation

UDL for deflection calculation wu=wi=15 kN/m
Central UDL defln DEL=5*wu*L^4/(384*E*Ix)*10^5
=5*15*9^4/(384*205*118000)*10^5
=5.2974 mm
From Table 8
Limiting deflection ( brittle ) DELlim=L*1000/360=9*1000/360
=25 mm
Since DEL DELlim ( 5.2974 mm 25 mm ) OK for deflection.
Fire resistance
Calculations in accordance with BS 5950-8:2003 and 'Fire Resistant

Design of Steel Structures' published by SCI.
Section factor - Clause 8.2
Considering the profile of the exposed section.

In the calculation of the heated perimeter of the steel section
the upper surface may be ignored because it is protected by the floor
Exposed surface area Am=3*B+2*D-2*t=3*253+2*677.9-2*11.7
=2091.4 mm
Section factor Am'V=INT(Am/A/0.5)*5
=INT(2091.4/159/0.5)*5
=130 /m
Fire resistance without applied protection
Beams are assessed on their load carrying capacity only. Integrity

and insulation are not normally considered. The criterion for load
carrying capacity for simple beams, is that the end of the fire
resistance period the design temperature does not exceed the limiting
temperature given in Code Table 8. For a beam the temperature of the
bottom flange is considered to represent the limiting temperature.
In practice an unprotected beam will rarely have more than 30 minutes
fire resistance, so 30 minutes will be considered.
For a flange thickness of 16.2 mm,
The design temperature temp=TABLE 10 for T=16.2, column=30
=732.4 deg.C.
Office: 1007
The load ratio, R, at the fire limit state is as follows:
Moment at the fire limit state

R =
Moment capacity at 20C
Loads at fire limit state
Load factor for permanent loads gfp=1.0

The load factor for non-permanent
loads in other areas gfnp=0.8
Permanent load wp=16 kN/m
Non-permanent load wnp=wd+wi-wp=10+15-16=9 kN/m
Factored loads
Distributed load w'=gfp*wp+gfnp*wnp=1*16+0.8*9

=23.2 kN/m
At end B Fvb=w'*L/2=23.2*9/2=104.4 kN
At end A Fva=w'*L-Fvb=23.2*9-104.4
=104.4 kN
Moment at fire limit state
Maximum bending moment at centre Mf=w'*L^2/8=23.2*9^2/8=234.9 kNm
For beams not restrained laterally by the floor, the load ratio is
taken as the greater of:
Moment capacity Mc=1057.3 kNm
Load ratio R1=Mf/Mc=234.9/1057.3=0.22216
Buckling resistance moment Mb=480.33 kNm
Load ratio R2=mLT*Mf/Mb=0.925*234.9/480.33
=0.45236
Load ratio R=R2=0.45236
For members not supporting a concrete slab,
For protected members not complying with (b) of Clause 6.3
use section 4.2 of Table 8.
Limiting temperature templ=TABLE 8 for section=4, R=0.45236
=566.44 deg.C.
The limiting temperature for unprotected members is 566.44 deg.C.
from Table 8 of the code. This is less than the design temperature
732.4 deg.C. so the unprotected beam will have less than 30 minutes
fire resistance.
The design temperature for 15 min temp15=TABLE 10 for T=16.2, column=15
=493.2 deg.C.
The beam does however provide 15 minutes resistance.
Office: 1007

Shear force 171 kN
SUMMARY Applied moment 384.75 kNm
Moment factor mLT 0.925
Resistance (Mb/mLT) 519.27 kNm
Deflection 5.2974 mm
Limiting deflection 25 mm
DL shear at A 45 kN
Unfactored LL shear at A 67.5 kN
end shears DL shear at B 45 kN
LL shear at B 67.5 kN
FIRE RESISTANCE Heated perimeter 2091.4 mm2
SUMMARY Area of section 159 cm2
Section factor 130
Load Ratio (R) 0.45236
Section does not have an inherent
fire resistance of 30 minutes.
Fire protection should be provided.
No434
Office: 1007
Location: Example using EC3
Calculations are in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 Eurocode 3:

Design of steel structures and the non-contradictory, complimentary
information sheets provided by Access Steel.
The beam under consideration is assumed to be a hot rolled section.
w = wd + wi Simply supported beam

vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
restrained at ends

AB
where suffices:
d denotes permanent
>b1< >b1< i denotes variable
< L >
Beam span L=5.7 m
Permanent UDL (including S.W) wd=9.6 kN/m

Variable UDL wi=6.25 kN/m
Factored loads
Distributed load w'=wd*gamG+wi*gamQ=9.6*1.25+6.25*1.5

=21.375 kN/m
At end B Vb=w'*L/2=21.375*5.7/2=60.919 kN
At end A Va=w'*L-Vb=21.375*5.7-60.919
=60.919 kN
Max shear is same at both ends Ve=Va=60.919 kN
Factored moment
Maximum bending moment at centre M=w'*L^2/8=21.375*5.7^2/8

=86.809 kNm
Corresponding shear force V=0 kN
Maximum moment MyEd=M=86.809 kNm
Maximum shear force VzEd=Vb=60.919 kN
457 x 152 x 52 UKB

A=66.6 iy=17.925 iz=3.112
Office: 1007


=0.92442
Outstand c=(b-tw-2*r)/2=(152.4-7.6-2*10.2)/2
=62.2 mm
Ratio c't=c/tf=62.2/10.9=5.7064
As c/tf 9e ( 5.7064 8.3197 ), outstand element of compression
=407.6 mm
Ratio C't=C/tw=407.6/7.6=53.632
As C/tw 72e ( 53.632 66.558 ), web element in bending
is classified as Class 1 plastic.
Moment resistance McRd=Wply*fy/10^3=1100*275/10^3

=302.5 kNm
Unity factor unity=MyEd/McRd=86.809/302.5
=0.28697

Shear area Avz=A*100-2*b*tf+(tw+2*r)*tf
=66.6*100-2*152.4*10.9+(7.6+2
*10.2)*10.9
=3642.9 mm2
=3642.9*275/SQR(3)/1000
=578.38 kN
Unity factor Unity=VzEd/VplRd=60.919/578.38
=0.10533
Note: No M-V interaction has to be considered as since the maximum

moment occurs near the mid-span and the maximum shear force
is obtained at the supports.
Shear buckling - Clause 6.2.6(6)
Depth between the flanges hw=h-2*tf=449.8-2*10.9=428 mm

Buckling ratio hw't=hw/tw=428/7.6=56.316
Since hw/tw < 72e ( 66.558 ), no check for shear buckling is required.
Office: 1007

=645/4*((449.8-10.9)/10)^2
=310621 cm6
Terms for critical moment Mcr:
Euler term Et=PI^2*E*Iz/(L^2*100)
=3.1416^2*210000*645/(5.7^2*100)
=411461 N
Shear modulus term Gt=L^2*G*It/(PI^2*E*Iz)*10^6
=5.7^2*80770*21.4/(3.1416^2*210000
*645)*10^6
=42008 mm2
Square root term Sr=(Iw*100/Iz+Gt)^0.5
=(310621*100/645+42008)^0.5
=300.28 mm
Coefficient C1 C1=1.132
=1.132*411461*300.28/10^6
=139.86 kNm
=(1100*275/(139.86*10^3))^0.5
=1.4707
Ratio h'b=h/b=449.8/152.4=2.9514
As h/b > 2, imperfection value aLT=0.49
Factor phiLT=0.5*(1+aLT*(lamLT-lamLT0)+0.75*lamLT^2)
=0.5*(1+0.49*(1.4707-0.4)+0.75*1.4707^2)
=1.5734
=1/(1.5734+(1.5734^2-0.75*1.4707^2)^0.5)
=0.40045
Factor kc=1/(C1)^0.5=1/(1.132)^0.5
=0.93989
=1-0.5*(1-0.93989)*(1-2*(1.4707
-0.8)^2)
=0.99698
Modified chiLT factor ChiLT=chiLT/f=0.40045/0.99698
=0.40166
Design buckling resistance moment MbRd=ChiLT*Wply*fy/10^3
=0.40166*1100*275/10^3
=121.5 kNm
Unity factor unitb=MyEd/MbRd=86.809/121.5
=0.71446
Deflection
UDL for deflection calculation wu=wi=6.25 kN/m

Central UDL deflection DEL=5*wu*L^4/(384*E*Iy)*10^8
=5*6.25*5.7^4/(384*210000*21400)
*10^8
=1.9115 mm
Office: 1007

DESIGN Maximum moment 86.809 kNm
SUMMARY Moment resistance 302.5 kNm
Unity factor bending 0.28697 1
Maximum shear force 60.919 kN
Shear plastic resistance 578.38 kN
Unity factor shear 0.10533 1
Buckling resistance BM 121.5 kNm
Unity factor buckling 0.71446 1
No434
Design of 'I' beam curved on plan Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Design Example 6 Curved Steel publication
y
I section beam curved on plan

with BS5950-1:2000 and SCI
x x D publication entitled "Design
>t< of Curved Steel".

T Moment connections are assumed
in the vertical plane and pin
y connections on plan.
B Loads and moments are factored.
Section properties
838 x 292 x 226 UB.

Properties (cm): Ix=340000 Iy=11400 Sx=9160 Sy=1210 J=514
A=289 ry=6.2806 rx=34.3

Details of curved section and results from analysis
Radius of curvature of beam R=5 m

Max vertical moment (xx axis) Mx=253 kNm (at end connection)
Accompanying shear force Fv=77.6 kN
Maximum radial load Fa=25.6 kN
The maximum moments are assumed to act at the same point.
Max.horiz.moment in compr.flange Mycf=90.4 kNm
In order to account for the axial force induced in the beam from the
vertical loading, the bending moment needs to be increased using the
conservative approach that follows.
Increases vertical moment Mx=Mx+(Fa*(D-T)/1000)
=253+(25.6*(850.9-26.8)/1000)
=274.1 kNm

=1.0187
Outstand b=B/2=293.8/2=146.9 mm
Ratio b'T=b/T=146.9/26.8=5.4813
As b/T <= 9e ( 9.1682 ), outstand element of compression
Office: 1007
Depth between fillet radii d=D-2*(T+r)=850.9-2*(26.8+17.8)
=761.7 mm
Ratio d't=d/t=761.7/16.1=47.311
Neutral axis is assumed to be at mid-depth of section.
As d/t <= 80e ( 81.495 ), web is classified as Class 1 plastic.
Shear buckling
Shear buckling
Shear area Av=t*D=16.1*850.9=13699 mm2

=2178.2 kN
Design shear force Fv=77.6 kN
Since Fv Pv ( 77.6 kN 2178.2 kN ) applied shear force
The moment capacity of the section, Mcx, will be limited to

the elastic capacity in accordance with Section 8.8.1
Elastic modulus Zx=Ix/(D/20)=340000/(850.9/20)
=7991.5 cm3
Moment capacity Mcx=py*Zx/10^3=265*7991.5/10^3
=2117.8 kNm
Since Mx Mcx ( 274.1 kNm 2117.8 kNm ) applied moment within
Compression flange cross-sectional capacity - Clause 4.8.3.2
The minor axis bending capacity is taken as the minor axis bending
capacity of a single flange, because the flange resists the
horizontal bending moments. For simplicity the elastic modulus of
the flange, Zycf, is taken as half the minor axis elastic modulus
of the whole section.
Elastic modulus of the flange Zycf=Iy/(B/10)=11400/(293.8/10)

=388.02 cm3
Fc Mx Mycf
+ + 1
Ag.py Mcx py.Zycf
As axial load is zero

Unity factor uf=Mx/Mcx+Mycf*10^3/(py*Zycf)
=274.1/2117.8+90.4*10^3/(265*388.02)
=1.0086
NOTE: This is considered acceptable because the check ignores the
beneficial torsional resistance.
Office: 1007
Buckling checks
The effective length for lateral torsional buckling could be taken

as half the developed length of curve (SCI publication "Design of
Curved Steel' Section 6.4.2).
L
_ Curved beam on plan.

d Angle theta is angle
A B subtended by curved
/// \\\ beam in degrees.
\ /
\ / A = left end support
\ / R B = right end support
\ / /// = fixed support in
+ the vertical plane.
Radius of curved beam R=5 m
Distance between end supports L=10 m
Depth of curved beam on plan d=5 m
Angle subtended by curved beam theta=180
Length of of curved beam a=15708 mm
Effective length to be adopted Le=Le*1000=7.854*1000=7854 mm
The factor 'mx' is over the effective length of the curved member
notes to Table 26 is used to determine mx.
Quarter point mx2=-34.5 kNm
Mid-span mx3=65 kNm
Three quarter point mx4=-34.5 kNm
Maximum Moment on segment Mx=274.1 kNm
Maximum moment on central half M24=65 kNm
Equivalent uniform moment factor mx=0.2+(0.1*mx2+0.6*mx3+0.1*mx4)/Mx
=0.2+(0.1*-34.5+0.6*65+0.1*-34.5)
/274.1
=0.31711
Limiting value of m mxlim=0.8*M24/Mx=0.8*65/274.1
=0.18971
Minor axis flexural buckling - Table 26
The factor 'my' is over the developed length of the curved member
between restraints to the y-y axis
notes to Table 26 is used to determine my.
Quarter point my2=86.8 kNm
Mid-span my3=43.7 kNm
Office: 1007
Three quarter point my4=-33.4 kNm
Maximum Moment on segment Mycf=90.4 kNm
Maximum moment on central half M24y=86.8 kNm
Equivalent uniform moment factor my=0.2+(0.1*my2+0.6*my3+0.1*my4)/Mycf
=0.2+(0.1*86.8+0.6*43.7+0.1*-33.4)
/90.4
=0.54912
Limiting value of m mylim=0.8*M24y/Mycf=0.8*86.8/90.4
=0.76814
Revised moment factor my=mylim=0.76814
Fc mx.Mx my.Mycf
+ + 1
Pc Mcx py.Zycf
Unity factor Uf=mx*Mx/Mcx+my*Mycf*10^3/(py*Zycf)

=0.31711*274.1/2117.8+0.76814*90.4
*10^3/(265*388.02)
=0.71636
Resistance to lateral-torsional buckling - Clause 4.3.6

=125.05
Buckling parameter u=(4*Sx^2*(1-Iy/Ix)/(A^2*((D-T)
/10)^2))^0.25
=(4*9160^2*(1-11400/340000)/(289^2
*((850.9-26.8)/10)^2))^0.25
=0.8696
=0.566*((850.9-26.8)/10)*(289
/514)^0.5
=34.975
=3.5754
=1/((1+0.05*3.5754^2)^0.25)
=0.88378
Ratio w betaw=1.0
=0.8696*0.88378*125.05*(1)^0.5
=96.106
=0.4*((3.1416^2*205*10^3)
/265)^0.5
=34.951
=0.007*(96.106-34.951)
=0.42809
=3.1416^2*205*10^3/(96.106^2)
=219.05 N/mm2
=(265+(0.42809+1)*219.05)/2
=288.91 N/mm2
Office: 1007
Factor pey=pe*py=219.05*265=58049
=(58049)/(288.91+((288.91^2
-58049)^0.5))
=129.47 N/mm2
Buckling resistance moment Mb=Zx*pb/10^3=7991.5*129.47/10^3
=1034.7 kNm
Maximum moment MLT=274.1 kNm
Equivalent uniform moment factor mLT=0.2+(0.15*m2+0.5*m3+0.15*m4)/MLT
=0.2+(0.15*127+0.5*34.5+0.15*39)
/274.1
=0.35378
Minimum moment factor mLT=0.44
Fc mLT.MLT my.Mycf
+ + 1
Pcy Mb py.Zycf
As the axial load is zero

Unity factor unity=mLT*MLT/Mb+my*Mycf*10^3/(py*Zycf)
=0.44*274.1/1034.7+0.76814*90.4
*10^3/(265*388.02)
=0.79188
The second interaction formula is satisfied.
UNIVERSAL BEAM SECTION 838 x 292 x 226 UB Grade S 275

DESIGN Section is satisfactory for axial,
Factored shear force 77.6 kN
Shear capacity 2178.2 kN
Vertical moment 274.1 kNm
Horizontal moment 90.4 kNm
Local capacity check 1.0086 < 1
Overall buckling check 0.71636 < 1
0.79188 < 1
No447
Office: 1007
Location: Curved I-beam on plan
z
I section beam curved on plan

Beam is curved on plan & design
calculations are in accordance
y y h with BS EN 1993-1-1:2005.
tw
Moment connections are assumed
in the vertical plane and pin
connections on plan. All loads
tf z and moments are factored.
838 x 292 x 226 UKB

Properties (cm): Iy=340000 Iz=11400 Wply=9160 Wplz=1210 It=514
A=289 iy=34.3 iz=6.2806
Details of curved section and results from analysis
Radius of curvature of beam R=5 m

Design moment about yy axis MyEd=253 kNm (at end connection)
Accompanying design shear force VzEd=77.6 kN
Maximum radial load Fa=25.6 kN
The maximum design moments are assumed to act at the same point.
Design horiz.BM in compr.flange MzEd=90.4 kNm
In order to account for the axial force induced in the beam from the
vertical loading, the bending moment needs to be increased using the
conservative approach that follows.
Increased design vertical moment MyEd=MyEd+(Fa*(h-tf)/1000)
=253+(25.6*(850.9-26.8)/1000)
=274.1 kNm
There is no externally applied axial load on the curved beam.
Design axial load NEd=0 kN

Partial factors for resistance

Office: 1007

=0.9417
Outstand c=(b-tw-2*r)/2=(293.8-16.1-2*17.8)/2
=121.05 mm
Ratio c't=c/tf=121.05/26.8=4.5168
=761.7 mm
Ratio C't=C/tw=761.7/16.1=47.311
As C/tw 72e ( 47.311 67.802 ), web element in bending
Shear buckling 6.2.6(6)

Buckling ratio hw't=hw/tw=797.3/16.1=49.522
Since hw/tw 72e ( 67.802 ) no check for shear buckling is required.

=289*100-2*293.8*26.8+(16.1+2
*17.8)*26.8
=14538 mm2
=14538*265/SQR(3)/(1*1000)
=2224.3 kN
Design shear force VzEd=77.6 kN
Since VzEd VplRd ( 77.6 kN 2224.3 kN ) design shear force
within the shear plastic resistance.
The moment resistance of the section, McRdy will be limited to

the elastic resistance.
Elastic modulus about yy axis Wely=Iy/(h/20)=340000/(850.9/20)
=7991.5 cm3
Moment resistance McRdy=fy*Wely/(gamM0*10^3)
=265*7991.5/(1*10^3)
=2117.8 kNm
Since MyEd McRdy ( 274.1 kNm 2117.8 kNm ) design moment within
the moment resistance.
Compression flange cross-sectional resistance
The minor axis bending capacity is taken as the minor axis bending
capacity of a single flange, because the flange resists the
horizontal bending moments. For simplicity the elastic modulus of
the flange, Welzcf, is taken as half the minor axis elastic modulus
of the whole section.
Office: 1007
Elastic modulus of the flange Welzcf=Iz/(b/10)=11400/(293.8/10)
=388.02 cm3
NEd MyEd MzEd

+ + 1
Ag.fy McRdy fy.Welzcf
As axial load is zero

Unity factor uf=MyEd/McRdy+MzEd*10^3/(fy*Welzcf)
=274.1/2117.8+90.4*10^3/(265*388.02)
=1.0086
NOTE: This is considered acceptable because the check ignores the
beneficial torsional resistance.
Check bi-axial bending - Clause 6.2.9.1(6)
The moment resistance of the section, MyRd and MzRd will be limited to
the elastic resistance.
Design axial resistance NRd=A*fy/10=289*265/10=7658.5 kN
Design moment of resistance MyRd=Wely*fy/(gamM0*10^3)
=7991.5*265/(1*10^3)
=2117.8 kNm
Web capacity NRw=hw*tw*fy/1000=797.3*16.1*265/1000
=3401.7 kN
As NEd < 0.25NRd and 0.5NRw
No allowance need be made on the elastic resistance moment.
Resistance moment MyNRd=MyRd=2117.8 kNm
Design moment of resistance MzRd=Welzcf*fy/(gamM0*10^3)
=388.02*265/(1*10^3)
=102.83 kNm
No allowance need be made on the elastic resistance moment.
Moment resistance MzNRd=MzRd=102.83 kNm
Value of power alp=2
Axial ratio n=NEd/NRd=0
Value of power bet=5*n=5*0=0
Value of powers limited bet=1

MyEd MzEd
+ 1
MyNRd MzNRd

Unity expression unity=(MyEd/MyNRd)âlp+(MzEd

/MzNRd)^bet
=(274.1/2117.8)^2+(90.4/102.83)^1
=0.89591
Office: 1007
The effective length for lateral torsional buckling could be taken

as half the developed length of curve (SCI publication "Design of
Curved Steel' Section 6.4.2).
L
_ Beam curved on plan.

d Angle theta is angle
A B subtended by curved
/// \\\ beam in degrees.
\ /
\ / A = left end support
\ / R B = right end support
\ / /// = fixed support in
+ the vertical plane.
Radius of curved beam R=5 m
Distance between end supports L=10 m
Depth of curved beam on plan d=5 m
Angle subtended by curved beam theta=180
Length of of curved beam a=15.708 m
Effective length for LTB adopted LT=7.854 m
=11400/4*((850.9-26.8)/10)^2
=19.356E6 cm6
Euler term Et=PI^2*E*Iz/(K*LT^2*100)
=3.1416^2*210000*11400/(1*7.854^2
*100)
=3.8304E6 N
Shear modulus term Gt=K*LT^2*G*It/(PI^2*E*Iz)*10^6
=1*7.854^2*81000*514/(3.1416^2
*210000*11400)*10^6
=108694 mm2
=(1^2*19.356E6*100/11400+108694)^0.5
=527.71 mm
Correction factor kc=0.9
Coefficient C1=1/kc^2=1/0.9^2=1.2346
=1.2346*3.8304E6*527.71/10^6
=2495.5 kNm
Limit the non-dimensional slenderness to the elastic resistance.
Non-dimensional slenderness lamLT=(Wely*fy/(Mcr*10^3))^0.5
=(7991.5*265/(2495.5*10^3))^0.5
=0.92122
As MyEd/Mcr < 0.16 ( 0.10984 < 0.16)
The segment of the beam is not subject to lateral torsional buckling
The moment resistance will be limited to the elastic resistance.
Design buckling resistance moment MybRd=ChiLT*Wely*fy/(gamM1*10^3)
=1*7991.5*265/(1*10^3)
=2117.8 kNm
As MyEd MybRd ( 274.1 kNm 2117.8 kNm ) section chosen is OK.
Office: 1007

DESIGN Section is satisfactory for axial,
Factored shear force 77.6 kN
Design shear resistance 2224.3 kN
Design vert.bending moment 274.1 kNm
Design moment resistance 2117.8 kNm
Buckling resistance moment 2117.8 kNm
Horizontal design moment 90.4 kNm
0.26277 1
0.38273 1
No447
I column in simple construction Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Column 1-2

Mx I column in 'simple' construction
F
Calculations are in accordance with
x BS5950-1:2000 and 'Steelwork Design
Guide to BS5950' published by SCI.
B
L All beams supported by the column
x are assumed to be fully loaded.
A A D Based on Clause 4.7.7 it is not
necessary to consider the effect
SECTION of pattern loading.
A-A
D
Frame dimensions
Number of storeys storey=2

Storey height (bottom storey) Ht=3 m
Storey height (elsewhere) ht=6 m
Column centres (average) crs=6 m
Frame centres frs=5 m
Loading
Dead load on roof

Beam 1 dr1=20 kN
Beam 2 dr2=24 kN
Beam 3 dr3=20 kN
Beam 4 dr4=0 kN
Total dead load at roof level deadr=64 kN
Imposed load on roof
Beam 1 ir1=20 kN
Beam 2 ir2=80 kN
Beam 3 ir3=20 kN
Total imposed load at roof level impr=120 kN
Dead load on floors
Beam 1 df1=30 kN
Beam 2 df2=30 kN
Beam 3 df3=30 kN
Total dead load at floor level deadf=90 kN
Imposed load on floors
Beam 1 if1=100 kN
Beam 2 if2=200 kN
Beam 3 if3=100 kN
Total imposed load at each floor impf=400 kN
Assume self weight for the lowest storey of the column. For
variations in column heights this value will be proportioned.
Assumed self wt. of column/storey sw=7 kN
Office: 1007
COLUMN LOADINGS
Reduction in imposed loading in accordance with BS6399:Pt1:1984

Clause 5.2
Storey Loading Total Load Reduction in Reduced

Dead Imposed Imposed load Imposed load
2 64 kN 78 kN 0
120 kN 120 kN 120 kN
1 90 kN 175 kN 10 %
400 kN 520 kN 52 kN 468 kN
NB Values are UNFACTORED
STOREY 1
Section properties
203 x 203 x 60 UC.

Properties (cm): Ix=6130 Iy=2070 Sx=656 Sy=305 J=47.2
A=76.4 ry=5.2052 rx=8.9574 Zx=584.92 Zy=201.17

Factored axial compressive loads
Due to dead and imposed loading F=1.4*Wd+1.6*Wi=1.4*175+1.6*468

=993.8 kN
Factored bending moment about either axis
Assumed eccentricity of beam loading

from the face of the column ecc=100 mm
Factored beam loading
Beam 1 dl1=1.4*df1+1.6*if1=1.4*30+1.6*100
=202 kN
Beam 2 dl2=1.4*df2+1.6*if2=1.4*30+1.6*200
=362 kN
Beam 3 dl3=1.4*df3+1.6*if3=1.4*30+1.6*100
=202 kN
Factored Bending Moments
Eccentricity for x-x axis ex=(D/2+100)/1000=(209.6/2+100)/1000

=0.2048 m
Applied moment Mxx=(dl2-dl4)*ex=(362-0)*0.2048
=74.138 kNm
Moment is divided in ratio to
Office: 1007
column lengths Mtd=Mt*ht/(ht+Ht)=74.138*6/(6+3)
=49.425 kNm
No moment about y-y axis Myy=0
Length of column L=Ht*1000=3*1000=3000 mm

=1
Outstand b=B/2=205.8/2=102.9 mm
Ratio b'T=b/T=102.9/14.2=7.2465
As b/T 9e ( 9 ), outstand element of compression
=160.8 mm
Ratio d't=d/t=160.8/9.4=17.106
Ratio r1=F*10^3/(d*t*py)
=993.8*10^3/(160.8*9.4*275)
=2.3909
Value limited r1=1
Web is subject to compression throughout.
Limiting value for Class 1 d'tl1=80*e/(1+r1)=80*1/(1+1)
=40
As d/t d'tl1, web is classified as Class 1 plastic
Effective length factor ef=0.85

Effective length Le=ef*L=0.85*3000=2550 mm
Slenderness (minor axis) lambda=Le/(ry*10)=2550/(5.2052*10)
=48.989

=0.2*(3.1416^2*205*1000/275)^0.5
=17.155
Robertson constant for H section a=5.5 for table 24(c)
Perry factor eta=0.001*a*(lambda-lamb0)
=0.001*5.5*(48.989-17.155)
=0.17509
Euler strength pe=PI^2*E*1000/lambda^2
=3.1416^2*205*1000/48.989^2
=843.04 N/mm2
=(275+(0.17509+1)*843.04)/2
=632.83 N/mm2
=843.04*275/(632.83+(632.83^2
-843.04*275)^0.5)
=222.18 N/mm2
Compression resistance Pc=A*pc/10=76.4*222.18/10
=1697.4 kN
Since F Pc ( 993.8 kN 1697.4 kN ), design axial compressive
Office: 1007
Resistance to lateral-torsional buckling - Clauses 4.3.6 & 4.7.7
Equivalent slenderness lamLT=0.5*L/(ry*10)

=0.5*3000/(5.2052*10)
=28.817
=0.4*((3.1416^2*205*10^3)
/275)^0.5
=34.31
The equivalent slenderness is less than the limiting slenderness.
Buckling resistance moment Mbs=Sx*pb/10^3=656*275/10^3
=180.4 kNm
Overall buckling check - Clause 4.7.7
F Mx My
+ + 1
Pc Mbs py.Zy
Unity factor uf=F/Pc+Mx/Mbs+My*10^3/(py*Zy)

=993.8/1697.4+49.425/180.4+0*10^3
/(275*201.17)
=0.85944
SECTION 203 x 203 x 60 UKC Grade S 275

DESIGN Compressive strength 222.18 N/mm2
SUMMARY Buckling strength 275 N/mm2
Buckling check 0.85944 < 1
axial load, and overall buckling.
FIRE RESISTANCE - BS 5950-8:2003
Assuming all the dead load is permanent and all the imposed load is
non-permanent. Load factors:
Load factor for permanent loads gfp=1.0
The load factor for non-permanent
loads in other areas gfnp=0.8
Axial compressive load Ff=gfp*Wd+gfnp*Wi=1*175+0.8*468
=549.4 kN
Beam 1 dl1=gfp*df1+gfnp*if1=1*30+0.8*100
=110 kN
=190 kN
=110 kN
Factored Bending Moments
Eccentricity for x-x axis ex=(D/2+100)/1000=(209.6/2+100)/1000

=0.2048 m
Office: 1007
Applied moment Mxx=(dl2-dl4)*ex=(190-0)*0.2048
=38.912 kNm
Moment is divided in ratio to
column lengths Mtd=Mt*ht/(ht+Ht)=38.912*6/(6+3)
=25.941 kNm
No moment about y-y axis Myy=0
Section factor - Clause 8.2
Considering the profile of the exposed section.

In the calculation of the heated perimeter of the steel section
all four sides of the column are exposed
Exposed surface area Am=4*B+2*D-2*t=4*205.8+2*209.6-2*9.4
=1223.6 mm
Section factor Am'V=INT(Am/A/0.5)*5
=INT(1223.6/76.4/0.5)*5
=160 /m
Fire resistance without applied protection
Columns are assessed on their load ratio. The criterion for load
carrying capacity, is that the end of the fire resistance period
the design temperature does not exceed the limiting temperature
temperature given in BS 5950-8:2003 Table 8. For a column the
limiting temperature is dependant on the thickness of the flanges.
For a flange thickness of 14.2 mm.
The value given in Table 9 assumes heating from all four sides.
The design temperature (30 min.) temp=TABLE 9 for T=14.2, column=30
=737.4 deg.C.
The load ratio, R, at the fire limit state is to be calculated from:
Ff Mfx Mfy
R = + +
Ag.pc Mb py.Zy
Load ratio R=Ff*1000/(A*100*pc)+Mfx/Mbs+Mfy*10^6/(py*Zy*10^3)

=549.4*1000/(76.4*100*222.18)+25.941/180.4+0*10^6/(275
*201.17*10^3)
=0.46746
Limiting temperature templ=TABLE 8.1 for section=1, R=0.46746
=591.39 deg.C.
The limiting temperature for unprotected members is 591.39 deg.C.
from Table 8 of the code. This is less than the design temperature
737.4 deg.C. so the unprotected column will have less than 30 minutes
fire resistance.
The design temperature for 15 min temp15=TABLE 9 for T=14.2, column=15
=519.8 deg.C.
The column does however provide 15 minutes resistance.
Office: 1007
FIRE RESISTANCE Heated perimeter 1223.6 mm2

SUMMARY Area of section 76.4 cm2
Section factor 160 /m
Load Ratio (R) 0.46746
Section does not have an inherent
fire resistance of 30 minutes.
Fire protection should be provided.
No452
Office: 1007
Location: Access steel example

MyEd
NEd Column in simple construction

Calculations are in accordance with
BS EN 1993-1-1:2005.

Column is continuous and forms part
L of a structure of simple construction
The column is nominally pinned at base
Beams are connected to the column by
"simple" connections.

h All loads and moments are factored.
Factored axial compressive load NEd=589 kN

Factored BM about y-y axis MyEd=11.11 kNm
Factored BM about z-z axis MzEd=0.35 kNm
Length between restraints L=5000 mm (both axes)
203 x 203 x 46 UKC

Dimensions (mm): h=203.2 b=203.6 tw=7.2 tf=11 r=10.2
A=58.7 iy=8.8235 iz=5.1386


=0.92442
Outstand c=(b-tw-2*r)/2=(203.6-7.2-2*10.2)/2
=88 mm
Ratio c't=c/tf=88/11=8
As c/tf 9e ( 8.3197 ), outstand element of compression
Depth between fillets C=h-2*(tf+r)=203.2-2*(11+10.2)
=160.8 mm
Ratio C't=C/tw=160.8/7.2=22.333
Factor a=0.5*(1+NEd*10^3/(fy*C*tw))
=0.5*(1+589*10^3/(275*160.8*7.2))
=1.425
Limit value a=1.0
As C/tw 396e/(13a-1) ( 30.506 ), web element
Office: 1007
Effective length
Effective length about y-y axis Lcry=1.0*L=1.0*5000=5000 mm

Effective length about z-z axis Lcrz=1.0*L=1.0*5000=5000 mm

=3.1416^2*210000*4570*10^7/(5000
*10^3)^2
=3788.7 kN
=3.1416^2*210000*1550*10^7/(5000
*10^3)^2
=1285 kN

=SQR(58.7*10^2*275/(3788.7*10^3))
=0.65274
=SQR(58.7*10^2*275/(1285*10^3))
=1.1208
Reduction factor

=0.5*(1+0.34*(0.65274-0.2)
+0.65274^2)
=0.79
=1/(0.79+SQR(0.79^2-0.65274^2))
=0.80971

=0.5*(1+0.49*(1.1208-0.2)
+1.1208^2)
=1.3537
=1/(1.3537+SQR(1.3537^2-1.1208^2))
=0.4733
Design buckling resistance NbRd=chi*A*fy/10=0.4733*58.7*275/10

=764.02 kN
=0.77092
Office: 1007
Coefficient C1
The member is not loaded between restraints.

Far end BM psiM=0 kNm
Ratio of moments psi=0
Length between restraints LT=L/1000=5000/1000=5 m
Coefficient C1 C1=TABLE 3.1 for psi=0
=1.77

=1550/4*((203.2-11)/10)^2
=143146 cm6
Euler term Et=PI^2*E*Iz/((LT)^2*100)
=3.1416^2*210000*1550/((5)^2*100)
=1.285E6 N
Shear modulus term Gt=LT^2*G*It/(PI^2*E*Iz)*10^6
=5^2*80770*22.2/(3.1416^2*210000
*1550)*10^6
=13954 mm2
Square root term Sr=(Iw*100/Iz+Gt)^0.5
=(143146*100/1550+13954)^0.5
=152.28 mm
=1.77*1.285E6*152.28/10^6
=346.36 kNm
=(497*275/(346.36*10^3))^0.5
=0.62818
Ratio h'b=h/b=203.2/203.6=0.99804
As h/b > 2, imperfection value aLT=0.34
=0.5*(1+0.34*(0.62818-0.4)+0.75*0.62818^2)
=0.68677
=1/(0.68677+(0.68677^2-0.75
*0.62818^2)^0.5)
=0.90422
Factor kc=1/(1.33-0.33*psi)=1/(1.33-0.33*0)
=0.75188
=1-0.5*(1-0.75188)*(1-2*(0.62818
-0.8)^2)
=0.88327
Modified chiLT factor ChiLT=chiLT/f=0.90422/0.88327
=1.0237
Limiting value ChiLT=1
=1*497*275/10^3
=136.68 kNm
Office: 1007
Minor axis
Design Resistance moment MzRd=Wplz*fy/10^3=231*275/10^3

=63.525 kNm
Interaction equation
NEd MyEd MzEd

+ + 1.5 1.0
NbRd MybRd MzRd
Unity factor Unity=NEd/NbRd+MyEd/MybRd+1.5*MzEd/MzRd

=589/764.02+11.11/136.68+1.5*0.35/63.525
=0.86048
SECTION 203 x 203 x 46 UKC Grade S 275

DESIGN Design axial load 589 kN
SUMMARY Buckling resistance 764.02 kN
Design BM y-y axis 11.11 kNm
LTB resistance 136.68 kNm
Design BM z-z axis 0.35 kNm
Moment resistance (z-z) 63.525 kNm
Unity factor 0.86048
No452
Channel subject to eccentric loading Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Example 9, 'Beams subject to bending and torsion'.
Simply supported steel channel unrestrained along its length
Calculations are in accordance with BS5950 and 'Beams Subject to

Bending and Torsion' published by The Steel Construction Institute.
The beam is considered as "torsion fixed, warping free".
Uniformly distributed load
w/metre

AB
_ _ _ _
/// ooo
Beam span L=4 m
Section properties
305 x 102 Tapered Channel.

Properties (cm): Ix=8208 Iy=499 Sx=638 Sy=128 J=35.9
A=58.9 Cy=2.6675 H=84200

Poisson's ratio neu=0.3
Shear modulus G=E/(2*(1+neu))=205/(2*(1+0.3))
=78.846 kN/mm2
Loading
Unfactored eccentric loads:

Dead load wd=2 kN/m
Imposed load wi=0 kN/m
Total load (unfactored) wt=wd+wi=2+0=2 kN/m
Factored distributed load w=1.4*wd+1.6*wi=1.4*2+1.6*0
=2.8 kN/m
Distance between crs. of flanges h=D-T=304.8-14.8=290 mm
Distance between centre of web
and shear centre eo=((B-t/2)^2*T)/(2*(B-t/2)*T+(h*t)/3)
=((101.6-10.2/2)^2*14.8)/(2*(101.6-10.2
/2)*14.8+(290*10.2)/3)
=35.869 mm
Office: 1007
load
decc
eo
v

Distance between
shear centre and
section + + shear centre of web
centroid centre eo =35.869 mm

Distance to centre of eccentric

load to the back of the channel decc=-50 mm
Eccentricity ecc=decc-t/2+eo=-50-10.2/2+35.869
=-19.231 mm
Eccentricity value must be positive,
Eccentricity ecc=-ecc=19.231 mm
Shear force
Axial loading (inc.self weight) sw=0.7 kN/m (factored)

Shear force Fv=(sw+w)*L/2=(0.7+2.8)*4/2
=7 kN
Factored moment
Maximum bending moment M=(w+sw)*L^2/8=(2.8+0.7)*4^2/8

=7 kNm
Since a simply supported beam is not required to have any plastic

rotation capacity, it is sufficient to ensure that the section is
compact.
=1
Outstand b=B=101.6 mm
Ratio b'T=b/T=101.6/14.8=6.8649
Compact limiting value of ratio b'Tlim=10*e=10*1=10
b/T ratio within limiting value of 10e.
=244.8 mm
Ratio d't=d/t=244.8/10.2=24
Compact limiting value of ratio d'tlim=100*e=100*1=100
d/t ratio within limiting value of 100e.
Therefore section is at least compact.
Office: 1007
Shear buckling
Web shear
Shear area Av=D*t=304.8*10.2=3109 mm2

=512.98 kN
Since Fv Pv ( 7 kN 512.98 kN ) shear force within
shear capacity.
Buckling resistance
Beam is considered as being unrestrained along its length.

The end conditions are assumed to be simply supported for bending
and free for warping.

