ARTICLE IN PRESS

Biomaterials 25 (2004) 33253333

Effect of thermal oxidation on corrosion and corrosionwear

behaviour of a Ti6Al4V alloy
.
Hasan Gulery . Huseyin
uz, . - imeno&glu*
C
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, ITU Ayazaga Kampusu Maslak, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
Received 20 June 2003; accepted 30 September 2003

Abstract

In this study, comparative investigation of thermal oxidation treatment for Ti6Al4V was carried out to determine the optimum
oxidation conditions for further evaluation of corrosionwear performance. Characterization of modied surface layers was made
by means of microscopic examinations, hardness measurements and X-ray diffraction analysis. Optimum oxidation condition was
determined according to the results of accelerated corrosion tests made in 5 m HCl solution The examined Ti6Al4V alloy exhibited
excellent resistance to corrosion after oxidation at 600 C for 60 h. This oxidation condition achieved 25 times higher wear resistance
than the untreated alloy during reciprocating wear test conducted in a 0.9% NaCl solution.
r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Corrosion; Corrosionwear; Titanium; Ti6Al4V alloy; Thermal oxidation; Wear

1. Introduction oxide lm and the reformation of passive oxide layer

Biomedical devices are subjected to action of sliding
and rubbing contact of articulating surfaces during their
service in the body [1]. This situation leads to localized
stresses at the contact regions and may cause heavy
damage on their surfaces. Additionally, wear may
progress on the implant surface very rapidly due to the
combined effect of corrosion in the human body and
corrosion assisted wear resulting in severe surface
damage.
Titanium and its alloys are known as the most
appropriate materials for biomedical applications, due
to their well-established corrosion resistance and bio-
compatibility. They owe their excellent corrosion
resistance to passive oxide lm formation at room
temperature. This lm, which mainly consists of TiO2,
provides chemical inertness in many aqueous media and
assures their biocompatibility as a biomaterial [13].
However, in their native form TiO2 lms have poor
mechanical properties and they are easily fractured
under fretting and sliding wear conditions. Sustained
dissolution of underlying metal after the disruption of
*Corresponding author. Tel.: +90-212-285-68-34; fax: +90-212-
285-34-27.
- imeno&glu).
E-mail address: hcimen@itu.edu.tr (H. C
result in gradual consumption of the material [47].
Furthermore, formation of wear debris and release of
metal ions cause adverse tissue reactions, implant
loosening and eventual revision surgery [8,9].
Thermal oxidation treatment tends to improve surface
characteristics of titanium and its alloys. Oxidation,
particularly at temperatures above 200 C, promotes the
development of a crystalline oxide lm. Increasing
temperature induces the formation of a thicker oxide
layer, which is accompanied with dissolution of oxygen
beneath it [10].
Since the formation of mechanically stable and
chemically resistant oxide layers affects corrosion and
wear behavior of titanium and its alloys [7,1113], in this
study, we aimed to determine the optimum thermal
oxidation condition of a Ti6Al4V alloy on the basis of
corrosion and corrosionwear response [14].
2. Materials and methods
Ti6Al4V alloy utilized in the present investigation
was received as 8 mm diameter cold drawn rod. The
cylindrical samples cut from the rod were prepared with
a surface-nishing route to achieve a mirror like
appearance. Later they were cleaned in acetone and

0142-9612/$ - see front matter r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.009
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
3326 .
H. Gulery . H. C
uz, & / Biomaterials 25 (2004) 33253333
- imenoglu
dried in hot air. Thermal oxidation treatments were
conducted at 600 C and 650 C for between 12 and 60 h
at normal atmospheric condition. After characterization
studies, corrosion and corrosionwear tests were
performed on untreated and oxidized samples.
2.1. Characterization tests
Characterization of the surfaces was made by surface
roughness and hardness measurements, X-ray diffrac-
tion (XRD) analysis and optical microscopic examina-
tions. Three samples were averaged at each
characterization test to accurately determine relevant
properties.
2.1.1. Surface roughness measurements
A Mahr Perthen Perthometer S8P optical prol-
ometer was used to examine the surface roughness of the
samples. The effect of oxidation conditions on surface
roughness was determined according to average rough-
ness (Ra) values, which dene the arithmetic mean of
departure of a surface prole from a mean line.
2.1.2. Hardness measurements
Hardness tests were carried out with a Vickers
pyramid indenter, using a Fischer HP 100 XY-PROG
ultramicrohardness tester. Hardness measurements were
performed on the surfaces of the samples under four
different indentation loads, ranging from 250 to
1000 mN. At each load level, at least 10 successive
measurements were made.
2.1.3. XRD analysis
A Philips RV 3710 X-ray diffractometer was used for
the XRD analysis. The glancing incidence X-ray
diffraction technique was used for surface phase
identication of oxidized samples. CuKa radiation
source was used and the incidence beam angle was 2 .
Diffraction angle range was between 10 and 90 , with a
step increment of 0.02 and a count time of 1 s.
2.1.4. Microscopic examinations
Microstructural examinations were conducted on the
cross-sections of the oxidized samples with a Zeiss light
optical microscope. Cross-sections of the oxidized
samples were prepared by standard metallographic
technique. After grinding and polishing metallographic
samples were etched with 2% HF solution.
2.2. Corrosion tests
Accelerated corrosion tests were conducted to evalu-
ate the relative corrosion resistance of untreated and
oxidized samples. Two samples were used for each
surface condition. Samples having 8 mm diameter and
8 mm height were suspended in an acidic solution
containing 5 m HCl for 60 h. The minimum amount of
the solution reacting in the corrosion tests was
determined, taking into account the surface area of the
samples as 0.3 ml/mm2 [15]. During the corrosion tests
the temperature of the solution was 2474 C. The
results of the corrosion tests were evaluated by measur-
ing the weight loss of the samples at certain intervals,
with an accuracy of 0.1 mg. After the test period of 60 h
the surface appearances of the samples were examined
with a microscope at 10  magnication.
2.3. Corrosionwear tests
Corrosionwear tests were conducted on a reciprocat-
ing wear tester described in ASTM G133 standard. The
length and the width of the wear test samples, which
were sliced from the transverse section of the 8 mm
diameter rod, were 20 and 8 mm, respectively. Two
samples were tested to examine the wear performance of
each surface condition. During wear testing 150 g
normal load was applied on the surfaces of the samples
with a 10 mm diameter Al2O3 ball. A commercially
available isotonic serum containing 0.9% NaCl was
used as corrosive environment to simulate the corrosive
effect of the human body. Sliding speed of the ball was
20 mm/s and the stroke of the reciprocating motion was
9 mm. Wear tests were interrupted at certain intervals to
determine the progress of wear. At each interval samples
were cleaned with alcohol and wear tracks were
examined by a surface prolometer. After examining
the wear tracks developed on the surfaces, the samples
were returned to the wear tester in their original
arrangement. Wear tests were performed for 300 min.
After the wear tests, wear tracks that developed on the
untreated and oxidized surfaces were investigated by a
JEOL JSM 6335 F scanning electron microscope (SEM).
The wear of the Al2O3 balls was also examined with an
optical microscope at the end of the wear tests.
3. Results
3.1. Characterization tests
After thermal oxidation the surface of the Ti6Al4V
alloy was covered with a dark colored oxide layer.
Roughness of oxidized surfaces increased drastically
with increasing oxidation time and temperature as
presented in Fig. 1. Average roughness of untreated
sample was 0.17 mm before oxidation.
XRD patterns of the untreated and oxidized samples
are given in Fig. 2. a-Ti and b-Ti peaks were obtained at
different diffraction angles corresponding to different
crystallographic planes of untreated alloy (Fig. 2a).
They were also observed after oxidation at 600 C
(Fig. 2b). This was basically, due to penetration of
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
.
H. Gulery . H. C
uz, & / Biomaterials 25 (2004) 33253333
- imenoglu 3327