Both flanges free to rotate on plan.
Effective length (Table 13) Le=1.0*L*1000=1.0*4*1000
=4000 mm
Resistance to lateral-torsional buckling - Clause 4.3.6
Radius gyration about minor axis ry=SQR(Iy/A)=SQR(499/58.9)

=2.9107 cm
=137.43
Factor gamma=1-Iy/Ix=1-499/8208
=0.93921
Torsional index x=1.132*(A*H/(Iy*J))^0.5
=1.132*(58.9*84200/(499*35.9))^0.5
=18.835
Buckling parameter u=(Iy*Sx^2*gamma/(A^2*H))^0.25
=(499*638^2*0.93921/(58.9^2
*84200))^0.25
=0.89896
=7.2963
=1/((1+0.05*7.2963^2)^0.25)
=0.7229
Ratio w betaw=1.0
=0.89896*0.7229*137.43*(1)^0.5
=89.306
=0.4*((3.1416^2*205*10^3)
/275)^0.5
=34.31
Office: 1007
=0.007*(89.306-34.31)
=0.38498
=3.1416^2*205*10^3/(89.306^2)
=253.68 N/mm2
=(275+(0.38498+1)*253.68)/2
=313.17 N/mm2
Factor pey=pe*py=253.68*275=69762
=(69762)/(313.17+((313.17^2
-69762)^0.5))
=144.9 N/mm2
Buckling resistance moment Mb=Sx*pb/10^3=638*144.9/10^3
=92.449 kNm
For a uniformly distributed load
Since M Mb/mLT ( 7 kNm 99.945 kNm ) section O.K. for
Check section for combined bending and torsion
Negative angle of twist due to torsional loading

Torsional bending constant a=((E*H)/(G*J))^0.5*10
=((205*84200)/(78.846*35.9))^0.5*10
=780.9 mm
Torsional moment Tq=-w*L*ecc/10^3=-2.8*4*19.231/10^3
=-0.21539 kNm
Length of beam L'=L*1000=4*1000=4000 mm
Distance along member z=L'/2=4000/2=2000 mm
=6.4367
Hyperbolic tangent of L/2a t2=TNH(L'/(2*a))=TNH(4000/(2*780.9))
=0.98815
=6.5139
term t4=L'^2/(2*a^2)*(z/L'-(z^2/L'^2))
=4000^2/(2*780.9^2)*(2000/4000
-(2000^2/4000^2))
=3.2797
Angle of twist phi=Tq*a/(G*J*10)*a/L'*(t4+t3-t2*t1-1)
=-0.21539*780.9/(78.846*35.9*10)
*780.9/4000*(3.2797+6.5139-0.98815
*6.4367-1)
=-0.0028228 rad
Torsional moment (y-y axis) Myt=-M*phi=-7*-0.0028228
=0.019759 kNm
Torsional bending stress (y-y) fbyt=Myt*(B-Cy*10)/Iy*10^2
=0.019759*(101.6-2.6675*10)/499
*10^2
=0.29669 N/mm2
Second derivative of phi phi''=Tq/(G*J*10*a)*a/L'*(-1+t3-t2*t1)
=-0.21539/(78.846*35.9*10
*780.9)*780.9/4000*(-1+6.5139
-0.98815*6.4367)
=1.6103E-9
Office: 1007
Normalised warping function Wno=(B-t/2-eo)*h/200
=(101.6-10.2/2-35.869)*290/200
=87.916 cm2
Torsional stress in flange fw=E*10^3*Wno*10^2*phi''
=205*10^3*87.916*10^2*1.6103E-9
=2.9022 N/mm2
(i) Buckling Check
Equation 2.21
M ( fbyt + fw ) 0.5 M
+ 1 + 1.0
Mb/mLT py Mb/mLT
Equation 2.21 uf=mLT*M/Mb+((fbyt+fw)/py)*(1+0.5*mLT*M/Mb)

=0.925*7/92.449+((0.29669+2.9022)/275)*(1
+0.5*0.925*7/92.449)
=0.082079
Since uf 1, Section is adequate for buckling.
(ii) Local "Capacity" Check
Equation 2.22
fbx + fbyt + fw py
where:
bending normal stress fbx=M*(D/2)/Ix*100
=7*(304.8/2)/8208*100
=12.997 N/mm2
combined stress fcb=fbx+fbyt+fw=12.997+0.29669+2.9022
=16.196 N/mm2
Since fcb py ( 16.196 N/mm2 275 N/mm2 ), section is suitable.
Determination of angle of twist
It is sufficient to obtain the maximum angle of twist at working

load, phiw, by replacing the value of torque Tq with the working load
value as phi is linearly dependant on Tq. Since Tq has been factored
then multiplying by the appropriate ratio of applied to factored
load(s) will give:
Angle of twist at working load phiw=ABS(phi)*wt/w
=ABS(-0.0028228)*2/2.8
=0.0020163 rad
in degrees phiw'=DEG(phiw)=0.11552 deg
On the assumption that a maximum twist of 2 degrees is acceptable
at working load, in this instance the beam is satisfactory.
Office: 1007
Check deflection
Working imposed load w'=wi=0 kN/m

Actual midspan deflection del=5*w'*L^4/(384*E*Ix)*10^5
=5*0*4^4/(384*205*8208)*10^5
=0 mm
From Table 8
Limiting deflection (brittle) delp=L*1000/360=4*1000/360
=11.111 mm
Actual deflection does not exceed the permissible deflection, beam
chosen is suitable.
SECTION 305 x 102 Grade S 275

PROPERTIES Tapered Flange Channel
Applied shear force 7 kN
Shear capacity 512.98 kN
DESIGN Applied moment 7 kNm
SUMMARY Buckling resistance 92.449 kNm
Buckling check 0.082079 1
Combined bending str. 16.196 N/mm2
Midspan deflection 0 mm
Limiting deflection 11.111 mm
No463
Office: 1007
Location: Example 4 'Design of steel beams in torsion'
Simply supported steel channel unrestrained along its length
Calculations are in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-1: 2005 and 'Design

of Steel Beams in Torsion' published by SCI.
The beam is considered as "torsion fixed, warping free".
Uniformly distributed load
w/metre

AB
_ _ _ _
/// ooo
Beam span L=5 m
Section properties
300 x 100 UKPFC

Dimensions (mm): h=300 b=100 tw=9 tf=16.5 r=15
A=58 Cy=3.0477 Iw=81300

Shear modulus G=81 kN/mm2

=0.9417
Outstand c=b-tw-r=100-9-15=76 mm
Ratio c't=c/tf=76/16.5=4.6061
Depth between fillets C=h-2*(tf+r)=300-2*(16.5+15)
=237 mm
Ratio C't=C/tw=237/9=26.333
As C/tw 33e ( 26.333 31.076 ), web element in compression
Office: 1007
Loading
Unfactored eccentric loads:

Permanent load wd=5.18 kN/m
Variable (non-permanent) load wi=0 kN/m
Total load (unfactored) wt=wd+wi=5.18+0=5.18 kN/m
Factored distributed load w=1.35*wd+1.5*wi=1.35*5.18+1.5*0
=6.993 kN/m (NA.A1.2)
Distance between crs. of flanges d=h-tf=300-16.5=283.5 mm
Distance between centre of web
and shear centre eo=((b-tw/2)^2*tf)/(2*(b-tw/2)*tf+(d*tw)/3)
=((100-9/2)^2*16.5)/(2*(100-9/2)*16.5+(283.5
*9)/3)
=37.602 mm
load
decc
eo
v

Distance between
shear centre and
section + + shear centre of web
centroid centre eo =37.602 mm

Distance to centre of eccentric

load to the back of the channel decc=-70 mm
Eccentricity ecc=decc-tw/2+eo=-70-9/2+37.602
=-36.898 mm
Eccentricity value must be positive,
Eccentricity ecc=-ecc=36.898 mm
Shear force
Axial loading (inc.self weight) sw=5 kN/m (factored)

Shear force Fv=(sw+w)*L/2=(5+6.993)*5/2
=29.983 kN
Factored moment
Maximum bending moment M=(w+sw)*L^2/8=(6.993+5)*5^2/8

=37.478 kNm
Office: 1007
Design value of torsion effects
Allowing for elastic interaction between St Venant torsion and

warping torsion.
Torsional bending constant a=((E/10^3*Iw)/(G*It))^0.5*10
=((210000/10^3*81300)/(81
*36.8))^0.5*10
=756.81 mm
Torsional moment Td=w*L*ecc/10^3=6.993*5*36.898/10^3
=1.2901 kNm
Length of beam L'=L*1000=5*1000=5000 mm
Distance along member z=L'/2=5000/2=2500 mm
=13.583
Hyperbolic tangent of L/2a t2=TNH(L'/(2*a))=TNH(5000/(2*756.81))
=0.9973
=13.62
term t4=L'^2/(2*a^2)*(z/L'-(z^2/L'^2))
=5000^2/(2*756.81^2)*(2500/5000
-(2500^2/5000^2))
=5.456
Angle of twist phi=Td*a/(G*It*10)*a/L'*(t4+t3-t2*t1-1)
=1.2901*756.81/(81*36.8*10)*756.81
/5000*(5.456+13.62-0.9973*13.583-1)
=0.022457 rad
Minor axis moment MzEd=M*phi=37.478*0.022457
=0.84164 kNm
Warping moment
Second derivative of phi
phi''=-Td/(G*It*10*a)*a/L'*(-1+t3-t2*t1)*10^6
=-1.2901/(81*36.8*10*756.81)*756.81/5000*(-1
+13.62-0.9973*13.583)*10^6
=0.0080207 rad/m2
Warping moment at mid-span MwEd=E*Iw*phi''*10^-6/(h-tf)
=210000*81300*0.0080207*10^-6
/(300-16.5)
=0.48302 kNm
Bending resistance
Design bending moment MyEd=37.478 kNm

Bending resistance moment (y-y) MyRd=Wply*fy/10^3=641*265/10^3
=169.87 kNm
Bending resistance moment (z-z) MzRd=Wplz*fy/10^3=148*265/10^3
=39.22 kNm
In the absence of torsion the shear plastic resistance:

Shear Area Avz=A*100-2*b*tf+(tw+r)*tf
=58*100-2*100*16.5+(9+15)*16.5
=2896 mm2
=2896*265/SQR(3)/1000
=443.08 kN
Office: 1007
Reduced shear resistance in the presence of torsion
At support z=0 mm
To calculate phi' at support

Hyperbolic tangent of L/2a t2=0.9973
Term for phi' p'=a/L'*(L'/(2*a)-t2)
=756.81/5000*(5000/(2*756.81)
-0.9973)
=0.34905
Derivative of phi phi'=Td/(G*It)*p'*100
=1.2901/(81*36.8)*0.34905*100
=0.015107 rad/m
Stresses due to pure torsion:
in web ttEd=G*tw*phi'=81*9*0.015107
=11.013 N/mm2
Hyperbolic cosine of z/a t5'=CSH(0)=1
Third derivative phi'''=Td/(G*It*a^2)*a/L'*-t2*1E8
=1.2901/(81*36.8*756.81^2)*756.81/5000
*-0.9973*1E8
=-0.011407 rad/m3
Warping statical moment Sw=(h-tf)*b^2*tf/16
=(300-16.5)*100^2*16.5/16
=2.9236E6 mm4
Shear stress due to warping twEd=-E*Sw*phi'''*1E-9/tw
=-210000*2.9236E6*-0.011407*1E-9/9
=0.77815 N/mm2
Reduction factor tr1=(1-ttEd*(3)^0.5/(1.25*fy))^0.5
=(1-11.013*(3)^0.5/(1.25*265))^0.5
=0.97078
Reduction factor tr2=twEd*3^0.5/fy=0.77815*3^0.5/265
=0.005086
Reduced shear plastic resistance VTRd=(tr1-tr2)*VplRd
=(0.97078-0.005086)*443.08
=427.88 kN
As shear force less than shear plastic resistance, OK.
Non-dimensional slenderness lamLT=L*100/(iz*96)=5*100/(3.1294*96)

=1.6643
Imperfection value (curve d) aLT=0.76
=0.5*(1+0.76*(1.6643-0.4)+0.75*1.6643^2)
=2.0192
=1/(2.0192+(2.0192^2-0.75
*1.6643^2)^0.5)
=0.29127
Design Buckling resistance moment MbRd=chiLT*Wply*fy/10^3
=0.29127*641*265/10^3
=49.476 kNm
Unity factor unitb=MyEd/MbRd=37.478/49.476
=0.7575
Section chosen is suitable for lateral torsional buckling.
Office: 1007
Interaction of LTB with minor axis bending and torsion
MyEd Cmz.MzEd kw.kzw.ka.MwEd

+ + 1
MbRd MzRd MwRd
Equivalent uniform moment factor Cmz=0.95

Critical moment Mcr=Wply*fy/(lamLT^2*1000)
=641*265/(1.6643^2*1000)
=61.323 kNm
Warping resistance of one flange MwRd=(b^2*tf/4)*fy/10^6
=(100^2*16.5/4)*265/10^6
=10.931 kNm
Factor kw=0.7-0.2*MwEd/MwRd
=0.7-0.2*0.48302/10.931
=0.69116
kzw=1-2*MzEd/MzRd=1-2*0.84164/39.22
=0.95708
ka=1/(1-MyEd/Mcr)=1/(1-37.478/61.323)
=2.5717
Unity expression ut=MyEd/MbRd+Cmz*MzEd/MzRd+kw*kzw*ka*MwEd/MwRd
=37.478/49.476+0.95*0.84164/39.22+0.69116
*0.95708*2.5717*0.48302/10.931
=0.85306
There are no commonly agreed limits for total deflections and the
angle of twist to which the beam can be subjected. Values of both
have been calculated their suitability is for the designer's
judgement.
Determination of angle of twist
The angle of twist at the serviceability limit state is determined

by considering the maximum value phi and dividing by the relevant
partial safety factor.
Angle of twist at SLS phiw=ABS(phi)/gamma
=ABS(0.022457)/1.35
=0.016635
in degrees phiw'=DEG(phiw)=0.9531 deg
Deflection
Combined working load wt=wt+sw/gamma=5.18+5/1.35

=8.8837 kN/m
Actual midspan deflection del=5*wt*L^4/(384*E*Iy)*10^8
=5*8.8837*5^4/(384*210000*8230)
*10^8
=4.1831 mm
Office: 1007
SECTION 300 x 100 Grade S 275
PROPERTIES Parallel Flange Channel
Shear force 29.983 kN
DESIGN Applied Moment 37.478 kNm
SUMMARY Buckling resistance 49.476 kNm
LTB interaction 0.85306 1
Midspan deflection 4.1831 mm
Angle of twist 0.9531 deg
No463
Angle seat connection Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Connection: Example 8.3.1, 'Manual on Connections'
Seating bracket
The analysis of the connection is based on the procedure used in

the BCSA publication 'Manual on connections'. Standard angle
section is used for the seating bracket.

Stability cleat Calculations are in accordance
not shown with BS5950-1:2000 Section 6.

V

Factored vertical load on bracket V=254 kN

Grade of angle seat agrade=275
Grade of supporting member sgrade=275
Grade of supported member grade=275
Bracket details
150 x 90 x 10 mm Unequal Angle.

Dimensions (mm): A=150 B=90 T=10 r=12
Bolt group connecting the angle seat to supporting member

Number of bolts to be used bn=4

e2
o o
pitch
o o
/
o o

Pitch of bolts vertically pitch=55 mm

End distance e2=55 mm
Clearance hole diameter Dh=db+2=20+2=22 mm
Office: 1007
Column details
254 x 254 x 73 UC.

Bs=254.6 ts=8.6 Ts=14.2
Thickness of connected ply ts'=Ts=14.2 mm
Bolts in shear
Shear strength from Table 30 ps=375 N/mm2

Shear area As=TABLE 1.1 for db=20
=245 mm2
Shear capacity per bolt Ps=ps*As/10^3=375*245/10^3
=91.875 kN
Shear per bolt Fs=V/bn=254/4=63.5 kN
As Fs Ps ( 63.5 kN 91.875 kN ), then shear load in bolt
is within shear capacity, and M 20 bolt is suitable.
The bearing capacity is taken as the lesser of:

(1) Bearing capacity of the bolt
Bearing strength of bolts pbb=1000 N/mm2 from Table 31
Controlling thickness of ply tt=10 mm
Bearing capacity of bolt Pbb=db*tt*pbb/10^3=20*10*1000/10^3
=200 kN
(2) Bearing capacity of the connected ply
Bearing strngth of connected ply pbs=TABLE 32 for agrade=275
=460 N/mm2
Bearing capacity is lesser of Pbs1=db*tt*pbs/10^3=20*10*460/10^3
=92 kN
or Pbs2=0.5*e2*tt*pbs/10^3
=0.5*55*10*460/10^3
=126.5 kN
Bearing capac of connected ply Pbs=Pbs1=92 kN
Bearing capacity Pb=Pbs=92 kN
Since Fs Pb ( 63.5 kN 92 kN ), maximum load per bolt
within the bearing capacity.
533 x 210 x 92 UB.

Dimensions (mm): Dc=533.1 Bc=209.3 tc=10.1 Tc=15.6 rc=12.7
Bearing strength of the seating bracket
This is investigated at the root of the angle seat. A 45 degree load

dispersion from the supported beam root is used.
Dispersion length at U/S of beam Tus=Tc+T+r=15.6+10+12=37.6 mm
Dispersion length at seat root Leb=2*Tus+tc+1.172*rc
=2*37.6+10.1+1.172*12.7
=100.18 mm
Length of seating bracket ls=120 mm
Dispersion length less than seat length.
Bearing strength pyw=275 N/mm2
Bearing capacity at root of seat Pcr=Leb*T*pyw/10^3=100.18*10*275/10^3
=275.51 kN
Office: 1007
As V Pcr ( 254 kN 275.51 kN ), shear force within bearing
capacity at root of seat.
Hence the design of the seating bracket connection is OK.
Bearing of supported beam
End clearance g=INT(T*2/3)=INT(10*2/3)

=6 mm
Bearing length b1=INT(2*T+0.8*r)-g
=INT(2*10+0.8*12)-6
=23 mm
Bearing capacity of web - Clause 4.5.2.1

Stiff bearing
length 'b1'.
r
-

T

b1
b
Thickness k=rc+Tc=12.7+15.6=28.3 mm
Distance to end of member be=0 mm
Support factor n=2+0.6*be/k=2+0.6*0/28.3
=2
For steel grade S 275 and web thickness 10.1 mm
Design strength pyw=275 N/mm2
Bearing capacity of web Pbw=(b1+n*k)*tc*pyw/10^3
=(23+2*28.3)*10.1*275/10^3
=221.09 kN
As V > Pbw ( 254 kN > 221.09 kN ), a bearing stiffener is required.
Buckling capacity of web - Clause 4.5.3.1
Stiff bearing length b1=23 mm

Distance to nearer end of member ae=be+b1/2=0+23/2=11.5 mm
Depth of web d=Dc-2*(Tc+rc)=533.1-2*(15.6+12.7)
=476.5 mm
Parameter e=(275/pyw)^0.5=(275/275)^0.5
=1
Factor px=(ae+0.7*d)/(1.4*d)
=(11.5+0.7*476.5)/(1.4*476.5)
=0.51724
Buckling resistance Px=px*25*e*tc/((b1+n*k)*d)^0.5*Pbw
=0.51724*25*1*10.1/((23+2*28.3)
*476.5)^0.5*221.09
=148.26 kN
As V > Px ( 254 kN > 148.26 kN ), a buckling stiffener is required.
Office: 1007
SEATING BRACKET 150 mm x 90 mm x 10 mm Angle

SUMMARY Grade S 275 x 120 mm long
LEG CONNECTED Number of bolts 4
TO SUPPORTING Diameter of bolts M 20 Grade 8.8
MEMBER Pitch vertically 55 mm
End distance 55 mm
SUPPORTED BEAM 533 x 210 x 92 UB
END DETAILS End clearance 6 mm
Bearing length 'b1' 23 mm
Applied flange force 254 kN
Local web capacity 221 kN
Web buckling capacity 148 kN
Bearing stiffeners are required.
SUPPORTING COLUMN 254 x 254 x 73 UC
No482
Office: 1007
Connection: Ex1 - From 'Manual on Connections'
Seating bracket
The analysis of the connection assumes that a standard angle section

is used for the seating bracket.

Stability cleat Calculations are in accordance
not shown with EC3 Part 1-8 (2005).

VEd The stability cleat will provide
torsional resistance against
lateral buckling of the beam
and will resist tie and erection
forces. The seating cleat will
resist the vertical load.

Factored vertical load on bracket VEd=254 kN

Grade of angle seat agrade=275
Grade of supporting member sgrade=275
Grade of supported member grade=275
Bracket details
150 x 90 x 10 mm Unequal Angle (Advance UKA)

Dimensions (mm): h=150 b=90 t=10 r=12
Bolt group connecting the angle seat to supporting member

Number of bolts to be used bn=4
Clearance hole diameter do=db+2=20+2=22 mm
e2p2e2

p
o o Four bolt
p1 connection.

o o

e1
SECTION ELEVATION
Distance to first row of bolts p=55 mm

Pitch of bolts vertically p1=55 mm
Office: 1007
The following spacings are based on EC3 Part 1-8 (2005):
Minimum p2 spacing p2=90 mm
Maximum p2 spacing p2=140 mm
Minimum e1 spacing e1=1.2*do=1.2*22=26.4 mm
Maximum e1 spacing e1=4*t+40=4*10+40=80 mm
Minimum e2 spacing e2=1.2*do=1.2*22=26.4 mm
Maximum e2 spacing e2=4*t+40=4*10+40=80 mm
Supporting column details
254 x 254 x 73 UKC

Dimensions (mm): bsc=254.6 twsc=8.6 tfsc=14.2
Thickness of connected ply ts'=tfsc=14.2 mm
Bolts in shear
Shear force per bolt FvEd=VEd/bn=254/4=63.5 kN

Factor av=0.6
Tensile area of bolt As=245 mm2
Bolt ultimate tensile strength fub=800 N/mm2
Shear resistance of bolt FvRd=av*fub*As/(gamM2*10^3)
=0.6*800*245/(1.25*10^3)
=94.08 kN
As FvEd FvRd ( 63.5 kN 94.08 kN ), maximum load per bolt
within shear resistance.
For the bearing resistance check the lesser thickness of ply will be
taken as the controlling thickness.
Controlling thickness of ply tcon=10 mm (angle seat)
Controlling design strength fyas=275 N/mm2
Controlling ultimate strength fuas=410 N/mm2
Factor k1=2.8*e2/do-1.7=2.8*80/22-1.7
=8.4818
Limiting factor k1=2.5
Ratios for factor ab ab1=e1/(3*do)=80/(3*22)=1.2121
ab2=p1/(3*do)-1/4=55/(3*22)-1/4
=0.58333
ab3=fub/fuas=800/410=1.9512
Factor ab=0.58333
Bearing resistance FbRd=k1*ab*fuas*db*tcon/(1.25*10^3)
=2.5*0.58333*410*20*10/(1.25*10^3)
=95.667 kN
As FbRd > 0.8 FvRd then
Resistance of the bolt group FRd=0.8*bn*FvRd=0.8*4*94.08
=301.06 kN
As FRd VEd ( 301.06 kN 254 kN ), end plate OK in bearing.
533 x 210 x 92 UKB

Dimensions (mm): hsb=533.1 bsb=209.3 twsb=10.1 tfsb=15.6 rsb=12.7
Office: 1007
Bearing strength of the seating bracket
This is investigated at the root of the angle seat. A 45 degree load

dispersion from the supported beam root is used.
Dispersion length at U/S of beam Tus=tfsb+t+r=15.6+10+12=37.6 mm
Dispersion length at seat root Leb=2*Tus+twsb+1.172*rsb
=2*37.6+10.1+1.172*12.7
=100.18 mm
Length of seating bracket ls=120 mm
Dispersion length less than seat length.
Bearing strength fyw=275 N/mm2
Bearing resist. at root of seat FbRds=Leb*t*fyw/10^3
=100.18*10*275/10^3
=275.51 kN
As VEd FbRds ( 254 kN 275.51 kN ), shear force within bearing
resistance at root of seat.
Hence the design of the seating bracket connection is OK.
Web resistance to transverse forces - BS EN 1993-1-5:2006
Bearing strength (supported beam) fy=275 N/mm2

Depth between the flanges hw=hsb-2*tfsb=533.1-2*15.6
=501.9 mm
The load is applied through one flange adjacent to an unstiffened end
as per Figure 6.1, load application Type c.
The length of stiff bearing ss on the flange is the length over which
the load is effectively distributed at a slope of 1:1 (Clause 6.3.(1)).
Stiff bearing length ss=23 mm
Stiff bearing position C=0 mm
Factor kf kf=2+6*((ss+C)/hw)=2+6*((23+0)/501.9)
=2.275
Effective length le=kf*E*tw^2/(2*fy*hw)
=2.275*210000*10.1^2/(2*275*501.9)
=176.54 mm
Limited value le=ss+C=23+0=23 mm
Factor m1=b/tw=209.3/10.1=20.723 mm
Consider m2=0
Length ly1=ss+2*tf*(1+(m1+m2)^0.5)
=23+2*15.6*(1+(20.723+0)^0.5)
=196.23 mm
Length ly2=le+tf*(m1/2+(le/tf)^2+m2)^0.5
=23+15.6*(20.723/2+(23/15.6)^2
+0)^0.5
=78.232 mm
Length ly3=le+tf*(m1+m2)^0.5
=23+15.6*(20.723+0)^0.5
=94.015 mm
Smallest length ly=78.232 mm
Critical force Fcr=0.9*kf*E*tw^3/hw
=0.9*2.275*210000*10.1^3/501.9
=882636 N
Non-dimensional slenderness lamf=(ly*tw*fy/Fcr)^0.5
=(78.232*10.1*275/882636)^0.5
=0.49617
Office: 1007
Reduction factor chiF=1.0
Effective length Leff=chiF*ly=1*78.232=78.232 mm
Design resistance FRd=fy*Leff*tw/10^3
=275*78.232*10.1/10^3
=217.29 kN
Design resistance of the web is less than the design transverse force
applied to the web ( 254 kN ). Bearing stiffeners are required.
SEATING BRACKET 150 mm x 90 mm x 10 mm Angle

SUMMARY Grade S 275 x 120 mm long
LEG CONNECTED Number of bolts 4
TO SUPPORTING Diameter of bolts M 20 Grade 8.8
MEMBER Pitch vertically 55 mm
end distance 55 mm
SUPPORTED BEAM 533 x 210 x 92 UB
END DETAILS End clearance 6 mm
Bearing length 'ss' 23 mm
Applied flange force 254 kN
Web resistance 217 kN
Bearing stiffeners are required.
SUPPORTING COLUMN 254 x 254 x 73 UC
No482
Masonry design to BS5628, MEXE and Eurocode 6 Made by: IFB
Wall panel Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Masonry wall panel to BS5628 (Table 8)
Location: Wall on grid line A/1-2
Calculations in accordance with BS5628-1:2005
XX
X X
Panel reference C X X
in BS5628 Table 8 X X h
X X
XX
/ / / / / / / / / / /
L
Masonry details
Length of wall panel L=4 m

Height of wall panel h=3 m
Outer leaf density den(1)=10 kN/m3
Thickness of outer leaf t(1)=100 mm
Inner leaf density den(2)=10 kN/m3
Thickness of inner leaf t(2)=100 mm
Mortar designation (Table 1) mortar=3
Outer leaf (1=clay 2=calc silicate 3=conc brick 4=block) typ(1)=4
Concrete Blocks
compressive strength po(1)=10.4 N/mm2
Characteristic flexural strength for bed failure and leaf not exceeding
100mm thick - Table 3 fb(a)=TABLE 3.7 for po=10.4, mortar=3
=0.25 N/mm2
Characteristic flexural strength for perp failure and leaf not exceeding
100mm thick - Table 3 fp(a)=TABLE 3.8 for po=10.4, mortar=3
=0.75 N/mm2
Inner leaf (1=clay 2=calc silicate 3=conc brick 4=block) typ(2)=4
Concrete Blocks
compressive strength po(2)=10.4 N/mm2
=0.25 N/mm2
100mm thick - Table 3 fp(a)=TABLE 3.8 for po=10.4, mortar=3
=0.75 N/mm2
Partial safety factor materials gammam=3
Design parameters
Effective thickness tef=(2/3)*(t(1)+t(2))=(2/3)*(100+100)

=133.33 mm
Ratio h'L=h/L=3/4=0.75
Office: 1007
Limiting dimensions
50 times effective thickness limit=50*tef/1000=50*133.33/1000

=6.6667 m
Panel height within maximum allowable (Clause 32.3).
Panel length within maximum allowable (Clause 32.3).
Area of panel area=h*L=3*4=12 m2
Panel supported on three edges with two or more continuous edges.
Permitted maximum area limit=1500*(tef/1000)^2
=1500*(133.33/1000)^2
=26.667 m2
Panel area within allowable (Clause 32.3).
Loading details
Characteristic wind load per unit area WL=0.85 kN/m2

Removal of panel would not affect stability.
Partial safety factor for loads gammaf=1.2
Outer leaf allowable loads
Bending
Enhance orthogonal strength ratio by allowing for the effects of

self weight at mid height of the panel and any additional dead loads
applied to the top of this leaf.
Self weight vert load /unit area gas=0.9*den(a)*(h/2)/10^3
=0.9*10*(3/2)/10^3
=0.0135 N/mm2
Additional vert DL on panel w(1)=0 kN/m
Orthogonal strength ratio mu=(fb(a)+gammam*gas)/fp(a)
=(0.25+3*0.0135)/0.75
=0.38733
Section modulus Z=1000*t(a)^2/6=1000*100^2/6
=1.6667E6 mm3/m
Design moment of resistance Md=fp(a)*Z/(gammam*10^6)
=0.75*1.6667E6/(3*10^6)
=0.41667 kNm/m
Bending moment coefficient alpha=TABLE 8.03 for mu=0.38733, h'L
=0.75
=0.044253
Allowable load on leaf (bending) L(1)=Md/(alpha*gammaf*L^2)
=0.41667/(0.044253*1.2*4^2)
=0.49039 kN/m2
Shear
Design load/unit area at found ga=2*gas+gaa=2*0.0135+0=0.027 N/mm2

Charact shear strength at found fvf=0.15+0.6*ga=0.15+0.6*0.027
=0.1662 N/mm2
Charact shear strength at side fvs=0.35 N/mm2
Partial safety factor for shear gammav=2.5
Office: 1007
Des shear strength wall at found gvf=fvf/gammav=0.1662/2.5
=0.06648 N/mm2
Des shear strength wall at sides gvs=fvs/gammav=0.35/2.5=0.14 N/mm2
Allowable load in shear at found Lf(1)=gvf*L*t(a)=0.06648*4*100
=26.592 kN
Allow load in shear side of wall Ls(1)=gvs*h*t(a)=0.14*3*100
=42 kN
Inner leaf allowable loads
Bending

=0.9*10*(3/2)/10^3
=0.0135 N/mm2
Orthogonal strength ratio mu=(fb(a)+gammam*gas)/fp(a)
=(0.25+3*0.0135)/0.75
=0.38733
=1.6667E6 mm3/m
Design moment of resistance Md=fp(a)*Z/(gammam*10^6)
=0.75*1.6667E6/(3*10^6)
=0.41667 kNm/m
Bending moment coefficient alpha=TABLE 8.03 for mu=0.38733, h'L
=0.75
=0.044253
Allowable load on leaf (bending) L(2)=Md/(alpha*gammaf*L^2)
=0.41667/(0.044253*1.2*4^2)
=0.49039 kN/m2
Shear

Charact shear strength at found fvf=0.15+0.6*ga=0.15+0.6*0.027
=0.1662 N/mm2
Charact shear strength at side fvs=0.35 N/mm2
=0.06648 N/mm2
=26.592 kN
=42 kN
Office: 1007
Bending check
Allowable lateral load Lmax=L(1)+L(2)=0.49039+0.49039

=0.98078 kN/m2
Wall satisfactory - WL <= Lmax ( 0.85 kN/m2 <=0.98078 kN/m2 )
characteristic wind load less than allowable.
Provide wall ties capable of transferring 0.35961 kN/m2 (Char'c Load)
Shear check
Max area panel support on sides sarea=h*L/2=3*4/2=6 m2

Design shear on side wall Vs=sarea*gammaf*WL=6*1.2*0.85
=6.12 kN
Max area panel supported on found farea=L*h=4*3=12 m2
Design shear on foundation Vf=farea*gammaf*WL=12*1.2*0.85
=12.24 kN
Allowable load on side of wall Ls=Ls(1)+Ls(2)=42+42=84 kN
Allow load at foundation of wall Lf=Lf(1)+Lf(2)=26.592+26.592
=53.184 kN
Since Vs <= Ls ( 6.12 kN <=84 kN ) design shear on side of wall
is within allowable.
Since Vf <= Lf ( 12.24 kN <=53.184 kN ) design shear at foundation
of wall is within allowable.
DESIGN SUMMARY Panel length 4 m

Panel height 3 m
OUTER LEAF
Thickness 100 mm
Char flex strength (bed) 0.25 N/mm2
Char flex strength (perp) 0.75 N/mm2
INNER LEAF
Thickness 100 mm
Effective wall thickness 133.33 mm
Char wind pressure 0.85 kN/m2
Char wind capacity (bend) 0.98078 kN/m2
Design shear on sides 6.12 kN
Shear strength of sides 84 kN
Design shear on founds 12.24 kN
Shear strength of founds 53.184 kN
Material safety factor 3
Load safety factor 1.2
No505
Office: 1007
Masonry wall panel to EC6 Part 1-1 (Annex E)
Calculations in accordance with EC6 Part 1-1 Annex E
XX
X X
Panel reference C X X
in EC6 Annex E X X h
X X
XX
/ / / / / / / / / / /
L
Masonry details

Height of wall panel h=3 m
Outer leaf density den(1)=10 kN/m3
Inner leaf density den(2)=10 kN/m3
Mortar designation (Table NA.2) mortar=3
Outer leaf (1=clay 2=calc silicate 3=conc brick 4=block) typ(1)=4
Concrete Blocks
Compressive strength of units po(1)=10.4 N/mm2
100mm thick - Table NA.6 fxk11=TABLE 6.7 for po=10.4, mortar=3
=0.25 N/mm2
=0.75 N/mm2
Inner leaf (1=clay 2=calc silicate 3=conc brick 4=block) typ(2)=4
Concrete Blocks
=0.25 N/mm2
=0.75 N/mm2
Partial safety factor materials gamM=2.7
Design parameters
Effective thick of cavity wall tef=((t1')^3+(t2')^3)^0.3333

=((100)^3+(100)^3)^0.3333
=125.93 mm
Ratio h'L=h/L=3/4=0.75
Office: 1007
Limiting dimensions to Annex F
The limiting height and length dimensions for walls are given in EC6
Part 1-1 Annex F. This Annex is applicable as each leaf of cavity wall
has a thickness 100 mm.
Panel limiting dimensions are in accordance with EC6 Annex F
Figure F.3.
Loading details
Characteristic wind load per unit area Qkw=0.85 kN/m2

Removal of panel would not affect stability.
Partial safety factor for loads gamQ=1.5
Outer leaf allowable loads
Bending

=0.9*10*(3/2)/10^3
=0.0135 N/mm2
Orthogonal strength ratio mu=(fxk11+gamM*gas)/fxk21
=(0.25+2.7*0.0135)/0.75
=0.38193
=1.6667E6 mm3/m
Design moment of resistance Mrd=fxk21*Z/(gamM*10^6)
=0.75*1.6667E6/(2.7*10^6)
=0.46296 kNm/m
Bending moment coefficient alpha=TABLE 18.03 for mu
=0.38193, h'L=0.75
=0.044361
Allowable load on leaf (bending) L(1)=Mrd/(alpha*gamQ*L^2)
=0.46296/(0.044361*1.5*4^2)
=0.43484 kN/m2
Shear
Height of outer leaf units hu(1)=215 mm

Shape factor (outer leaf) delta1=TABLE 1 for h1=215, t1=100
=1.38
Normalised comp strength of units fbn=delta1*po(1)=1.38*10.4
=14.352 N/mm2
The characteristic initial shear strength of masonry fvko from
EC6 NA Table NA.5 is fvko=0.15 N/mm2
Charact shear strength at found fvf=fvko+0.4*ga=0.15+0.4*0.027
=0.1608 N/mm2
Charact shear strength at side fvs=fvko=0.15 N/mm2
Office: 1007
=0.06432 N/mm2
=25.728 kN
=18 kN
Inner leaf allowable loads
Bending

=0.9*10*(3/2)/10^3
=0.0135 N/mm2
Orthogonal strength ratio mu=(fxk12+gamM*gas)/fxk22
=(0.25+2.7*0.0135)/0.75
=0.38193
=1.6667E6 mm3/m
Design moment of resistance Mrd=fxk22*Z/(gamM*10^6)
=0.75*1.6667E6/(2.7*10^6)
=0.46296 kNm/m
Bending moment coefficient alpha=TABLE 18.03 for mu
=0.38193, h'L=0.75
=0.044361
Allowable load on leaf (bending) L(2)=Mrd/(alpha*gamQ*L^2)
=0.46296/(0.044361*1.5*4^2)
=0.43484 kN/m2
Shear
Height of inner leaf units hu(2)=215 mm

Shape factor (inner leaf) delta2=TABLE 1 for h2=215, t2=100
=1.38
Normalised comp strength of units fbn=delta2*po(2)=1.38*10.4
=14.352 N/mm2
Charact shear strength at found fvf=fvko+0.4*ga=0.15+0.4*0.027
=0.1608 N/mm2
Charact shear strength at side fvs=fvko=0.15 N/mm2
=0.06432 N/mm2
=25.728 kN
=18 kN
Office: 1007
Bending check
Allowable lateral load Lmax=L(1)+L(2)=0.43484+0.43484

=0.86968 kN/m2
Wall satisfactory - Qkw <= Lmax ( 0.85 kN/m2 <=0.86968 kN/m2 )
characteristic wind load less than allowable.
Provide wall ties capable of transferring 0.41516 kN/m2 (Char'c Load)
Shear check
Max area panel support on sides sarea=h*L/2=3*4/2=6 m2

Design shear on side wall Vs=sarea*gamQ*Qkw=6*1.5*0.85
=7.65 kN
Max area panel supported on found farea=L*h=4*3=12 m2
Design shear on foundation Vf=farea*gamQ*Qkw=12*1.5*0.85
=15.3 kN
Allowable load on side of wall Ls=Ls(1)+Ls(2)=18+18=36 kN
Allow load at foundation of wall Lf=Lf(1)+Lf(2)=25.728+25.728
=51.456 kN
Since Vs <= Ls ( 7.65 kN <=36 kN ) design shear on side of wall
is within allowable.
Since Vf <= Lf ( 15.3 kN <=51.456 kN ) design shear at foundation
of wall is within allowable.
DESIGN SUMMARY Panel length 4 m

Panel height 3 m
OUTER LEAF
Thickness 100 mm
INNER LEAF
Thickness 100 mm
Char wind pressure 0.85 kN/m2
Char wind capacity (bend) 0.86968 kN/m2
Design shear on sides 7.65 kN
Shear strength of sides 36 kN
Design shear on founds 15.3 kN
Shear strength of founds 51.456 kN
Material safety factor 2.7
Load safety factor 1.5
No505
Simplified sub-frame analysis to EC6 Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Wall panel 3
BS EN 1996-1-1:2005, Annex C, gives a simplified method for calculating

the out-of-plane eccentricity of loading on masonry walls. The structure
is simplified to a sub-frame for the evaluation of moments at the top
and bottom of the wall.
Partial safety factors
Permanent actions gamG=1.35

Variable actions gamQ=1.5
Masonry and floor details

Masonry type (1=clay 2=cal silicate 3=conc brick 4=block) typ(1)=4
Compressive strength of units po=7.3 N/mm2
Masonry made with general purpose mortar.
Value for constant alp(1)=0.7
Value for constant bet(1)=0.3
Compressive strength of mortar fm=4 N/mm2
Constant K from NA Table NA.4 K(1)=0.55
Wall to be constructed using Group 1 masonry units.
Height of masonry unit hu=215 mm
Least horiz. dimension of units lhd=140 mm
Shape factor delta=TABLE 1 for hu=215, lhd=140
=1.3
Characteristic comp strength fk(1)=K(a)*(po*delta)âlp(a)*fm^bet(a)
=0.55*(7.3*1.3)^0.7*4^0.3
=4.0278 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity (masonry) Em=fk(a)*1000=4.0278*1000
=4027.8 N/mm2
Modulus of elasticity (floor) Ef=36000 N/mm2
Moment at the top of wall - (at node point A)
(4) /
A/ roof
M1 /
/
/ 1 & 4 are member numbers
/ M1 = moment at top of wall
/ (1) A-B = represents the wall
/ under consideration
B
\\\
Masonry Wall 1
Wall thickness t1'=140 mm

Wall clear height h1'=2800 mm
Modulus of elasticity E1'=4027.8 N/mm2
2nd moment of area I1'=1000*t1'^3/12=1000*140^3/12
=228.67E6 mm4
Office: 1007
compute c1=E1'*I1'/h1'*1E-6
=4027.8*228.67E6/2800*1E-6
=328.94 kNm
Roof slab 4
Floor thickness t4'=200 mm

Length of member 4 l4'=6500 mm
Modulus of elasticity E4'=36000 N/mm2
2nd moment of area I4'=0.85*1000*t4'^3/12
=0.85*1000*200^3/12
=566.67E6 mm4
compute c4=E4'*I4'/l4'*1E-6
=36000*566.67E6/6500*1E-6
=3138.5 kNm
compute km=c4/c1=3138.5/328.94=9.5412
Factor from Annex C(3) eta=1-km/4=1-9.5412/4=-1.3853
Use minimum value eta=0.5
Fixed end moment (member 3) m3=0 kNm
Char permanent load on member 4 Gk4'=4.3 kN/m2
Char variable load on member 4 Qk4'=1.5 kN/m2
Design UDL on member 4 w4=gamG*Gk4'+gamQ*Qk4'
=1.35*4.3+1.5*1.5
=8.055 kN/m
Fixed end moment member 4 m4=w4*l4'^2*1E-6/12
=8.055*6500^2*1E-6/12
=28.36 kNm
Design moment at the top of wall M1=eta*c1/(c1+c4)*(m3-m4)
=0.5*328.94/(328.94+3138.5)*(0
-28.36)
=-1.3452 kNm/m
Moment at the bottom of the wall - (at node point B)
\\\
A
/
(2) /
/
/ 1 ,2 & 4 are member numbers
/ (4) / M2 = moment at bot of wall
M2 / floor A-B = represents the wall
B under consideration

(1)

\\\
Masonry wall 1
Wall thickness t1=140 mm

Wall clear height h1=2800 mm
Modulus of elasticity of wall E1=4027.8 N/mm2
2nd moment of area of wall I1=1000*t1^3/12=1000*140^3/12
=228.67E6 mm4
Office: 1007
compute c1=E1*I1/h1*1E-6
=4027.8*228.67E6/2800*1E-6
=328.94 kNm
Masonry wall 2
Wall thickness t2=140 mm

Wall height h2=2800 mm
Modulus of elasticity of wall E2=4027.8 N/mm2
2nd moment of area of wall I2=228.67E6 mm4
compute c2=328.94 kNm
Floor slab member 4
Floor thickness t4=200 mm

Length of member 4 l4=6500 mm
Modulus of elasticity E4=36000 N/mm2
2nd moment of area I4=0.85*1000*t4^3/12
=0.85*1000*200^3/12
=566.67E6 mm4
compute c4=E4*I4/l4*1E-6
=36000*566.67E6/6500*1E-6
=3138.5 kNm
compute km=c4/(c1+c2)=3138.5/(328.94+328.94)
=4.7706
Factor Annex C(3) eta=1-km/4=1-4.7706/4=-0.19265
Use minimum value eta=0.5
Fixed end moment (member 3) m3=0 kNm
Char permanent load on member 4 Gk4=4.3 kN/m2
Char variable load on member 4 Qk4=3.5 kN/m2
Design UDL on member 4 w4=gamG*Gk4+gamQ*Qk4=1.35*4.3+1.5*3.5
=11.055 kN/m
Fixed end moment member 4 m4=w4*l4^2*1E-6/12
=11.055*6500^2*1E-6/12
=38.923 kNm
Design moment at the bot of wall M2=eta*c2/(c1+c2+c4)*(m3-m4)
=0.5*328.94/(328.94+328.94+3138.5)
*(0-38.923)
=-1.6863 kNm/m
Moment at mid-height of the wall
Moment at mid-height of wall Mmd=(M1-M2)/2=(-1.3452--1.6863)/2

=0.17053 kNm/m
Eccentricity of roof load
The eccentricity of roof load on masonry wall can be evaluated by

dividing the design moment at the top of wall by the design vertical
load at the top of the wall.
Design vert. load @ top of wall Nid=26.3 kN/m
Eccentricity of roof load ecc=ABS(M1)*1000/Nid
=ABS(-1.3452)*1000/26.3
=51.149 mm
Office: 1007
DESIGN SUMMARY Wall clear height 2800 mm

Wall thickness 140 mm
Eccentricity of floor load 51.149 mm
Design moment (top of wall) -1.3452 kNm/m
Design moment @ mid-height 0.17053 kNm/m
Design moment (bot of wall) -1.6863 kNm/m
No528
External cavity wall Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Load(1) Load(2)

Load(3)
External cavity wall

This calculation is based on
BS5628-1:2005, the Code of
WL practice for use of masonry,
h Part 1: Structural use of
unreinforced masonry.

WL = wind load

Masonry details

Density of outer leaf den(1)=12.4 kN/m3
Density of inner leaf den(2)=12.4 kN/m3
Clear height of wall h=2.425 m
Effective thick of cavity wall tef=2*(t(1)+t(2))/3=2*(100+140)/3
=160 mm
Support Restraint factor rf=0.75
Effective height of wall heff=rf*h=0.75*2.425=1.8188 m
Slenderness ratio SR=heff*1000/tef=1.8188*1000/160
=11.367
Mortar designation to Table 1 mortar=3
Partial Safety Factor Material gammam=3.1
Outer Leaf:
Compressive Strength of Units po(1)=21 N/mm2
Water absorption %age of leaf water=9
Char comp strength - Table 2(a) fk(a)=TABLE 2.1 for mortar=3, po=21
=5.13 N/mm2
Characteristic flexural strength for bed failure - Table 3
fb(a)=TABLE 3.1 for water=9, mortar=3
=0.4 N/mm2
Inner Leaf:
Compressive Strength of Units po(2)=3.6 N/mm2
Height hb(2)=215 mm
Least horizontal dimension lhd(2)=140 mm
ratio height/least horiz. dim rb=hb(2)/lhd(2)=215/140=1.5357
Office: 1007
Characteristic compressive strength
for ratios of 0.6 - Table 2(c) Fk1=TABLE 2.3 for mortar=3, po=3.6
=1.7 N/mm2
for ratios of 2.0 - Table 2(d) Fk2=TABLE 2.4 for mortar=3, po=3.6
=3.5 N/mm2
for ratios of 1.5357 fk(2)=Fk1+(Fk2-Fk1)*(rb-0.6)/1.4
=1.7+(3.5-1.7)*(1.5357-0.6)/1.4
=2.9031 N/mm2
Characteristic flexural strength for bed failure (Table 3) and leaf
not exceeding 100mm thick fb=TABLE 3.7 for po=3.6, mortar=3
=0.25 N/mm2
greater than 250mm thick fb'=TABLE 3.71 for po=3.6, mortar=3
=0.15 N/mm2
leaf in range 100-250 mm fb(2)= fb+(fb'-fb)*(t-100)/150
= 0.25+(0.15-0.25)*(140-100)/150
=0.22333 N/mm2
Characteristic loads
Loads on outer leaf:

Dead load from upper levels DL(1)=4 kN/m
Loads on inner leaf:

Dead load from upper levels DL(2)=7 kN/m
Live load from upper levels LL(2)=5.5 kN/m
Dead load from supported floor DL(3)=12 kN/m
Live load from supported floor LL(3)=5 kN/m
Ecc of floor load on inner leaf ecc=23.333 mm
Horizontal wind load WL=0.62 kN/m2
Vertical load capacity
For an external cavity wall it is only necessary to check the inner

leaf which carries the majority of load.
At top of Wall:
Case 1: Max load from above 1.4DL + 1.6LL
Design vertical load g=1.4*(DL(2)+DL(3))+1.6*(LL(2)+LL(3))

=1.4*(7+12)+1.6*(5.5+5)
=43.4 kN/m
Design bending moment M=(1.4*DL(3)+1.6*LL(3))*ecc/1000
=(1.4*12+1.6*5)*23.333/1000
=0.57866 kNm
Resultant eccentricity ex=M/g=0.57866/43.4=0.013333 m
Eccentricity ratio e=ex*1000/t(2)=0.013333*1000/140
=0.095237
Capacity reduction factor beta=TABLE 7 for SR=11.367, e=0.095237
=0.87978
Design vert. load resist of wall gd=beta*(t(2)/1000)*(fk(2)*1000)
/gammam
=0.87978*(140/1000)*(2.9031*1000)
/3.1
=115.34 kN/m
Since g gd ( 43.4 kN/m 115.34 kN/m ) design vertical load
Office: 1007
within vertical load resistance of wall, therefore OK.
Case 2: Min load from above 0.9DL + 1.6LL
Design vertical load g=0.9*DL(2)+1.4*DL(3)+1.6*(LL(2)

+LL(3))
=0.9*7+1.4*12+1.6*(5.5+5)
=39.9 kN/m
Design bending moment M=(1.4*DL(3)+1.6*LL(3))*ecc/1000
=(1.4*12+1.6*5)*23.333/1000
=0.57866 kNm
Resultant eccentricity ex=M/g=0.57866/39.9=0.014503 m
Eccentricity ratio e=ex*1000/t(2)=0.014503*1000/140
=0.10359
Capacity reduction factor beta=TABLE 7 for SR=11.367, e=0.10359
=0.86551
Design vert. load resist of wall gd=beta*(t(2)/1000)*(fk(2)*1000)
/gammam
=0.86551*(140/1000)*(2.9031*1000)
/3.1
=113.47 kN/m
Since g gd ( 39.9 kN/m 113.47 kN/m ) design vertical load
within vertical load resistance of wall, therefore OK.
Lateral load capacity
Select Case(b) of Clause 18 of the Code: 0.9DL+1.4WL

Vertical loads at mid height of panel:
On inner leaf DLi=DL(2)+DL(3)+den(2)*(h/2)*(t(2)
/1000)
=7+12+12.4*(2.425/2)*(140/1000)
=21.105 kN/m
On outer leaf DLo=DL(1)+den(1)*(h/2)*(t(1)/1000)
=4+12.4*(2.425/2)*(100/1000)
=5.5035 kN/m
Design compressive stress in wall:
For inner leaf gdi=0.9*DLi/t(2)=0.9*21.105/140
=0.13567 N/mm2
For outer leaf gdo=0.9*DLo/t(1)=0.9*5.5035/100
=0.049532 N/mm2
Effective characteristic flexural strength (Clause 32.4.2):
For inner leaf Fb(2)=fb(2)+gammam*gdi
=0.22333+3.1*0.13567
=0.64392 N/mm2
For outer leaf Fb(1)=fb(1)+gammam*gdo
=0.4+3.1*0.049532
=0.55355 N/mm2
Section modulus inner leaf Zi=1000*t(2)^2/6=1000*140^2/6
=3.2667E6 mm3
Moment of resist for inner leaf Mri=Fb(2)*Zi/(gammam*10^6)
=0.64392*3.2667E6/(3.1*10^6)
=0.67854 kNm/m
Section modulus outer leaf Zo=1000*t(1)^2/6=1000*100^2/6
=1.6667E6 mm3
Moment of resist for outer leaf Mro=Fb(1)*Zo/(gammam*10^6)
=0.55355*1.6667E6/(3.1*10^6)
=0.29761 kNm/m
Office: 1007
For both leaves Mr=Mri+Mro=0.67854+0.29761
=0.97615 kNm/m
Design moment (simple supports) M=1.4*WL*h^2/8=1.4*0.62*2.425^2/8
=0.63805 kNm/m
Moment reduction factor for end fixity =1.0 for simply supported ends
or propped cantilever
=1.5 for fully fixed ends
Moment reduction factor mrf=1
Elastic design moment M=M/mrf=0.63805/1=0.63805 kNm/m
Since M Mr ( 0.63805 kNm/m 0.97615 kNm/m ) elastic design
moment within design moment of resistance, therefore OK.
DESIGN SUMMARY Wall height 2.425 m

OUTER LEAF Thickness 100 mm
Char. flex strength 0.4 N/mm2
Char. comp strength 5.13 N/mm2
INNER LEAF Thickness 140 mm
Char flex strength 0.22333 N/mm2
Char. comp strength 2.9031 N/mm2
Effective wall thickness 160 mm
Effective wall height 1.8188 m
Slenderness ratio 11.367
Max vertical design load 43.4 kN
Vertical load resistance 115.34 kN
Vertical load (max ecc) 39.9 kN
Vertical load resistance 113.47 kN
Wind pressure 0.62 kN/m2
Elastic design moment 0.63805 kNm
Moment of resistance 0.97615 kNm
No530
Office: 1007
Load(1) Load(2)

Load(3)
External cavity wall

This calculation is in accordance
with EC6, the structural Eurocode
Wk for design of masonry structures
h Part 1-1:2005 General rules for
reinforced & unreinforced masonry
structures.

Wk = wind load or wind suction
Masonry details

Density of outer leaf den(1)=12.4 kN/m3
Density of inner leaf den(2)=12.4 kN/m3
Clear height of wall
between lateral restraints h=2.425 m
Effective thick of cavity wall tef=((t1')^3+(t2')^3)^0.3333
=((100)^3+(140)^3)^0.3333
=155.2 mm
Effective height of wall hef=rf*h=0.75*2.425=1.8188 m
Slenderness ratio SR=hef*1000/tef=1.8188*1000/155.2
=11.719
Material partial safety factor gamM=3
Outer Leaf:
Compressive strength of units po(1)=21 N/mm2
Height of masonry unit hu(1)=65 mm
Least horiz. dimension of units lhd(1)=100 mm
=0.85
=0.5*(21*0.85)^0.7*4^0.3
=5.6982 N/mm2
Characteristic flexural strength for bed failure - Table NA.6
fxk11=TABLE 6.1 for water=9, mortar=3
=0.4 N/mm2
Office: 1007
Inner Leaf:
=1.3
=0.55*(3.6*1.3)^0.7*4^0.3
=2.4556 N/mm2
Characteristic flexural strength for bed failure (Table NA.6) and leaf
not exceeding 100mm thick fxk1=TABLE 6.7 for po=3.6, mortar=3
=0.25 N/mm2
greater than 250mm thick fxk1'=TABLE 6.71 for po=3.6, mortar=3
=0.15 N/mm2
leaf in range 100-250 mm fxk12=fxk1+(fxk1'-fxk1)*(t-100)/150
=0.25+(0.15-0.25)*(140-100)/150
=0.22333 N/mm2
Outer leaf:
Permanent load from upper levels Gk(1)=4 kN/m
Inner leaf:
Permanent load from upper levels Gk(2)=7 kN/m
Variable load from upper levels Qk(2)=5.5 kN/m
Permanent load from floor Gk(3)=12 kN/m
Variable load from floor Qk(3)=5 kN/m
Ecc of floor loads on inner leaf ecc=23.333 mm
Char. horizontal wind load Wk=0.62 kN/m2
Load factors
Perm actions (upper levels) gamG2=1.35

Perm actions (floor) gamG3=1.35
Variable actions (vertical load) gamQ=1.5
Variable actions (horiz wind) gamQw=0.75
Design values of combined actions for ULS
Design vertical load at top or bottom of the wall as defined in EC6

Clause 6.1.2.2 is Nid.
Compute comp1=gamG2*Gk(2)+gamG3*Gk(3)
=1.35*7+1.35*12
=25.65 kN/m
Compute comp2=gamQ*(Qk(2)+Qk(3))=1.5*(5.5+5)
=15.75 kN/m
Design vert. load @ top of wall Nid=comp1+comp2=25.65+15.75
=41.4 kN/m
Design bending moment at the top or the bottom of the wall resulting
Office: 1007
from the eccentricity of the floor load at the support, as defined in
EC6 Clause 6.1.2.2 Mid=(gamG3*Gk(3)+gamQ*Qk(3))*ecc/1000
=(1.35*12+1.5*5)*23.333/1000
=0.55299 kNm/m
Wall self weight at mid-height Gk'=den(2)*(h/2)*(t(2)/1000)
=12.4*(2.425/2)*(140/1000)
=2.1049 kN/m
Design vert. load at mid-height Nsd=Nid+gamG2*Gk'=41.4+1.35*2.1049
=44.242 kN/m
Note: Two independent variable actions have been considered using the
appropriate combination load factors o for the variable loads.
Design wind moments and eccentricities
Bending moment @ top of wall Md1=0 kNm/m

Bending moment @ wall mid-height Md2=gamQw*Wk*h^2/8
=0.75*0.62*2.425^2/8
=0.34181 kNm/m
Eccentricity @ top of wall ehe=0 mm
Eccentricity @ wall mid-height ehm=(Md2/Nsd)*1000
=(0.34181/44.242)*1000
=7.726 mm
Design load resistance - Clause 6.4.2
For an external cavity wall it is only necessary to check the inner

leaf which carries the majority of load.
The capacity reduction factor (phi) needed for EC6 expression 6.2 is
the least value of i (phii) and m (phim).
At the top or bottom of wall (i):

The maximum design value of the bending moment at the top or the
bottom of the wall resulting from the eccentricity of the roof/floor
load at the support Mid=0.55299 kNm/m
Eccentricity at the top or bottom of the wall resulting from
horizontal loads (e.g. wind load) ehe=0 mm
Initial eccentricity einit=hef*1000/450=1.8188*1000/450
=4.0417
Eccentricity of design vert load ei=Mid*1000/Nid+ehe+einit
=0.55299*1000/41.4+0+4.0417
=17.399 mm
Reduction factor phii=1-2*ei/t=1-2*17.399/140
=0.75144
At mid-height of the wall (m):

Design vert load (middle of wall) Nmd=44.242 kN/m
The maximum design value of the bending moment at the middle of the
height of the wall resulting from the moments at the top and bottom
of the wall is Mmd.
Design moment at mid-height Mmd=0.61938 kNm/m
Eccentricity at mid-height of the wall resulting from horizontal
loads (e.g. wind load) ehm=7.726 mm
Eccentricity of design vert load em=Mmd*1000/Nmd+ehm+einit
=0.61938*1000/44.242+7.726+4.0417
=25.767
Creep effects can be ignored when the slenderness ratio is 27.
Office: 1007
Creep eccentricity ek=0 mm
Eccentricity at mid-height emk=em+ek=25.767+0=25.767 mm
Expression G.2 from Annex G A1=1-2*emk/t=1-2*25.767/140
=0.63189
Effective wall thickness tef=155.2 mm
Expression G.5 from Annex G u=(hef*1000/tef-2)/(23-37*emk/t)
=(1.8188*1000/155.2-2)/(23-37
*25.767/140)
=0.60029
Base of natural logarithms e=2.718 will be used in expression G.1 for
calculating m reduction factor phim=A1*2.718^-(u*u/2)
=0.63189*2.718^-(0.60029*0.60029
/2)
=0.52772
Governing reduction factor is phi=0.52772
Design vertical load resistance Nrd=phi*t*fk(2)/gamM
=0.52772*140*2.4556/3
=60.473 kN/m
Since Nsd <= Nrd ( 44.242 kN/m <=60.473 kN/m )
The design vertical load is within the vertical load resistance of the
wall, therefore OK.

OUTER LEAF Thickness 100 mm
Char. flexural strength 0.4 N/mm2
Char. compressive strength 5.6982 N/mm2
INNER LEAF Thickness 140 mm
Char flexural strength 0.22333 N/mm2
Char. compressive strength 2.4556 N/mm2
Effective wall height 1.8188 m
Slenderness ratio 11.719
Design vertical load 44.242 kN
Design vert load resistance 60.473 kN
Char. horizontal wind load 0.62 kN/m2
Outer leaf - use Group 1 units (i.e. solid)
Inner leaf - use Group 1 units (i.e. solid)
No530
Shear wall Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007

DL & LL Masonry shear wall
WL
These calculations are in
accordance with BS5628-1:2005
h the "Code of practice for the
use of masonry".

Elevation on shear wall
Masonry details
Length of shear wall L=0.7 m

Density of masonry dens=12 kN/m3
Thickness of wall t=100 mm
Effective height of wall heff=rf*h=0.75*2.6=1.95 m
Slenderness ratio SR=heff*1000/t=1.95*1000/100
=19.5
Concrete block dimensions:
Height hb=215 mm
Least horiz dimension lhd=100 mm
ratio height/least horiz dim rb=hb/lhd=215/100=2.15
Char comp strength - Table 2(d) fk(a)=TABLE 2.4 for mortar=3, po=10.4
=8.2 N/mm2
Reduction factor small area rfsa=(0.7+1.5*A)=(0.7+1.5*0.07)
=0.805
Revised Compressive Strength fk(1)=rfsa*fk(a)=0.805*8.2
=6.601
Capacity reduction factor beta=TABLE 7 for SR=19.5, column=0.05
=0.7175
Reduced Char comp strength fk(1)=fk(a)*beta=6.601*0.7175
=4.7362 N/mm2
=0.25 N/mm2
Partial safety factor material gammam=2.5
Office: 1007
Loads
Characteristic dead load DL=40 kN

Characteristic imposed load LL=0 kN
Characteristic wind load WL=2.05 kN
Load combination 0.9DL+1.4WL ( or 0.015DL )
Self weight of wall Vw=dens*h*L*t/10^3

=12*2.6*0.7*100/10^3
=2.184 kN
Section modulus Z=t*(L*1000)^2/6=100*(0.7*1000)^2/6
=8.1667E6 mm3
Axial stress at mid height ga1=0.9*(DL+Vw/2)*1000/(1000*L*t)
=0.9*(40+2.184/2)*1000/(1000*0.7
*100)
=0.52833 N/mm2
Horiz load is 1.4 * WL horiz=1.4*WL=1.4*2.05=2.87 kN
Bending stress gb1=horiz*0.5*h*10^6/Z
=2.87*0.5*2.6*10^6/8.1667E6
=0.45686 N/mm2
As ga1 > gb1 ( 0.52833 N/mm2 > 0.45686 N/mm2 ) Compression throughout
Load combination 1.2DL+1.2LL+1.2WL ( or 0.015DL )
Axial stress ga2=1.2*(DL+Vw+LL)*1000/(1000*L*t)

=1.2*(40+2.184+0)*1000/(1000*0.7
*100)
=0.72315 N/mm2
=2.46*0.5*2.6*10^6/8.1667E6
=0.39159 N/mm2
Compressive stress gc=ga2+gb2=0.72315+0.39159
=1.1147 N/mm2
Allowable compressive stress agc=fk(a)/gammam=4.7362/2.5
=1.8945 N/mm2
Since gc agc ( 1.1147 N/mm2 1.8945 N/mm2 ) compressive stress
within allowable.
Load combination 1.4DL+1.4WL ( or 0.015DL )
Axial stress ga3=1.4*(DL+Vw)*1000/(1000*L*t)

=1.4*(40+2.184)*1000/(1000*0.7*100)
=0.84368 N/mm2
=2.87*0.5*2.6*10^6/8.1667E6
=0.45686 N/mm2
Compressive stress gc=ga3+gb3=0.84368+0.45686
=1.3005 N/mm2
Allowable compressive stress agc=fk(a)/gammam=4.7362/2.5
=1.8945 N/mm2
Since gc agc ( 1.3005 N/mm2 1.8945 N/mm2 ) compressive stress
within allowable.
Office: 1007
Shear
Partial safety factor for shear gammav=2.5 (Clause 23.4)

Axial stress at foundation ga4=0.9*(DL+Vw)*1000/(1000*L*t)
=0.9*(40+2.184)*1000/(1000*0.7*100)
=0.54237 N/mm2
Char shear strength at found fvf=0.15+0.6*ga4=0.15+0.6*0.54237
=0.47542 N/mm2
Design shear strength at found gvf=fvf/gammav=0.47542/2.5
=0.19017 N/mm2
Allowable shear load at found Lif=gvf*L*1000*t/1000
=0.19017*0.7*1000*100/1000
=13.312 kN
Since horiz Lif ( 2.87 kN 13.312 kN ) design shear load
within allowable.

Wall length 0.7 m
Char comp strength 4.7362 N/mm2
Char flex strength 0.25 N/mm2
Design shear load 2.87 kN
Design shear strength 13.312 kN
Compression throughout
Maximum comp (DL+SL+wind) 1.1147 N/mm2

Allowable compn 1.8945 N/mm2
Maximum compn (DL+wind) 1.3005 N/mm2
Allowable compn (DL+wind) 1.8945 N/mm2
No535
Office: 1007
Masonry shear wall

Gk & Qk
Wk These calculations are in
accordance with EC6 Part 1-1
General rules for reinforced
h and unreinforced masonry
structures.

Wk =Characteristic wind load
L
Elevation on shear wall
Masonry details
Length of shear wall L=0.7 m

Density of masonry dens=12 kN/m3
Thickness of wall t=100 mm
Effective height of wall hef=rf*h=0.75*2.6=1.95 m
Slenderness ratio SR=hef*1000/t=1.95*1000/100
=19.5
Mortar designation to Table NA.2 mortar=3
Height of masonry unit hu=215 mm
Least horiz. dimension of units lhd=100 mm
=1.38
=0.55*(10.4*1.38)^0.7*4^0.3
=5.3805 N/mm2
Reduction factor small area rfsa=(0.7+3*A)=(0.7+3*0.07)
=0.91
Revised char. comp. strength is fk(1)=rfsa*fk(a)=0.91*5.3805
=4.8962
=0.25 N/mm2
Partial safety factor (material) gamM=2.3
Office: 1007
Characteristic permanent load Gk=40 kN

Characteristic variable load Qk=0 kN
Characteristic wind load Wk=2.05 kN
Load combination 0.9Gk+1.5Wk
Self weight of wall Gkw=dens*h*L*t/10^3

=12*2.6*0.7*100/10^3
=2.184 kN
Section modulus Z=t*(L*1000)^2/6=100*(0.7*1000)^2/6
=8.1667E6 mm3
Axial stress at mid height ga1=0.9*(Gk+Gkw/2)*1000/(1000*L*t)
=0.9*(40+2.184/2)*1000/(1000*0.7
*100)
=0.52833 N/mm2
Design shear force is 1.5Wk Vd=1.5*Wk=1.5*2.05=3.075 kN
Bending stress gb1=Vd*0.5*h*10^6/Z
=3.075*0.5*2.6*10^6/8.1667E6
=0.48949 N/mm2
As ga1 > gb1 ( 0.52833 N/mm2 > 0.48949 N/mm2 ), compression
throughout.
Load combination 1.35Gk+1.5Qk+1.5oWk
Factor o for wind load psi0w=0.5

compute comp1=(1.35*Gk+1.5*Qk+1.5*psi0w*Wk)
=(1.35*40+1.5*0+1.5*0.5*2.05)
=55.538
Axial stress ga2=comp1*1000/(1000*L*t)
=55.538*1000/(1000*0.7*100)
=0.79339 N/mm2
Design shear force is 1.5oWk Vd=1.5*psi0w*Wk=1.5*0.5*2.05
=1.5375 kN
=1.5375*0.5*2.6*10^6/8.1667E6
=0.24474 N/mm2
Design compressive stress gc=ga2+gb2=0.79339+0.24474
=1.0381 N/mm2
Design compressive strength agc=fk(a)/gamM=4.8962/2.3
=2.1288 N/mm2
Since gc agc ( 1.0381 N/mm 2.1288 N/mm2 ) design compressive
2
stress is within the design compressive strength.

Office: 1007
Load combination 1.35Gk+1.5Wk+1.5oQk
Factor o for variable load psi0=0.7

compute comp2=(1.35*Gk+1.5*Wk+1.5*psi0*Wk)
=(1.35*40+1.5*2.05+1.5*0.7*2.05)
=59.228
Axial stress ga2=comp2*1000/(1000*L*t)
=59.228*1000/(1000*0.7*100)
=0.84611 N/mm2
=3.075*0.5*2.6*10^6/8.1667E6
=0.48949 N/mm2
=1.3356 N/mm2
=2.1288 N/mm2
Since gc agc ( 1.3356 N/mm 2.1288 N/mm2 ) design compressive
2
Load combination 1.35Gk+1.5Wk
Axial stress ga3=1.35*(Gk+Gkw)*1000/(1000*L*t)

=1.35*(40+2.184)*1000/(1000*0.7
*100)
=0.81355 N/mm2
=3.075*0.5*2.6*10^6/8.1667E6
=0.48949 N/mm2
=1.303 N/mm2
=2.1288 N/mm2
Since gc agc ( 1.303 N/mm2 2.1288 N/mm2 ) design compressive
Shear
Partial safety factor for shear gamv=2.5

Design load/unit area at found ga4=0.9*(Gk+Gkw)*1000/(1000*L*t)
=0.9*(40+2.184)*1000/(1000*0.7*100)
=0.54237 N/mm2
Charact shear strength at found fvf=fvko+0.4*ga4=0.15+0.4*0.54237
=0.36695 N/mm2
Design shear strength at found gvf=fvf/gamv=0.36695/2.5
=0.14678 N/mm2
Shear resistance at foundation Vrd=gvf*L*1000*t/1000
=0.14678*0.7*1000*100/1000
=10.274 kN
Design horizontal shear force Vd=3.075 kN
Since Vd Vrd ( 3.075 kN 10.274 kN ), design shear force
within shear resistance of the wall.
Office: 1007

Wall length 0.7 m
Char compressive strength 4.8962 N/mm2
Char flexural strength 0.25 N/mm2
Design shear force 3.075 kN
Design shear resistance 10.274 kN
Compression throughout
Design comp stress (Gk+Qk+Wk) 1.3356 N/mm2
Design compressive strength 2.1288 N/mm2
Design comp stress (Gk+Wk) 1.303 N/mm2
Design compressive strength 2.1288 N/mm2
No535
Fin wall Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Masonry fin wall building
Location: Leisure Centre
Single storey building to BS5628

Loadbearing brick fin walls with
panels between constructed using
cavity construction.
Roof plate provides prop at top
of fin walls, and transmits wind
forces to the flank/end walls.
Spacing of fins Lf=4.05 m

Height to eaves (top of fin) h=7 m
Masonry details
Thickness of outer leaf t(1)=102.5 mm

Density of outer leaf den(1)=20 kN/m3
Thickness of inner leaf t(2)=102.5 mm
Density of inner leaf den(2)=20 kN/m3
Effective thick of cavity wall tef=2*(t(1)+t(2))/3=2*(102.5+102.5)/3
=136.67 mm
Depth of fin D=1115 mm
Thickness of fin t=327 mm
Effective flange width B=(6*tef)+t+(6*tef)
=(6*136.67)+327+(6*136.67)
=1967 mm
Partial Safety Factor Material gammam=2.5
Outer Leaf:
Compressive Strength of Units po(1)=40 N/mm2
=7.4 N/mm2
=0.4 N/mm2
Characteristic flexural strength for perp failure - Table 3
fp(a)=TABLE 3.2 for water=7, mortar=3
=1.1 N/mm2
Inner Leaf:
chkkrng 4 1 typ(a)
chkkrng 100.0 0.0 water
chkkrng 1 0 ans3
=5 N/mm2
Office: 1007
=0.4 N/mm2
Characteristic flexural strength for perp failure - Table 3
fp(a)=TABLE 3.2 for water=7, mortar=3
=1.1 N/mm2
Wind forces
Dynamic wind pressure q=0.4 kN/m2

Max Cpe on windward face (+ve) Cpew=0.7
Max Cpe on suction face (-ve) Cpes=-0.6
Max Cpe on roof (-ve) Cper=-0.85
Cpi maximum (+ve internal press) Cpimax=0.2
Cpi minimum (-ve internal press) Cpimin=-0.3
Pressure on windward wall WL1=(Cpew-Cpimin)*q=(0.7--0.3)*0.4
=0.4 kN/m2
Suction on suction wall WL2=-(Cpes-Cpimax)*q=-(-0.6-0.2)*0.4
=0.32 kN/m2
Gross roof uplift WL3=-(Cper-Cpimax)*q=-(-0.85-0.2)*0.4
=0.42 kN/m2
Dead and superimposed loads
Metal decking on roof DL1=0.18 kN/m2

Felt & chippings on roof DL2=0.33 kN/m2
Own weight of roof beams DL3=0.2 kN/m2
Total dead weight DL=DL1+DL2+DL3=0.18+0.33+0.2
=0.71 kN/m2
Superimposed load LL=0.75 kN/m2
Design loads
Design dead load = 0.9DL or 1.4DL

Design wind load = 1.4WL or 0.015DL whichever is the larger.
Design dead load Ddl=0.9*DL=0.9*0.71=0.639 kN/m2

Design wind loads:
Pressure, from WL1 Pwk1=1.4*WL1=1.4*0.4=0.56 kN/m2
Suction, from WL2 Swk2=1.4*WL2=1.4*0.32=0.448 kN/m2
Uplift, from WL3 Uwk3=1.4*WL3=1.4*0.42=0.588 kN/m2
Design dead-uplift Ddu=Ddl-Uwk3=0.639-0.588
=0.051 kN/m2
Design uplift is less than -0.01 kN/m2 and may be ignored.
Wind pressure Wind suction

design load design load
+Pwk1 kN/m2 +Swk2 kN/m2

Case (1) Case (2)

D
Office: 1007
Wall will be designed to span horizontally between the fins as
continuous spans.
The maximum moment is WL1*Lf^2/14 at the edge of the fins, for an
assumed fin width of Lf/10.
Design bending moment dbm=Pwk1*Lf^2/14=0.56*4.05^2/14
=0.6561 kNm
Section modulus of outer leaf z1=1*(t(1)/1000)^2/6
=1*(102.5/1000)^2/6
=0.001751 m3
Design M of R of outer leaf mr1=fp(1)*1000*z1/gammam
=1.1*1000*0.001751/2.5
=0.77046 kNm
Section modulus of inner leaf z2=1*(t(2)/1000)^2/6
=1*(102.5/1000)^2/6
=0.001751 m3
Design M of R of inner leaf mr2=fp(2)*1000*z2/gammam
=1.1*1000*0.001751/2.5
=0.77046 kNm
Design moment of resistance dmr=mr1+mr2=0.77046+0.77046
=1.5409 kNm
Design moment of resistance >= design BM ( 1.5409 kNm >=0.6561 kNm ),
therefore wall thicknesses chosen are OK.
Fin wall section properties
1967
T=t(1)=102.5

n 102.5 Y2 Z2 = Ina

N A Y2
1115
Y1 Z1 = Ina

Y1
327

Area of flange af=B*T=1967*102.5=201618 mm2
Area of outstand ao=(D-T)*t=(1115-102.5)*327
=331088 mm2
Area of section A'=af+ao=201618+331088=532705 mm2
A=A'/10^6=532705/10^6=0.53271 m2
Neutral axis depth n=(af*T/2+ao*(T+(D-T)/2))/A'
=(201618*102.5/2+331088*(102.5
+(1115-102.5)/2))/532705
=397.75 mm
Inertia about neutral axis Ina=(B*n^3+t*(D-n)^3-(n-T)^3*(B-t))
/3E12
=(1967*397.75^3+327*(1115
-397.75)^3-(397.75-102.5)^3
*(1967-327))/3E12
=0.067408 m4
Neutral axis Y1=(D-n)/1000=(1115-397.75)/1000
=0.71725 m
Neutral axis Y2=n/1000=397.75/1000=0.39775 m
Office: 1007
Section modulus Z1=Ina/Y1=0.067408/0.71725
=0.093981 m3
=0.16947 m3
Consider propped cantilever action
With 4.05 m fin centres, design wind loads on fins are:

Case (1) pressure C1p=Pwk1*Lf
=0.56*4.05
=2.268 kN/m of height
Case (2) suction C2s=Swk2*Lf
=0.448*4.05
Assuming MR, is greater than WL1.Lf.h^2/8 and zero deflection at the
roof prop:
Case (1) wall moment M1w=9*Pwk1*Lf*h^2/128
=9*0.56*4.05*7^2/128
=7.814 kNm
Case (1) base moment M1b=Pwk1*Lf*h^2/8=0.56*4.05*7^2/8
=13.892 kNm
Case (2) wall moment M2w=9*Swk2*Lf*h^2/128
=9*0.448*4.05*7^2/128
=6.2512 kNm
Case (2) base moment M2b=Swk2*Lf*h^2/8=0.448*4.05*7^2/8
=11.113 kNm
< prop
< tie
< 2.625 < 2.625
<
<
2.268 < 7.814 1.8144< 6.2512
kN/m < 7 kN/m <
of <
of <
height< height<
< <
< <
< <
13.892 11.113

Case (1): Pressure on Case (2): Suction
windward wall on wall
Calculate MRs and compare with Mb
Design flexural compress strength pubc=1.1*fk(1)/gammam=1.1*7.4/2.5

=3.256 N/mm2
(a) Consider Case (1) pressure:

Own weight ow=den(1)*A=20*0.53271=10.654 kN/m
Design axial load in fin at Mb daxMb=0.9*ow*h=0.9*10.654*7
=67.121 kN
Minimum width of stress block mwsb1=daxMb*10^3/(B*pubc)
=67.121*10^3/(1967*3.256)
=10.48 mm
Lever arm la1=n-mwsb1/2=397.75-10.48/2
=392.51 mm
Office: 1007
Stability moment of resistance MRs1=daxMb*la1/10^3
=67.121*392.51/10^3
=26.345 kNm
Stability moment of resistance is not less than Case 1 base moment.
(b) Consider Case (2) suction:

The stability moment of resistance is provided by the flexural
compressive stress at the end of the projecting fin, thus:
Minimum width of stress block mwsb2=daxMb*10^3/(t*pubc)
=67.121*10^3/(327*3.256)
=63.041 mm
Lever arm la2=Y1*10^3-mwsb2/2
=0.71725*10^3-63.041/2
=685.73 mm
=67.121*685.73/10^3
=46.027 kNm
Stability moment of resistance is greater than Case 2 base moment
( 46.027 kNm > 11.113 kNm ), therefore use M2b in the design of the fin
section.
Bending moment diagrams
Case (1) pressure:

MRs1 (calculated) 26.345 kNm
As MRs1 >= M1b ( 26.345 kNm >=13.892 kNm ), assumed base moment is OK.
Position of zero shear zS1=3*h/8
=3*7/8
=2.625 m from top as assumed
Moment at zero shear position M1w=7.814 kNm as assumed
Case (2) suction:
=3*7/8
< prop < tie

< 2.625 < 2.625
< <
2.268 < 7.814 1.8144< 6.2512
kN/m < 7 kN/m <
of < of <
height< height<
< <
< <
< <
13.892 11.113

Office: 1007
Consider stresses at level of Mw
Case (1) pressure:

Own weight at level of M1w Owm1w=0.9*ow*zS1=0.9*10.654*2.625
=25.17 kN
Flexural stresses at design load:
Flexural compressive stress fubc1=Owm1w/(A*10^3)+M1w/(Z1*10^3)
=25.17/(0.53271*10^3)+7.814
/(0.093981*10^3)
=0.13039 N/mm2
Flexural tensile stress fubt1=Owm1w/(A*10^3)-M1w/(Z2*10^3)
=25.17/(0.53271*10^3)-7.814
/(0.16947*10^3)
=0.001143 N/mm2
Case (2) suction:
=25.17 kN
=25.17/(0.53271*10^3)+6.2512
/(0.16947*10^3)
=0.084136 N/mm2
=25.17/(0.53271*10^3)-6.2512
/(0.093981*10^3)
=-0.019265 N/mm2
Design flexural stress at Mw levels
(a) Design flexural tensile stress, pubt:

(taking account of materials partial safety factor, gammam)
Design flexural tensile stress pubt=fb(1)/gammam=0.4/2.5
=0.16 N/mm2
Since -fubt1<=pubt ( -0.001143 N/mm2 <=0.16 N/mm2 ),
flexural tensile stress for Case 1 is OK.
Since -fubt2<=pubt ( 0.019265 N/mm2 <=0.16 N/mm2 ),
(b) Design flexural compressive stress, pubc:

Design flexural compress stress pubc=1.1..fk(1)/gammam N/mm2
Calculate respective values for Case (1) and Case (2) loadings at
level of Mw.
Case (1) pressure (end of fin in compression at Mw level):
Slenderness ratio sr=2*zS1/(t/1000)=2*2.625/(327/1000)
=16.055
Stressed areas are axially loaded ecc=0
Use minimum ecc ratio ecc=0.05
Capacity reduction factor beta=TABLE 7 for sr=16.055, ecc=0.05
=0.82835
Design flexural compress stress pubc1=1.1*beta*fk(1)/gammam
=1.1*0.82835*7.4/2.5
=2.6971 N/mm2
Since fubc1<=pubc1 ( 0.13039 N/mm2 <=2.6971 N/mm2 ),
flexural compressive stress for Case 1 is OK.
Case (2) suction (flange in compression at Mw level):
Office: 1007
Slenderness ratio sr=2*((B-t)/2)/tef
=2*((1967-327)/2)/136.67
=12
Capacity reduction factor beta=TABLE 7 for sr=12, ecc=0.05
=0.93
Design flexural compress stress pubc2=1.1*beta*fk(1)/gammam
=1.1*0.93*7.4/2.5
=3.0281 N/mm2
Since fubc2<=pubc2 ( 0.084136 N/mm2 <=3.0281 N/mm2 ),
DESIGN SUMMARY Wall height 7 m

Length between fins 4.05 m
OUTER LEAF Thickness 102.5 mm
INNER LEAF Thickness 102.5 mm
Char comp strength 5 N/mm2
LEAF Bending moment between fins 0.6561 kNm
Bend strength between fins 1.5409 kNm
FINS (pressure) Bending stress in tension 0.001143 N/mm2
Bending stress in comp 0.13039 N/mm2
(suction) Bending stress in tension -0.019265 N/mm2
Bend strength in tension 0.16 N/mm2
Bend strength in comp 3.256 N/mm2
No536
Office: 1007
Masonry fin wall building
Location: Leisure Centre
Single storey building to EC6

Loadbearing brick fin walls with
panels between constructed using
cavity construction.
Roof plate provides prop at top
of fin walls and transmits wind
forces to the flank/end walls.
Spacing of fins Lf=4.05 m

Height to eaves (top of fin) h=7 m
Masonry details
Thickness of outer leaf t(1)=102.5 mm

Density of outer leaf den(1)=20 kN/m3
Thickness of inner leaf t(2)=102.5 mm
Density of inner leaf den(2)=20 kN/m3
Effective thick of cavity wall tef=((t(1))^3+(t(2))^3)^0.3333
=((102.5)^3+(102.5)^3)^0.3333
=129.08 mm
Depth of fin D=1115 mm
Thickness of fin t=327 mm
Effective flange width B=(h*1000/10)+t+(h*1000/10)
=(7*1000/10)+327+(7*1000/10)
=1727 mm
Mortar designation to Table NA.2 mortar=3
Partial safety factor (material) gamM=2.3
Outer Leaf:
As there is a mortar joint parallel to the face of the wall the value
of K to be used with equation 3.1 from Table NA.4 will be multiplied
by 0.8 to comply with EC6 Clause 3.6.1.2(6).
Constant K from NA Table NA.4 K(1)=0.8*K(a)=0.8*0.5=0.4
Least horiz. dimension of units lhd(1)=102.5 mm
Shape factor delta=TABLE 1 for hu=65, lhd=102.5
=0.845
=0.4*(40*0.845)^0.7*4^0.3
=7.1272 N/mm2
Office: 1007
=0.4 N/mm2
Characteristic flexural strength for perp failure - Table NA.6
=1.1 N/mm2
Inner Leaf:
chkkrng 4 1 typ(a)
chkkrng 100.0 0.0 water
As there is a mortar joint parallel to the face of the wall the value
of K to be used with equation 3.1 from Table NA.4 will be multiplied
by 0.8 to comply with EC6 Clause 3.6.1.2(6).
Constant K from NA Table NA.4 K(2)=0.8*K(a)=0.8*0.5=0.4
=0.85
=0.4*(20*0.85)^0.7*4^0.3
=4.4055 N/mm2
=0.4 N/mm2
Characteristic flexural strength for perp failure - Table NA.6
=1.1 N/mm2
Characteristic wind loads
Peak velocity pressure qp=0.4 kN/m2

Max Cpe on windward face (+ve) Cpew=0.7
Max Cpe on suction face (-ve) Cpes=-0.6
Max Cpe on roof (-ve) Cper=-0.85
Cpi maximum (+ve internal press) Cpimax=0.2
Cpi minimum (-ve internal press) Cpimin=-0.3
Pressure on windward wall Wk1=(Cpew-Cpimin)*qp=(0.7--0.3)*0.4
=0.4 kN/m2
Suction on suction wall Wk2=-(Cpes-Cpimax)*qp=-(-0.6-0.2)*0.4
=0.32 kN/m2
Gross roof uplift Wk3=-(Cper-Cpimax)*qp
=-(-0.85-0.2)*0.4
=0.42 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Permanent and variable loads
Metal decking on roof Gk1=0.18 kN/m2

Felt & chippings on roof Gk2=0.33 kN/m2
Own weight of roof beams Gk3=0.2 kN/m2
Total permanent weight Gk=Gk1+Gk2+Gk3=0.18+0.33+0.2
=0.71 kN/m2
Variable load on roof Qk=0.75 kN/m2
Design loads
Design dead load = 0.9Gk or 1.35Gk

Design wind load = 1.5Wk (where 1.5 is the wind load factor)
Note: The calculations assume that the variable actions will not be
independent of each other and hence the combination load factor "o"
will not be considered.
Design dead load Ddl=0.9*Gk=0.9*0.71=0.639 kN/m2

Design wind loads:
Pressure, from Wk1 Pwk1=1.5*Wk1=1.5*0.4=0.6 kN/m2
Suction, from Wk2 Swk2=1.5*Wk2=1.5*0.32=0.48 kN/m2
Uplift, from Wk3 Uwk3=1.5*Wk3=1.5*0.42=0.63 kN/m2
Design dead-uplift Ddu=Ddl-Uwk3=0.639-0.63=0.009 kN/m2
Design uplift is less than -0.01 kN/m2 and may be ignored.
Wind pressure Wind suction

design load design load
+Pwk1 kN/m2 +Swk2 kN/m2

Case (1) Case (2)

D
Wall will be designed to span horizontally between the fins as

continuous spans.
The maximum moment is Wk1*Lf^2/14 at the edge of the fins, for an
assumed fin width of Lf/10.
Design bending moment Md=Pwk1*Lf^2/14=0.6*4.05^2/14
=0.70296 kNm
Section modulus of outer leaf z1=1*(t(1)/1000)^2/6
=1*(102.5/1000)^2/6
=0.001751 m3
Design M of R of outer leaf mr1=fxk21*1000*z1/gamM
=1.1*1000*0.001751/2.3
=0.83745 kNm
Section modulus of inner leaf z2=1*(t(2)/1000)^2/6
=1*(102.5/1000)^2/6
=0.001751 m3
Design M of R of inner leaf mr2=fxk22*1000*z2/gamM
=1.1*1000*0.001751/2.3
=0.83745 kNm
Design moment of resistance Mrd=mr1+mr2=0.83745+0.83745
=1.6749 kNm
Design moment of resistance >= design BM ( 1.6749 kNm >=0.70296 kNm ),
Office: 1007
therefore wall thicknesses chosen are OK.
Fin wall section properties
1727
T=t(1)=102.5

n 102.5 Y2 Z2 = Ina

N A Y2
1115
Y1 Z1 = Ina

Y1
327

Area of flange af=B*T=1727*102.5=177018 mm2
Area of outstand ao=(D-T)*t=(1115-102.5)*327
=331088 mm2
Area of section A'=af+ao=177018+331088=508105 mm2
A=A'/10^6=508105/10^6=0.50811 m2
Neutral axis depth n=(af*T/2+ao*(T+(D-T)/2))/A'
=(177018*102.5/2+331088*(102.5
+(1115-102.5)/2))/508105
=414.52 mm
Inertia about neutral axis Ina=(B*n^3+t*(D-n)^3-(n-T)^3*(B-t))
/3E12
=(1727*414.52^3+327*(1115
-414.52)^3-(414.52-102.5)^3
*(1727-327))/3E12
=0.06429 m4
Neutral axis Y1=(D-n)/1000=(1115-414.52)/1000
=0.70048 m
Neutral axis Y2=n/1000=414.52/1000=0.41452 m
=0.091781 m3
=0.15509 m3
Consider propped cantilever action
With 4.05 m fin centres, design wind loads on fins are:

Case (1) pressure C1p=Pwk1*Lf
=0.6*4.05
Case (2) suction C2s=Swk2*Lf
=0.48*4.05
Assuming MR, is greater than Wk1.Lf.h^2/8 and zero deflection at the
roof prop:
Case (1) wall moment M1w=9*Pwk1*Lf*h^2/128
=9*0.6*4.05*7^2/128
=8.3721 kNm
Case (1) base moment M1b=Pwk1*Lf*h^2/8=0.6*4.05*7^2/8
=14.884 kNm
Office: 1007
Case (2) wall moment M2w=9*Swk2*Lf*h^2/128
=9*0.48*4.05*7^2/128
=6.6977 kNm
Case (2) base moment M2b=Swk2*Lf*h^2/8=0.48*4.05*7^2/8
=11.907 kNm
< prop < tie

< 2.625 < 2.625
< <
2.43 < 8.3721 1.944 < 6.6977
kN/m < 7 kN/m <
of < of <
height< height<
< <
< <
< <
14.884 11.907

Calculate MRs and compare with Mb
Design flexural compress strength pubc=1.1*fk(1)/gamM=1.1*7.1272/2.3

=3.4087 N/mm2
(a) Consider Case (1) pressure:

Own weight ow=den(1)*A=20*0.50811=10.162 kN/m
Design axial load in fin at Mb daxMb=0.9*ow*h=0.9*10.162*7
=64.021 kN
Minimum width of stress block mwsb1=daxMb*10^3/(B*pubc)
=64.021*10^3/(1727*3.4087)
=10.875 mm
Lever arm la1=n-mwsb1/2=414.52-10.875/2
=409.09 mm
=64.021*409.09/10^3
=26.19 kNm
Stability moment of resistance is not less than Case 1 base moment.
(b) Consider Case (2) suction:

The stability moment of resistance is provided by the flexural
compressive stress at the end of the projecting fin, thus:
Minimum width of stress block mwsb2=daxMb*10^3/(t*pubc)
=64.021*10^3/(327*3.4087)
=57.437 mm
Lever arm la2=Y1*10^3-mwsb2/2
=0.70048*10^3-57.437/2
=671.76 mm
=64.021*671.76/10^3
=43.007 kNm
Stability moment of resistance is greater than Case 2 base moment
( 43.007 kNm > 11.907 kNm ), therefore use M2b in the design of the
fin section.
Office: 1007
Bending moment diagrams
Case (1) pressure:

=3*7/8
Case (2) suction:
=3*7/8
< prop < tie

< 2.625 < 2.625
< <
2.43 < 8.3721 1.944 < 6.6977
kN/m < 7 kN/m <
of < of <
height< height<
< <
< <
< <
14.884 11.907

Consider stresses at level of Mw
Case (1) pressure:

=24.008 kN
=24.008/(0.50811*10^3)+8.3721
/(0.091781*10^3)
=0.13847 N/mm2
=24.008/(0.50811*10^3)-8.3721
/(0.15509*10^3)
=-0.0067309 N/mm2
Case (2) suction:
=24.008 kN
=24.008/(0.50811*10^3)+6.6977
/(0.15509*10^3)
=0.090435 N/mm2
=24.008/(0.50811*10^3)-6.6977
/(0.091781*10^3)
Office: 1007
=-0.025725 N/mm2
Design flexural strength at Mw levels
(a) Design flexural tensile strength, pubt:

(taking account of materials partial safety factor, gamM)
Design flexural tensile strength pubt=fxk11/gamM
=0.4/2.3
=0.17391 N/mm2
Since -fubt1<=pubt ( 0.0067309 N/mm2 <=0.17391 N/mm2 ) the
Since -fubt2<=pubt ( 0.025725 N/mm2 <=0.17391 N/mm2 ) the
(b) Design flexural compressive strength, pubc:

Design flexural compress strength pubc=1.1..fk(1)/gamM N/mm2
Calculate respective values for Case (1) and Case (2) loadings at
level of Mw.
Case (1) pressure (end of fin in compression at Mw level):
Slenderness ratio sr=2*zS1/(t/1000)=2*2.625/(327/1000)
=16.055
The simplified method for evaluating the capacity reduction factor s
in accordance with EC6 Part 3 Clause 4.2.2.3(1) will be utilised here.
Capacity reduction factor s phis=0.85-0.0011*(sr)^2
=0.85-0.0011*(16.055)^2
=0.56646
Design flexural comp strength pubc1=1.1*phis*fk(1)/gamM
=1.1*0.56646*7.1272/2.3
=1.9309 N/mm2
Since fubc1<=pubc1 ( 0.13847 N/mm2 <=1.9309 N/mm2 ) the
Case (2) suction (flange in compression at Mw level):
Slenderness ratio sr=2*((B-t)/2)/tef
=2*((1727-327)/2)/129.08
=10.846
The simplified method for evaluating the capacity reduction factor s
in accordance with EC6 Part 3 Clause 4.2.2.3(1) will be utilised here.
Capacity reduction factor s phis=0.85-0.0011*(sr)^2
=0.85-0.0011*(10.846)^2
=0.7206
Design flexural comp strength pubc2=1.1*phis*fk(1)/gamM
=1.1*0.7206*7.1272/2.3
=2.4563 N/mm2
Since fubc2<=pubc2 ( 0.090435 N/mm2 <=2.4563 N/mm2 ) the
Office: 1007
DESIGN SUMMARY Wall height 7 m

Length between fins 4.05 m
OUTER LEAF Thickness 102.5 mm
INNER LEAF Thickness 102.5 mm
LEAF Bending moment between fins 0.70296 kNm
Bend strength between fins 1.6749 kNm
FINS (pressure) Bending stress in tension -0.0067309 N/mm2
(suction) Bending stress in tension -0.025725 N/mm2
Bend strength in tension 0.17391 N/mm2
Bend strength in comp 3.4087 N/mm2
Outer leaf - use Group 1 units (i.e. solid)
Inner leaf - use Group 1 units (i.e. solid)
No536
Load distribution to shear walls Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Distribution of wind load to concrete or masonry shear walls
Wind forces are distributed to the shear walls by the 'slab-over'

acting as a stiff horizontal diaphragm (the slab must make good
connections with the walls). The figure below shows a structural
plan on a shear wall system with the r'th shear wall resisting
resultant wind force Fx. The method is described in 'Structural
Design of Masonry' by Andrew Orton and is as follows:
a) compute position of shear centre (yc) for walls acting to resist
horizontal force in x-direction. (The origin for the x and y
coordinate axes is taken as the bottom left corner of the plan).
b) compute position of shear centre (xc) for walls acting to resist
horizontal force in y-direction.
c) compute torsional rigidity =(Ixr.ycr^2+Iyr.xcr^2) where
xcr and ycr are the distances from the shear centre to each wall
in the x and y-directions respectively.
d) with the wind force in the x-direction as in the figure, compute
twisting moment = Fx.(ym-yc) = Fx.ey
e) for the wind in the x-direction compute the load in each shear
wall due to the lateral displacement and that due to the twist.
For the r'th shear wall: fxr = Fx.Ixr / (Ix1+Ix2+...)
+ Fx.ey.Ixr.ycr / (Ix1.yc1^2+Ix2.yc2^2+...+Iy1.xc1^2+Iy2.xc2^2+...)
f) repeat steps (d) and (e) for wind in y-direction.
Location Problem 1 in Orton's paper 'Structural Design of Masonry'
Load distribution to shear walls

xr
Y
shear wall r Resultant wind force
with inertia Ixr Fx
yr
shear centre ym
yc
o X
origin
xc Resultant wind
xm force Fy
Number of walls resisting movement in x-dirn nx=4

Number of walls resisting movement in y-dirn ny=2
Resultant wind force in x-direction Fx=20.82 kN

Distance of this force from the origin ym=3.5 m
Resultant wind force in y-direction Fy=0 kN
Resistance of walls in x-direction:
Wall 1
Inertia of wall to resist force in x-direction Ix(i)=0.8 m4

Dist.from origin to centroid of wall in y-dir. y(1)=7 m
Current summation of the product (Ixr.yr) sigIxy=sigIxy+Ix(i)*y(i)
=0+0.8*7
=5.6 m5
Office: 1007
Current summation of the term (Ixr) sigIxr=sigIxr+Ix(i)
=0+0.8
=0.8 m4
Wall 2

=5.6+0.3375*0
=5.6 m5
=0.8+0.3375
=1.1375 m4
Wall 3

=5.6+0.0125*4
=5.65 m5
=1.1375+0.0125
=1.15 m4
Wall 4

=5.65+0.0125*4
=5.7 m5
=1.15+0.0125
=1.1625 m4
Distance from origin to shear centre yc=sigIxy/sigIxr
=5.7/1.1625
=4.9032 m
Resistance of walls in y-direction:
Wall 1
Inertia of wall to resist force in y-direction Iy(i)=0.0125 m4

Dist.from origin to centroid of wall in x-dir. x(1)=0 m
Current summation of the product (Iyr.xr) sigIyx=sigIyx+Iy(i)*x(i)
=0+0.0125*0
=0 m5
Current summation of the term (Iyr) sigIyr=sigIyr+Iy(i)
=0+0.0125
=0.0125 m4
Office: 1007
Wall 2
Inertia of wall to resist force in y-direction Iy(i)=0.0125 m4

Dist.from origin to centroid of wall in x-dir. x(2)=4 m
Current summation of the product (Iyr.xr) sigIyx=sigIyx+Iy(i)*x(i)
=0+0.0125*4
=0.05 m5
Current summation of the term (Iyr) sigIyr=sigIyr+Iy(i)
=0.0125+0.0125
=0.025 m4
Distance from origin to shear centre xc=sigIyx/sigIyr
=0.05/0.025
=2 m
Where xcr and ycr are the distances from the shear centre to each wall
in the x and y-directions respectively:
Summation of product Ixr.ycr^2:
Wall Value of Ix(i)*(y(i)-yc)^2 in m6
1 3.5172
2 8.114
3 0.010198
4 0.010198
Sum of product Ixr.ycr^2=11.652 m6
Summation of product Iyr.xcr^2:
Wall Value of Iy(i)*(x(i)-xc)^2 in m6
1 0.05
2 0.05
Sum of product Iyr.xcr^2=0.1 m6
Torsional rigidity Itor=sigIyc+sigIxc

=11.652+0.1
=11.752 m6
Results
Eccentricity of force Fx from shear centre ey=ym-yc=3.5-4.9032

=-1.4032 m
Load resistance of individual walls in x-direction:
Wall 1
Load resistance
fx(1)=Fx*Ix(i)/sigIxr+(Fx*ey+Fy*ex)*Ix(i)*(y(i)-yc)/Itor
=20.82*0.8/1.1625+(20.82*-1.4032+0*0)*0.8*(7-4.9032)/11.752
=10.158 kN
Proportion of total force resisted by this wall px(1)=fx(i)/Fx*100
=10.158/20.82*100
=48.788 %
Since torsional componant reduces calculated load resistance of this
Office: 1007
wall componant, Orton suggests this term be ignored. If this is done,
Load resistance fx(1)=Fx*Ix(i)/sigIxr=20.82*0.8/1.1625
=14.328 kN
=14.328/20.82*100
=68.817 %
Wall 2
Load resistance
=20.82*0.3375/1.1625+(20.82*-1.4032+0*0)*0.3375*(0-4.9032)
/11.752
=10.159 kN
=10.159/20.82*100
=48.792 %
Wall 3
Load resistance
=20.82*0.0125/1.1625+(20.82*-1.4032+0*0)*0.0125*(4-4.9032)
/11.752
=0.25194 kN
=0.25194/20.82
*100
=1.2101 %
Wall 4
Load resistance
=20.82*0.0125/1.1625+(20.82*-1.4032+0*0)*0.0125*(4-4.9032)
/11.752
=0.25194 kN
=0.25194/20.82
*100
=1.2101 %
Load resistance of individual walls in y-direction:
Wall 1
Load resistance
fy(1)=Fy*Iy(i)/sigIyr+(Fy*ex+Fx*ey)*Iy(i)*(x(i)-xc)/Itor
=0*0.0125/0.025+(0*0+20.82*-1.4032)*0.0125*(0-2)/11.752
=0.062151 kN
Wall 2
Load resistance
fy(2)=Fy*Iy(i)/sigIyr+(Fy*ex+Fx*ey)*Iy(i)*(x(i)-xc)/Itor
=0*0.0125/0.025+(0*0+20.82*-1.4032)*0.0125*(4-2)/11.752
=-0.062151 kN
Note: Negative value indicates force on wall acts in
opposite direction to that of applied wind load.
No540
Mechanism analysis of arches Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Hand analysis example by Professor MR Horne
Arch geometry and loading
X P i intrados
+ + + e extrados
+ d +
+ + + + +
+ q + 5 6 7 + +
/ + 4 8 + \
+ + 3 9 + +
/ / 2 10 \ \
/ + Hq + \
+ /1 Points 0 to 12 are 11\ +
/ equally spaced in \
+ horizontal projection. +
0 12
L
Span of arch L=24 m

First intrados trial hinge point i1=4
First extrados trial hinge point e1=0
Second intrados trial hinge point i2=12
Second extrados trial hinge point e2=9
Dead load at point 1 w(1)=10 kN
R12=(w1+2*w2+3*w3+4*w4+5*w5+6*w6+7*w7+8*w8+9*w9+10*w10+11*w11)/12
=(10+2*10+3*10+4*10+5*10+6*10+7*10+8*10+9*10+10*10+11*10)/12
=55 kN
R0=w1+w2+w3+w4+w5+w6+w7+w8+w9+w10+w11-R12
=10+10+10+10+10+10+10+10+10+10+10-55
=55 kN
Office: 1007
+ + +
+ d +
+ + + + +
+ q + 5 6 7 + +
/ + 4 8 + \
+ + 3 9 + +
/ / 2 10 \ \
/ + Hq + \
+ /1 11\ +
/ \
+ +
0 12
Height of intrados at point 0 H0=0 m

Height of intrados at point 1 H(1)=1.7106 m
Height of intrados at point 12 H(12)=0 m
X P
+ + +
+ d +
+ + + + +
+ + 5 6 7 + +
/ + 4 8 + \
+ + 3 9 + +
/ / 2 10 \ \
/ + + \
+ /1 11\ +
/ \
+ +
0 12
Test load P=100 kN

Location of test load X=18 m
For first intrados hinge q=i1=4
sigma=(3*w1+2*w2+w3)*L/12=(3*10+2*10+10)*24/12=120 kNm
Moment due to dead loads Mwi1=R0*q*L/12-sigma=55*4*24/12-120
=320 kNm
Moment due to applied test load Mpi1=(1-X/L)*(q/12)*P*L
=(1-18/24)*(4/12)*100*24
=200 kNm
Height to intrados at point 4 Hq=H(q)=4.4918 m
Matrix term a11=Hq=4.4918
Matrix term a12=0
Matrix term a13=-1+i1/12=-1+4/12=-0.66667
Matrix term a14=i1/12=4/12=0.33333
Office: 1007
For first extrados hinge q=e1=0
Vertical projection at point 0 y=2*(H1-H0)=2*(1.7106-0)
=3.4212 m
Corresponding horizontal projectn x=2*L/12=2*24/12=4 m
Hypotenuse h=SQR(x^2+y^2)=SQR(4^2+3.4212^2)
=5.2635 m
Secant of angle thetaQ Kq=h/x=5.2635/4=1.3159
Secant of angle thetaQ Ke1=Kq=1.3159
sigma=0 kNm
Moment due to dead loads Mwe1=R0*q*L/12-sigma=55*0*24/12-0
=0 kNm
Moment due to applied test load Mpe1=(1-X/L)*(q/12)*P*L
=(1-18/24)*(0/12)*100*24
=0 kNm
Height to intrados at point 0 Hq=H(q)=0 m
Matrix term a21=Hq=0
Vertical projection at point 0 y=2*(H1-H0)=2*(1.7106-0)
=3.4212 m
=5.2635 m
Matrix term a22=Kq=1.3159
Matrix term a23=-1+e1/12=-1+0/12=-1
Matrix term a24=e1/12=0/12=0
For second intrados hinge q=i2=12

sigma=(11*w1+10*w2+9*w3+8*w4+7*w5+6*w6+5*w7+4*w8+3*w9+2*w10+w11)*L/12
=(11*10+10*10+9*10+8*10+7*10+6*10+5*10+4*10+3*10+2*10+10)*24/12
=1320 kNm
Moment due to dead loads Mwi2=R0*q*L/12-sigma=55*12*24/12-1320
=0 kNm
Moment due to applied test load Mpi2=(X/L)*(1-q/12)*P*L
=(18/24)*(1-12/12)*100*24
=0 kNm
Height to intrados at point 12 Hq=H(q)=0 m
Matrix term a31=Hq=0
Matrix term a32=0
Matrix term a33=-1+i2/12=-1+12/12=0
Matrix term a34=i2/12=12/12=1
For second extrados hinge q=e2=9

Vertical projection at point 9 where i=10 and j=8
y=H(i)-H(j)=2.966-4.4918
=-1.5258 m
Hypotenuse h=SQR(x^2+y^2)=SQR(4^2+-1.5258^2)
=4.2811 m
Secant of angle thetaQ Ke2=Kq=1.0703
sigma=(8*w1+7*w2+6*w3+5*w4+4*w5+3*w6+2*w7+w8)*L/12
=(8*10+7*10+6*10+5*10+4*10+3*10+2*10+10)*24/12
=720 kNm
Moment due to dead loads Mwe2=R0*q*L/12-sigma=55*9*24/12-720
=270 kNm
Office: 1007
Moment due to applied test load Mpe2=(1-X/L)*(q/12)*P*L
=(1-18/24)*(9/12)*100*24
=450 kNm
Matrix term a41=Hq=3.8739
y=H(i)-H(j)=2.966-4.4918
=-1.5258 m
=4.2811 m
Matrix term a42=Kq=1.0703
Matrix term a43=-1+e2/12=-1+9/12=-0.25
Matrix term a44=e2/12=9/12=0.75
Matrix before inversion
4.4918 0 -0.66667 0.33333

0 1.3159 -1 0
0 0 0 1
3.8739 1.0703 -0.25 0.75
Matrix term fix to avoid division by zero.
Inverted matrix
0.11018 -0.10605 -0.13451 0.13038

-0.57577 0.21694 -0.30878 0.66761
-0.75764 -0.71453 -0.40632 0.87849
0.75764E-6 0.71453E-6 1 -0.87849E-6
Product of matrix and inverted
1 46.224E-18 0.11531E-9 87.511E-18

-0.11102E-15 1 -24.345E-12 0
0.75764E-6 0.71453E-6 1 -0.87849E-6
-0.13092E-15 62.372E-18 48.618E-12 1
Solving for unknowns
R=b11*(Mwi1+Mpi1)+b12*(Mwe1+Mpe1)+b13*(Mwi2+Mpi2)+b14*(Mwe2+Mpe2)
=0.11018*(320+200)+-0.10605*(0+0)+-0.13451*(0+0)+0.13038*(270+450)
=151.17 kN
d=(b21*(Mwi1+Mpi1)+b22*(Mwe1+Mpe1)+b23*(Mwi2+Mpi2)+b24*(Mwe2+Mpe2))/R
=(-0.57577*(320+200)+0.21694*(0+0)+-0.30878*(0+0)+0.66761*(270+450))
/151.17
=1.1992 m
M0=b31*(Mwi1+Mpi1)+b32*(Mwe1+Mpe1)+b33*(Mwi2+Mpi2)+b34*(Mwe2+Mpe2)
=-0.75764*(320+200)+-0.71453*(0+0)+-0.40632*(0+0)+0.87849*(270+450)
=238.54 kNm
M12=b41*(Mwi1+Mpi1)+b42*(Mwe1+Mpe1)+b43*(Mwi2+Mpi2)+b44*(Mwe2+Mpe2)
=0.75764E-6*(320+200)+0.71453E-6*(0+0)+1*(0+0)+-0.87849E-6*(270+450)
=-0.23854E-3 kNm
Office: 1007
Check for line of thrust to lie above the intrados
At positions q=(i1-1),(i1-2),(i1+1),(i1+2)
Check inequality (12) at q=3

sigma=(2*w1+w2)*L/12=(2*10+10)*24/12=60 kNm
Moment due to dead loads Mwq=R0*q*L/12-sigma=55*3*24/12-60
=270 kNm
Moment due to applied test load Mpq=(1-X/L)*(q/12)*P*L
=(1-18/24)*(3/12)*100*24
=150 kNm
Inequality (12) ieq=Mwq+Mpq-R*Hq+M0*(1-q/12)-M12*q/12
=270+150-151.17*3.8739+238.54*(1
-3/12)--0.23854E-3*3/12
=13.286
Inequality (12) is satisfied at q=3

sigma=w1*L/12=10*24/12=20 kNm
=200 kNm
=(1-18/24)*(2/12)*100*24
=100 kNm
=200+100-151.17*2.966+238.54*(1-2
/12)--0.23854E-3*2/12
=50.412

sigma=(4*w1+3*w2+2*w3+w4)*L/12=(4*10+3*10+2*10+10)*24/12=200 kNm
=350 kNm
=(1-18/24)*(5/12)*100*24
=250 kNm
=350+250-151.17*4.8517+238.54*(1
-5/12)--0.23854E-3*5/12
=5.7157

sigma=(5*w1+4*w2+3*w3+2*w4+w5)*L/12=(5*10+4*10+3*10+2*10+10)*24/12
=300 kNm
=360 kNm
=(1-18/24)*(6/12)*100*24
=300 kNm
Office: 1007
=360+300-151.17*4.97+238.54*(1-6
/12)--0.23854E-3*6/12
=27.954
At positions q=(i2-1),(i2-2),(i2+1),(i2+2)

sigma=(10*w1+9*w2+8*w3+7*w4+6*w5+5*w6+4*w7+3*w8+2*w9+w10)*L/12
=(10*10+9*10+8*10+7*10+6*10+5*10+4*10+3*10+2*10+10)*24/12
=1100 kNm
=110 kNm
Moment due to applied test load Mpq=(X/L)*(1-q/12)*P*L
=(18/24)*(1-11/12)*100*24
=150 kNm
=110+150-151.17*1.7106+238.54*(1
-11/12)--0.23854E-3*11/12
=21.287

sigma=(9*w1+8*w2+7*w3+6*w4+5*w5+4*w6+3*w7+2*w8+w9)*L/12
=(9*10+8*10+7*10+6*10+5*10+4*10+3*10+2*10+10)*24/12
=900 kNm
=200 kNm
=(18/24)*(1-10/12)*100*24
=300 kNm
=200+300-151.17*2.966+238.54*(1
-10/12)--0.23854E-3*10/12
=91.386
Check for line of thrust to lie below the extrados
At positions q=(e1-1),(e1-2),(e1+1),(e1+2)

sigma=0 kNm
=110 kNm
=(1-18/24)*(1/12)*100*24
=50 kNm
y=H(i)-H(j)=2.966-0=2.966 m
Office: 1007
=4.9797 m
Inequality (13) ieq=Mwq+Mpq-R*(Hq+Kq*d)+M0*(1-q/12)
+M12*q/12
=110+50-151.17*(1.7106+1.2449
*1.1992)+238.54*(1-1/12)+
-0.23854E-3*1/12
=-105.61

sigma=w1*L/12=10*24/12=20 kNm
=200 kNm
=(1-18/24)*(2/12)*100*24
=100 kNm
y=H(i)-H(j)=3.8739-1.7106
=2.1633 m
=4.5475 m
+M12*q/12
=200+100-151.17*(2.966+1.1369
*1.1992)+238.54*(1-2/12)+
-0.23854E-3*2/12
=-155.68
At positions q=(e2-1),(e2-2),(e2+1),(e2+2)

sigma=(7*w1+6*w2+5*w3+4*w4+3*w5+2*w6+w7)*L/12
=(7*10+6*10+5*10+4*10+3*10+2*10+10)*24/12
=560 kNm
=320 kNm
=(1-18/24)*(8/12)*100*24
=400 kNm
y=H(i)-H(j)=3.8739-4.8517
=-0.9778 m
=4.1178 m
+M12*q/12
=320+400-151.17*(4.4918+1.0294
Office: 1007
*1.1992)+238.54*(1-8/12)+
-0.23854E-3*8/12
=-66.127

sigma=(6*w1+5*w2+4*w3+3*w4+2*w5+w6)*L/12
=(6*10+5*10+4*10+3*10+2*10+10)*24/12
=420 kNm
=350 kNm
=(1-18/24)*(7/12)*100*24
=350 kNm
y=H(i)-H(j)=4.4918-4.97=-0.4782 m
=4.0285 m
+M12*q/12
=350+350-151.17*(4.8517+1.0071
*1.1992)+238.54*(1-7/12)+
-0.23854E-3*7/12
=-116.61

sigma=(9*w1+8*w2+7*w3+6*w4+5*w5+4*w6+3*w7+2*w8+w9)*L/12
=(9*10+8*10+7*10+6*10+5*10+4*10+3*10+2*10+10)*24/12
=900 kNm
=200 kNm
=(18/24)*(1-10/12)*100*24
=300 kNm
y=H(i)-H(j)=1.7106-3.8739
=-2.1633 m
=4.5475 m
+M12*q/12
=200+300-151.17*(2.966+1.1369
*1.1992)+238.54*(1-10/12)+
-0.23854E-3*10/12
=-114.7

Office: 1007
sigma=(10*w1+9*w2+8*w3+7*w4+6*w5+5*w6+4*w7+3*w8+2*w9+w10)*L/12
=(10*10+9*10+8*10+7*10+6*10+5*10+4*10+3*10+2*10+10)*24/12
=1100 kNm
=110 kNm
=(18/24)*(1-11/12)*100*24
=150 kNm
y=H(i)-H(j)=0-2.966=-2.966 m
=4.9797 m
+M12*q/12
=110+150-151.17*(1.7106+1.2449
*1.1992)+238.54*(1-11/12)+
-0.23854E-3*11/12
=-204.39
SUMMARY
Line of thrust lies above the intrados and below the extrados.
Moment at left end of arch 238.54 kNm
Horizontal reaction at left end 55 kN
Moment at right end of arch -0.23854E-3 kNm
Horizontal reaction at right end 55 kN
Thickness of arch 1.1992 m
No550
Masonry gravity wall Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Masonry gravity wall
Designed in accordance with BS5628:Part 1:1992.
Soil details
o Handrail

Vo

_)___________ Steps are numbered down from the top

///
h(a) Step 1 Fill h(a) = height at step (a) from the top
t(a) = thickness at step (a)
<t(a)>Step 2 Vo = vertical point load on wall

Step 3 As a masonry wall has limited capacity
the design will assume the backfill is
Step 4 drained i.e. no water pressure behind
the wall.
A
Toe Heel
Weight/unit volume of soil & wall we=18 kN/m3
Internal angle of friction phi=35 degrees
Angle of backfill beta=0 degrees
Active soil pressure is applicable.
Sine angle of internal friction sp=SIN(RAD(phi))=0.5736
Active pressure coefficient ce=(1-sp)/(1+sp)
=(1-0.5736)/(1+0.5736)
=0.271
Masonry details

Masonry type (1=clay 2=cal silicate 3=conc brick 4=block)
typ(1)=4
Concrete Blocks Dimensions
Height hb=215 mm
Least horizontal dimension lhd=100 mm
ratio height/least horiz. dim rb=hb/lhd=215/100=2.15
Compressive strength of blocks po=10.5 N/mm2
Characteristic flexural strength for bed failure and leaf greater than
=0.25 N/mm2
Partial safety factor material gammam=3.5
Office: 1007
External loading
xm kNm

Vo
ws kN/m2
xv kN

Applied moment at top of wall xm=0.32 kNm

Applied vertical load on the wall Vo=2 kN
Applied shear at top of wall xv=0.36 kN
Weight/unit area of surcharge ws=5 kN/m2
Load factor external loads at top gammax=1.6
Load factor surcharge gammas=1.6
Load factor earth pressure gammae=1.4
Load factor self weight gammaf=0.9
Wall design
Step 1 Typical Analysis which is repeated for each step
Proposed height at step h(1)=0.45 m

Proposed thickness at step t(1)=0.325 m
Moment at height h earth me=ce*we*h(a)^3/6=0.271*18*0.45^3/6
=0.0741 kNm
surcharge ms=ce*ws*h(a)^2/2=0.271*5*0.45^2/2
=0.1372 kNm
Ultimate moment at height h mu=me*gammae+ms*gammas+(xm+xv*h(a))
*gammax
=0.0741*1.4+0.1372*1.6+(0.32+0.36
*0.45)*1.6
=1.094
Section modulus at thickness t z=t(a)^2/6=0.325^2/6=0.0176 m3
Weight/unit area at depth h gd=(ws+we*h(a)+Vo/t(a))*gammaf/1000
=(5+18*0.45+2/0.325)*0.9/1000
=0.0173 N/mm2
Moment of resistance mr=(fb(1)/gammam+gd)*z*1000
=(0.25/3.5+0.0173)*0.0176*1000
=1.562 kNm
Applied moment less than moment of resistance ( 1.094 <=1.562 )
therefore section is satisfactory.
Step 1 width 0.325 m

height 0.45 m
Office: 1007
Step height Step thickness Ultimate Moments (kNm)
(m) (m) Resistance Applied
0.45 0.325 1.562 1.094

0.9 0.45 3.19 2.738
1.35 0.675 7.629 6.065
1.8 0.9 14.46 11.7
Stability and bearing check
eVo
Vo
tttth
______/\ _______
\/ Fill

wall db = depth of base
Toe Heel tb = width of base

base db
A
///\\\///\\\///\\\///\\\///\
tb
Width of toe tt=0.15 m

Width of heel th=0.15 m
Point of application of Vo from A eVo=0.3125 m
Thickness of wall t=0.9 m
Height of wall h=1.8 m
Width of base tb=t+tt+th=0.9+0.15+0.15
=1.2
Depth of base db=0.15 m
Overall depth od=h+db=1.8+0.15=1.95 m
Weight of fill and wall wf=we*(t+th)*h=18*(0.9+0.15)*1.8
=34.02 kN
Eccentricity from A (fill & wall) ef=tt+(t+th)/2=0.15+(0.9+0.15)/2
=0.675 m
Density of base denb=24 kN/m3
Weight of base wb=tb*db*denb=1.2*0.15*24
=4.32 kN
Earth horizontal force sfe=ce*we*od^2/2=0.271*18*1.95^2/2
=9.274 kN
Moment due to earth pressure me=sfe*od/3=9.274*1.95/3
=6.028 kNm
Surcharge horizontal force sfs=ws*ce*od=5*0.271*1.95
=2.642 kN
Moment due to surcharge ms=sfs*od/2=2.642*1.95/2
=2.576 kNm
Office: 1007
Wall shear
Horizontal shear force usf=(sfe*gammae)+(sfs*gammas)

=(9.274*1.4)+(2.642*1.6)
=17.21 kN
Shear stress at bottom of wall uss=usf/(t(steps)*1000)
=17.21/(0.9*1000)
=0.0191 N/mm2
Weight at bottom of step 1 uwt=t(a)*we*h(a)*gammaf

=0.325*18*0.45*0.9
=2.369 kN
Weight at bottom of step 2 uwt=uwt+(t(a)*we*h(a)*gammaf)
=2.369+(0.45*18*0.9*0.9)
=8.93 kN
=8.93+(0.675*18*1.35*0.9)
=23.69 kN
=23.69+(0.9*18*1.8*0.9)
=49.94 kN
Weight per. unit area ga=(uwt+Vo)/(t(steps)*1000)
=(49.94+2)/(0.9*1000)
=0.0577 N/mm2
Permissible shear stress fv=0.15+0.6*ga=0.15+0.6*0.0577
=0.1846 N/mm2
Applied shear less than shear resistance ( 0.0191 <=0.1846 )

therefore section is satisfactory.
Overturning
Overturning moment about A om=me+ms+(xm+xv*od)

=6.028+2.576+(0.32+0.36*1.95)
=9.626 kNm
Restoring moment abt A fill/wall rmf=wf*ef=34.02*0.675=22.96 kNm
base rmb=wb*tb/2=4.32*1.2/2=2.592 kNm
surcharge rms=ws*(t+th)*ef=5*(0.9+0.15)*0.675
=3.544
vertical load rmVo=Vo*eVo=2*0.3125=0.625 kNm
total rm=rmf+rmb+rms+rmVo
=22.96+2.592+3.544+0.625
=29.72
Factor of safety fso=rm/om=29.72/9.626=3.088
Sliding (passive resistance will be ignored)
Vertical load on wall will be ignored for the sliding calculations

that follow.
Sliding force sf=sfe+sfs+xv=9.274+2.642+0.36

=12.28
Details of bearing strata:
Angle of friction phib=40
Soil cohesion cu=0 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Coefficient of friction cf=TAN(RAD(phib*2/3))
=TAN(RAD(40*2/3))
=0.5022
Resisting force fill rff=wf*cf=34.02*0.5022=17.09 kN
base rfb=wb*cf+tb*cu/2=4.32*0.5022+1.2*0/2
=2.17 kN
surcharge rfs=ws*(t+th)*cf=5*(0.9+0.15)*0.5022
=2.637 kN
total rf=rff+rfb+rfs=17.09+2.17+2.637
=21.89 kN
Factor of safety fss=rf/sf=21.89/12.28=1.783
Bearing pressure
Weight of surcharge sw=ws*(t+th)=5*(0.9+0.15)

=5.25 kN
Moments about centre of base m=om+(wf+sw)*(tb/2-ef)+Vo*(tb/2-eVo)
=9.626+(34.02+5.25)*(1.2/2-0.675)+2
*(1.2/2-0.3125)
=7.256 kNm
Section modulus of base zb=tb^2/6=1.2^2/6=0.24 m3
Total weight tw=wf+sw+wb+Vo=34.02+5.25+4.32+2
=45.59 kN
Pressure due to weight pw=tw/tb=45.59/1.2=37.99 kN/m2
Pressure due to moment (+/-) pm=m/zb=7.256/0.24=30.23 kN/m2
Maximum pressure pmax=pw+pm=37.99+30.23=68.22 kN/m2
Minimum pressure pmin=pw-pm=37.99-30.23=7.759 kN/m2
DESIGN SUMMARY
Wall height 1.8 m
Step height Step thickness Ultimate Moments (kNm)

(m) (m) Resistance Applied
0.45 0.325 1.562 1.094

0.9 0.45 3.19 2.738
1.35 0.675 7.629 6.065
1.8 0.9 14.46 11.7
Summary of stability check
Factor of safety overturning 3.088

Factor of safety sliding 1.783
Maximum base pressure 68.22 kN/m2
No554
Analysis by NL-STRESS Made by: IFB
Fink roof truss Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
* LOCATION: Fink truss
*
* All units are kN & m and combinations thereof.
* 4
* o
* o o
* (3) (4) 0.95 m
*
* 3 5
* o o
* Y (2) (11) (12) (5)
* (10) (13) 0.95 m
*
* 2 o o o o 6
* (1)oo(6) X
* _ _ (7) 8 (8) 9 (9) _ _
* 1 \\\ 2 m ooo 7
* 6 m
* 0.4 m
*
* Global and local axes
* + local y
* local x z
* Global Y
* Local z points out
* of the paper,
* positive moment is
* local z anti-clockwise.
* y + local x
* Global Z out
* of paper Global X
*
* Except in the special case of a continuous beam, the members of a
* structure do not all run along the global axis X; they may be inclin-
* ed to the the global axis and each may run in a different direction.
* In the diagram above, the left member is pointing upwards, the right
* downwards. To fix the orientation of each member relative to axes X,
* Y and Z, every member is assumed to carry a local set of axes denoted
* x,y,z with axis x running from the START of the member (at the local
* origin) to the END of the member. Movements along x,y - and
* anticlockwise about z - are considered positive, as depicted above.
*
*
* Positive SHEAR Positive SHEAR
* Positive Positive
* AXIAL start end AXIAL (tension)
* (compression)
* Positive MOMENT Positive MOMENT
*
* When dealing with the joints of a structure (their coordinates,
* conditions of support, loads etc.) we refer to global axes X, Y and
* Z. When dealing with a member (its section properties, member loads
* etc.) we refer to its local axes x, y and z. For quick reference
* the effects of positive results for forces acting on the ends of
* members are depicted above. THINK OF THE JOINTS AS APPLYING FORCES
* TO THE MEMBER ENDS.
PRINT DATA, RESULTS FROM 1
Office: 1007
TYPE PLANE FRAME
METHOD ELASTIC NODES
NUMBER OF JOINTS 9
NUMBER OF MEMBERS 13
NUMBER OF SUPPORTS 2
NUMBER OF LOADINGS 2
JOINT COORDINATES SYMMETRY X 3
1 -0.4 -0.25333
2 0 0 SUPPORT
3 1.5 0.95
4 3 1.9
5 SYMMETRY 3
6 SYMMETRY 2 SUPPORT
7 SYMMETRY 1
8 2 0
9 4 0
JOINT RELEASES
2 MOMENT Z
6 FORCE X MOMENT Z
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 THRU 6 RANGE 1,2 6,7
7 THRU 9 CHAIN 2,8,9,6
10 THRU 13 CHAIN 3,8,4,9,5
MEMBER RELEASES
3 END MOMENT Z
7 START MOMENT Z
9 END MOMENT Z
10 THRU 13 START MOMENT Z END MOMENT Z
CONSTANTS E 9E6 ALL G 562500 ALL
MEMBER PROPERTIES
1 THRU 6 AX 0.0075 AY 0.00625 IZ 14.062E-6
7 THRU 9 AX 0.0075 AY 0.00625 IZ 14.062E-6
10 AX 0.005 AY 0.0041667 IZ 4.1667E-6
11 THRU 12 AX 0.005 AY 0.0041667 IZ 4.1667E-6
13 AS 10
LOADING CASE 1: PLAN LOAD
JOINT LOADS
3 FORCE Y -3
4 FORCE Y -3
5 FORCE Y -3
MEMBER LOADS
1 THRU 6 FORCE Y PROJECTED UNIFORM W -2.3
7 THRU 9 FORCE Y UNIFORM W -1
LOADING CASE 2: WIND LOADS
MEMBER LOADS
1 THRU 3 FORCE Y UNIFORM W -0.5
4 THRU 6 FORCE Y UNIFORM W 1
SOLVE
Office: 1007
JOINT DISPLACEMENTS
JOINT X DISPLACEMENT Y DISPLACEMENT Z ROTATION
1 -0.000773922 0.001218771 -0.003102413
2 0.000000000 0.000000000 -0.003331870
3 0.001381282 -0.003273302 -0.001074838
4 0.000740400 -0.003206728 -0.002472895
5 0.000099518 -0.003273302 0.001074838
6 0.001480800 0.000000000 0.003331870
7 0.002254722 0.001218771 0.003102413
8 0.000557723 -0.003551314 -0.000561012
9 0.000923077 -0.003551314 0.000561012

MEMBER FORCES
MEMBER JOINT AXIAL FORCE SHEAR FORCE BENDING MOMENT
1 1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.4922 0.7772 -0.1840
2 2 23.1420 1.3600 0.1840
3 -21.2961 1.5546 -0.3567
3 3 20.1522 1.6582 0.3567
4 -18.3063 1.2564 0.0000
4 4 18.3063 1.2564 0.0000
5 -20.1522 1.6582 -0.3567
5 5 21.2961 1.5546 0.3567
6 -23.1420 1.3600 -0.1840
6 6 -0.4922 0.7772 0.1840
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7 2 -18.8231 0.8688 0.0000
8 18.8231 1.1312 -0.2623
8 8 -12.3307 1.0000 0.2623
9 12.3307 1.0000 -0.2623
9 9 -18.8231 1.1312 0.2623
6 18.8231 0.8688 0.0000
10 3 5.7658 0.0000 0.0000
8 -5.7658 0.0000 0.0000
11 8 -8.1741 0.0000 0.0000
4 8.1741 0.0000 0.0000
12 4 -8.1741 0.0000 0.0000
9 8.1741 0.0000 0.0000
13 9 5.7658 0.0000 0.0000
5 -5.7658 0.0000 0.0000

SUPPORT REACTIONS
JOINT X FORCE Y FORCE Z MOMENT
2 0.0000 15.3200 0.0000
6 0.0000 15.3200 0.0000
EQUILIBRIUM CHECK SUM OF FORCES REACTION
FORCES IN DIRECTION X 0.0000 0.0000

FORCES IN DIRECTION Y -30.6400 30.6400
MOMENTS ABOUT AXIS Z -91.9429 91.9427
Office: 1007
JOINT DISPLACEMENTS
1 -0.000065462 0.000103362 -0.000274601
2 0.000000000 0.000000000 -0.000344491
3 0.000067316 -0.000071320 -0.000054477
4 0.000017297 0.000038511 0.001260061
5 0.000180323 0.000214880 -0.000120219
6 0.000090355 0.000000000 -0.000714238
7 -0.000046966 -0.000216826 -0.000574459
8 0.000068085 -0.000042723 0.000079651
9 0.000107788 0.000196730 0.000033942

MEMBER FORCES
1 1 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 0.0000 0.2367 -0.0560
2 2 -0.7113 0.3823 0.0560
3 0.7113 0.5054 -0.1653
3 3 -0.6276 0.5370 0.1653
4 0.6276 0.3508 0.0000
4 4 -1.6485 -0.7027 0.0000
5 1.6485 -1.0729 0.3286
5 5 -1.4813 -1.0097 -0.3286
6 1.4813 -0.7658 0.1121
6 6 0.0000 -0.4735 -0.1121
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7 2 -2.2979 0.0093 0.0000
8 2.2979 -0.0093 0.0187
8 8 -1.3400 -0.0216 -0.0187
9 1.3400 0.0216 -0.0245
9 9 0.5884 0.0122 0.0245
6 -0.5884 -0.0122 0.0000
10 3 1.0458 0.0000 0.0000
8 -1.0458 0.0000 0.0000
11 8 -1.0109 0.0000 0.0000
4 1.0109 0.0000 0.0000
12 4 2.0511 0.0000 0.0000
9 -2.0511 0.0000 0.0000
13 9 -2.0893 0.0000 0.0000
5 2.0893 0.0000 0.0000

SUPPORT REACTIONS
2 -3.2300 0.1518 0.0000
6 0.0000 -1.8518 0.0000
FORCES IN DIRECTION X 3.2300 -3.2300

FORCES IN DIRECTION Y 1.7000 -1.7000
MOMENTS ABOUT AXIS Z 11.1108 -11.1108
SAMPLE OUTPUT FOR SCALE PROFORMA 588. (ANS=1) PAGE:
ANALYSIS BY NL-STRESS MADE BY: IFB
FINK ROOF TRUSS DATE: 10/04/13
(C) 2013 FITZROY SYSTEMS LTD. WWW.FITZROY.COM REF NO: SC588
STRUCTURE SCALE 1 CM = 0.250 = SUPPORTS
DEFLECTN SCALE 1 CM = 0.00300 LOADING KEY 1 2
3 4
3 5
11 12
2 10 13 5
2 7 8 8 9 9 6
Y
1 1
X 6 7
MOMENT Z SCALE 1 CM = 0.20 LOADING KEY 1 2
3 4
3 5
11 12
2 10 13 5
2 7 8 8 9 9 6
Y
1 1
X 6 7
FORCE Y SCALE 1 CM = 0.60 LOADING KEY 1 2
3 4
3 5
11 12
2 10 13 5
2 7 8 8 9 9 6
Y
1 1
X 6 7
Bents, trestles and pipe racks Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
* LOCATION: BENTS, TRESTLES AND PIPE RACKS
*
* All units are kN & m and combinations thereof.
*
* 0.3 0.3 m
*
*
* 5 6 7
*
* 1.2 m
*
*
* 2 3 4
*
* 1.8 m
*
* 1
TYPE PLANE FRAME
NUMBER OF JOINTS 7
NUMBER OF MEMBERS 6
*
* + local y
* local x z
* Global Y
* of the paper,
* y + local x
* Global Z out
* of paper Global X
*
*
*
* Positive Positive
* (compression)
*
Office: 1007
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0.3 0 SUPPORT
2 0 1.8
3 0.3 1.8
4 0.6 1.8
5 0 3
6 0.3 3
7 0.6 3
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 3
2 2 3
3 3 4
4 3 6
5 5 6
6 6 7
CONSTANTS E 205E6 ALL G 79E6 ALL
MEMBER PROPERTIES
1 THRU 4 STEP 3 AX 0.00323 AY 0.001178 IZ 23.56E-6
LOADING CASE 1: VERTICAL LOADS
JOINT LOADS
2 FORCE Y -7
4 FORCE Y -7
5 FORCE Y -7
7 FORCE Y -7
LOADING CASE 2: HORIZONTAL LOADS
JOINT LOADS
2 FORCE X 2.6
5 FORCE X 2.1
SOLVE

JOINT DISPLACEMENTS
1 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
2 0.000000000 -0.000111725 0.000065220
3 0.000000000 -0.000076116 0.000000000
4 0.000000000 -0.000111725 -0.000065220
5 0.000000000 -0.000137097 0.000065220
6 0.000000000 -0.000101488 0.000000000
7 0.000000000 -0.000137097 -0.000065220

MEMBER FORCES
1 1 28.0000 0.0000 0.0000
3 -28.0000 0.0000 0.0000
2 2 0.0000 -7.0000 0.0000
3 0.0000 7.0000 -2.1000
Office: 1007
3 3 0.0000 7.0000 2.1000
4 0.0000 -7.0000 0.0000
4 3 14.0000 0.0000 0.0000
6 -14.0000 0.0000 0.0000
5 5 0.0000 -7.0000 0.0000
6 0.0000 7.0000 -2.1000
6 6 0.0000 7.0000 2.1000
7 0.0000 -7.0000 0.0000

SUPPORT REACTIONS
1 0.0000 28.0000 0.0000


JOINT DISPLACEMENTS
1 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
2 0.002829093 0.000754690 -0.002515632
3 0.002827915 0.000000000 -0.002515632
4 0.002827915 -0.000754690 -0.002515632
5 0.006125149 0.000848607 -0.002828689
6 0.006124197 0.000000000 -0.002828689
7 0.006124197 -0.000848607 -0.002828689

MEMBER FORCES
1 1 0.0000 4.7000 10.9800
3 0.0000 -4.7000 -2.5200
2 2 2.6000 0.0000 0.0000
3 -2.6000 0.0000 0.0000
3 3 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
4 3 0.0000 2.1000 2.5200
6 0.0000 -2.1000 0.0000
5 5 2.1000 0.0000 0.0000
6 -2.1000 0.0000 0.0000
6 6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
7 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000

SUPPORT REACTIONS
1 -4.7000 0.0000 10.9800
Office: 1007
FORCES IN DIRECTION X 4.7000 -4.7000

FORCES IN DIRECTION Y 0.0000 0.0000
BENTS, TRESTLES AND PIPE RACKS DATE: 10/04/13
DEFLECTN SCALE 1 CM = 0.00400 LOADING KEY 1 2
4
6
X
Y
6
1
4
1
5
2
5
2
MOMENT Z SCALE 1 CM = 4.00 LOADING KEY 1 2
4
6
X
Y
6
1
4
1
5
2
5
2
FORCE Y SCALE 1 CM = 2.50 LOADING KEY 1 2
4
6
X
Y
6
1
4
1
5
2
5
2
Sub-frame - 2 to 10 bays Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
* LOCATION: SUB-FRAME
*
* 2 SPAN SUB FRAME
*
* All units are kN & m and combinations thereof. All sway is
* prevented as implicit in structural analysis by sub-frames.
* Member numbers are in brackets, other numbers are joint numbers.
* Joints 7 -> 9 are fixed at floor above.
* Joints 4 -> 6 are fixed at floor below.
*
* 7 8 9
*
* (6) (7) (8)
*
*
* 1 (1) 2 (2) 3
*
* (3) (4) (5)
*
* 4 5 6
*
* + local y
* local x z
* Global Y
* of the paper,
* y + local x
* Global Z out
* of paper Global X
*
*
*
* Positive Positive
* (compression)
*
Office: 1007
TYPE PLANE FRAME
NUMBER OF JOINTS 9
NUMBER OF MEMBERS 8
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 SUPPORT
4 0 -3.2 SUPPORT
7 0 2.9 SUPPORT
2 12 0 SUPPORT
5 12 -3.2 SUPPORT
8 12 2.9 SUPPORT
3 24 0 SUPPORT
6 24 -3.2 SUPPORT
9 24 2.9 SUPPORT
JOINT RELEASES
1 THRU 3 MOMENT Z
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 THRU 2 RANGE 1 2 2 3
CONSTANTS E 28E6 ALL G 11.2E6 ALL
MEMBER PROPERTIES
1 AX 0.27 AY 0.225 IZ 0.0081
2 AX 0.27 AY 0.225 IZ 0.0081
3 AX 0.2025 AY 0.225 IZ 0.0034172
4 AX 0.2025 AY 0.225 IZ 0.0034172
5 AX 0.2025 AY 0.225 IZ 0.0034172
6 AX 0.25 AY 0.225 IZ 0.0052083
7 AX 0.25 AY 0.225 IZ 0.0052083
8 AX 0.25 AY 0.225 IZ 0.0052083
LOADING CASE 1: UNFACTORED DL & LIVE ON ALL SPANS
MEMBER LOADS
1 FORCE Y UNIFORM W -20
2 FORCE Y CONCENTRATED P -120 L 6
LOADING CASE 2: 1.4 DL & 1.6 LIVE ON ALL SPANS
MEMBER LOADS
LOADING CASE 3: 1.4 DL & 1.6 LIVE ON ODD SPANS, 1 DL ON OTHERS
MEMBER LOADS
LOADING CASE 4: 1.4 DL & 1.6 LIVE ON EVEN SPANS, 1 DL ON OTHERS
MEMBER LOADS
SOLVE
Office: 1007
JOINT DISPLACEMENTS
1 0.000000000 0.000000000 -0.000587292
2 0.000000000 0.000000000 -0.000440815
3 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.001146813
4 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
5 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
6 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
7 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
8 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
9 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000

MEMBER FORCES
1 1 0.0000 110.3567 179.3719
2 0.0000 129.6433 -295.0913
2 2 0.0000 186.6220 429.7259
3 0.0000 173.3780 -350.2618
3 4 0.0000 -31.5230 -32.8765
1 0.0000 31.5230 -67.9971
4 5 0.0000 -23.6608 -24.6767
2 0.0000 23.6608 -51.0379
5 6 0.0000 61.5554 64.1983
3 0.0000 -61.5554 132.7788
6 1 0.0000 -56.4425 -111.3748
7 0.0000 56.4425 -52.3084
7 2 0.0000 -42.3651 -83.5967
8 0.0000 42.3651 -39.2621
8 3 0.0000 110.2160 217.4829
9 0.0000 -110.2160 102.1433

SUPPORT REACTIONS
1 24.9195 110.3567 0.0000
2 18.7043 316.2653 0.0000
3 -48.6606 173.3780 0.0000
4 31.5230 0.0000 -32.8765
5 23.6608 0.0000 -24.6767
6 -61.5554 0.0000 64.1983
7 -56.4425 0.0000 -52.3084
8 -42.3651 0.0000 -39.2621
9 110.2160 0.0000 102.1433

Office: 1007
JOINT DISPLACEMENTS
1 0.000000000 0.000000000 -0.000880938
2 0.000000000 0.000000000 -0.000661223
3 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.001720219
4 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
5 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
6 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
7 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
8 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
9 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000

MEMBER FORCES
1 1 0.0000 165.5351 269.0578
2 0.0000 194.4649 -442.6370
2 2 0.0000 279.9330 644.5889
3 0.0000 260.0670 -525.3927
3 4 0.0000 -47.2845 -49.3147
1 0.0000 47.2845 -101.9957
4 5 0.0000 -35.4912 -37.0151
2 0.0000 35.4912 -76.5569
5 6 0.0000 92.3330 96.2975
3 0.0000 -92.3330 199.1683
6 1 0.0000 -84.6637 -167.0621
7 0.0000 84.6637 -78.4626
7 2 0.0000 -63.5477 -125.3951
8 0.0000 63.5477 -58.8932
8 3 0.0000 165.3239 326.2244
9 0.0000 -165.3239 153.2150

SUPPORT REACTIONS
1 37.3792 165.5351 0.0000
2 28.0564 474.3979 0.0000
3 -72.9909 260.0670 0.0000
4 47.2845 0.0000 -49.3147
5 35.4912 0.0000 -37.0151
6 -92.3330 0.0000 96.2975
7 -84.6637 0.0000 -78.4626
8 -63.5477 0.0000 -58.8932
9 165.3239 0.0000 153.2150

Office: 1007
JOINT DISPLACEMENTS
1 0.000000000 0.000000000 -0.000981951
2 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000367346
3 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000515684
4 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
5 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
6 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
7 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
8 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
9 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000

MEMBER FORCES
1 1 0.0000 174.2352 299.9096
2 0.0000 185.7648 -369.0870
2 2 0.0000 98.2825 256.8915
3 0.0000 81.7175 -157.5013
3 4 0.0000 -52.7064 -54.9694
1 0.0000 52.7064 -113.6911
4 5 0.0000 19.7174 20.5639
2 0.0000 -19.7174 42.5316
5 6 0.0000 27.6794 28.8679
3 0.0000 -27.6794 59.7063
6 1 0.0000 -94.3718 -186.2185
7 0.0000 94.3718 -87.4596
7 2 0.0000 35.3043 69.6639
8 0.0000 -35.3043 32.7185
8 3 0.0000 49.5605 97.7950
9 0.0000 -49.5605 45.9305

SUPPORT REACTIONS
1 41.6653 174.2352 0.0000
2 -15.5869 284.0473 0.0000
3 -21.8811 81.7175 0.0000
4 52.7064 0.0000 -54.9694
5 -19.7174 0.0000 20.5639
6 -27.6794 0.0000 28.8679
7 -94.3718 0.0000 -87.4596
8 35.3043 0.0000 32.7185
9 49.5605 0.0000 45.9305

Office: 1007
JOINT DISPLACEMENTS
1 0.000000000 0.000000000 -0.000192632
2 0.000000000 0.000000000 -0.001248976
3 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.001777941
4 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
5 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
6 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
7 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
8 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000
9 0.000000000 0.000000000 0.000000000

MEMBER FORCES
1 1 0.0000 46.4782 58.8342
2 0.0000 73.5218 -221.0956
2 2 0.0000 274.9615 602.5603
3 0.0000 265.0385 -543.0222
3 4 0.0000 -10.3396 -10.7835
1 0.0000 10.3396 -22.3031
4 5 0.0000 -67.0390 -69.9174
2 0.0000 67.0390 -144.6074
5 6 0.0000 95.4313 99.5287
3 0.0000 -95.4313 205.8514
6 1 0.0000 -18.5132 -36.5310
7 0.0000 18.5132 -17.1572
7 2 0.0000 -120.0345 -236.8573
8 0.0000 120.0345 -111.2427
8 3 0.0000 170.8714 337.1709
9 0.0000 -170.8714 158.3561

SUPPORT REACTIONS
1 8.1736 46.4782 0.0000
2 52.9955 348.4833 0.0000
3 -75.4401 265.0385 0.0000
4 10.3396 0.0000 -10.7835
5 67.0390 0.0000 -69.9174
6 -95.4313 0.0000 99.5287
7 -18.5132 0.0000 -17.1572
8 -120.0345 0.0000 -111.2427
9 170.8714 0.0000 158.3561

SUB-FRAME - 2 TO 10 BAYS DATE: 10/04/13
DEFLECTN SCALE 1 CM = 0.01250 LOADING KEY 1 2 3 4
7 8 9
6 7 8
Y
1 X 1 2 2 3
3 4 5
4 5 6
MOMENT Z SCALE 1 CM = 250.00 LOADING KEY 1 2 3 4
7 8 9
6 7 8
Y
1 X 1 2 2 3
3 4 5
4 5 6
FORCE Y SCALE 1 CM = 100.00 LOADING KEY 1 2 3 4
7 8 9
6 7 8
Y
1 X 1 2 2 3
3 4 5
4 5 6
Loadings and foundations Made by: IFB
Snow loading Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Roof and snow loading
Snow loading on roof structures to BS6399-3:1988 (Inc amend't 3)
Basic snow load Sb=0.5 kN/m2

Site altitude is less than 100 m above mean sea level.
Site snow load So=Sb=0.5 kN/m2
Symmetrical pitched Roof
Symmetrical pitched roof

where the angle of pitch

is > 15

For symmetrical roofs with
Roof section pitches > 15 two load types
are to be considered
Ridge
____ |
CASE 1: Uniform load over
u1 whole roof

loading
diagram
Ridge
____ |
u1a one half of roof
only
loading
diagram
The value of the snow load shape coefficient u1 is dependent upon

the angle of pitch of the roof measured from the horizontal. This
coefficient u1 is considered to be constant across the whole roof
in load case 1 and in load case 2 the coefficient u1a is considered to
act on one half of the roof.
Load case 1 - Uniform load across whole roof
Angle of pitch of the roof alpha=16 degrees

Snow load shape coefficient u1=0.8
Based on the uniform snow loading to BS6399-3:1988 Clause 7.2.3.2
Uniform snow load on roof Sd=u1*So=0.8*0.5=0.4 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Load case 2 - Uniform load over half the roof only
Snow load shape coefficient u1a=0.8+(0.4*(alpha-15)/15)

=0.8+(0.4*(16-15)/15)
=0.82667
Based on the asymmetric snow loading to BS6399-3:1988 Clause 7.2.3.3
Snow load on one side only Sd1=u1a*So=0.82667*0.5=0.41333 kN/m2
Snow load on other side Sd2=0 kN/m2
Minimum imposed roof loading
Access is to be provided to the roof and allowance should be made

for an imposed load equal to or greater than that which produces
the worst load effect from one of the following:
1. The uniform snow loading of 0.4 kN/m2 on the whole roof or

0.41333 kN/m2 on one side only as appropriate; or
2. The redistributed snow load; or
3. A uniformly distributed load of 1.5 kN/m2 measured on plan; or
4. A concentrated load of 1.8 kN
Office: 1007
Snow loading
Location:
NOTE: For roofs of more than two spans b3 is the largest stretch
of roof away from the taller ridge.
b3 h=height from valley

b1b2 to the line joining
ls1 ls2 the two ridges

.
.

ho1 ho2

SNOW DRIFTING IN
hl1 MULTI-BAY FRAME
VALLEY

Snow drift profile extends as a sloping line between the ridges.
Height h is the depth of snow at the valley line.
Frame 1 half span length b1=10 m
Max ridge to outer eaves length b3=50 m
Frame 1 Valley to ridge height ho1=2.5 m

u15 Loading diagram to
Figure 5 of BS6399

Difference in height of ridges

hrdiff=ho2-ho1=3.2-2.5=0.7 m
Frame 1 drift ls1=b1=10 mlength
Overall drift length
ls3=ls1+ls2=10+20=30 m
Depth of snow at valley
h=ho1+(hrdiff*(ls1/ls3))
=2.5+(0.7*(10/30))
=2.7333 m
Snow load parameters h2so=2*h/So=2*2.7333/0.5
=10.933
lnadd=2*b3/(ls1+ls2)=2*50/(10+20)
=3.3333
Since h2so > 5 ( 10.933 > 5 ) and lnadd <= 5 ( 3.3333 <= 5)
the snow load coefficient is u15=+lnadd=3.3333
Valley snow load Sdv=u15*So=3.3333*0.5=1.6667 kN/m2
Drifted snow loads may be treated as 'exceptional' load cases
with no other snow loads occurring elsewhere on the roof.
The loading should decrease linearly to zero over the length of the
drift. Parallel to the obstruction the loading should be uniform.
No701
Office: 1007
Location: Roof and snow loading
Snow loading on roof structures to BS EN 1991-1-3:2003
Ground snow load at 100m a.m.s.l Sb=0.5 kN/m2

Site altitude is less than 100 m above mean sea level.
Characteristic ground snow load Sk=0.5 kN/m2
For UK designs the following exposure and thermal coefficient values
as per Clauses NA.2.15 and NA.2.16 in the NA to BS EN 1991-1-3:2003
will be adopted for all topographies and all roofing materials:
Exposure coefficient Ce=1.0
Thermal coefficient Ct=1.0
Symmetrical pitched Roof
Two load types will be

considered. The pitch

angle is > 15

Roof section
Ridge
___ |
u1 whole roof

loading
diagram
Ridge
___ |
u1a half the roof only

loading
diagram
The value of the snow load shape coefficient u1 is dependent upon

the angle of pitch of the roof measured from the horizontal. This
coefficient u1 is considered to be constant across the whole roof
in load case 1 and in load case 2 the coefficient u1a is considered
to act over half the roof only.
Office: 1007
Undrifted load case 1 - Uniform load across whole roof
Based on load coefficients from Table 5.2 of BS EN 1991-1-3:2003.

Angle of roof pitch alpha=16 degrees
Snow load shape coefficient u1=0.8
Snow load on roof S=u1*Ce*Ct*Sk=0.8*1*1*0.5
=0.4 kN/m2
Drifted load case 2 - Uniform load over half the roof only
Based on load coefficients from Table NA.1 of NA to BS EN 1991-1-3:2003

Snow load shape coefficient u1a=0.8+(0.4*(alpha-15)/15)
=0.8+(0.4*(16-15)/15)
=0.82667
Roof snow load (one side only) S1=u1a*Ce*Ct*Sk=0.82667*1*1*0.5
=0.41333 kN/m2
Roof snow load (other side) S2=0 kN/m2
Minimum imposed roof loading
Access is to be provided to the roof and allowance should be made

for an imposed load equal to or greater than that which produces
the worst load effect from one of the following:
1. The uniform snow loading of 0.4 kN/m2 on the whole roof or

0.41333 kN/m2 on one side only as appropriate; or
2. The redistributed snow load; or
3. A uniformly distributed load of 1.5 kN/m2 measured on plan; or
4. A concentrated load of 2 kN
Office: 1007
Snow loading based on Annex B of BS EN 1991-1-3:2003
Location:
NOTE: For roofs of more than two spans b3 is the largest stretch
of roof away from the taller ridge.
b3 h=height from valley

b1b2 to the line joining
ls1 ls2 the two ridges

.
.

ho1 ho2

SNOW DRIFTING IN
hl1 MULTI-BAY FRAME
VALLEY

Snow drift profile extends as a sloping line between the ridges.
Height h is the depth of snow at the valley line.
Max ridge to outer eaves length b3=50 m

u15 Loading diagram
as per Annex B

Difference in height of ridges

hrdiff=ho2-ho1=3.2-2.5=0.7 m
Overall drift length
ls3=ls1+ls2=10+20=30 m
Depth of snow at valley
h=ho1+(hrdiff*(ls1/ls3))
=2.5+(0.7*(10/30))
=2.7333 m
Snow load parameters h2so=2*h/Sk=2*2.7333/0.5
=10.933
lnadd=2*b3/(ls1+ls2)=2*50/(10+20)
=3.3333
Since h2so > 5 ( 10.933 > 5 ) and lnadd <= 5 ( 3.3333 <= 5) then
Snow load coefficient u15=+lnadd=3.3333
Valley snow load Sv=u15*Ce*Ct*Sk=3.3333*1*1*0.5
=1.6667 kN/m2
Drifted Snow Loads may be treated as 'exceptional' load cases
with no other snow loads occurring elsewhere on the roof.
The loading should decrease linearly to zero over the length of the
drift. Parallel to the obstruction, the loading should be uniform.
No701
Wind loads to BS6399-2:1997 Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Wind loads
Wind load assessment based on BS6399-2:1997 (June 2002)
BS6399-2:1997 (June 02) offers two methods of assessing the wind

load onto a structure. The method adopted in this program is the
"standard method" to section 2.0 of this Code of Practice. To assess
if BS6399-2 (Amendment June 02) is applicable it is necessary to
determine the "Dynamic augmentation factor" which determines if the
chosen structure is "dynamic".
Dynamic augmentation factor
Chosen site is the Town; built up areas not less than 0.1 km upwind
of the site with an average level of roof tops at least Ho=5 m
above ground level. The site is assumed to be 2 km inside town
terrain.
Displacement heights
6Ho
Wind

Profile of 2Ho
displacement height
He
Hr
---------------- ------------..__
Ho 0.8Ho ~~--..__
Hd ~~--..__
~~
Ho=Mean height Xo
of other buildings
Building reference Height Hr=13.77 m

Average height of buildings
upwind of site Ho=6.5 m
Upwind spacing of Building Xo=20 m
Displacement height Hdw0=3.8 m
Displacement height Hdw90=3.8 m
Wind angle Theta = 0 degrees
Effective Height Case 1 He1w0=Hr-Hdw0=13.77-3.8=9.97 m
Effective Height Case 2 He2=0.4*Hr=0.4*13.77=5.508 m
Maximum Effective Height Hew0=9.97 m
Wind angle Theta = 90 degrees
Effective Height Case 1 He1w90=Hr-Hdw90=13.77-3.8
=9.97 m
Effective Height Case 2 He2=0.4*Hr=0.4*13.77=5.508 m
Maximum Effective Height Hew90=9.97 m
Building type factor Kb=2
Chosen building type is a portal shed or similar light structure with
few internal walls.
Building height H=13.77 m
Dimensionless constant Cho=0.1 m
Logarithm of height factor lh=LOG(H/Cho)/LOG(10)
=LOG(13.77/0.1)/LOG(10)
=2.139
Office: 1007
Dynamic Augmentation Factor Cr=(Kb*(H/Cho)^0.75)/800/lh
=(2*(13.77/0.1)^0.75)/800/2.139
=0.047
Since Dynamic Augmentation Factor Cr is less than or equal to 0.25
then this structure is not dynamic.
Standard wind loads
Basic wind speed Vb=21 m/sec

Structure is not located at the crest of a hill or escarpment and the
topography is not significant.
Site altitude above mean sea level deltaS=25 m
Altitude factor (long face) Saw0=1+0.001*deltaS=1+0.001*25
=1.025
Altitude factor (short face) Saw90=1+0.001*deltaS=1+0.001*25
=1.025
Wind acting on long face of building (i.e. angle Theta = 0 degrees)
Direction factor Sdw0=1
Wind acting on short face of building (i.e. angle Theta = 90 degrees)
Direction factor Sdw90=0.73
The structure is permanent or exposed to the wind for a continuous
period of more than 6 months.
Seasonal factor Ss=1.0
The basic wind speed has an annual risk of being exceeded of Q=0.02
Probability factor Sp=1
Town terrain with the closest distance to the sea being 2.5 Km
Wind acting on long face of building (i.e. angle Theta = 0 degrees)
From Table 4 Terrain & building factor Sbw0=1.726
Site wind speed @ height He Vsw0=Vb*Saw0*Sdw0*Ss*Sp=21*1.025*1*1*1
=21.52 m/sec
Effective wind speed Vew0=Vsw0*Sbw0=21.52*1.726=37.15 m/sec
Dynamic pressure at height He qsw0=0.613*Vew0^2/1000
=0.613*37.15^2/1000
=0.8461 kN/m2
Wind acting on short face of building (i.e. angle Theta =90 degrees)
From Table 4 Terrain & building factor Sbw90=1.726
Site wind speed @ height He Vsw90=Vb*Saw90*Sdw90*Ss*Sp
=21*1.025*0.73*1*1
=15.71 m/sec
Effective wind speed Vew90=Vsw90*Sbw90=15.71*1.726
=27.12 m/sec
Dynamic pressure at height He qsw90=0.613*Vew90^2/1000
=0.613*27.12^2/1000
=0.4509 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Effective height (long face ) Hew0 9.97 m
Effective height (short face) Hew90 9.97 m
DESIGN Altitude factor (long face) Saw0 1.025
Altitude factor (short face) Saw90 1.025
SUMMARY Direction factor (long face ) Sdw0 1
Direction factor (short face) Sdw90 0.73
Seasonal factor Ss 1
Probability factor Sp 1
Dynamic wind pressure (long face) qsw0 0.8461 kN/m2
Dynamic wind pressure (short face) qsw90 0.4509 kN/m2
Dynamic pressure & pressure coeffs on walls of rectangular buildings
Greater horiz dimens of building L=60 m

Lesser horiz dimens of building W=20 m
Height of wall including parapet Hr=13.77 m
Wind acting on long face of building
Dynamic pressure based on height above ground 9.97 m
Design wind speed @ eaves Vsew0=21.52 m/sec
Dynamic pressure @ eaves qew0=0.8461 kN/m2
Wind acting on short face of building
Dynamic pressure based on height above ground 9.97 m
Design wind speed @ eaves Vsew90=15.71 m/sec
Dynamic pressure @ eaves qew90=0.4509 kN/m2
Wall size effect factor (=0) CaLW1=1

Wall size effect factor (=90) CaLW2=1
Case 1: Wind on long face of building (i.e. angle Theta = 0 degrees)
W=D

Inwind Depth D=20 m
Wind Cross wind width B=60 m
L=B

PLAN VIEW
Span Ratio Spratio=D/Hr=20/13.77=1.452

Since B>=2*Hr ( 60 >=27.54 ) then Scaling length b=27.54 m
20 m

5.508 m
Wind Key zones for wall
pressure data
Zones
Scaling width > D
A B H=13.77 m 27.54 m > 20 m

ELEVATION ON SIDE FACE
Office: 1007
Pressure coefficients on Vertical walls from table 5

Windward (front) face CpeLW1=0.8123
Leeward (rear) face CpeLW2=-0.5
Isolated Zone A side face CpeLW3=-1.3
Isolated Zone B side face CpeLW4=-0.8
External surface pressure on walls
Windward (front) face PeLW1=qew0*CpeLW1*CaLW1

=0.8461*0.8123*1
=0.6873 kN/m2
Leeward (rear) face PeLW2=qew0*CpeLW2*CaLW1=0.8461*-0.5*1
=-0.4231 kN/m2
Isolated Zone A side face PeLW3=qew0*CpeLW3*CaLW2=0.8461*-1.3*1
=-1.1 kN/m2
Isolated Zone B side face PeLW4=qew0*CpeLW4*CaLW2=0.8461*-0.8*1
=-0.6769 kN/m2
Case 2: Wind on short face of building (i.e. angle Theta = 90 degrees)
L=D

Inwind Depth D=60 m
Wind Cross wind width B=20 m
W=B

PLAN VIEW
Span Ratio Spratio=D/Hr=60/13.77=4.357

Since span ratio is greater than or equal to 4 Spratio=4
Since B<2*Hr ( 20 < 27.54 ) then Scaling length b=20 m
60 m

20 m
4 m
Zones pressure data
A B C H=13.77 m

Pressure coefficients on Vertical walls from table 5

Windward (front) face CpeSW1=0.6
Leeward (rear) face CpeSW2=-0.5
Isolated Zone A side face CpeSW3=-1.3
Isolated Zone B side face CpeSW4=-0.8
Isolated Zone C side face CpeSW5=-0.5
Office: 1007
Windward (front) face PeSW1=qew90*CpeSW1*CaLW2=0.4509*0.6*1

=0.2705 kN/m2
Leeward (rear) face PeSW2=qew90*CpeSW2*CaLW2
=0.4509*-0.5*1
=-0.2255 kN/m2
Isolated Zone A side face PeSW3=qew90*CpeSW3*CaLW1
=0.4509*-1.3*1
=-0.5862 kN/m2
Isolated Zone B side face PeSW4=qew90*CpeSW4*CaLW1
=0.4509*-0.8*1
=-0.3607 kN/m2
Isolated Zone C side face PeSW5=qew90*CpeSW5*CaLW1
=0.4509*-0.5*1
=-0.2255 kN/m2
Internal pressure coefficients
Structure is an enclosed building having 2 opposite walls equally

permeable and the other faces impermeable.
Internal pressure coefficient 1 Cpi(1)=0.2

Internal pressure coefficient 2 Cpi(2)=-0.3
Size effect factor for internal wall CaInt=1
Internal surface pressure
Walls
Internal surface pressure 1 Pi1ww0=qew0*Cpi(1)*CaInt=0.8461*0.2*1
=0.1692 kN/m2
Internal surface pressure 1 Pi1ww90=qew90*Cpi(1)*CaInt
=0.4509*0.2*1
=0.0902 kN/m2
=0.8461*-0.3*1
=-0.2538 kN/m2
=0.4509*-0.3*1
=-0.1353 kN/m2
Roof
Internal surface pressure 1 PiW1w0=qsw0*Cpi(1)*CaInt=0.8461*0.2*1
=0.1692 kN/m2
Internal surface pressure 1 PiW1w90=qsw90*Cpi(1)*CaInt
=0.4509*0.2*1
=0.0902 kN/m2
Office: 1007
=0.8461*-0.3*1
=-0.2538 kN/m2
=0.4509*-0.3*1
=-0.1353 kN/m2
Wall net pressure Cpi=0.2 Wind on long face of building
Windward (front) face N1LW1=PeLW1-Pi1ww0=0.6873-0.1692

=0.5181 kN/m2
Leeward (rear) face N1LW2=PeLW2-Pi1ww0=-0.4231-0.1692
=-0.5923 kN/m2
Isolated Zone A side face N1LW3=PeLW3-Pi1ww0=-1.1-0.1692
=-1.269 kN/m2
Isolated Zone B side face N1LW4=PeLW4-Pi1ww0=-0.6769-0.1692
=-0.8461 kN/m2
Wall net pressure Cpi=0.2 Wind on short face of building
Windward (front) face N1SW1=PeSW1-Pi1ww90=0.2705-0.0902

=0.1804 kN/m2
Leeward (rear) face N1SW2=PeSW2-Pi1ww90=-0.2255-0.0902
=-0.3156 kN/m2
Isolated Zone A side face N1SW3=PeSW3-Pi1ww90=-0.5862-0.0902
=-0.6764 kN/m2
Isolated Zone B side face N1SW4=PeSW4-Pi1ww90=-0.3607-0.0902
=-0.4509 kN/m2
Isolated Zone C side face N1SW5=PeSW5-Pi1ww90=-0.2255-0.0902
=-0.3156 kN/m2
Wall net pressure Cpi=-0.3 Wind on long face of building
Windward (front) face N2LW1=PeLW1-Pi2ww0=0.6873--0.2538

=0.9411 kN/m2
Leeward (rear) face N2LW2=PeLW2-Pi2ww0=-0.4231--0.2538
=-0.1692 kN/m2
Isolated Zone A side face N2LW3=PeLW3-Pi2ww0=-1.1--0.2538
=-0.8461 kN/m2
Isolated Zone B side face N2LW4=PeLW4-Pi2ww0=-0.6769--0.2538
=-0.4231 kN/m2
Wall net pressure Cpi=-0.3 Wind on short face of building
Windward (front) face N2SW1=PeSW1-Pi2ww90=0.2705--0.1353

=0.4058 kN/m2
Leeward (rear) face N2SW2=PeSW2-Pi2ww90=-0.2255--0.1353
=-0.0902 kN/m2
Isolated Zone A side face N2SW3=PeSW3-Pi2ww90=-0.5862--0.1353
=-0.4509 kN/m2
Isolated Zone B side face N2SW4=PeSW4-Pi2ww90=-0.3607--0.1353
=-0.2255 kN/m2
Isolated Zone C side face N2SW5=PeSW5-Pi2ww90=-0.2255--0.1353
=-0.0902 kN/m2
Office: 1007
External pressure coefficients Cpe for duopitch roofs of rectangular
clad buildings to Table 10 of BS6399-2:1997 (June 02)
Case 1: Wind angle Theta = 0 degrees
L

G
Wind
Hr=H E F E bL/10

C PLAN

A B A bL/10
SECTION
bL/2 bL/2

Wind
Roof slope to horizontal Dalpha=30 degrees

Since L >= 2Hr ( 60 >=27.54 ) scaling length bL=27.54 m
Zones A & E Length=13.77 m
Zones A,B,E & F width =2.754 m
External pressure Coeff for zone A= CpeR01=-0.5
External pressure Coeff for zone B= CpeR02=-0.5
External pressure Coeff for zone C= CpeR03=-0.2
External pressure Coeff for zone E= CpeR05=-0.9
External pressure Coeff for zone F= CpeR06=-0.5
External pressure Coeff for zone G= CpeR07=-0.5
External (+ve) pressure Coeff for zone A= CpeR08=0.8

External (+ve) pressure Coeff for zone B= CpeR09=0.5
External (+ve) pressure Coeff for zone C= CpeR10=0.4
External (+ve) pressure Coeff for zone E= CpeR11=-0.9
External (+ve) pressure Coeff for zone F= CpeR12=-0.5
External (+ve) pressure Coeff for zone G= CpeR13=-0.5
Case 2: Wind angle Theta = 90 degrees

bW/10
L

= A
Wind Wind C D
Hr=H = B

= B
C D
= A

SIDE ELEVATION bW/2
Since W < 2Hr ( 20 < 27.54 ) scaling length bW=20 m

Zones A & B length =2 m
Zone C length =8 m
Office: 1007

External pressure Coeff for zone D= CpeR94=-0.5
Roof size effect factor (=0) CaR0=1

Roof size effect factor (=90) CaR90=1
External surface pressure on roof Wind at 0 degrees (long face)
Roof zone A PeRA0=qsw0*CpeR01*CaR0=0.8461*-0.5*1

=-0.4231 kN/m2
Roof zone B PeRB0=qsw0*CpeR02*CaR0=0.8461*-0.5*1
=-0.4231 kN/m2
Roof zone C PeRC0=qsw0*CpeR03*CaR0=0.8461*-0.2*1
=-0.1692 kN/m2
Roof zone E PeRE0=qsw0*CpeR05*CaR0=0.8461*-0.9*1
=-0.7615 kN/m2
Roof zone F PeRF0=qsw0*CpeR06*CaR0=0.8461*-0.5*1
=-0.4231 kN/m2
Roof zone G PeRG0=qsw0*CpeR07*CaR0=0.8461*-0.5*1
=-0.4231 kN/m2
Roof zone A (+VE VALUE) PRAA0=qsw0*CpeR08*CaR0=0.8461*0.8*1
=0.6769 kN/m2
Roof zone B (+VE VALUE) PRAB0=qsw0*CpeR09*CaR0=0.8461*0.5*1
=0.4231 kN/m2
Roof zone C (+VE VALUE) PRAC0=qsw0*CpeR10*CaR0=0.8461*0.4*1
=0.3384 kN/m2
Roof zone E (+VE VALUE) PRAE0=qsw0*CpeR11*CaR0=0.8461*-0.9*1
=-0.7615 kN/m2
Roof zone F (+VE VALUE) PRAF0=qsw0*CpeR12*CaR0=0.8461*-0.5*1
=-0.4231 kN/m2
Roof zone G (+VE VALUE) PRAG0=qsw0*CpeR13*CaR0=0.8461*-0.5*1
=-0.4231 kN/m2
Roof net pressure Cpi=0.2 Wind at 0 degrees (long face)
Roof zone A N1RA0=PeRA0-PiW1w0=-0.4231-0.1692

=-0.5923 kN/m2
Roof zone B N1RB0=PeRB0-PiW1w0=-0.4231-0.1692
=-0.5923 kN/m2
Roof zone C N1RC0=PeRC0-PiW1w0=-0.1692-0.1692
=-0.3384 kN/m2
Roof zone E N1RE0=PeRE0-PiW1w0=-0.7615-0.1692
=-0.9307 kN/m2
Roof zone F N1RF0=PeRF0-PiW1w0=-0.4231-0.1692
=-0.5923 kN/m2
Roof zone G N1RG0=PeRG0-PiW1w0=-0.4231-0.1692
=-0.5923 kN/m2
Roof zone A (+Ve Value) N1RAA0=PRAA0-PiW1w0=0.6769-0.1692
=0.5077 kN/m2
Roof zone B (+Ve Value) N1RAB0=PRAB0-PiW1w0=0.4231-0.1692
=0.2538 kN/m2
Roof zone C (+Ve Value) N1RAC0=PRAC0-PiW1w0=0.3384-0.1692
=0.1692 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Roof zone E (+Ve Value) N1RAE0=PRAE0-PiW1w0=-0.7615-0.1692
=-0.9307 kN/m2
Roof zone F (+Ve Value) N1RAF0=PRAF0-PiW1w0=-0.4231-0.1692
=-0.5923 kN/m2
Roof zone G (+Ve Value) N1RAG0=PRAG0-PiW1w0=-0.4231-0.1692
=-0.5923 kN/m2
External surface pressure on roof Wind at 90 degrees (short face)
Roof zone A PeRA9=qsw90*CpeR91*CaR90

=0.4509*-1.2*1
=-0.5411 kN/m2
Roof zone B PeRB9=qsw90*CpeR92*CaR90
=0.4509*-1.1*1
=-0.496 kN/m2
Roof zone C PeRC9=qsw90*CpeR93*CaR90
=0.4509*-0.6*1
=-0.2705 kN/m2
Roof zone D PeRD9=qsw90*CpeR94*CaR90
=0.4509*-0.5*1
=-0.2254 kN/m2
Roof net pressure Cpi=0.2 Wind at 90 degrees (short face)

=-0.6313 kN/m2
=-0.5862 kN/m2
=-0.3607 kN/m2
Roof zone D N1RD9=PeRD9-PiW1w90=-0.2254-0.0902
=-0.3156 kN/m2
Roof net pressure Cpi=-0.3 Wind at 0 degrees (long face)
Roof zone A N2RA0=PeRA0-PiW2w0=-0.4231--0.2538

=-0.1692 kN/m2
Roof zone B N2RB0=PeRB0-PiW2w0=-0.4231--0.2538
=-0.1692 kN/m2
Roof zone C N2RC0=PeRC0-PiW2w0=-0.1692--0.2538
=0.0846 kN/m2
Roof zone E N2RE0=PeRE0-PiW2w0=-0.7615--0.2538
=-0.5077 kN/m2
Roof zone F N2RF0=PeRF0-PiW2w0=-0.4231--0.2538
=-0.1692 kN/m2
Roof zone G N2RG0=PeRG0-PiW2w0=-0.4231--0.2538
=-0.1692 kN/m2
Roof zone A (+Ve Value) N2RAA0=PRAA0-PiW2w0=0.6769--0.2538
=0.9307 kN/m2
Roof zone B (+Ve Value) N2RAB0=PRAB0-PiW2w0=0.4231--0.2538
=0.6769 kN/m2
Roof zone C (+Ve Value) N2RAC0=PRAC0-PiW2w0=0.3384--0.2538
=0.5923 kN/m2
Roof zone E (+Ve Value) N2RAE0=PRAE0-PiW2w0=-0.7615--0.2538
=-0.5077 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Roof zone F (+Ve Value) N2RAF0=PRAF0-PiW2w0=-0.4231--0.2538
=-0.1692 kN/m2
Roof zone G (+Ve Value) N2RAG0=PRAG0-PiW2w0=-0.4231--0.2538
=-0.1692 kN/m2
Roof net pressure Cpi=-0.3 Wind at 90 degrees (short face)

=-0.4058 kN/m2
=-0.3607 kN/m2
=-0.1353 kN/m2
Roof zone D N2RD9=PeRD9-PiW2w90=-0.2254--0.1353
=-0.0902 kN/m2
No702
Wind loads to Eurocode 1 Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Wind loads
Wind load assessment based on BS EN 1991-1-4:2005
This program utilises the simplified procedure for determining the peak
velocity pressure for all buildings where orography is not significant
and for buildings 50m tall where orography is significant. Where the
building height > 50m and where orography is significant the procedure
given in Annex A of the NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 will be adopted.
The building dynamic factor Cd from the NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005,

Figure NA.9 will be taken in the calculations to be equal to 1.
Chosen site is the Town; area with regular cover of vegetation or

buildings or with isolated obstacles with separations of maximum
20 obstacle heights (such as villages, suburban terrain, permanent
forest) or area in which at least 15% of the surface is covered with
buildings and their average height exceeds 15m.
Obstruction height and upwind spacing
6Hav
Wind direction

2Hav
z=0
He
Hr
----------------- ------------..__
Hav ~~--..__
Hd ~~--..__
~~
Hav=Obstruction height Xo
of other buildings
Building reference Height Hr=13.77 m

Obstruction height of
buildings upwind of site Hav=6.5 m
Upwind spacing of Building Xo=20 m
Displacement height (wind =0) Hd(0)=3.8 m
Displacement height (wind =90) Hd(90)=3.8 m
Effective Height (wind =0) He(0)=9.97 m
Effective Height (wind =90) He(90)=9.97 m
Building height H=13.77 m
Standard wind loads
Basic wind velocity (Fig. NA.1) Vbmap=21.5 m/sec

Structure is not located at the crest of a hill or escarpment and the
orography is not significant.
Altitude above mean sea level Asite=25 m
Altitude factor (long face) Ca(0)=1+0.001*Asite=1+0.001*25
=1.025
Altitude factor (short face) Ca(90)=1+0.001*Asite=1+0.001*25
=1.025
Office: 1007
Directional factor (wind =0) Cdi(0)=1
Directional factor (wind =90) Cdi(90)=0.73
The structure is permanent or exposed to the wind for a continuous
period of more than 6 months.
Seasonal factor Cseason=1.0
Distance upwind to shoreline Dis(0)=2.5 Km
Distance inside town terrain Dit(0)=2.5 Km
Distance upwind to shoreline Dis(90)=2.5 Km
Distance inside town terrain Dit(90)=2.5 Km
Probability factor Cp=1
Town terrain with the closest distance to the sea being 2.5 Km
Wind acting on long face of building (i.e. angle = 0)
Basic wind velocity Vb(0)=Cdi(0)*Cseason*Cp*Ca(0)*Vbmap
=1*1*1*1.025*21.5
=22.04 m/sec
Basic velocity pressure qb(0)=0.613*(Vb(0))^2/1000
=0.613*(22.04)^2/1000
=0.2977 kN/m2
Exposure factor (Fig. NA.7) Cez(0)=LookUp=2.622

Correction factor (Fig. NA.8) Cet(0)=LookUp=0.8616
Peak velocity pressure qp(0)=Cez(0)*Cet(0)*qb(0)
=2.622*0.8616*0.2977
=0.6726 kN/m2
Wind acting on short face of building (i.e. angle = 90)
Basic wind velocity Vb(90)=Cdi(90)*Cseason*Cp*Ca(90)*Vbmap
=0.73*1*1*1.025*21.5
=16.09 m/sec
Basic velocity pressure qb(90)=0.613*(Vb(90))^2/1000
=0.613*(16.09)^2/1000
=0.1586 kN/m2
Exposure factor (Fig. NA.7) Cez(90)=LookUp=2.622

Correction factor (Fig. NA.8) Cet(90)=LookUp=0.8616
Peak velocity pressure qp(90)=Cez(90)*Cet(90)*qb(90)
=2.622*0.8616*0.1586
=0.3584 kN/m2
Effective height (long face ) He(0) 9.97 m

Effective height (short face) He(90) 9.97 m
DESIGN Altitude factor (long face) Ca(0) 1.025
Altitude factor (short face) Ca(90) 1.025
SUMMARY Direction factor (long face ) Cdi(0) 1
Direction factor (short face) Cdi(90) 0.73
Seasonal factor Cseason 1
Probability factor Cp 1
Long face peak velocity pressure qp(0) 0.6726 kN/m2
Short face peak velocity pressure qp(90) 0.3584 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Peak velocity pressure & pressure coefficients
on walls of rectangular buildings
Greater horiz dimens of building L=60 m

Lesser horiz dimens of building W=20 m
Height of wall including parapet Hr=13.77 m
Wind acting on long face of building (wind =0)
Peak velocity pressure based on height above ground 9.97 m
Basic wind velocity @ eaves Vbe(0)=22.04 m/sec
Peak velocity pressure @ eaves qpe(0)=0.6726 kN/m2
Wind acting on short face of building (wind =90)
Peak velocity pressure based on height above ground 9.97 m
Basic wind velocity @ eaves Vbe(90)=16.09 m/sec
Peak velocity pressure @ eaves qpe(90)=0.3584 kN/m2
Size factor (=0) Cs(0)=0.78

Structural factor (=0) CsCd0=1
Size factor (=90) Cs(90)=0.8367
Case 1: Wind on long face of building (i.e. angle = 0)
d

Inwind Depth d=20 m
Wind Crosswind width b=60 m
b

PLAN VIEW
Hr/d ratio Hrdrat=0.6885

Since b>=2*Hr ( 60 >=27.54 ) then Scaling length e=27.54 m
20 m

5.508 m
pressure data.
Zones
Scaling width > d
A B H=13.77 m 27.54 m > 20 m

Pressure coefficients on Vertical walls, Table 7.1 in BS EN 1991-1-4.

Windward (front) face CpeLW1=0.7585
Office: 1007
Leeward (rear) face CpeLW2=-0.4169
Isolated Zone A side face CpeLW3=-1.2
Isolated Zone B side face CpeLW4=-0.8
Windward (front) face PeLW1=qpe(0)*CpeLW1*CsCd0

=0.6726*0.7585*1
=0.5102 kN/m2
Leeward (rear) face PeLW2=qpe(0)*CpeLW2*CsCd0
=0.6726*-0.4169*1
=-0.2804 kN/m2
Isolated Zone A side face PeLW3=qpe(0)*CpeLW3*CsCd90
=0.6726*-1.2*1
=-0.8071 kN/m2
Isolated Zone B side face PeLW4=qpe(0)*CpeLW4*CsCd90
=0.6726*-0.8*1
=-0.5381 kN/m2
Case 2: Wind on short face of building (i.e. angle = 90)
d

Inwind Depth d=60 m
Wind Crosswind width b=20 m
b

PLAN VIEW
Hr/d ratio Hrdrat=0.2295

Since b<2*Hr ( 20 < 27.54 ) then Scaling length e=20 m
60 m

20 m
4 m
Zones pressure data
A B C H=13.77 m

Pressure coefficients on Vertical walls, Table 7.1 in BS EN 1991-1-4.

Windward (front) face CpeSW1=0.7
Leeward (rear) face CpeSW2=-0.3
Isolated Zone A side face CpeSW3=-1.2
Isolated Zone B side face CpeSW4=-0.8
Isolated Zone C side face CpeSW5=-0.5
Office: 1007
Windward (front) face PeSW1=qpe(90)*CpeSW1*CsCd90

=0.3584*0.7*1
=0.2509 kN/m2
Leeward (rear) face PeSW2=qpe(90)*CpeSW2*CsCd90
=0.3584*-0.3*1
=-0.1075 kN/m2
Isolated Zone A side face PeSW3=qpe(90)*CpeSW3*CsCd0
=0.3584*-1.2*1
=-0.4301 kN/m2
Isolated Zone B side face PeSW4=qpe(90)*CpeSW4*CsCd0
=0.3584*-0.8*1
=-0.2867 kN/m2
Isolated Zone C side face PeSW5=qpe(90)*CpeSW5*CsCd0
=0.3584*-0.5*1
=-0.1792 kN/m2
Internal pressure coefficients - no dominant openings present
Structure is an enclosed building having 2 opposite walls equally

permeable and the other faces impermeable.
Internal pressure coefficient 1 Cpi(1)=0.2

Internal pressure coefficient 2 Cpi(2)=-0.3
Internal surface pressure
Walls:
Internal surface pressure 1 Pi1ww0=qpe(0)*Cpi(1)=0.6726*0.2
=0.1345 kN/m2
Internal surface pressure 1 Pi1ww90=qpe(90)*Cpi(1)=0.3584*0.2
=0.0717 kN/m2
Internal surface pressure 2 Pi2ww0=qpe(0)*Cpi(2)=0.6726*-0.3
=-0.2018 kN/m2
Internal surface pressure 2 Pi2ww90=qpe(90)*Cpi(2)=0.3584*-0.3
=-0.1075 kN/m2
Roof:
Internal surface pressure 1 PiW1w0=qp(0)*Cpi(1)=0.6726*0.2
=0.1345 kN/m2
Internal surface pressure 1 PiW1w90=qp(90)*Cpi(1)=0.3584*0.2
=0.0717 kN/m2
Internal surface pressure 2 PiW2w0=qp(0)*Cpi(2)=0.6726*-0.3
=-0.2018 kN/m2
Internal surface pressure 2 PiW2w90=qp(90)*Cpi(2)=0.3584*-0.3
=-0.1075 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Wall net pressure Cpi=0.2 Wind on long face of building
Windward (front) face N1LW1=PeLW1-Pi1ww0=0.5102-0.1345

=0.3756 kN/m2
Leeward (rear) face N1LW2=PeLW2-Pi1ww0=-0.2804-0.1345
=-0.4149 kN/m2
Isolated Zone A side face N1LW3=PeLW3-Pi1ww0=-0.8071-0.1345
=-0.9416 kN/m2
Isolated Zone B side face N1LW4=PeLW4-Pi1ww0=-0.5381-0.1345
=-0.6726 kN/m2
Wall net pressure Cpi=0.2 Wind on short face of building
Windward (front) face N1SW1=PeSW1-Pi1ww90=0.2509-0.0717

=0.1792 kN/m2
Leeward (rear) face N1SW2=PeSW2-Pi1ww90=-0.1075-0.0717
=-0.1792 kN/m2
Isolated Zone A side face N1SW3=PeSW3-Pi1ww90=-0.4301-0.0717
=-0.5018 kN/m2
Isolated Zone B side face N1SW4=PeSW4-Pi1ww90=-0.2867-0.0717
=-0.3584 kN/m2
Isolated Zone C side face N1SW5=PeSW5-Pi1ww90=-0.1792-0.0717
=-0.2509 kN/m2
Wall net pressure Cpi=-0.3 Wind on long face of building
Windward (front) face N2LW1=PeLW1-Pi2ww0=0.5102--0.2018

=0.7119 kN/m2
Leeward (rear) face N2LW2=PeLW2-Pi2ww0=-0.2804--0.2018
=-0.0786 kN/m2
Isolated Zone A side face N2LW3=PeLW3-Pi2ww0=-0.8071--0.2018
=-0.6053 kN/m2
Isolated Zone B side face N2LW4=PeLW4-Pi2ww0=-0.5381--0.2018
=-0.3363 kN/m2
Wall net pressure Cpi=-0.3 Wind on short face of building
Windward (front) face N2SW1=PeSW1-Pi2ww90=0.2509--0.1075

=0.3584 kN/m2
Leeward (rear) face N2SW2=PeSW2-Pi2ww90=-0.1075--0.1075
=0 kN/m2
Isolated Zone A side face N2SW3=PeSW3-Pi2ww90=-0.4301--0.1075
=-0.3226 kN/m2
Isolated Zone B side face N2SW4=PeSW4-Pi2ww90=-0.2867--0.1075
=-0.1792 kN/m2
Isolated Zone C side face N2SW5=PeSW5-Pi2ww90=-0.1792--0.1075
=-0.0717 kN/m2
Office: 1007
External pressure coefficients Cpe for duopitch roofs of rectangular
clad buildings based on the advisory note in NA to BS EN 1991-1-4:2005
The external pressure coefficients in BS6399-2 will be used to maintain

the current levels of safety and economy of construction i.e. Table 10
in BS 6399-2:1997 will be used in the following calculations.
Case 1: Wind angle = 0
b

G
Wind
Hr=H E F E bL/10

C PLAN

A B A bL/10
SECTION
bL/2 bL/2

Wind
Roof slope to horizontal Dalpha=30 degrees

Since b < 2Hr ( 20 < 27.54 ) scaling length bL=20 m
Zones A & E Length=10 m
Zones A,B,E & F width =2 m
External pressure Coeff for zone E= CpeR05=-0.9
External pressure Coeff for zone F= CpeR06=-0.5
External pressure Coeff for zone G= CpeR07=-0.5
External (+ve) pressure Coeff for zone A= CpeR08=0.8

External (+ve) pressure Coeff for zone B= CpeR09=0.5
External (+ve) pressure Coeff for zone C= CpeR10=0.4
External (+ve) pressure Coeff for zone E= CpeR11=-0.9
External (+ve) pressure Coeff for zone F= CpeR12=-0.5
External (+ve) pressure Coeff for zone G= CpeR13=-0.5
Case 2: Wind angle = 90

bW/10
d

EQ A
Wind C D
Hr=H Wind EQ B
b
EQ B
C D
EQ A

SIDE ELEVATION bW/2
Office: 1007
Since b < 2Hr ( 20 < 27.54 ) scaling length bW=20 m
Zones A & B length =2 m
Zone C length =8 m

External pressure Coeff for zone D= CpeR94=-0.5

External surface pressure on roof Wind =0 (long face)
Roof zone A PeRA0=qp(0)*CpeR01*CsCd0

=0.6726*-0.5*1
=-0.3363 kN/m2
Roof zone B PeRB0=qp(0)*CpeR02*CsCd0
=0.6726*-0.5*1
=-0.3363 kN/m2
Roof zone C PeRC0=qp(0)*CpeR03*CsCd0
=0.6726*-0.2*1
=-0.1345 kN/m2
Roof zone E PeRE0=qp(0)*CpeR05*CsCd0
=0.6726*-0.9*1
=-0.6053 kN/m2
Roof zone F PeRF0=qp(0)*CpeR06*CsCd0
=0.6726*-0.5*1
=-0.3363 kN/m2
Roof zone G PeRG0=qp(0)*CpeR07*CsCd0
=0.6726*-0.5*1
=-0.3363 kN/m2
Roof zone A (+VE VALUE) PRAA0=qp(0)*CpeR08*CsCd0=0.6726*0.8*1
=0.538 kN/m2
Roof zone B (+VE VALUE) PRAB0=qp(0)*CpeR09*CsCd0=0.6726*0.5*1
=0.3363 kN/m2
Roof zone C (+VE VALUE) PRAC0=qp(0)*CpeR10*CsCd0=0.6726*0.4*1
=0.269 kN/m2
Roof zone E (+VE VALUE) PRAE0=qp(0)*CpeR11*CsCd0
=0.6726*-0.9*1
=-0.6053 kN/m2
Roof zone F (+VE VALUE) PRAF0=qp(0)*CpeR12*CsCd0
=0.6726*-0.5*1
=-0.3363 kN/m2
Roof zone G (+VE VALUE) PRAG0=qp(0)*CpeR13*CsCd0
=0.6726*-0.5*1
=-0.3363 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Roof net pressure Cpi=0.2 Wind =0 (long face)

=-0.4708 kN/m2
=-0.4708 kN/m2
=-0.269 kN/m2
Roof zone E N1RE0=PeRE0-PiW1w0=-0.6053-0.1345
=-0.7398 kN/m2
Roof zone F N1RF0=PeRF0-PiW1w0=-0.3363-0.1345
=-0.4708 kN/m2
Roof zone G N1RG0=PeRG0-PiW1w0=-0.3363-0.1345
=-0.4708 kN/m2
Roof zone A (+Ve Value) N1RAA0=PRAA0-PiW1w0=0.538-0.1345
=0.4035 kN/m2
Roof zone B (+Ve Value) N1RAB0=PRAB0-PiW1w0=0.3363-0.1345
=0.2018 kN/m2
Roof zone C (+Ve Value) N1RAC0=PRAC0-PiW1w0=0.269-0.1345
=0.1345 kN/m2
Roof zone E (+Ve Value) N1RAE0=PRAE0-PiW1w0=-0.6053-0.1345
=-0.7398 kN/m2
Roof zone F (+Ve Value) N1RAF0=PRAF0-PiW1w0=-0.3363-0.1345
=-0.4708 kN/m2
Roof zone G (+Ve Value) N1RAG0=PRAG0-PiW1w0=-0.3363-0.1345
=-0.4708 kN/m2
External surface pressure on roof Wind =90 (short face)
Roof zone A PeRA9=qp(90)*CpeR91*CsCd90

=0.3584*-1.2*1
=-0.4301 kN/m2
Roof zone B PeRB9=qp(90)*CpeR92*CsCd90
=0.3584*-1.1*1
=-0.3942 kN/m2
Roof zone C PeRC9=qp(90)*CpeR93*CsCd90
=0.3584*-0.6*1
=-0.215 kN/m2
Roof zone D PeRD9=qp(90)*CpeR94*CsCd90
=0.3584*-0.5*1
=-0.1792 kN/m2
Roof net pressure Cpi=0.2 Wind =90 (short face)

=-0.5018 kN/m2
=-0.4659 kN/m2
=-0.2867 kN/m2
Roof zone D N1RD9=PeRD9-PiW1w90=-0.1792-0.0717
=-0.2509 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Roof net pressure Cpi=-0.3 Wind =0 (long face)

=-0.1345 kN/m2
=-0.1345 kN/m2
=0.0673 kN/m2
Roof zone E N2RE0=PeRE0-PiW2w0=-0.6053--0.2018
=-0.4035 kN/m2
Roof zone F N2RF0=PeRF0-PiW2w0=-0.3363--0.2018
=-0.1345 kN/m2
Roof zone G N2RG0=PeRG0-PiW2w0=-0.3363--0.2018
=-0.1345 kN/m2
Roof zone A (+Ve Value) N2RAA0=PRAA0-PiW2w0=0.538--0.2018
=0.7398 kN/m2
Roof zone B (+Ve Value) N2RAB0=PRAB0-PiW2w0=0.3363--0.2018
=0.538 kN/m2
Roof zone C (+Ve Value) N2RAC0=PRAC0-PiW2w0=0.269--0.2018
=0.4708 kN/m2
Roof zone E (+Ve Value) N2RAE0=PRAE0-PiW2w0=-0.6053--0.2018
=-0.4035 kN/m2
Roof zone F (+Ve Value) N2RAF0=PRAF0-PiW2w0=-0.3363--0.2018
=-0.1345 kN/m2
Roof zone G (+Ve Value) N2RAG0=PRAG0-PiW2w0=-0.3363--0.2018
=-0.1345 kN/m2
Roof net pressure Cpi=-0.3 Wind =90 (short face)

=-0.3226 kN/m2
=-0.2867 kN/m2
=-0.1075 kN/m2
Roof zone D N2RD9=PeRD9-PiW2w90=-0.1792--0.1075
=-0.0717 kN/m2
No702
Loading on strip footing Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Footing for south elevation
Eaves level
Loads are computed for unit length of wall and footing. Traditional
masonry construction with a pitched roof is assumed.
Roof area carried by 1 m of wall a(3)=4 m2

Dead load of pitched roof Ff(3)=1.5 kN/m2 on plan
Dead load attic floor DL(3)=0.7 kN/m2
Edge load (upstand etc) E(3)=0.5 kN/m run
Live load excluded from reductions LE(3)=2 kN/m2
Live load not so excluded LL(3)=3 kN/m2 on plan
Floor level 2
Floor area carried by 1 m of wall a(2)=4 m2

Floor finishes Ff(2)=0.2 kN/m2
Dead load of floor DL(2)=1 kN/m2
Loading from external wall E(2)=10.8 kN/m run
Live load not so excluded LL(2)=5 kN/m2
Floor level 1
Floor area carried by 1 m of wall a(1)=4 m2

Dead load of floor DL(1)=1 kN/m2
Loading from external wall E(1)=10.8 kN/m run
Wall loading table
Loads from floors shown at floor levels, load at top of wall shown
between floors. Reduced imposed loads contain reduction factors given
in Table 2 of BS6399, but note that IStructE Green Book advises that
these reduction factors should not be taken advantage of in the
initial design except when assessing the load on the foundation.
Characteristic loads Factored loads
Roof Dead Live Reduced Dead Live Reduced
level (kN) (kN) live (kN) (kN) live
9.3 20 13.02 32

9.3 20 20 13.02 32 32
Level 2
15.6 28 21.84 44.8

24.9 48 44.8 34.86 76.8 71.68
Level 1
15.6 28 21.84 44.8

40.5 76 65.6 56.7 121.6 104.96
No710
Column & foundation loads Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Column reference: Grid reference A1 & all other internal columns
Roof level
Roof area carried by column a(3)=24 m2

Roof finishes Ff(3)=2.2 kN/m2
Ceiling & service load beneath Cs(3)=0.5 kN/m2
Dead load of roof DL(3)=7.2 kN/m2
Parapet load E(3)=8.5 kN/m run
Length of parapet carried L(3)=6 m
Additional dead load incl column DLa(3)=0 kN
Floor level 2
Floor area carried by column a(2)=24 m2

Ceiling & service load Cs(2)=0.5 kN/m2
Dead load of floor DL(2)=6.6 kN/m2
Loading from external envelope E(2)=10.8 kN/m run
Length of envelope carried L(2)=6 m
Additional dead load incl column DLa(2)=7.8 kN
Floor level 1
Floor area carried by column a(1)=24 m2

Ceiling & service load Cs(1)=0.5 kN/m2
Dead load of floor DL(1)=6.6 kN/m2
Loading from external envelope E(1)=10.8 kN/m run
Length of envelope carried L(1)=6 m
Additional dead load incl column DLa(1)=7.8 kN
Column & foundation loads Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Column loading table
Loads from floors shown at floor levels, column loads shown between.
Reduced imposed loads contain reduction factors given in Table 2 of
BS6399, but note that IStructE Green Book advises that these reduction
factors should not be taken advantage of in the initial design except
when assessing the load on the foundation.
Characteristic loads Factored loads
Dead Imposed Reduced Dead Imposed Reduced
Roof level (kN) (kN) imposed (kN) (kN) imposed
288.6 120 404.04 192

288.6 120 120 404.04 192 192
Level 2
286.2 168 400.68 268.8

574.8 288 268.8 804.72 460.8 430.08
Level 1
286.2 168 400.68 268.8

861 456 393.6 1205.4 729.6 629.76
No711
Eurocode load combinations Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Example 1 Three span beam using EC0 expression 6.10
The ultimate limit state (ULS) and serviceability limit state (SLS) load
combinations will be considered by the program using the "single source
principle" for permanent actions, as this is applicable for STR limit
state verifications. The principle states that permanent actions from
one source are assigned the same value of partial factor in any one
load combination. The single source principle does not apply for EQU
limit state verifications.
Partial safety factors ULS
Permanent actions (unfavourable) gamG=1.35

Permanent actions (favourable) gamG=1.0
Variable actions factor gamQ=1.5
ULS load combinations using EC0 expression 6.10
A B C D

Comb Span AB Span BC Span CD
1 1.35Gk 1.35Gk+1.5Qk 1.35Gk
2 1.0Gk+1.5Qk 1.0Gk 1.0Gk+1.5Qk
3 1.35Gk+1.5Qk 1.35Gk 1.35Gk+1.5Qk
4 1.0Gk 1.0Gk+1.5Qk 1.0Gk
5 1.35Gk+1.5Qk 1.35Gk+1.5Qk 1.35Gk
6 1.35Gk 1.35Gk+1.5Qk 1.35Gk+1.5Qk
7 1.35Gk+1.5Qk 1.35Gk+1.5Qk 1.35Gk+1.5Qk
SLS load combinations using EC0 expression 6.10
8 1.0Gk 1.0Gk+1.0Qk 1.0Gk
9 1.0Gk+1.0Qk 1.0Gk 1.0Gk+1.0Qk

Eurocode load combinations Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Characteristic loads on beam
Char permanent load on span AB Gk1=25 kN/m

Char permanent load on span BC Gk2=25 kN/m
Char permanent load on span CD Gk3=25 kN/m
Char variable load on span AB Qk1=10 kN/m
Char variable load on span BC Qk2=10 kN/m
Char variable load on span CD Qk3=10 kN/m
ULS load combination values
Comb Load on span AB Load on span BC Load on span CD

(kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m)
1 33.75 48.75 33.75
2 40 25 40
3 48.75 33.75 48.75
4 25 40 25
5 48.75 48.75 33.75
6 33.75 48.75 48.75
7 48.75 48.75 48.75
SLS load combination values
8 25 35 25
9 35 25 35
No726
Pilecap for 4 piles - bending theory Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Typical pilecap

Bottom layer of main steel is assumed to run in X-direction.
Pilecap for four piles

__ __
/ \ / \ Designed using bending
| | | | theory in accordance
\ _:_ / \ _:_ / with BS8110.

: : Pile cap assumed square
ly AY cy| (i.e. lx=ly) with main
: : reinforcement arranged
__ cx __ in bands parallel to
/ \ / \ the principal axes and
| | | | symmetrical about pile
\ _:_ / \ _:_ / centres.
AX

YXlx
Total ultimate load on column N=5600 kN
Column dimension cx cx=500 mm
Column dimension cy cy=500 mm
Nominal pile diameter PileD=450 mm
Spc.of pile ctrs in X-direction AX=1350 mm
Overhang: pile face to cap edge olap=150 mm
Length of pile cap lx=2100 mm
Spc.of pile ctrs in Y-direction AY=1350 mm
Breadth of pile cap ly=2100 mm
As pile spacing does not exceed 3, shear stress can be enhanced along
entire breadth of critical planes for shearing (see Clause 3.11.4.4b):
For direct shear For punching shear
Effective breadth (mm) Effective breadth (mm)
In X-direction: 2100 1080
In Y-direction: 2100 1080
Concrete grade fcu=35 N/mm 2
Steel strength fy=500 N/mm2

High-yield reinforcement
Ultimate bond stress (3.12.8.4) fbu=0.50*SQR(fcu)=0.50*SQR(35)
=2.958 N/mm2
Cover to underside of main bars Cover=150 mm
Side and top cover to main bars Scvr=75 mm
Since 0.8(fcu) does not exceed 5 N/mm2,
maximum shear stress in concrete Vmax=0.8*SQR(fcu)=0.8*SQR(35)
=4.7329 N/mm2
Chosen depth of pilecap h=900 mm
Corresponding effective depth EffD=h-Cover-20=900-150-20
=730 mm
Design of main steel in X-direction
Total moment Mx=N/2*(AX-cx)/2*10^3

=5600/2*(1350-500)/2*10^3
=1.19E9 Nmm
Office: 1007
Resistance-moment factor Kx=Mx/(ly*EffDX^2*fcu)
=1.19E9/(2100*730^2*35)
=0.030382
Lever-arm factor zx'=(0.5+SQR(0.25-Kx/0.9))
=(0.5+SQR(0.25-0.030382/0.9))
=0.96502
but must not exceed zx'=0.95
Lever arm zx=zx'*EffDX=0.95*730=693.5 mm
Area of main steel required AreaTX=Mx/(zx*fy/gammaS)
=1.19E9/(693.5*500/1.15)
=3946.6 mm2
Main steel diameter diaX=16 mm
Main steel spacing SpcX=100 mm
Number of bars required NumBrX=1+INT((ly-2*Scvr-diaX)/SpcX)
=1+INT((2100-2*75-16)/100)
=20
Steel area provided AProvX=PI/4*diaX*diaX*NumBrX
=3.1416/4*16*16*20
=4021.2 mm2
Actual stress in steel fbt=fy/gammaS*AreaTX/AProvX
=500/1.15*3946.6/4021.2
=426.72 N/mm2
Value of ab for bearing calcs = side cover + half bar size, i.e. 83 mm
Min.bend radius for full stress Radx=PI*diaX*fbt*(1+2*diaX/abX)/8/fcu
=3.1416*16*426.72*(1+2*16/83)/8/35
=106.14 mm
Length to start of bend LenBX=(lx-AX+0.6*PileD)/2-Radx-Scvr
=(2100-1350+0.6*450)/2-106.14-75
=328.86 mm
Stress transferred before bend br=LenBX*fbu*4/diaX=328.86*2.958*4/16
=243.2 N/mm2
Stress in bar at start of bend fbr=fbt-br=426.72-243.2=183.52 N/mm2
Minimum bend radius (3.12.8.25) Radx=PI*diaX*fbr*(1+2*diaX/abX)/8/fcu
=3.1416*16*183.52*(1+2*16/83)/8/35
=45.648 mm
Rounding up radius Radx=5*INT(Radx/5+1)
=5*INT(45.648/5+1)
=50 mm
Bond length required (3.12.8.3) ABondR=5*(1+INT(fbt*diaX/(4*fbu)/5))
=5*(1+INT(426.72*16/(4*2.958)
/5))
=580 mm
Minimum bond length (=eff.depth) ABondM=EffDX=730 mm
Bond length provided ABondR=ABondM=730 mm
Since four times the internal radius of the bend exceeds 12,
Eff.anchorage length of bend EffALX=12*diaX=12*16=192 mm
Actual anchorage length of bend ActALX=Radx*PI/2+4*diaX
=50*3.1416/2+4*16
=142.54 mm
Since Effective anchorage length exceeds Actual anchorage length (see
Clause 3.12.8.23(b)), use EffALX (i.e. 192. mm)
At pilecap ends, main bars must turn through 90 to an internal radius
of 50 mm and then extend to within 545 mm of top of pilecap.
Office: 1007
Design of main steel in Y-direction
Total moment My=N/2*(AY-cy)/2*10^3

=5600/2*(1350-500)/2*10^3
=1.19E9 Nmm
Resistance-moment factor Ky=My/(lx*EffDY^2*fcu)
=1.19E9/(2100*714^2*35)
=0.031759
Lever-arm factor zy'=(0.5+SQR(0.25-Ky/0.9))
=(0.5+SQR(0.25-0.031759/0.9))
=0.96337
but must not exceed zy'=0.95
Lever arm zy=zy'*EffDY=0.95*714=678.3 mm
Area of main steel required AreaTY=My/(zy*fy/gammaS)
=1.19E9/(678.3*500/1.15)
=4035.1 mm2
Main steel diameter diaY=12 mm
Main steel spacing SpcY=55 mm
Number of bars required NumBrY=1+INT((lx-2*Scvr-diaY)/SpcY)
=1+INT((2100-2*75-12)/55)
=36
Steel area provided AProvY=PI/4*diaY*diaY*NumBrY
=3.1416/4*12*12*36
=4071.5 mm2
Actual stress in steel fbt=fy/gammaS*AreaTY/AProvY
=500/1.15*4035.1/4071.5
=430.89 N/mm2
Value of ab for bearing calcs = bar spacing, i.e. 55 mm
Min.bend radius for full stress Rady=PI*diaY*fbt*(1+2*diaY/abY)/8/fcu
=3.1416*12*430.89*(1+2*12/55)/8/35
=83.331 mm
Length to start of bend LenBY=(ly-AY+0.6*PileD)/2-Rady-Scvr
=(2100-1350+0.6*450)/2-83.331-75
=351.67 mm
Stress transferred before bend br=LenBY*fbu*4/diaY=351.67*2.958*4/12
=346.75 N/mm2
Stress in bar at start of bend fbr=fbt-br=430.89-346.75
=84.144 N/mm2
Minimum bend radius (3.12.8.25) Rady=PI*diaY*fbr*(1+2*diaY/abY)/8/fcu
=3.1416*12*84.144*(1+2*12/55)/8/35
=16.273 mm
Increase to minimum bend radius Rady=MinRad=24 mm
Bond length required (3.12.8.3) ABondR=5*(1+INT(fbt*diaY/(4*fbu)/5))
=5*(1+INT(430.89*12/(4*2.958)
/5))
=440 mm
Minimum bond length (=eff.depth) ABondM=EffDY=714 mm
Bond length provided ABondR=ABondM=714 mm
Since four times the internal radius of the bend does not exceed 12,
Eff.anchorage length of bend EffALY=4*Rady=4*24=96 mm
Actual anchorage length of bend ActALY=Rady*PI/2+4*diaY
=24*3.1416/2+4*12
=85.699 mm
Since Effective anchorage length exceeds Actual anchorage length (see
Clause 3.12.8.23(b)), use EffALY (i.e. 96. mm)
of 24 mm and then extend to within 500 mm of top of pilecap.
Office: 1007
Distribution steel
Minimum percentage of steel required in top and bottom in

each direction (Table 3.25) 0.13 %
Minimum area required Amin=Pmin1*1000*h=0.0013*1000*900
=1170 mm2/m
Diameter of bar LSize=16 mm
Spacing of bars LSpac=170 mm
Area of dist.steel provided A2=PI*LSize^2*250/LSpac
=3.1416*16^2*250/170
=1182.7 mm2/m
In X-Direction:
In Top: Provide 12 No. 16 mm bars at 170 mm ctrs across base.
In Y-Direction:
In Top: Provide 12 No. 16 mm bars at 170 mm ctrs across base.
The IStructE/ICE 'Manual for the design of reinforced concrete building

structures' recommends that 12 mm horizontal bars, spaced vertically at
not more than 250 mm centres should be provided in the sides of the cap.
Provide two sets of 3 No.12 mm horizontal U-bars at 250 mm centres.
Check shear resistance in X-direction (Cl.3.11.4.4)
Design concrete shear stress taken from formula in Table 3.8.

Effective depth of section EffDX=h-Cover-diaX/2=900-150-16/2
=742 mm
Reinforcement-factor C1=100*AProvX/(ly*EffDX)
=100*4021.2/(2100*742)
=0.25807
Effective-depth-factor C2=(400/EffDX)^0.25=(400/742)^0.25
=0.85687
Concrete-grade-factor C3=fcu/25=35/25=1.4
Design concrete shear stress vc=.79*C1^(1/3)*C2*C3^(1/3)/1.25
=.79*0.25807^(1/3)*0.85687*1.4^(1
/3)/1.25
=0.3857 N/mm2
Distance from col.to crit.plane avX=AX/2-0.3*PileD-cx/2
=1350/2-0.3*450-500/2
=290 mm
Since distance from column face to critical plane as defined in
Clause 3.11.4.3 is less than twice the effective depth,
Shear enhancement factor Sef=2*EffDX/avX=2*742/290
=5.1172
Modified design conc.shear stress VMod=vc*Sef=0.3857*5.1172
=1.9737 N/mm2
Total shear resistance provided VProv=(VMod*CP1Xs+vc*CP2Xs)*EffDX/1E3
=(1.9737*2100+0.3857*0)*742/1E3
=3075.5 kN
Total shear resistance required =2800 kN
Shear resistance in X-direction is satisfactory.
Office: 1007
Check shear resistance in Y-direction (Cl.3.11.4.4)
Design concrete shear stress taken from formula in Table 3.8.

Effective depth of section EffDY=h-Cover-diaX-diaY/2
=900-150-16-12/2
=728 mm
Reinforcement-factor C1=100*AProvY/(lx*EffDY)
=100*4071.5/(2100*728)
=0.26632
Effective-depth-factor C2=(400/EffDY)^0.25=(400/728)^0.25
=0.86096
Concrete-grade-factor C3=fcu/25=35/25=1.4
Design concrete shear stress vc=.79*C1^(1/3)*C2*C3^(1/3)/1.25
=.79*0.26632^(1/3)*0.86096*1.4^(1
/3)/1.25
=0.39163 N/mm2
Distance from col.to crit.plane avY=AY/2-0.3*PileD-cy/2
=1350/2-0.3*450-500/2
=290 mm
Since distance from column face to critical plane as defined in
Clause 3.11.4.3 is less than twice the effective depth,
Shear enhancement factor Sef=2*EffDY/avY=2*728/290
=5.0207
Modified design conc.shear stress VMod=vc*Sef=0.39163*5.0207
=1.9663 N/mm2
Total shear resistance provided VProv=(VMod*CP1Ys+vc*CP2Ys)*EffDY/1E3
=(1.9663*2100+0.39163*0)*728/1E3
=3006 kN
Total shear resistance required =2800 kN
Shear resistance in Y-direction is satisfactory.
Check punching shear at column face (Cl.3.11.4.5)
Column perimeter 2000 mm

Punching-shear resistance prov. VpR1=Vmax*2*(cx*EffDY+cy*EffDX)/1E3
=4.7329*2*(500*728+500*742)/1E3
=6957.3 kN
Punching-shear resistance reqd. =5600 kN
Punching-shear stress on column perimeter is satisfactory.
Since spacing of piles does not exceed 3 times pile diameter, it

is unnecessary to check punching shear along critical perimeter
defined in Clause 3.11.4.5.
MAIN REINFORCEMENT Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2

IN X-DIRECTION: Diameter of bars 16 mm
SUMMARY Spacing 100 mm
Total number of bars 20
Total area required 3946.6 mm2
Total area provided 4021.2 mm2
Shape code=99 ( A=C=205 mm )

( B=1950 mm )
( radius=50 mm )
Volume of steel 9160.4 cm3

Weight of steel 71.909 kg
Office: 1007

IN Y-DIRECTION: Diameter of bars 12 mm
Total area required 4035.1 mm2
Total area provided 4071.5 mm2

( B=1950 mm )

DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2

IN X-DIRECTION:
In top: Number of bars 12
Area required 1170 mm2/m
Area provided 1182.7 mm2/m
Shape code=00 ( A=1950 mm )

IN Y-DIRECTION:
Area provided 1182.7 mm2/m
Shape code=00 ( A=1950 mm )

SIDE BARS SUMMARY Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2


( B=1985 mm )


Total volume of steel 31339 cm3
Total weight of steel 246.01 kg
Approx.self-weight of pile cap 133.36 kN

Approx.total load on each pile 1434 kN
No744
Office: 1007
Location: Typical pilecap
Bottom layer of main steel is assumed to run in X-direction.

__ __ Pilecap for four piles
/ \ / \
| | | | Designed using bending
\ _:_ / \ _:_ / theory to EC2 Part 1-1.

: : Pilecap assumed square
ly AY cy| (i.e. lx=ly) with main
: : reinforcement arranged
__ cx __ in bands parallel to
/ \ / \ the principal axes and
| | | | symmetrical about the
\ _:_ / \ _:_ / pile centres.
AX

YXlx
Total ultimate load on column N=3600 kN

Column dimension cx cx=500 mm
Column dimension cy cy=500 mm
Nominal pile diameter PileD=450 mm
Spacing of pile ctrs in X-dir. AX=1350 mm
Overhang: pile face to cap edge olap=150 mm
Length of pile cap lx=2100 mm
Spacing of pile ctrs in Y-dir. AY=1350 mm
Breadth of pile cap ly=2100 mm
As pile spacing does not exceed 3, shear stress will be enhanced along
entire breadth of critical planes for shearing:
For direct shear
Effective breadth (mm)
In X-direction: 2100
In Y-direction: 2100
Char cube compressive strength fcu=40 N/mm2 (concrete)
All reinforcement in pilecap to be high-yield ribbed bars Grade 500.
Char axial tensile strength fctk=0.7*fctm=0.7*3.0238
=2.25*1*1*2.1167/1.5
=3.175 N/mm2
Cover to underside of main bars Cover=150 mm
Side and top cover to main bars Scvr=75 mm
Chosen depth of pilecap h=1000 mm
Corresponding effective depth EffD=h-Cover-20=1000-150-20
=830 mm
Office: 1007
Design of main steel in X-direction
Total moment Mx=N/2*(AX-cx)/2*10^3

=3600/2*(1350-500)/2*10^3
=765E6 Nmm
=0.597*0.85-0.18*0.85^2-0.209
=0.1684
Factor K=Mx/(ly*EffDX^2*fck)
=765000000/(2100*830^2*32)
=0.0165
Lever arm zx=EffDX/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*K))
=830/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*0.0165))
=817.7 mm
Reduce lever arm to zx=0.95*EffDX=0.95*830=788.5 mm
Min area of main steel required AreaTX=Pmin1*ly*h=0.0015*2100*1000
=3150 mm2
Steel corresponding to minimum allowable proportion only is needed.
Main steel diameter diaX=12 mm
Main steel spacing SpcX=70 mm
Number of bars required NumBrX=1+INT((ly-2*Scvr-diaX)/SpcX)
=1+INT((2100-2*75-12)/70)
=28
Steel area provided AProvX=PI/4*diaX*diaX*NumBrX
=3.142/4*12*12*28
=3167 mm2
Actual stress in steel fbt=fyk/gams*AreaTX/AProvX
=500/1.15*3150/3167
=432.5 N/mm2
Min bend radius for full stress Radx=PI*diaX*fbt*(1+2*diaX/abX)/8/fcu
=3.142*12*432.5*(1+2*12/70)/8/40
=68.42 mm
Length to start of bend LenBX=(lx-AX+0.6*PileD)/2-Radx-Scvr
=(2100-1350+0.6*450)/2-68.42-75
=366.6 mm
Stress transferred before bend br=LenBX*fbd*4/diaX=366.6*3.175*4/12
=388 N/mm2
Stress in bar at start of bend fbr=fbt-br=432.5-388=44.52 N/mm2
Minimum bend radius Radx=PI*diaX*fbr*(1+2*diaX/abX)/8/fcu
=3.142*12*44.52*(1+2*12/70)/8/40
=7.044 mm
Increase to minimum bend radius Radx=MinRad=24 mm
Bond length required ABondR=5*(1+INT(fbt*diaX/(4*fbd)/5))
=5*(1+INT(432.5*12/(4*3.175)/5))
=410 mm
Minimum anchorage length lbmin=10*dia=10*12=120 mm
Take all coefficients (a1 to a5) given in EC2 Table 8.2 as 1.0.
Design anchorage length lbd=410 mm
Standard mandrel diameter mandia=4*dia=4*12=48 mm
Minimum radius of bend rmin=mandia/2=48/2=24 mm
Office: 1007
of 24 mm and then extend beyond the bend at least the standard bar
extension of five bar diameters ( i.e. 60 mm ).
Design of main steel in Y-direction
Total moment My=N/2*(AY-cy)/2*10^3

=3600/2*(1350-500)/2*10^3
=765000000 Nmm
=0.597*0.85-0.18*0.85^2-0.209
=0.1684
Factor K=My/(lx*EffDY^2*fck)
=765000000/(2100*818^2*32)
=0.017
Lever arm zy=EffDY/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*K))
=818/2*(1+SQR(1-3.529*0.017))
=805.5 mm
Reduce lever arm to zy=0.95*EffDY=0.95*818=777.1 mm
Min area of main steel required AreaTY=Pmin1*lx*h=0.0015*2100*1000
=3150 mm2
Steel corresponding to minimum allowable proportion only is needed.
Main steel diameter diaY=12 mm
Main steel spacing SpcY=70 mm
Number of bars required NumBrY=1+INT((lx-2*Scvr-diaY)/SpcY)
=1+INT((2100-2*75-12)/70)
=28
Steel area provided AProvY=PI/4*diaY*diaY*NumBrY
=3.142/4*12*12*28
=3167 mm2
Actual stress in steel fbt=fyk/gams*AreaTY/AProvY
=500/1.15*3150/3167
=432.5 N/mm2
Min bend radius for full stress Rady=PI*diaY*fbt*(1+2*diaY/abY)/8/fcu
=3.142*12*432.5*(1+2*12/70)/8/40
=68.42 mm
Length to start of bend LenBY=(ly-AY+0.6*PileD)/2-Rady-Scvr
=(2100-1350+0.6*450)/2-68.42-75
=366.6 mm
Stress transferred before bend br=LenBY*fbd*4/diaY=366.6*3.175*4/12
=388 N/mm2
Stress in bar at start of bend fbr=fbt-br=432.5-388=44.52 N/mm2
Minimum bend radius Rady=PI*diaY*fbr*(1+2*diaY/abY)/8/fcu
=3.142*12*44.52*(1+2*12/70)/8/40
=7.044 mm
Increase to minimum bend radius Rady=MinRad=24 mm
Bond length required ABondR=5*(1+INT(fbt*diaY/(4*fbd)/5))
=5*(1+INT(432.5*12/(4*3.175)/5))
=410 mm
Minimum anchorage length lbmin=10*dia=10*12=120 mm
Take all coefficients (a1 to a5) given in EC2 Table 8.2 as 1.0.
Office: 1007
Design anchorage length lbd=410 mm
Standard mandrel diameter mandia=4*dia=4*12=48 mm
Minimum radius of bend rmin=mandia/2=48/2=24 mm

of 24 mm and then extend beyond the bend at least the standard bar
extension of five bar diameters ( i.e. 60 mm ).
Distribution steel
Min percentage of steel required in top and bottom in each direction

based on IStructE Manual to EC2 Pmin2=Pmin1*100=0.0015*100
=0.15 %
Minimum area required Amin=Pmin1*1000*h=0.0015*1000*1000
=1500 mm2/m
Distribution steel diameter LSize=12 mm
Spacing of bars LSpac=75 mm
Area of dist.steel provided A2=PI*LSize^2*250/LSpac
=3.142*12^2*250/75
=1508 mm2/m
In X-Direction:
In Top: Provide 26 No. 12 mm bars @ 75 mm ctrs across base.
In Y-Direction:
In Top: Provide 26 No. 12 mm bars @ 75 mm ctrs across base.
The IStructE 'Manual for the design of concrete building structures to

EC2' recommends that fully lapped, circumferential horizontal reinfor-
cement consisting of bars not less than 12 mm in diameter at a spacing
not more than 250 mm, should be provided as side bars to the pilecap.
Provide two sets of 4 No. 12 mm horizontal U-bars @ 250 mm centres.
Check shear resistance in X-direction
Effective depth of section EffDX=h-Cover-diaX/2=1000-150-12/2

=844 mm
Total area of main steel provided Aspr=3167 mm2
Shear force due to ultimate load VEd=N/2=3600/2=1800 kN
Distance from col. to crit. plane avX=AX/2-0.3*PileD-cx/2
=1350/2-0.3*450-500/2
=290 mm
Minimum value for avX avX=0.5*EffDX=0.5*844=422 mm
Shear enhancement beta'=2*EffDX/avX=2*844/422
=4
Effective depth d=EffDX=844 mm
Effective pilecap breadth bw=CP1Xs=2100 mm
=0.2*32*(1-32/250)*2100*844/10^3
=9891 kN
=100*3167/(2100*844)
=0.1787 %
Office: 1007
Factor ks=1+(200/d)^0.5=1+(200/844)^0.5
=1.487
=(0.1787*32)^(1/3)
=1.788
=4*0.12*1.487*1.788*2100*844/1000
=2262 kN
=4*0.035*1.487^1.5*32^0.5
=1.436 N/mm2
=1.436*2100*844/1000
=2545 kN

Check shear resistance in Y-direction
Effective depth of section EffDY=h-Cover-diaX-diaY/2

=1000-150-12-12/2
=832 mm
Total area of main steel provided Aspr=3167 mm2
Shear force due to ultimate load VEd=N/2=3600/2=1800 kN
Distance from col. to crit. plane avY=AY/2-0.3*PileD-cy/2
=1350/2-0.3*450-500/2
=290 mm
Minimum value for avY avY=0.5*EffDY=0.5*832=416 mm
Shear enhancement beta'=2*EffDY/avY=2*832/416
=4
Effective depth d=EffDY=832 mm
Effective pilecap breadth bw=CP1Ys=2100 mm
=0.2*32*(1-32/250)*2100*832/10^3
=9751 kN
=100*3167/(2100*832)
=0.1813 %
Factor ks=1+(200/d)^0.5=1+(200/832)^0.5
=1.49
=(0.1813*32)^(1/3)
=1.797
=4*0.12*1.49*1.797*2100*832/1000
=2246 kN
=4*0.035*1.49^1.5*32^0.5
=1.441 N/mm2
Office: 1007
=1.441*2100*832/1000
=2517 kN

Check punching shear
Check punching shear at column face:

Punching shear force VEd=3600 kN
Eccentricity factor beta=1.0
Column perimeter uo=2*(cx+cy)=2*(500+500)
=2000 mm
Shear stress at column perimeter vEd=beta*VEd*1000/(uo*d)
=1*3600*1000/(2000*832)
=2.163 N/mm2
compute v=0.6*(1-fck/250)=0.6*(1-32/250)
=0.5232
Long term effects coefficient acc=1.0
Design concrete compress strength fcd=acc*fck/gamc=1*32/1.5
=21.33 N/mm2
Maximum punching shear resistance vRdmax=0.5*v*fcd=0.5*0.5232*21.33
=5.581 N/mm2
Shear stress at column perimeter is within the maximum punching shear
resistance, hence satisfactory.
As spacing of piles does not exceed 3 times pile diameter, it is

considered unnecessary to check punching shear along the critical
perimeter.
Bar spacing check
CASE 1: X-direction
As the area of tension steel provided does not exceed 0.5%, the bar
spacing of 70 mm is satisfactory.
CASE 2: Y-direction
As the area of tension steel provided does not exceed 0.5%, the bar
spacing of 70 mm is satisfactory.

IN X-DIRECTION: Diameter of bars 12 mm
Total area required 3150 mm2
Total area provided 3167 mm2
Office: 1007
IN Y-DIRECTION: Diameter of bars 12 mm
Total area required 3150 mm2
Total area provided 3167 mm2
DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2

IN X-DIRECTION:
Area provided 1508 mm2/m
IN Y-DIRECTION:
Area provided 1508 mm2/m
SIDE BARS SUMMARY Characteristic strength 500 N/mm2


No744
Concrete retaining wall Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Example in Chapter 22 of 'Reinforced Concrete Design' by Bray
ds

RC retaining wall to BS8002
vo
Using either Rankine or Coulomb theory,
theta(___ the following assumptions are made:

Surface of rupture is a plane.
P
h Point of resultant pressure P on back of
wall is at one third of the distance up
d from the base of the wall.

AB P acts parallel to the soil surface.
heel toe
Both Rankine and Coulomb give formula for resultant earth pressure on
back of wall as P = Ce.w.h^2/2 where Ce is a pressure coefficient.
Weight/unit vol.of retained soil w=18.8 kN/m3
Depth of soil surcharge ds=0 m
Load above wall supported on stem vo=0 kN/m run
Angle of slope of soil (if any) theta=0 degrees
Internal friction angle of soil phi=30 degrees
Angle of wall-to-soil friction delta=20 degrees
Friction factor on underside base fb=0.4
Density of wall (stem) dt=24 kN/m3
Pressure from retained soil
Cosine of surcharge angle (theta) ct=COS(RAD(theta))=1

Sine of friction angle (phi) sp=SIN(RAD(phi))=0.5
Cosine of friction angle (phi) cp=COS(RAD(phi))=0.86603
Cosine of wall-soil friction () cd=COS(RAD(delta))=0.93969
Sine of (phi + delta) ss1=SIN(RAD(phi)+RAD(delta))
=SIN(RAD(30)+RAD(20))
=0.76604
Sine of (phi - theta) ss2=SIN(RAD(phi)-RAD(theta))
=SIN(RAD(30)-RAD(0))
=0.5
Coulomb theory:
Factor f=cd*(1+SQR(ss1*ss2/(cd*ct)))^2
=0.93969*(1+SQR(0.76604*0.5
/(0.93969*1)))^2
=2.5226
Pressure coefficient Cec=cp^2/f=0.86603^2/2.5226
=0.29731
Rankine theory:
Factor f=SQR(ct^2-cp^2)=SQR(1^2-0.86603^2)
=0.5
Pressure coefficient Cer=ct*(ct-f)/(ct+f)
=1*(1-0.5)/(1+0.5)
=0.33333
Rankine pressure coefficient is chosen.
Office: 1007
Resultant earth force (active) P=Ce*w*h^2/2=0.33333*18.8*4.38^2/2
=60.111 kN/m run
Horiz.component of this force Ph=P*COS(RAD(theta))
=60.111*COS(RAD(0))
=60.111 kN/m run
Vertical component of this force Pv=P*SIN(RAD(theta))
=60.111*SIN(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Pressure coefficient (surcharge) Ca=(1-sp)/(1+sp)=(1-0.5)/(1+0.5)
=0.33333
Resultant earth force (surcharge) Ps=Ca*w*ds*h=0.33333*18.8*0*4.38
=0 kN/m run
Horiz.component of this force Psh=Ps*COS(RAD(theta))=0*COS(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Vertical component of this force Psv=Ps*SIN(RAD(theta))=0*SIN(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Forces and moments on wall
Maximum B.M. at base of stem M=Ph*h/3+Psh*h/2

=60.111*4.38/3+0*4.38/2
=87.762 kNm/m
Maximum S.F. at base of stem S=Ph+Psh=60.111+0=60.111 kN/m
Weight of wall v=h*t*dt=4.38*0.22*24=23.126 kN/m run
Weight of wall plus load over v=v+vo=23.126+0=23.126 kN/m run
Base

M
Soil W
side xx1

db
S
d
A B
heel toe
L
Thickness of base d=0.19 m

Length of base L=3.124 m
Distance from A to centre of stem x=1.86 m
Depth of soil over base at toe db=0 m
Depth of soil for passive resist. dp=1.5 m
For simplicity, the relatively-trivial effects of the self-weight and
location of any key on the pressures, etc beneath the base are ignored.
Distance from stem to front toe x1=L-x=3.124-1.86=1.264 m
Allowable ground pressure p=75 kN/m2
Self-weight of foundation Sw=L*d*dt
=3.124*0.19*24
=14.245 kN/m run
Wt. of soil behind wall (earth) wbe=(h+ds)*(x-t/2)*w
=(4.38+0)*(1.86-0.22/2)*18.8
=144.1 kN/m run
Office: 1007
Wt. of soil behind wall (slope) wbs=w*(x-t/2)^2*TAN(RAD(theta))/2
=18.8*(1.86-0.22/2)^2*TAN(RAD(0))/2
=0 kN/m run
Total weight of soil behind wall wb=wbe+wbs=144.1+0=144.1 kN/m run
Weight of soil at front of wall wf=db*(x1-t/2)*w
=0*(1.264-0.22/2)*18.8
=0 kN/m run
Total earth pressure (active) Pab=Ce*ct*w*(h+d)^2/2
=0.33333*1*18.8*(4.38+0.19)^2/2
=65.439 kN/m run
Horiz.component of this force Pabh=Pab*COS(RAD(theta))
=65.439*COS(RAD(0))
=65.439 kN/m run
Vertical component of this force Pabv=Pab*SIN(RAD(theta))
=65.439*SIN(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Total earth pressure (surcharge) Psb=Ca*w*ds*(h+d)
=0.33333*18.8*0*(4.38+0.19)
=0 kN/m run
Horiz.component of this force Psbh=Psb*COS(RAD(theta))
=0*COS(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Vertical component of this force Psbv=Psb*SIN(RAD(theta))
=0*SIN(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Total load on soil beneath base T=v+Sw+wb+wf+Pabv+Psbv
=23.126+14.245+144.1+0+0+0
=181.47 kN/m run
Overturning moment due
to earth pressure Mt=Pabh*(h+d)/3+Psbh*(h+d)/2
=65.439*(4.38+0.19)/3+0*(4.38
+0.19)/2
=99.686 kNm/m run
Force u/s base (earth pressure) St=Pabh+Psbh=65.439+0=65.439 kN/m run
Clockwise moments about A due to
weight of soil behind wall Mcb=(3*wbe+2*wbs)*(x-t/2)/6
=(3*144.1+2*0)*(1.86-0.22/2)/6
=126.09 kNm/m
vert.component of earth pressure Mcbv=(Pabv+Psbv)*(x-t/2)
=(0+0)*(1.86-0.22/2)
=0 kNm/m
Total clockwise moments about A:
Mc=v*x+Mt+Sw*L/2+Mcb+Mcbv+wf*(L-(x1-t/2)/2)
=23.126*1.86+99.686+14.245*3.124/2+126.09+0+0
*(3.124-(1.264-0.22/2)/2)
=291.04 kNm/m
Distance to centroid of load y=Mc/T=291.04/181.47=1.6038 m
Office: 1007
e T
y

A B
heel toe
Eccentricity e=y-L/2=1.6038-3.124/2=0.041767 m
Centroid of load lies within middle third. Pressure varies from
pa at A to pb at B.
A B
pa _ pb
_
_
Base area modulus z=1*L^2/6

=1*3.124^2/6
=1.6266 cu.m per metre run
Pressure at A pa=T/(L*1)-T*e/z
=181.47/(3.124*1)-181.47*0.041767
/1.6266
=53.43 kN/m2
Pressure at B pb=T/(L*1)+T*e/z
=181.47/(3.124*1)+181.47*0.041767
/1.6266
=62.75 kN/m2
Maximum pressure is at B pmax=pb=62.75 kN/m2
As pmax does not exceed p ( 62.75 kN/m2 75 kN/m2 ),
pressure beneath base is within specified limit.
Shear forces and bending moments on base
Pressure under back of wall pwa=pa+(pb-pa)*(x-t/2)/L

=53.43+(62.75-53.43)*(1.86-0.22
/2)/3.124
=58.651 kN/m2
Pressure under front of wall pwb=pa+(pb-pa)*(x+t/2)/L
=53.43+(62.75-53.43)*(1.86+0.22
/2)/3.124
=59.307 kN/m2
Downward S.F. on heel Sad=dt*d*(x-t/2)+wb
=24*0.19*(1.86-0.22/2)+144.1
=152.08 kN/m
Upward S.F. on heel Sau=(pa+pwa)*(x-t/2)/2
=(53.43+58.651)*(1.86-0.22/2)/2
=98.071 kN/m
Downward B.M. on toe Mbd=(dt*d*(x1-t/2)+wf)*(x1-t/2)/2
=(24*0.19*(1.264-0.22/2)+0)
*(1.264-0.22/2)/2
=3.0363 kNm/m
Downward B.M. on heel Mad=(3*wbe+4*wbs+3*dt*d*(x-t/2))*(x-t/2)/6
=(3*144.1+4*0+3*24*0.19*(1.86-0.22/2))
*(1.86-0.22/2)/6
=133.07 kNm/m
Office: 1007
Total S.F. on toe (plus is up) Swb=((pwb+pb)/2-dt*d)*(x1-t/2)-wf
=((59.307+62.75)/2-24*0.19)
*(1.264-0.22/2)-0
=65.165 kN/m
Total S.F. on heel (plus is up) Swa=Sau-Sad=98.071-152.08
=-54.011 kN/m
Total B.M. on toe (plus is up) Mwb=(2*pb+pwb)*(x1-t/2)^2/6-Mbd
=(2*62.75+59.307)*(1.264-0.22
/2)^2/6-3.0363
=37.982 kNm/m
Total B.M. on heel (plus is up) Mwa=(2*pa+pwa)*(x-t/2)^2/6-Mad
=(2*53.43+58.651)*(1.86-0.22/2)^2
/6-133.07
=-48.592 kNm/m
Resistance to sliding
Frictional resistance F=fb*T=0.4*181.47=72.59 kN/m run

Rankine coeff.of passive pressure Kp=(TAN(RAD(45)+RAD(phi/2)))^2
=(TAN(RAD(45)+RAD(30/2)))^2
=3
Passive resistance R=0.5*Kp*w*dp^2=0.5*3*18.8*1.5^2
=63.45 kN/m
FoS sliding (frict.resist.only) FOSF=F/St=72.59/65.439=1.1093
FoS sliding (friction/cohesion + passive) FOSF2=(F+R)/St
=(72.59+63.45)/65.439
=2.0789
Resistance to overturning
Rotation assumed to occur about lowest forward edge of base (i.e. toe).
Restraining moments:
Due to soil behind wall Mre=wbe*(L-(x-t/2)/2)+wbs*(L-(x-t/2)
/3)
=144.1*(3.124-(1.86-0.22/2)/2)+0
*(3.124-(1.86-0.22/2)/3)
=324.09 kNm/m
Due to base,wall and soil on toe Mrw=v*x1+Sw*L/2+wf*(x1-t/2)/2
=23.126*1.264+14.245*3.124/2+0
*(1.264-0.22/2)/2
=51.483 kNm/m
Due to vert.comp.of earth pres. Mrv=(Pabv+Psbv)*(x1+t/2)
=(0+0)*(1.264+0.22/2)
=0 kNm/m
Total restraining mt.(with Mrv) Mr1=Mre+Mrw+Mrv=324.09+51.483+0

=375.57 kNm/m
ditto (without Mrv) Mr2=Mre+Mrw=324.09+51.483
=375.57 kNm/m
Total overturning moment Mot=Mt=99.686 kNm/m
Safety factors against overturning:
Including vert.comp.of pressure FOSOT1=Mr1/Mot=375.57/99.686
=3.7675
Ignoring vert.comp.of pressure FOSOT2=Mr2/Mot=375.57/99.686
=3.7675
Office: 1007
Design Summary

theta(___ Moment at base of stem 87.762 kNm
Shear at base of stem 60.111 kN
Moment at c-c (toe) 37.982 kNm
Shear at c-c (toe) 65.165 kN
Moment at c-c (heel) -48.592 kNm
soil Shear at c-c (heel) -54.011 kN
side
FoS for Overturning
(1) With vertical 3.7675
component of earth
C pressure considered
(2) Ignoring vertical 3.7675
component of earth
AB pressure
heel C toe
FoS for Sliding
(1) Friction only 1.1093
(2) Friction+passive 2.0789
Pressure at A 53.43 kN/m2

Pressure at B 62.75 kN/m2
Allowable GBP 75 kN/m2
No750
Office: 1007
Location: RC retaining wall
ds

Reinforced concrete retaining wall to EC7
vo
theta( Using either Rankine or Coulomb theory,
the following assumptions are made:

The surface of rupture is assumed to
P be plane
h Point of resultant pressure P on back
of wall is at one third of the distance
d up from the base of the wall
P acts parallel to the soil surface.
AB
heel toe
Both Rankine and Coulomb give formula for resultant earth pressure on
back of wall as P = Ka.w.h^2/2 where Ka is a pressure coefficient
for the retained material.
Weight/unit vol.of retained soil w=18.8 kN/m3
Depth of soil surcharge ds=0 m
Load above wall supported on stem vo=0 kN/m run
Angle of slope of soil (if any) theta=0 degrees
Angle of shearing resistance '1 phi'1=30 degrees (backfill)
Angle of shearing resistance '2 phi'2=30 degrees (sub-base)
Design value of '1 (backfill) phid'1=DEG(ATN(TAN(RAD(phi'1))/1.25))
=DEG(ATN(TAN(RAD(30))/1.25))
=24.791 degrees
Design value of '2 (sub-base) phid'2=24.791 degrees
Angle of wall-to-soil friction delta=0 degrees
Friction factor @ underside base fb=0.46
Base thickness d=0.3 m
Density of wall (stem) den=25 kN/m3
Pressure from retained soil
Cosine of surcharge angle (theta) ct=COS(RAD(theta))=1

Sine of friction angle (phi'1) sp=SIN(RAD(phi'1))=0.5
Cosine of friction angle (phi'1) cp=COS(RAD(phi'1))=0.86603
Cosine of wall-soil friction () cd=COS(RAD(delta))=1
Sine of (phi'1 + delta) ss1=SIN(RAD(phi'1)+RAD(delta))
=SIN(RAD(30)+RAD(0))
=0.5
Sine of (phi'1 - theta) ss2=SIN(RAD(phi'1)-RAD(theta))
=SIN(RAD(30)-RAD(0))
=0.5
Coulomb theory:
Factor f=cd*(1+SQR(ss1*ss2/(cd*ct)))^2
=1*(1+SQR(0.5*0.5/(1*1)))^2
=2.25
Pressure coefficient Cec=cp^2/f=0.86603^2/2.25
=0.33333
Rankine theory:
Office: 1007
Factor f=SQR(ct^2-cp^2)=SQR(1^2-0.86603^2)
=0.5
Pressure coefficient Cer=ct*(ct-f)/(ct+f)
=1*(1-0.5)/(1+0.5)
=0.33333
Coefficient of active pressure Ka=0.33333 (combination 1)
Resultant earth force (active) P=Ka*w*h^2/2=0.33333*18.8*4.38^2/2
=60.111 kN/m run
Horiz. component of this force Ph=P*COS(RAD(theta))
=60.111*COS(RAD(0))
=60.111 kN/m run
Vertical component of this force Pv=P*SIN(RAD(theta))
=60.111*SIN(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Pressure coefficient (surcharge) Ca=(1-sp)/(1+sp)=(1-0.5)/(1+0.5)
=0.33333
Resultant earth force (surcharge) Ps=Ca*w*ds*h=0.33333*18.8*0*4.38
=0 kN/m run
Horiz. component of this force Psh=Ps*COS(RAD(theta))=0*COS(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Vertical component of this force Psv=Ps*SIN(RAD(theta))=0*SIN(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Forces and moments on wall - SLS
The moment will be based on the effective span:

compute M1=Ph*(d/2+h/3)
=60.111*(0.3/2+4.38/3)
=96.778 kNm/m
compute M2=Psh*(d/2+h/2)=0*(0.3/2+4.38/2)
=0 kNm/m
Maximum stem bending moment M=M1+M2=96.778+0=96.778 kNm/m
Horizontal shear at base of stem V=Ph+Psh=60.111+0=60.111 kN/m
Weight of wall plus load over W=h*t*den+vo=4.38*0.3*25+0
=32.85 kN/m run
Check bearing pressures - SLS

M
Soil W
side xx1

db
V
d
AB
heel toe
L
Length of base L=3.124 m

Distance from A to centre of stem x=1.86 m
Thickness of base d=0.3 m
Depth of soil over base at toe db=0 m
Office: 1007
Depth of soil for passive resist. dp=1.5 m
For simplicity, the relatively-trivial effects of the self-weight and
location of any key on the pressures, etc beneath the base are ignored.
Distance from stem to front toe x1=L-x=3.124-1.86=1.264 m
Allowable ground pressure p=75 kN/m2
Self-weight of foundation Sw=L*d*den
=3.124*0.3*25
=23.43 kN/m run
Wt. of soil behind wall (earth) wbe=(h+ds)*(x-t/2)*w
=(4.38+0)*(1.86-0.3/2)*18.8
=140.81 kN/m run
Wt. of soil behind wall (slope) wbs=w*(x-t/2)^2*TAN(RAD(theta))/2
=18.8*(1.86-0.3/2)^2*TAN(RAD(0))/2
=0 kN/m run
Total weight of soil behind wall wb=wbe+wbs=140.81+0=140.81 kN/m run
Weight of soil at front of wall wf=db*(x1-t/2)*w=0*(1.264-0.3/2)*18.8
=0 kN/m run
Total earth pressure (active) Pab=Ka*ct*w*(h+d)^2/2
=0.33333*1*18.8*(4.38+0.3)^2/2
=68.627 kN/m run
Horiz.component of this force Pabh=Pab*COS(RAD(theta))
=68.627*COS(RAD(0))
=68.627 kN/m run
Vertical component of this force Pabv=Pab*SIN(RAD(theta))
=68.627*SIN(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Total earth pressure (surcharge) Psb=Ca*w*ds*(h+d)
=0.33333*18.8*0*(4.38+0.3)
=0 kN/m run
Horiz.component of this force Psbh=Psb*COS(RAD(theta))
=0*COS(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Vertical component of this force Psbv=Psb*SIN(RAD(theta))
=0*SIN(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Total load on soil beneath base T=W+Sw+wb+wf+Pabv+Psbv
=32.85+23.43+140.81+0+0+0
=197.09 kN/m run
to earth pressure Mt=Pabh*(h+d)/3+Psbh*(h+d)/2
=68.627*(4.38+0.3)/3+0*(4.38+0.3)/2
=107.06 kNm/m run
Force u/s base (earth pressure) St=Pabh+Psbh=68.627+0=68.627 kN/m run
weight of soil behind wall Mcb=(3*wbe+2*wbs)*(x-t/2)/6
=(3*140.81+2*0)*(1.86-0.3/2)/6
=120.39 kNm/m
vert. component of earth pressure Mcbv=(Pabv+Psbv)*(x-t/2)
=(0+0)*(1.86-0.3/2)
=0 kNm/m
Mc=W*x+Mt+Sw*L/2+Mcb+Mcbv+wf*(L-(x1-t/2)/2)
=32.85*1.86+107.06+23.43*3.124/2+120.39+0+0
*(3.124-(1.264-0.3/2)/2)
=325.15 kNm/m
Office: 1007
Distance to centroid of load y=Mc/T=325.15/197.09=1.6498 m
e T
y

AB
heel toe
pa at A to pb at B.
AB
pa _
_ pb


=1*3.124^2/6
Pressure at A pa=T/(L*1)-T*e/z
=197.09/(3.124*1)-197.09*0.087756
/1.6266
=52.455 kN/m2
Pressure at B pb=T/(L*1)+T*e/z
=197.09/(3.124*1)+197.09*0.087756
/1.6266
=73.722 kN/m2
Maximum pressure is at B pmax=pb=73.722 kN/m2
As pmax p ( 73.722 kN/m 75 kN/m2 ), the pressure beneath
2
base is within the specified limit.
Partial factors - ULS load combination 1
Partial load factor (backfill) g1=1

Partial load factor (surcharge) g2=0
Partial load factor (wall & base) g3=1.35
Partial load factor (earth press) g4=1.35
Partial load factor (surcharge) g5=1.5
Forces and moments on wall - ULS load combination 1
Stem design moment MEd=g4*M1+g5*M2=1.35*96.778+1.5*0

=130.65 kNm/m
Horizontal shear at base of stem VEd=g4*Ph+g5*Psh=1.35*60.111+1.5*0
=81.149 kN/m
Weight of wall plus load over Ww=g3*(h*t*den+vo)
=1.35*(4.38*0.3*25+0)
=44.348 kN/m run
Office: 1007
Bearing pressures - ULS load combination 1

MEd
Soil W
side xx1

db
VEd
d
AB
heel toe
L
Assume surcharge starts beyond heel (i.e. none directly over heel).
Self-weight of foundation Sw2=g3*L*d*den=1.35*3.124*0.3*25
=31.631 kN/m run
Wt.of soil behind wall (earth) wbe2=(h+g2*ds)*(x-t/2)*w
=(4.38+0*0)*(1.86-0.3/2)*18.8
=140.81 kN/m run
Wt.of soil behind wall (slope) wbs2=w*(x-t/2)^2*TAN(RAD(theta))/2
=18.8*(1.86-0.3/2)^2*TAN(RAD(0))/2
=0 kN/m run
Total weight of soil behind wall wb2=g1*(wbe2+wbs2)=1*(140.81+0)
=140.81 kN/m run
Weight of soil at front of wall wf2=g1*db*(x1-t/2)*w
=1*0*(1.264-0.3/2)*18.8
=0 kN/m run
Total earth pressure (active) Pab2=g4*Ka*ct*w*(h+d)^2/2
=1.35*0.33333*1*18.8*(4.38
+0.3)^2/2
=92.646 kN/m run
Horiz. component of this force Pabh2=Pab2*COS(RAD(theta))
=92.646*COS(RAD(0))
=92.646 kN/m run
Vertical component of this force Pabv2=Pab2*SIN(RAD(theta))
=92.646*SIN(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Total earth pressure (surcharge) Psb2=g5*Ca*w*ds*(h+d)
=1.5*0.33333*18.8*0*(4.38+0.3)
=0 kN/m run
Horiz.component of this force Psbh2=Psb2*COS(RAD(theta))
=0*COS(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Vertical component of this force Psbv2=Psb2*SIN(RAD(theta))
=0*SIN(RAD(0))
=0 kN/m run
Total load on soil beneath base T2=Ww+Sw2+wb2+wf2+Pabv2+Psbv2
=44.348+31.631+140.81+0+0+0
=216.79 kN/m run
to earth pressure Mt2=Pabh2*(h+d)/3+Psbh2*(h+d)/2
=92.646*(4.38+0.3)/3+0*(4.38+0.3)/2
=144.53 kNm/m run
Office: 1007
Force u/s base (earth pressure) St2=Pabh2+Psbh2=92.646+0
=92.646 kN/m run
weight of soil behind wall Mcb2=(3*wbe2+2*wbs2)*(x-t/2)/6
=(3*140.81+2*0)*(1.86-0.3/2)/6
=120.39 kNm/m
vert. component of earth pressure Mcbv2=(Pabv2+Psbv2)*(x-t/2)
=(0+0)*(1.86-0.3/2)
=0 kNm/m
Mc2=Ww*x+Mt2+Sw2*L/2+Mcb2+Mcbv2+wf2*(L-(x1-t/2)/2)
=44.348*1.86+144.53+31.631*3.124/2+120.39+0+0
*(3.124-(1.264-0.3/2)/2)
=396.81 kNm/m
Distance to centroid of load y=Mc2/T2=396.81/216.79=1.8304 m
e T2
y

AB
heel toe
pa at A to pb at B.
AB
pa2 _
_ pb2
_

=1*3.124^2/6
Pressure at A pa2=T2/(L*1)-T2*e/z
=216.79/(3.124*1)-216.79*0.26843
/1.6266
=33.618 kN/m2
Pressure at B pb2=T2/(L*1)+T2*e/z
=216.79/(3.124*1)+216.79*0.26843
/1.6266
=105.17 kN/m2
Maximum pressure is at B pmax2=pb2=105.17 kN/m2
Shear forces and bending moments on base - ULS load combination 1
Pressure under back of wall pwa=pa2+(pb2-pa2)*(x-t/2)/L

=33.618+(105.17-33.618)*(1.86-0.3
/2)/3.124
=72.784 kN/m2
Pressure under front of wall pwb=pa2+(pb2-pa2)*(x+t/2)/L
=33.618+(105.17-33.618)*(1.86+0.3
/2)/3.124
=79.655 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Downward S.F. on heel Sad=den*d*(x-t/2)+wb2
=25*0.3*(1.86-0.3/2)+140.81
=153.63 kN/m
Upward S.F. on heel Sau=(pa2+pwa)*(x-t/2)/2
=(33.618+72.784)*(1.86-0.3/2)/2
=90.973 kN/m
Downward B.M. on toe Mbd=(den*d*(x1-t/2)+wf2)*(x1-t/2)/2
=(25*0.3*(1.264-0.3/2)+0)*(1.264
-0.3/2)/2
=4.6537 kNm/m
Downward B.M. on heel Mad=(3*wbe2+4*wbs2+3*den*d*(x-t/2))*(x-t/2)/6
=(3*140.81+4*0+3*25*0.3*(1.86-0.3/2))
*(1.86-0.3/2)/6
=131.36 kNm/m
Total S.F. on toe (plus is up) Swb=((pwb+pb2)/2-den*d)*(x1-t/2)-wf2
=((79.655+105.17)/2-25*0.3)
*(1.264-0.3/2)-0
=94.592 kN/m
Total S.F. on heel (plus is up) Swa=Sau-Sad=90.973-153.63
=-62.66 kN/m
Total B.M. on toe (plus is up) Mwb=(2*pb2+pwb)*(x1-t/2)^2/6-Mbd
=(2*105.17+79.655)*(1.264-0.3
/2)^2/6-4.6537
=55.327 kNm/m
Total B.M. on heel (plus is up) Mwa=(2*pa2+pwa)*(x-t/2)^2/6-Mad
=(2*33.618+72.784)*(1.86-0.3/2)^2
/6-131.36
=-63.118 kNm/m
Resistance to sliding - ULS (load combinations 1 & 2)
Combination 1:
A partial load factor of 1.0 will be applied to all permanent loads
g4=1.35 and g5=1.5 to earth and surcharge pressure respectively.
Surcharge load will be taken to act beyond the heel (i.e. no surcharge
directly over heel will be considered g2=0 ).
Total weight on base (unfactored) Ttot=(Ww+Sw2)/g3+Pabv2/g4+wb2+wf2
=(44.348+31.631)/1.35+0/1.35
+140.81+0
=197.09 kN/m run
Frictional resisting force F=fb*Ttot=0.46*197.09=90.661 kN/m run
Rankine coeff.of passive pressure Kp=(TAN(RAD(45)+RAD(phi'2/2)))^2
=(TAN(RAD(45)+RAD(30/2)))^2
=3
Passive resisting force R=0.5*Kp*w*dp^2=0.5*3*18.8*1.5^2
=63.45 kN/m
Sliding force SFor=St2=92.646 kN
Friction plus passive resistance SRes=F+R=90.661+63.45=154.11 kN
Thus the criterion for sliding is satisfied.
Combination 2:
A partial load factor of g6=1.0 will be applied to permanent loads
Total weight on base (unfactored) Ttot=197.09 kN/m run
Frictional resisting force F=fb*Ttot=0.46*197.09=90.661 kN/m run
Office: 1007
Coefficient of active pressure Ka2=0.40913 (combination 2)
Coefficient of passive pressure Kp'=2.4442
Passive resisting force R=0.5*Kp'*w*dp^2
=0.5*2.4442*18.8*1.5^2
=51.695 kN/m
Use combination 1 sliding force adjusted for combination 2 partial
factors and coefficient of active pressure Ka2.
Sliding force SFor=Ka2/Ka*(g7*Pabh2/g4+g8*Psbh2/g5)
=0.40913/0.33333*(1*92.646/1.35+1.3*0
/1.5)
=84.233 kN
Friction plus passive resistance SRes=F+R=90.661+51.695=142.36 kN
Thus the criterion for sliding is satisfied.
Resistance to overturning - ULS (load combinations 1 & 2)
Combination 1:
A partial load factor of g9=1.0 will be applied to permanent loads
Surcharge load will be taken to act beyond the heel (i.e. no surcharge
directly over heel will be considered). Rotation assumed to occur about
lowest forward edge of base (i.e. toe).
Due to soil behind wall Mre=wbe2*(L-(x-t/2)/2)+wbs2*(L-(x-t
/2)/3)
=140.81*(3.124-(1.86-0.3/2)/2)+0
*(3.124-(1.86-0.3/2)/3)
=319.49 kNm
Due to base,wall and soil on toe Mrw=W*x1+Sw*L/2+wf*(x1-t/2)/2
=32.85*1.264+23.43*3.124/2+0
*(1.264-0.3/2)/2
=78.12 kNm/m
Due to vert.comp.of earth pres. Mrv=(Pabv)*(x1+t/2)=(0)*(1.264+0.3/2)
=0 kNm/m
Total restraining mt.(with Mrv) Mr1=g9*(Mre+Mrw+Mrv)
=1*(319.49+78.12+0)
=397.61 kNm/m
ditto (without Mrv) Mr2=g9*(Mre+Mrw)=1*(319.49+78.12)
=397.61 kNm/m
Overturning moments:
Overturning moment (backfill) Mt1=g10*Pabh*(h+d)/3
=1.35*68.627*(4.38+0.3)/3
=144.53 kNm/m
Overturning moment (surcharge) Mt2=g11*Psbh*(h+d)/2
=1.5*0*(4.38+0.3)/2
=0 kNm/m
Total overturning moment Mot=Mt1+Mt2=144.53+0=144.53 kNm/m
Thus the criterion for overturning is satisfied without taking into
consideration the vertical component of earth pressure.
Combination 2:
A partial load factor of g9'=1.0 will be applied to permanent loads
g10'=1.0 and g11'=1.3 to earth and surcharge pressure respectively.
Total restraining mt.(with Mrv) Mr1=g9'*(Mre+Mrw+Mrv)
=1*(319.49+78.12+0)
=397.61 kNm/m
Office: 1007
ditto (without Mrv) Mr2=g9'*(Mre+Mrw)=1*(319.49+78.12)
=397.61 kNm/m
Overturning moments:
Overturning moment (backfill) Mt1=g10'*Ka2/Ka*Pabh*(h+d)/3
=1*0.40913/0.33333*68.627*(4.38
+0.3)/3
=131.4 kNm/m
Overturning moment (surcharge) Mt2=g11'*Ka2/Ka*Psbh*(h+d)/2
=1.3*0.40913/0.33333*0*(4.38+0.3)/2
=0 kNm/m
Total overturning moment Mot=Mt1+Mt2=131.4+0=131.4 kNm/m
Thus the criterion for overturning is satisfied without taking into
consideration the vertical component of earth pressure.

theta (___

Design Summary - ULS load

combination 1 to EC7
soil
side Moment at base of stem 130.65 kNm
Shear at base of stem 81.149 kN
Moment at b-b (toe) 55.327 kNm
a b Shear at b-b (toe) 94.592 kN
Moment at a-a (heel) -63.118 kNm
Shear at a-a (heel) -62.66 kN
AB
heel a b toe
Pressures under base - SLS

Pressure @ A 52.455 kN/m2
Pressure @ B 73.722 kN/m2
Allowable GBP 75 kN/m2
No750
Vertical loads on straight bored piles in clay Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Location: Typical calculation for straight shafted bored pile in clay
Vertical loads on straight bored piles in clay
W cut off level

lev(0) level at underside Adhesion factor (alpha)
of made ground varies from 0.3 to 0.6
lev(1) typically 0.45 for clay.
The levels at underside
D lev(2) of each of 'n' soil
increments are given
lev(n) with corresponding
shear strengths of clay.
Unfactored load on top of pile W=550 kN
Pile diameter D=400 mm
Concrete cube strength fcu=35 N/mm2
Adhesion factor alpha=0.45
Factor of safety for friction FOSf=2.5
Factor of safety for end bearing FOSeb=2.5
Cut off level cut=50.4 m
Level at underside of made ground lev(0)=48.4 m
Shear strength u/side made ground C(0)=70 kN/m2
Number of soil increments n=3
Level at underside increment 1 lev(1)=40.4 m
Shear strength at u/side inc 1 C(1)=90 kN/m2
Bearing capacity factor Nc=9 for circular piles

Perimeter of pile p=PI*D/1000=3.1416*400/1000
=1.2566 m
Cross-sectional area of pile base Ab=PI*(D/1000)^2/4
=3.1416*(400/1000)^2/4
=0.12566 m2
Concrete stress fc=W/Ab/1000=550/0.12566/1000
=4.3768 N/mm2
Length of pile not contributing Lc=cut-lev(0)=50.4-48.4=2 m
Increment 1
Length considered L=lev(im1)-lev(i)=48.4-40.4

=8 m
70 kN/m2

8 m Average Cs = ( 70 + C(i) ) / 2 = 80

Safe working load from soil
friction above =0
90 kN/m2
Office: 1007
Working load from friction SWLf=alpha*Cs*p*L/FOSf
=0.45*80*1.2566*8/2.5
=144.76 kN
Safe working load SWL=SWLa+SWLf+Nc*C(i)*Ab/FOSeb
=0+144.76+9*90*0.12566/2.5
=185.48 kN
Safe working load less than load on pile, therefore go on to next soil
increment.
Load to be carried forward SWLa=SWLa+SWLf=0+144.76=144.76 kN
Cumulative pile length Lc=Lc+L=2+8=10 m
Increment 2

=10 m
90 kN/m2

10 m Average Cs = ( 90 + C(i) ) / 2 = 115

friction above =144.76
140 kN/m2

=0.45*115*1.2566*10/2.5
=260.12 kN
=144.76+260.12+9*140*0.12566/2.5
=468.22 kN
Safe working load less than load on pile, therefore go on to next soil
increment.
Load to be carried forward SWLa=SWLa+SWLf=144.76+260.12=404.89 kN
Cumulative pile length Lc=Lc+L=10+10=20 m
Increment 3

=6 m
140 kN/m2

6 m Average Cs = ( 140 + C(i) ) / 2 = 170

friction above =404.89
200 kN/m2

=0.45*170*1.2566*6/2.5
=230.72 kN
=404.89+230.72+9*200*0.12566/2.5
=726.08 kN
Safe working load exceeds load on pile, therefore interpolate to find
Office: 1007
required pile length.
Balance of load to be carried bal=W-SWLa=550-404.89=145.11 kN
C(im1)=140 kN/m2
Let required length from increment be 'x'.

x Average Cs = ( C(im1) + Cx ) /2 where:
6 m
Cx= C(im1) + ( C(i) - C(im1) ) * x / L

Balance of load = alpha.Cs.p.x/FOSf
C(i)=200 kN/m2 + Nc.Cx.Ab/FOSeb
Writing k1=(C(i)-C(im1))/(2*L)=(200-140)/(2*6)
=5
and k2=alpha*p/FOSf=0.45*1.2566/2.5
=0.22619
and k3=Nc*Ab/FOSeb=9*0.12566/2.5=0.45239
then: Cs=C(im1)+k1*x and substituting:
bal = k2*x*(C(im1)+k1*x) + k3*(C(im1)+2*k1*x) and expanding:
bal= k2*x*C(im1) + k2*k1*x^2 + k3*C(im1) + k3*2*k1*x and rearranging:
(k1*k2)*x^2 + (k2*C(im1)+2*k1*k3)*x + k3*C(im1)-bal = 0
which is a quadratic in 'x' where the coefficients are:
a=k1*k2=5*0.22619=1.131
b=k2*C(im1)+2*k1*k3=0.22619*140+2*5*0.45239
=36.191
c=k3*C(im1)-bal=0.45239*140-145.11
=-81.777
and therefore x=(-b+SQR(b^2-4*a*c))/(2*a)
=(-36.191+SQR(36.191^2-4*1.131*-81.777))
/(2*1.131)
=2.1192 m
Overall pile length Lo=INT((Lc+x)*10)/10+0.1
=INT((20+2.1192)*10)/10+0.1
=22.2 m
Average undrained strength Cs=C(im1)+k1*x=140+5*2.1192=150.6 kN/m2
Undisturbed shear strength Cx=C(im1)+(C(i)-C(im1))*x/L
=140+(200-140)*2.1192/6
=161.19 kN/m2
Working load from friction SWLf=alpha*Cs*p*x/FOSf
=0.45*150.6*1.2566*2.1192/2.5
=72.19 kN
Safe working load SWL=SWLa+SWLf+Nc*Cx*Ab/FOSeb
=404.89+72.19+9*161.19*0.12566/2.5
=550 kN
Summary
Pile load 550 kN

Pile capacity 550 kN
Pile diameter 400 mm
Cut off level 50.4 m
Pile length 22.2 m
Concrete cube strength 35 N/mm2
No786
B
Pile caps
3300
Foundations
12H40-08
5H16-09-150
2x5H16-10-150
2x5H16-11-150
23H20-02-150 B2 12.2
2 3300
3 3 1000
A A
1
2
(C) 2013 Fitzroy Systems Ltd. www.fitzroy.com
Sample output for LUCID Proforma 110. (ans=1)
A A
4x2H16-03 11
in 4 corners 8 8 8 8
23H20-01-150 B1 9
8 8
550
PLAN 8 8
10
Concrete mix: Grade 40 sulphate resisting. Cover: 50 8 8 8 8
Page: 1
B1 & B2 denote outer & inner layers respectively. Plan: 1004

550
Made by: IFB
Cap to be inspected by RE before concreting. Notes Drg: 1001

Office: 1007
Ref No: LU110
Minimum lap to all bars in cap: 600 G A Drg: 1001

Thickness of concrete blinding: 50 Schedules: 189/01 ENLARGED COLUMN DETAIL

Date: 10/04/13
NEW CIVIC CENTRE - ANCILLARY BUILDING - TYPICAL PILE CAP

Scale 1: 50 but enlarged detail 1: 20
B
Foundations
12.2
600
2
20H20-02-200 B2 1
A A
2 3900
A A
14H20-01-200 B1
200
200
Square & rectangular reinforced & mass concrete ba
2600
200 200
PLAN
PLAN OF H.D. BOLTS
4 No H.D.bolts dia. 25
B1 & B2 denote outer & inner layers respectively. Cover: 50 length 425
Page: 1
Base to be inspected by Eng. before concreting. Plan: 1004 with tubes dia. 75
Made by: IFB
Concrete mix: Grade 40 sulphate resisting. Notes Drg: 1001 length 350
Office: 1007
and square M.S. plates

Ref No: LU120
Minimum lap to all bars in base: 600 G A Drg: 1001

Thickness of concrete blinding: 50 Schedules: 189/01 holed to suit

Date: 10/04/13
NEW CIVIC CENTRE - ANCILLARY BUILDING - TYPICAL BASE

Scale 1: 50 but enlarged detail 1: 20
Foundations
3H20-03
12.15
500
15H12-02-200
Isolated, internal and edge strip footings
3H20-01
700
TYPICAL SECTION
Cover: 50
Plan: 1004
Notes Drg: 1001
G A Drg: 1001
Schedules: 189/01
Concrete mix: Grade 40 sulphate resisting.
Page: 1
Footing designed to suit minimum allowable

Made by: IFB
bearing pressure of 50 kN/m2.

Office: 1007
Ref No: LU130
Minimum lap to longitudinal bars: 600

Thickness of concrete blinding: 50

Date: 10/04/13
NEW CIVIC CENTRE - ANCILLARY BUILDING - TYPICAL FOOTING

Scale 1: 15
600
2H20-15 A B 15
31H20-20-200
18 19
31H20-19-200 FF 20 20
Retaining walls
31H20-18-200 NF
C C
31H20-17-200 FF 17
7200 9 mk 12 EF
18 19
2x33H16-12-200 EF
10
61H25-10-100 FF 13H20-21-500
17
31H20-09-200 NF
453 31H25-04-200 T1
Free standing cantilever retaining walls
2+2H16-02 EF 600 5 31H25-05-200 T1

31H25-01-200 600 109 2 2 43
2 2 2x13H20-08-500
B B A 1 31H25-03-200 B1
23H16-06-200 B2
4500 23H16-07-200 T2
B A A
Cov: Stem 50 Base 50 End 50
Key plan: 1004
Notes Drg: 1001
Page: 1
G A Drg: 1001
Made by: IFB
Schedules: 189/01
Office: 1007
This panel 6000

Ref No: LU210
B1,T1=outside Bot/Top layers; NF,FF=Near/Far Faces

C C Thickness of concrete blinding: 50

Date: 10/04/13
NEW CIVIC CENTRE - RETAINING WALL - PANEL 2

Scale 1: 100
9.25
mk 11
A
Retaining walls
36H20-11-200
11
Propped retaining walls
mk 1 mk 2
4250
2x36H20-10-200
B B
2x17H16-03-225 EF
36H20-02-200 FF
36H20-01-200 NF mk 3 EF
5.0
1 2
7500
A ELEVATION A A
mk 2
Cov: Out 50 In 50 Slab 50
3 mk 10 3 Plan: 1004
300 Notes Drg: 1001
Page: 1
G A Drg: 1001
Made by: IFB
3 mk 3 EF 3 Schedules: 189/01
Office: 1007
mk 1
Ref No: LU220
Wall not to be backfilled until

permission to do so has been obtained.

Date: 10/04/13
B B
NEW CIVIC CENTRE - PROPPED BASEMENT WALL - SOUTH ELEVATION
Scale 1: 50
3850
250 31H16-10-200 B1 250
31H16-05-200 T1
16H10-16-250 T2
5 4 4 5
Culverts and subways
Culverts and subways
2x31H12-18-200 250
2x31H16-04-200
3 16H10-15-250 B2 3
4 4
2x31H16-03-200
2x31H16-09-200
2950
4x12H10-12-250 EF
1 1
8 8
2x31H16-08-200
3 16H10-14-250 T2 3
9 9
2x31H16-01-200
2x31H12-17-200 250
2 1 1 2
16H10-13-250 B2
Cov: Ext 50 Int 50 End 50
31H16-02-200 B1
Plan: 1004
31H16-06-200 T1 Notes Drg: 1001
G A Drg: 1001
Page: 1
Schedules: 189/01
Made by: IFB
Thickness of blinding=50 mm B1 & B2 denote

Office: 1007
Ref No: LU310
outer & inner layers of bottom steel; T1 & T2

top. All steel to be approved before concreting.

Date: 10/04/13
NEW CIVIC CENTRE - BOX CULVERT - SECTION 2

Scale 1: 40
A B Slabs
6000
175
18H12-02-350 B2 1
2
A A
10000
Simply supported single panel slabs
A A
2
Covers: Btm 25 End 25
Plan: 1004
44H12-01-225 B1 Notes Drg: 1001
G A Drg: 1001
Page: 1
Schedules: 189/01
Made by: IFB
PLAN Concrete mix: Grade 40 - having a characteristic

Office: 1007
Ref No: LU410
compressive strength of 40 N/mm2 and maximum

aggregate size of 20mm - for all superstructure.

Date: 10/04/13
SUNNINGSPRING SCHOOL, ROOF TO GARDENER'S STORE

Scale 1: 100 but slab thickness 1: 20
12
A C B
19
Slabs
5H8-18-300 T1 68H16-17-125 T1 275

35H12-19-250 T1
1 2 1,2
6
1
A A
29H12-13-250 T2 12
One way spanning slabs
C 17 17 17 17 17
4+8H8-12-300 T2
1 2
6
25H8-06-300 B2 9000
A A B B B B
2 18
1 13
6
1,2
2
C C
7600 Covers: T&B 25 25 End 25
B2 T2 Plan: 1004
25H16-01-350 B1 Notes Drg: 1001
Page: 1
G A Drg: 1001
Made by: IFB
25H16-02-350 B1 Schedules: 189/01

Office: 1007
Ref No: LU420
PLAN Concrete mix: Grade 40, characteristic compressive

strength of 40 N/mm2 and maximum agg size of 20mm.

Date: 10/04/13
NEW CIVIC CENTRE - ANCILLARY BUILDING - ROOF PANEL 8

12
A B
19
6+10H8-18-300 T1
Slabs
47H12-19-250 T1 93H16-17-125 T1 275

7H12-22-250 T1 C
7H12-04-250 B1 1 2 1,2
1 6,7
A A
36H12-13-250 T2 12
Two way spanning slabs
7H12-16-250 T2 17 17 17 17 17
7H12-09-250 B2
C
1,2 1 5 2 5
5+8H8-12-300 T2
7,6
A A B B 12000
2 B B
1
18
26H16-06-350 B2
26H16-07-350 B2 6 7 13
7 6 7
2,1
2 C C
Covers: T&B 25 25 End 25
9000 Plan: 1004
T2 B2 Notes Drg: 1001
Page: 1
34H16-01-350 B1 67H16-05-175 B1 G A Drg: 1001

Made by: IFB
Schedules: 189/01
Office: 1007
34H16-02-350 B1
Ref No: LU430
PLAN Concrete mix: Grade 40 characteristic compressive

strength of 40 N/mm2 and maximum agg size of 20mm.

Date: 10/04/13
NEW CIVIC CENTRE - ANCILLARY BUILDING - ROOF PANEL 8

a 21H16-18-125 T2
E b 33H12-19-140 T2 F 24
c 21H16-20-125 T2
Slabs
a 18H16-21-125 T1
b 28H12-22-140 T1 250
c 18H16-23-125 T1
Flat slabs
3 3
C
7
1 A A
c b a
a b c 25
C 19 19 19
a 15H16-07-160 B2 a b c
b 23H12-09-175 B2
c 15H16-11-160 B2 T2 3 3
b 11
b B1 8800 B B
a 11H10-24-200 T1 B1
b 11H10-25-200 T1 a b
16
A A B B
22
a a c 9 22 9
1
2 C C
Covers: T&B 20 20 End 20
Plan: 1004
a 17H16-05-160 B1 T1 B2 Notes Drg: 1001
b 28H12-03-175 B1 7500 G A Drg: 1001
Page: 1
c 17H16-01-160 B1 Schedules: 189/01

Made by: IFB
a 12H10-17-200 T2 Concrete mix: Grade 40, char compressive

Office: 1007
Ref No: LU440
PLAN b 12H10-16-200 T2 strength 40 N/mm2, maximum agg size of 20mm.

All steel to be approved before concreting.

Date: 10/04/13
NEW CIVIC CENTRE - ANCILLARY BUILDING - FLOOR PANEL 3

C
3+3H16-01-175 B1
Castellated stirrups
Slabs
5+5H16-02-175 B1
Castellated stirrups
B2 & T1
Slab reinft
8 1500 PLAN
9H16-03-175 B2
Loose bars
cut to suit
1500
Flat slabs - shear reinforcement at columns
See slab reinft Castellated stirrups

details mks 1,2
T1
T2
Loose bars mk 3 250 Covers: Top to stirrups 20
B2 Plan: 1004
B1 Notes Drg: 1001
G A Drg: 1001
Page: 1
Schedules: 189/01
Made by: IFB
Concrete mix: Grade 40, char compressive

Office: 1007
Ref No: LU450
SECTION DETAIL strength 40 N/mm2, maximum agg size of 20mm.


Date: 10/04/13
NEW CIVIC CENTRE - ANCILLARY BUILDING - COLUMN HEAD SHEAR REINFORCEMENT

Scale 1: 25 - but section detail: NTS
Slabs
Bars detailed elsewhere Bars to be placed symmetrically about hole.

which would pass through
hole to be moved sideways
by not more than 100 mm
to just miss the hole.
Bars which would need
to be moved more than 2x2H16-01 B2+T2
this to be cut off
on each side of hole.
600
2x2H16-02 B1+T1
Holes and chairs for top reinforcement
HOLE DETAIL
Covers: top 20
btm 20
end 20
Plan: 1004
Notes Drg: 1001
G A Drg: 1001
Page: 1
Schedules: 189/01
Made by: IFB
Concrete mix: Grade 40, char compressive

Office: 1007
Ref No: LU460
strength 40 N/mm2, maximum agg size of 20mm.


Date: 10/04/13
NEW CIVIC CENTRE - ANCILLARY BUILDING - TYPICAL HOLE IN ROOF

Scale 1: 40
C C
15.5
Columns
150
4H25-03 5 Profile of column over
B B 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2
6H25-02
4H10-07-200 4 7
1 2 1 3 2
8 400
6H25-01
1 2 1 3 2
6
1+15H10-04-200
2+2x15H10-05-200 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2
2+2x15H10-06-200 400
Fixed to main ties
Square, rectangular and circular columns
A A
at top of crank
additional tie
set reqd A A B B
12.5
Cover to ties: 20
Plan: 1004
Notes Drg: 1001
G A Drg: 1001
Page: 1
SCHEMATIC ELEVATION OF BARS Schedules: 189/01

Made by: IFB
Concrete mix: Grade 40

Office: 1007
Ref No: LU510
ACI SP-66(94) says consecutive crossties must have

their 90 degree hooks on opposite sides of column.

Date: 10/04/13
NEW CIVIC CENTRE - ANCILLARY BUILDING - COLUMN C8

Scale for sections 1: 10
17H12-11-800 Spacers
Walls
Walls
8.2
2x15H12-08-200
2x15H12-05-200 EF
3200
A A
2x19H16-01-200 EF
5.0
3500
ELEVATION
8 5 EF 11 8
58 85
Cov: Sides 20 End 20
200 Plan: 1004
58 85 Notes Drg: 1001
Page: 1
G A Drg: 1001
1 EF
Made by: IFB
Schedules: 189/01
Office: 1007
Ref No: LU610
A A For orientation and viewing

of this panel see Drawing 21.

Date: 10/04/13
NEW CIVIC CENTRE - WALL PANEL A

Scale 1: 40 but wall thickness 1: 25
1000 1650 950
7H12-06-175 25 mm
7H12-09-175 7H12-08-175 T 30.75 FFL
25 mm
6 8 9
25 mm
175
Staircases
7 9 5 7
7H12-07-175
In-situ staircases
6 Structural flight
width: 1000
1350
8 risers
7H12-05-175 B Finish thicknesses
175 Top landing: 50 mm
Btm landing: 50 mm
7H12-03-175 T
13+4H10-10 B+T 1 7H12-02-175 T
Well
2 7H12-04-175
KEY 4 2
5
PLAN 175
SECTION
3 4 1
7H12-01-175 B
7H10-14-175 7H10-12-175 T 7H10-11-175 B 7H10-15-175
12 14 15 12
11 14 15 11
Detailed Detailed
Cov: T&B 20 20 Side 20
elsewhere elsewhere Plan: 1004
2x7H10-13-200 T+B
1000 1000 1000 Notes Drg: 1001
Page: 1
G A Drg: 1001
Made by: IFB
Schedules: 189/01
Office: 1007
SECTION THROUGH LANDING

Ref No: LU710
Concrete mix: Grade 40. Bars shown in section

as very small dots are detailed elsewhere.

Date: 10/04/13
NEW CENTRE - ANCILLARY BUILDING - SOUTH STAIR

This drawing not to scale
A B
325
4H25-06
Beams
66 66 D 2H20-12 C 2H25-07
7 7 12 12
10 10 13 13 2H20-13 2H25-10
D C
C C D D SUPPORT REINFORCEMENT
14H12-17-300 12H12-19-100
A 14H12-16-300 B 12H12-18-100
Simply supported and continuous beams
55 55 55 55 4H20-05
16 18
17 19 500
2 2 11 11 4H25-01
11 11 A B
2H25-02
A A B B 5400
SPAN REINFORCEMENT
Page: 1
Made by: IFB
Covers span: T&B 50 50 L&R 50 50 Support: T&B 50 50 L&R 50 50 End: Left 50

Office: 1007
Ref No: LU810
Plan: 49 Notes Drg: 01 Concrete mix: Grade 40 - having a characteristic strength of

G A Drg: 05 Schedules: 50/01 40N/mm2 and max aggregate size of 20mm - for all superstructure.

Date: 10/04/13
SHOPS & MAISONETTES, HIGHTOWN - 1ST FLOOR BEAM AB, GRID LINE 1
Scale 1: 20 but spans 1: 50
A
400 4H25-01
2H25-02
Beams
1 12 21 1 B 4H25-03
33 33 2 2
Cantilever beams
6 6 2H25-05
5 5 B 2H25-06
B B SUPPORT REINFORCEMENT
2x14H12-11-100 2x13H12-13-150
14H12-10-100 A 13H12-12-150
7 77 77 7 6H20-07
10
11 600
11
8 88 88 8 6H20-08
A
A A SPAN REINFORCEMENT 3500
Page: 1
Made by: IFB
Covers span: T&B 50 50 L&R 50 50 Support: T&B 50 50 L&R 50 50 End=50

Office: 1007
Ref No: LU820
Plan: 49 Notes Drg: 01 Concrete mix: Grade 40 - having a characteristic strength of

G A Drg: 05 Schedules: 72/01 40N/mm2 and max aggregate size of 20mm - for all superstructure.

Date: 10/04/13
SHOPS & MAISONETTES, HIGHTOWN - PRECINCT BEAM, 1ST FLOOR, GRID LINE 8
Scale 1: 25 - but spans 1: 50
Sample output for SPADE Proforma 202. (ans=1) Page: 1
Timber connections Made by: IFB
Beam to column connection Date: 10/04/13
(C) 2013 Fitzroy Systems Ltd. www.fitzroy.com Ref No: SP202
Office: 1007
50 100 50
1: 10
225
200
150
100
50
50
50
50
300
Timber column chamfered to

75
avoid welds
200
450
300
75
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION

Timber beam chamfered to
avoid welds
100
200
100
Timber connections
ELEVATION ON SPLICE
Spliced joints - various
125
50 150 50 70 150 70
Sample output for SPADE Proforma 250. (ans=1)
75
50
16 16
PLAN ON SPLICE
Page: 1
Splice: 16 mm thick steel plate

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Bolts: 12 mm diameter through 14 mm diameter holes All bolts to be black bolts

Ref No: SP250
Washers: 36 mm diameter & 3 mm thick grade 4.6 to BS4190

Date: 10/04/13
INLINE CONNECTION WITH ONE BOLTED SPLICE PLATE

Scale 1 : 5
Joist fixed to bearer
with a framing anchor
150
Timber connections
100
200
50
Timber joist bearings on steel beams
ELEVATION ON TIMBER JOIST BEARING SECTION SHOWING BEARER TO STEEL BEAM FIXING
JOIST CONTINUOUS ACROSS BEAM
Timber bearer size: 50 mm x 150 mm

Page: 1
Timber joist size: 200 mm x 50 mm Bolts: 12 mm dia at 300 mm cntrs along beam in 14 mm holes
Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Steel beam: 305 x 165 @ 40 kg/m UB Bolt rows staggered each side of web
Ref No: SP252

Date: 10/04/13
CONTINUOUS TIMBER JOIST ON STEEL BEAM BEARING

Scale 1 : 10
c
3464
Timber connections
b 50 50 d
3464
3464 65 65
45 45
135 924
a 140 135 e
55 55
Fan truss - general arrangement
f
60
3000 3000 3000 3000
800 12000 800

TRUSS TYPE 1
4 No Trusses required thus

Page: 1
Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Rafter chords a-c,c-e 2/197 x 97 C16 timber Internal chords c-f 97 x 97 C16 timber
Ref No: SP265
Ceiling chords a-e 2/197 x 97 C16 timber Internal chords b-f,d-f 97 x 97 C16 timber

Date: 10/04/13
TYPICAL FAN TRUSS Roof pitch 30 degrees

Scale 1 : 80
c
3464
Timber connections
b d
65 3464
3464 65
65 65 65
135 135 65
135 924
a 135 65 135 e
135
Fink truss - general arrangement
f g
135
4000 4000 4000
800 12000 800

TRUSS TYPE 1

Page: 1
Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Rafter chords a-c,c-e 2/200 x 100 x 10mm RSA Internal chords c-f,c-g 2/200 x 100 x 10mm RSA
Ref No: SP266
Ceiling chords a-e 2/200 x 100 x 10mm RSA Internal chords b-f,d-g 2/200 x 100 x 10mm RSA

Date: 10/04/13
TYPICAL FINK TRUSS Roof pitch 30 degrees

Scale 1 : 80
c
3464
65 65
Timber connections
b 135 135 d
3464
3464 50 50 45
45
50 50
50 50 924
a 55 55 140 e
Howe truss - general arrangement
f g h
60
3000 3000 3000 3000
800 12000 800

TRUSS TYPE A

Page: 1
Internal chords b-g,d-g 100 x 100 C16 timber

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Rafter chords a-c,c-e 2/200 x 100 C16 timber Internal chords c-g 100 x 100 C16 timber
Ref No: SP267
Ceiling chords a-e 2/200 x 100 C16 timber Internal chords b-f,d-h 100 x 100 C16 timber

Date: 10/04/13
TYPICAL HOWE TRUSS Roof pitch 30 degrees

Scale 1 : 80
c
3464
Timber connections
b d
3464
3464 50 50
65 45 45 65
50 50 50 50 924
a
55 135 55 e
135 135
Pratt truss - general arrangement
f g h
65
3000 3000 3000 3000
800 12000 800

TRUSS TYPE 1

Page: 1
Internal chords c-f,c-h 100 x 100 C16 timber

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Rafter chords a-c,c-e 2/200 x 100 C16 timber Internal chords c-g 100 x 100 C16 timber
Ref No: SP268
Ceiling chords a-e 2/200 x 100 C16 timber Internal chords b-f,d-h 100 x 100 C16 timber

Date: 10/04/13
TYPICAL FAN TRUSS Roof pitch 30 degrees

Scale 1 : 80
d
5222
100 100
3357
100 100
c 100 e
Timber connections
3264
100
b 75 75 75 75 f
4195 3264
45 45
a 55 200 55 g
Queen post truss - general arrangement
h i
200
2500 2500 4000 4000 2500 2500
400 18000 400

TRUSS TYPE 1

Page: 1
Internal chords c-e 200 x 200 C16 timber

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Rafter chords a-d,d-g 200 x 200 C16 timber Internal chords c-h,e-i 150 x 200 C16 timber
Ref No: SP269
Ceiling chords a-g 400 x 400 C16 timber Internal chords b-h,i-f 100 x 200 C16 timber

Date: 10/04/13
TYPICAL QUEEN POST TRUSS Roof pitch 40 degrees

Scale 1 : 100
10 deg
1
5.67 457 x 191 x 67 UB
225
610 x 229 x 101 UB 9 110
9
20
50
Portal connections
90
90
6 90
6
Portal eaves haunched connection
6 940
6 6 9
440
6 9
6
6
90
50
20
9
6
9
6 3475
Page: 1
Endplate 225 x 22 x 940 mm grade S275 Morris stiffeners fabricated from 90 mm x 10 plate
Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Haunch fabricated from a 457 x 191 x 67 UB 2 x web stiffeners fabricated from 100 mm x 20 plate
Ref No: SP310
Bolts to be 22 diameter grade 8.8

Tension flange weld to be continued down the web a minimum of 50 mm

Date: 10/04/13
PORTAL EAVES HAUNCHED CONNECTION - FLUSH TOP

Scale 1: 12.5
220
10 deg
Portal connections
457 x 191 x 67 UB 6 9 110

1
5.67 6 9
20
50
6
6
Portal apex haunched connection
370
9
720
9
120
6 90
6 50
20
9
700 700 9
Endplate 220 x 25 x 720 mm grade S275

Haunch fabricated from a 457 x 191 x 67 UB
Page: 1
Bolts to be 22 diameter grade 8.8 through 24 mm dia holes as shown

Made by: IFB
Tension flange weld to be continued up the web a minimum of 50 mm

Office: 1007
Ref No: SP320

Date: 10/04/13
PORTAL APEX HAUNCHED CONNECTION

Scale 1: 12.5
406 x 178 x 74 UB
Supported beam
610 x 229 x 140 UB 610 x 229 x 140 UB
Supporting beam Supporting beam
119 119 533 x 210 x 92 UB 200
Supported beam
10 10 30 140 30
End plate connections
35 35
35 35 35
70 70 70
280 70 70 70
70 6 70 420 70
6
35 6 70 70
6
70 70
Bottom flange 35 35
to be chamfered
Flexible end plate connection - beam to beam
where necessary
to clear bolts
End plates 1/200 x 420 x 10 mm drilled for 12 holes 22 dia

Page: 1
1/200 x 280 x 10 mm drilled for 8 holes 22 dia

Made by: IFB
All bolts to be M20 grade 8.8

Office: 1007
Ref No: SP410
Electrodes to BS639 grade E43

Sections & plates grade S275

Date: 10/04/13
FLEXIBLE END PLATE - BEAM TO BEAM

Scale 1: 10
406 x 178 x 74 UB
Supported beam
305 x 305 x 158 UC 200
Supporting column
533 x 210 x 92 UB 30 140 30
Supported beam
28 28 30
35 35 35
70 70 70
6 6
280 70 6 6 70 70
70 70 420 420 70
35
70 70
70 70
Bottom flange 35 35
Flexible end plate connection - beam to column
to be chamfered
where necessary
to clear bolts
End plates 1/200 x 420 x 10 mm drilled for 12 holes 22 dia

Page: 1
1/200 x 280 x 10 mm drilled for 8 holes 22 dia

Made by: IFB
All bolts M20 grade 8.8

Office: 1007
Ref No: SP412
Electrodes to BS639 grade E43

Sections & plates grade S275

Date: 10/04/13
FLEXIBLE END PLATE - BEAM TO COLUMN

Scale 1: 8
230
254 x 254 x 73 UC
120
406 x 178 x 67 UB
60 168
58
130
6
6
560
746
60
33
Extended end plate connection - beam to column
200
Endplate 230 x 14 x 560 mm Grade S275

6/ M 24 Grade 8.8 bolts
Page: 1
Web plate 200 x 10 x 746 mm Grade S275

Made by: IFB
welded to column web weld thickenss 10 mm

Office: 1007
Ref No: SP416
Tension stiffeners 90 x 10 x 225.7 mm Grade S275

Date: 10/04/13
EXTENDED END PLATE CONNECTION

Scale 1: 10
457 x 191 x 67 UB
Supported beam
914 x 305 x 201 UB 914 x 305 x 201 UB
Supporting beam Supporting beam
144 144 838 x 292 x 176 UB 60 60
Supported beam
50 50 67 67
39 39
35 35 35
70 70 70
70 70 70
350
70 70 70
70 70 70
35 630
70 70
70 70
Bottom flange
to be chamfered 70 70
where necessary 70 70
to clear bolts 35 35
Angle cleat and angle seat connections
Double angle cleat - beam to beam connection
10
10
Angle cleats 2/90 x 90 x 10 mm x 630 mm 22 dia. holes as shown

Page: 1
2/90 x 90 x 10 mm x 350 mm 22 dia. holes as shown

Made by: IFB
All bolts to be M20 grade 8.8

Office: 1007
Ref No: SP420
Steel sections to be grd S275

Date: 10/04/13
DOUBLE ANGLE CLEAT - BEAM TO BEAM

Scale 1: 12.5
406 x 178 x 74 UB
Supported beam
305 x 305 x 158 UC 130
Supporting column
50 50 533 x 210 x 92 UB 60 60
Supported beam
28 28
35 35
70 70
280 70 70
70 70 420
35
70
70
35
10
Double angle cleat - beam to column connection
10
Angle cleats 2/90 x 90 x 10 mm x 420 mm

Page: 1
2/90 x 90 x 10 mm x 280 mm All bolt holes to be 22 mm diameter

Made by: IFB
Steel sections to be grade S275 Lower flange of smaller beam

Office: 1007
Ref No: SP422
All bolts to be M 20 grade 8.8 to be chamfered where necessary to clear bolts.

Date: 10/04/13
DOUBLE ANGLE CLEAT - BEAM TO COLUMN

Scale 1: 8
305 x 305 x 158 UC
Supporting column
90 90 90 90 90 90
50 50 50 50 50 50
406 x 178 x 74 UB 533 x 210 x 92 UB

Supported beam Supported beam
115 115
30 28
35 70 35 70
140 70 140 70
35 70 35 70
Angle seat - beam to column connection
150 (2)
150 (1)
6
6
35 140 36 50 50 35 140 35
210 90 90 210
Angle seats (1) 150 x 90 x 10 x 210 mm Web stability cleats 90 x 90 x 10 mm

Page: 1
(2) 150 x 90 x 10 x 210 mm Web stability cleats 90 x 90 x 10 mm

Made by: IFB
All site bolts are M 20 Grade 4.6

Office: 1007
Ref No: SP430
thru 22 mm dia drilled holes

Date: 10/04/13
ANGLE SEAT - BEAM TO COLUMN

Scale 1: 12.5
406 x 178 x 74 UB
610 x 229 x 140 UB
121 121 533 x 210 x 92 UB
5 114 114 5
Fin plate connections
10 50 48 10
Fin plate - beam to beam
35 35
50 48
76 76
251
76 76 323
8
49 76 8
8
47 8
10 10
All steel sections to be grade S275

Fin plate 323 x 10 x 114 mm All bolts to be grade 8.8 untorqued
Page: 1
4 /24 mm dia. bolts thru 26 mm dia. holes

Made by: IFB
Fin plate 251 x 10 x 114 mm

Office: 1007
Ref No: SP440

Date: 10/04/13
FIN PLATE CONNECTION - BEAM TO BEAM

Scale 1: 10
406 x 178 x 74 UB
305 x 305 x 158 UC
5 114 114 533 x 210 x 92 UB 6
10 50 48 10
Fin plate connections
Fin plate - beam to column
36 38
50 48
76 76
251
76 76 323
8 49 76 8
8 47 8
10
10
All steel sections to be grade S275

Fin plate 323 x 10 x 114 mm All bolts to be grade 8.8 untorqued
Page: 1

Made by: IFB
Fin plate 251 x 10 x 114 mm

Office: 1007
Ref No: SP442

Date: 10/04/13
FIN PLATE CONNECTION - BEAM TO COLUMN

Scale 1: 12.5
Moment connections Made by: IFB
Tongue plate connection - beam to column Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Scale 1: 8
290
118
406 x 178 x 67 UB
60 60 35
254 x 254 x 73 UC
470
290
Tongue plate 470 x 14 x 290 mm
Endplate 210 x 10 x 290 mm
TONGUE PLATE CONNECTION

with 6 x 20 mm HSFG bolts
with 6 x 20 mm HSFG bolts

35
90
90
60
15
10
10
6
6
406 x 178 x 74 UB
305 x 305 x 158 UC
533 x 210 x 92 UB
12
Moment connections
10 12
12 164 12
10
7
7 7
7
860
Direct welded connection - beam to column
12
12
10 12
16
10 12
Flange stiffeners top 2/277.1 x 10 x 104 mm Column web stiffener 860 x 16 x 246.7 mm
Page: 1
Bottom 2/277.1 x 10 x 104 mm Flange weld to be continued 50 mm minimum along web

Made by: IFB
Column flange stiffeners to be chamfered 15 mm at roots

Office: 1007
Ref No: SP452

Date: 10/04/13
DIRECT WELDED CONNECTION - BEAM TO COLUMN

Scale 1: 10
230 254 x 254 x 73 UC
150 90 90 35
457 x 191 x 89 UB
110
Moment connections
30
60
180
60
Tee connections - beam to column
30
110
406 x 178 x 67 UB
100 30
30 129 30 280
Tee sections 8 /24 mm dia HSFG bolts thru column flange

12 /20 mm dia HSFG bolts thru beam flange
Page: 1
Angle cleats 90 x 10 x 90 x 180 mm long

Made by: IFB
6 /20 mm dia HSFG bolts thru column flange

Office: 1007
Ref No: SP454
3 /20 mm dia HSFG bolts thru beam web

Date: 10/04/13
TEE CONNECTIONS - BEAM TO COLUMN

Scale 1: 8
184 220
8
380
75 34 75 8
35 60 60 70 60 60 35
60
Moment connections
35
Beam stub connection
110
290
110
35
35 70 35
140
Beam and stub 406 x 178 x 67 UB Outer flange plates 2/184 x 15 x 380 mm
Page: 1
Column 254 x 254 x 73 UC Inner flange plates 4/75 x 15 x 380 mm

Made by: IFB
Bolts M 20 HSFG thru 22 mm diameter holes Web cover plates 2/140 x 10 x 290 mm
Office: 1007
Ref No: SP458

Date: 10/04/13
BEAM STUB CONNECTION

Scale 1: 5
Miscellaneous connections Made by: IFB
Beam over beam connection Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Scale 1: 8
Surface between the beams must be
in full contact before bolting
90
457 x 191 x 67 UB
Supporting beam
bolts grade 4.6 thru 22 mm dia. holes as shown

356 x 171 x 67 UB
Supported beam
90
BEAM OVER BEAM CONNECTION

4/M 20
Splices Made by: IFB
Beam splice Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Scale 1: 8
32 90 32
153
60 60 35
40 60 40
380
140
70
Flange cover plates 2/ 153 x 15 x 380 mm

2/ 340 x 8 x 140 mm
35 60 60
457 x 152 x 60 UB
Bolts to be M20 General Grade HSFG

35
90
90
90
35
340
BOLTED BEAM SPLICE

Web cover plates
255
254 x 254 x 73 UC 57 140 57

Splices
Column splice
30
97
140 255
97
30
140 80 509 30
30
30
97
30 80 30 255
97
30
254 x 254 x 132 UC

Page: 1
Flange cover plates 2/254.6 x 10 x 509.2 mm Ends of members to be prepared for full contact bearing
Made by: IFB
Flange packs 2/254.6 x 11 x 254.6 mm Bolts to be grade M 20 mm through 22 mm holes

Office: 1007
Ref No: SP492
Web cover plates 2/140 x 8 x 140 mm

Web packs 2/70 x 3.35 x 140 mm

Date: 10/04/13
COLUMN SPLICE
Scale 1: 8
325 325
275 275 305 x 305 x 240 UC

Column bases
Column base plate
2 / 30 mm dia
325 grouting holes
275
50
40
275
325
8
515
400
75 75
4 /29 mm diameter holes

Page: 1
Baseplate 650 x 50 x 650 Grade S275 Bolt pockets to be 50 mm diameter

Made by: IFB
Holding down bolts 4 / M 25 x 515 mm Grade 4.6 Bed layer and pockets to be filled with Grout
Office: 1007
Ref No: SP510
Anchor plates 4 /100 x 6 x 100 mm Grade S275

Date: 10/04/13
COLUMN BASE PLATE

Scale 1: 12.5
378 545 378
533 x 210 x 122 UB

Column bases
12
400
103
30
Welded gusset column base plate
650 650
575 575
220
165
165
220
Baseplate 440 x 30 x 1300 Grade S275 8

Page: 1
Gusset plates 2/400 x 14 x 1300 Grade S275 8

Made by: IFB
Holding down bolts 4/ M 25 Grade 4.6

Office: 1007
Ref No: SP512
29 mm holes thru base plate for holding down bolts

Date: 10/04/13
WELDED GUSSET COLUMN BASE PLATE

Scale 1: 12.5
4000
950 1050 1000 1000
10 110 50 50 60 60 60 60 100 10
Shop details
Web holes 5 /22 4 /20 6 /22 2 /24 5 /22
28
75 75
120 120 130
70 70
70 100 100 70
70 70
100
70 70
Shop detail - non skew beam - drilled
40 850 100 940 120 880 120 890 40

3980
Supporting beam Stanchion H

610 x 229 x 101 UB 305 x 305 x 158 UC
Beam serial size 457 x 191 x 67 UB x 3980 mm long Web holes drilled as shown
Page: 1
2 /22 mm dia. holes /120 mm crs. thru top flange

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Ref No: SP540

Date: 10/04/13
NON SKEW BEAM - DRILLED

Horizontal scale 1: 25 Vertical 1: 8
8445
25 4145 4000 300
30 M 34.2 M 38.2 M
8 x 22 dia 6 x 26 dia 6 x 22 dia
Shop details
130 120 140
30 70 70 70 163 278 130 42 95 95 30
12 x 22 dia 6 x 26 dia 2 x 22 dia

Shop detail - column - drilled
130 120 80
70 70 70 70 70 163 70 70 135 40
8 x 22 dia 6 x 22 dia
130 140
70 70 70 163 95 95 30
Page: 1
Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Column serial size 254 x 254 x 73 UC x 8445 long

Ref No: SP550
For base plate details see drawing 123/45

Date: 10/04/13
COLUMN SHOP DETAILS - DRILLED

Scale 1: 12.5
44 44 mm square continuous timber battens
44 mm square timber noggins

at 600 mm centres
screwed to timber battens
Timber framing - up to 1 hour
505 417 Inner layer 19 mm Gyproc plank

537 Outer layer 13 mm Gyproc wallboard
All joints staggered and nailed to
timber members
44 44 mm square timber noggins

Fire casings. Beam and column fire casing -

44 192 44
280
344
Page: 1
Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
457 x 191 x 82 UB Hp/A =107 Mtrs -1 Encasement for 1 hour fire protection
Ref No: SP580

Date: 10/04/13
FIRE RESISTANT ENCASEMENT

Scale 1: 8
Gyproc GA1 steel angle fixed at 600 mm max
Gyproc GA1 steel angle at 600 mm crs max

Crimped to main angle lengths
Inner layer 15 mm Gyproc Fireline Board

Outer layer 15 mm Gyproc Fireline Board
All joints staggered and screwed to
framing angles at 300 mm crs max
460
487
517
Steel angle framing - up to 2 hours
Fire casings. Beam and column fire casing -

Gyproc GA1 steel angle

27
27 190 27
244
495
Page: 1
Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
457 x 191 x 82 UB Hp/A =107 Mtrs -1 Encasement for 2 hours fire protection
Ref No: SP582

Date: 10/04/13
FIRE RESISTANT ENCASEMENT

Scale 1: 5
Location drawings Made by: IFB
Location drawing - single bay portal frame Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Scale 1: 125
3000
7600
For apex details
see drawing AC/5
20000
For base plate details
For eaves details
see drawing BP/27

see drawing EC/7
Columns 406 x 140 x 46 UB grade S275

Rafters 305 x 102 x 33 UB grade S275
SINGLE BAY PORTAL FRAME

A B C D E
126.5
457x191x67UB 457x191x67UB 457x191x67UB 457x191x67UB
dwg b14 dwg b24 dwg b34 dwg b44

123.5
Location drawings

305x305x137UC 305x305x137UC 305x305x137UC 305x305x137UC 305x305x137UC
dwg c11 dwg c21 dwg c31 dwg c41 dwg c51
120

Location drawing - multi-storey frame
116

305x305x137UC 305x305x137UC 305x305x137UC 305x305x137UC 305x305x137UC

dwg c11 dwg c21 dwg c31 dwg c41 dwg c51
112
5 6 5 6
Page: 1
Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Ref No: SP592

Date: 10/04/13
MULTI-STOREY LOCATION DRAWING

Scale 1: 150
275
Russet sand faced facings

100mm, course height 75mm
100mm concrete block 50mm screed

Structural Masonry
min 1075 kg/m3 dry weight
25mm insulation Concrete raft reinforced with

type ... welded wire fabric ref A142
Raft foundation - wide toe
Bituminous felt DPC type B 1200 gauge Visqueen dpm or

to BS 6398 other approved sheet membrane
Russet sand faced facings 50

250 100mm, course height 75mm 200

50
200 150 750
300
Hardcore rammed & consolidated

using only approved material
50mm blinding concrete
Page: 1
4*T25 bars with T12 links at

300mm centres
Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Ref No: SP605

Date: 10/04/13
RAFT FOUNDATION - WIDE TOE FOUNDATION Scale 1: 25

275

100mm concrete block

1200 gauge Visqueen dpm or
Structural Masonry
25mm insulation other approved sheet membrane

type ...
Bituminous felt DPC type B 50mm screed

to BS 6398
Raft foundation - deep edge beam
50
150 150
150
400
Concrete raft reinforced with
welded wire fabric ref A142
250
Page: 1
Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Ref No: SP608

Date: 10/04/13
RAFT FOUNDATION - DEEP EDGE BEAM Scale 1: 12.5

275 275


Structural Masonry

Designated mix concrete
Ref RC35 to BS5328
25mm insulation
type ... 1200 gauge Visqueen dpm or
other approved sheet membrane
50mm screed
Bituminous felt DPC type B
to BS 6398
Raft foundation - plain edge detail
50
100mm, course height 75mm 225
150
150
Hardcore rammed & consolidated Concrete raft reinforced with

using only approved material welded wire fabric ref A142
Page: 1
Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Ref No: SP610

Date: 10/04/13
RAFT FOUNDATION - PLAIN - EDGE DETAIL Scale 1: 12.5

250

Structural Masonry

min 1075 kg/m3 dry weight Designated mix concrete
Ref RC35 to BS5328
25mm insulation 1200 gauge Visqueen dpm or

type ... other approved sheet membrane
50mm screed
50
100
Raft foundation - plain internal wall support
150
100
Hardcore rammed & consolidated Concrete raft reinforced with

using only approved material welded wire fabric ref A142
Page: 1
Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Ref No: SP612

Date: 10/04/13
RAFT FOUNDATION - PLAIN - INTERNAL WALL Scale 1: 12.5

250
Russet sand faced facings 25mm insulation

100mm, course height 75mm type ...

Bituminous felt DPC type B Designated mix concrete

Structural Masonry
to BS 6398 Ref RC35 to BS5328
50
150 150
150 VOID
250
1200 gauge Visqueen DPM
on sand blinding
Bored pile foundation to resist uplift
Precast, reinforced beam

suspended between pile caps
10000
Bitumen coating, P.V.C.

9600 or polythene sleeve
Bored, cast in situ

concrete pile
300
Page: 1
Full Cavity Fill below ground: 450 Sub DPC masonry:

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Cavity fill concrete to be Foundation brickwrk in commons

Ref No: SP613
C20 grade ext skin to course below grnd

Date: 10/04/13
BORED PILE FOUNDATION TO RESIST UPLIFT IN SWELLING CLAY Scale 1: 20

250

100mm concrete block Traditional strip foundation

min 1075 kg/m3 dry weight concrete C20 grade
Bituminous felt DPC type B Ref RC35 to BS5328
Structural Masonry
to BS 6398
Bored pile foundation
50
175 100
100
200
300 Hardcore rammed & consolidated
5000
4500 Reinforced concrete ground

beam constructed in trench
Bored, cast in situ

concrete pile
300
Page: 1

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007

Ref No: SP614

Date: 10/04/13
BORED PILE FOUNDATION FOR OPEN HEAVY CLAY Scale 1: 20

Structural Masonry Made by: IFB
Masonry walls Date: 10/04/13
Office: 1007
Scale 1: 8
13mm lightweight
plaster
225
cement render
SOLID BLOCK MASONRY WALL

215mm Turbo
16mm sand/
block
250
25mm insulation
Russet sand faced facings type ...

min 1075 kg/m3 dry weight 50mm screed
to BS 6398 Designated mix concrete
Structural Masonry
Ref RC35 to BS5328

Trench fill foundation
50
200 150
100
250
1000
750
Trench fill foundation

to be C10P grade
400
Page: 1
Full cavity fill below ground: Sub DPC masonry:

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007

Ref No: SP616

Date: 10/04/13
TRENCH FILL FOUNDATION FOR SHRINKABLE CLAYS Scale 1: 15

250

Structural Masonry

Ref RC35 to BS5328
50
100
300 100

450 using only approved material
Traditional strip footing with concrete floor
700
250
Traditional strip foundation
concrete C20 grade
500
Page: 1

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007

Ref No: SP618

Date: 10/04/13
STRIP FOUNDATION FOR EXTERNAL CAVITY WALL Scale 1: 15

250

Timber floor 25 mm boarding on
150x50 mm joists at 300 mm ctrs
Structural Masonry

to BS 6398
300
100

Ref RC35 to BS5328
450
700
Traditional strip footing with suspended timber fl
250
Traditional strip foundation
concrete C20 grade
500
Page: 1

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007

Ref No: SP619

Date: 10/04/13
STRIP FOUNDATION WITH SUSPENDED TIMBER FLOOR Scale 1: 15

250

Structural Masonry

Wide strip foundation

Ref RC35 to BS5328
50
100
300 100

450 using only approved material
700
Concrete foundation
with bar reinforcement
250
1000
Page: 1

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007

Ref No: SP620

Date: 10/04/13
WIDE STRIP FOUNDATION FOR EXTERNAL CAVITY WALL Scale 1: 15

250
25mm insulation using only approved material
type ... 1200 gauge Visqueen dpm or
Russet sand faced facings other approved sheet membrane
100mm, course height 75mm 50mm screed
Bituminous felt DPC type B Ref RC35 to BS5328
to BS 6398
50
Structural Masonry
150
250
100
200
300 Reinforced concrete ground

beam cast in place in trench
Pad and stem foundation for loose fill
Unreinforced concrete
1600 filling
750
Precast concrete pipes set
vertically to form stem
350 Unreinforced concrete pad

foundation cast in place
450
600
Page: 1

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Cavity fill concrete to be 750 Foundation brickwrk in commons

Ref No: SP622

Date: 10/04/13
PAD AND STEM FOUNDATION FOR LOOSE COMPRESSIBLE SOILS Scale 1: 20

250


Structural Masonry
Ref RC35 to BS5328

to BS 6398
50
150
225
100
150
250
Precast driven segmental pile foundation
Reinforced concrete ground

beam constructed in trench
10000 Reinforced bars
and grout
9600
Jointing band & spigot/socket
joint where required
Pre-cast polypropylene reinfo-

rced concrete, 3.2mtr segments
300
Page: 1

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007

Ref No: SP624

Date: 10/04/13
PRECAST DRIVEN SEGMENTAL PILE FOUNDATION FOR LOOSE FILL Scale 1: 20

250
100mm, course height 75mm 1200 gauge Visqueen dpm or

Venting through trench

Ref RC35 to BS5328
50
175 400 150
150
100
750 300
1000
225
Structural Masonry. Granular layer beneath slab
250 Traditional strip foundation

concrete C20 grade
500
Page: 1
Sub DPC masonry:

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007
Foundation brickwrk in commons

Ref No: SP630
ext skin to course below grnd

Date: 10/04/13
STRIP FOUNDATION WITH VENTING THROUGH TRENCH Scale 1: 20

250

Ref RC35 to BS5328
50
175 150
Venting through trench with riser
150
100
750 300
1000
225

concrete C20 grade
500
400
Page: 1
Sub DPC masonry:

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007

Ref No: SP632

Date: 10/04/13

250

Ref RC35 to BS5328
50
175 150
150
Venting through slotted pipe & riser
100
750 300
1000
225

concrete C20 grade
500
Page: 1
Sub DPC masonry:

Made by: IFB
Office: 1007

Ref No: SP634

Date: 10/04/13

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List and samples of SCALE, LUCID and SPADE proformas.

SCALE is a computer program for producing neatly composed pages of

SCALE incorporates a library of over 1000 proforma calculations, any of

SCALE - Reinforced Concrete Design to Eurocode 2 and BS8110

Sample output calculations and detailing drawings for nearly

Where a SCALE proforma has a # sign following its number, this

SCALE - Structural CALculations Ensemble - MENU OF OPTIONS

111 Deep beams - Kong's method

REINFORCED & PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS5400 & DOT

REINFORCED CONCRETE TO EUROCODE 2, BS8007, BS8666, SECTION ANALYSIS

192 (E) Properties of transformed sections

COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION TO EUROCODE 4, BS5950 AND BS5400

TIMBER DESIGN TO EUROCODE 5 AND BS5268

STEEL DESIGN TO BS5400 & DOT

367 Shape limitations for tee stiffeners

STEEL DESIGN TO EUROCODE 3 AND BS5950-1:2000

447 (E) Design of "I" beam curved on plan

MASONRY DESIGN TO EUROCODE 6, BS5628 AND MEXE

528 (E) Simplified sub-frame analysis to EC6

598 (E) Continuous beam with optional cantilever/s

ANALYSIS BY TRADITIONAL METHODS

PRE & POSTPROCESSORS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

770 (E) Slip circle analysis - Taylor's stability numbers

DRAINAGE & SURVEYING

MANUALS & MISCELLANEOUS

070 (E) Simple test example

STEEL DESIGN TO BS449 INCLUDING AMENDMENT 8,1989

LUCID: Reinforced concrete detailing system. LUCID (and SPADE) are

CULVERTS AND SUBWAYS

SPADE: Structural Parts And Details Ensemble

(Steel, masonry & timber component detailing)

266 Fink truss - general arrangement

END PLATE CONNECTIONS

ANGLE CLEAT & ANGLE SEAT CONNECTIONS

FIN PLATE CONNECTIONS

SPADE and all proformas are copyright (C) Fitzroy Systems,

NL-STRESS Structural Analysis - MENU OF OPTIONS

NL-STRESS PARAMETRIC MODELS

N212.dat Single span simply supported beam with section properties

N299.dat Vierendeel girder subjected to udl's on top & bottom chords

N422.dat Grillage of girders subjected to udl's & point & area

PLANE FRAME & TRUSS VERIFIED MODELS

vm115.ndf Cantilever with tie-down beam.

vm270.ndf Pierced shear walls.

PLANE GRID VERIFIED MODELS

FINITE ELEMENT VERIFIED MODELS

VERIFIED MODELS FOR DYNAMICS

VERIFIED MODELS FOR STABILITY

KLEINLOGEL'S RIGID FRAME FORMULAS

leave the Editor, click Continue, press Enter twice,

LEAN-TO FRAMES WITH RIGID JOINT AT EAVES

SYMMETRICAL TWO-HINGED TRIANGULAR FRAME

UNSYMMETRICAL TRIANGULAR FRAME, RIGID CONNECTION AT APEX

UNSYMMETRICAL TRIANGULAR FRAME, RIGID CONNECTION AT APEX

THREE MEMBER LEAN-TO RIGID FRAME, INSIDE JOINTS FIXED,

THREE MEMBER GABLE FRAME

SYMMETRICAL RECTANGULAR FRAME

nlkl040.ndf Eaves joints fixed, tie-rod at ground level.

RECTANGULAR FRAME WITH SUPPORTS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS

RIGID FRAME SHED WITH FIXED EAVE AND RIDGE

BENT WITH ONE SKEW CORNER, INSIDE JOINTS FIXED

RIGID FRAME SHED, FIXED JOINTS AT EAVES & APEX

SYMMETRICAL TRAPEZOIDAL FRAME, JOINTS AT EAVES FIXED

UNSYMMETRICAL TRAPEZOIDAL FRAME, JOINTS AT EAVES FIXED