Fig. 1. The effect of oxidation temperature and time on the average

roughness of oxidized surfaces.

X-ray beyond the thin oxide layer, through the

substrate. Further analysis revealed that diffraction
angles of Ti peaks shifted slightly left from their original
positions; probably caused by the dissolution of oxygen
in the subsurface zone. Oxidized surfaces principally
consisted of rutile modication of TiO2 (Fig. 2b and c).
The anatase form of TiO2 was also detected at limited
number of diffraction angles, especially after oxidation
at 600 C (Fig. 2b). However, at 650 C rutile totally
dominated the oxide structure (Fig. 2c).
Surface hardness of untreated and oxidized samples
under varying indentation loads are presented in Fig. 3.
The hardness values for the oxidized samples show a
large amount of scatter as indicated by the standard
deviation bars. Higher oxidation temperature and/or
lower indentation load yielded larger scatter in hardness Fig. 2. XRD patterns of untreated and oxidized surfaces (a: hcp
values. This observation can be attributed to contribu- titanium, b: bcc titanium, A: anatase, R: rutile): (a) Before oxidation
(untreated condition); (b) after oxidation at 600 C for 48 h; (c) after
tion of surface roughness to the indentation response of
oxidation at 650 C for 48 h.
oxidized surfaces. In untreated samples the surface
hardness is almost constant at about 3500 MPa with
very low scatter for indentation loads of 2501000 mN. oxide lms were observed, which remained intact with
However, a dramatic increment of up to 9000 MPa in the subsurface oxygen diffusion zone (Fig. 4a). Increas-
surface hardness was achieved upon oxidation. On the ing temperature and oxidation time promoted formation
oxidized surfaces the decrease of hardness with increas- of thick oxide layers and deeper penetration of oxygen
ing indentation load can be attributed to the involve- into the metal (Fig. 4b). The variation of oxide layer
ment of softer regions at high penetration depths of the thickness and oxygen diffusion zone with respect to
indenter. It should be noted that, higher hardness values oxidation conditions are presented in Fig. 5.
were maintained for a wide indentation load range, with
increasing oxidation time and temperature. This indi- 3.2. Corrosion tests
cates that, deeper hardened layers were achieved at high
oxidation temperatures and/or times. Fig. 6 presents the averaged results of two individual
Cross-sectional optical micrographs of the oxidized corrosion tests as weight loss of the samples with respect
samples are given in Fig. 4. Beneath the oxide layer an to duration time in 5 m HCl solution. Continuous
oxygen diffusion zone appeared as a white colored dissolution of untreated alloy, which exhibited the
region after etching. At low temperature relatively thin lowest corrosion resistance among the investigated
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
3328 .
H. Gulery . H. C
uz, & / Biomaterials 25 (2004) 33253333
- imenoglu

Fig. 3. The effect of oxidation temperature on the Vickers hardness (HV) values of oxidized surfaces for oxidation times of: (a) 12, (b) 24, (c) 36,
(d) 48 and (e) 60 h.

Fig. 4. Cross-sectional optical micrographs of the samples oxidized (a) at 600 C for 60 h and (b) at 650 C for 60 h (OL: Oxide layer, ODZ: Oxygen
diffusion zone).

samples, was sustained throughout the testing period.
No measurable weight loss was obtained on the samples
that were oxidized at 650 C for duration times of 12 and
36 h. Prolonged corrosion tests resulted in abrupt
increase in weight loss due to aking and removal of
the oxide scales. For the samples oxidized at 600 C,
weight loss gradually increased with increasing duration
time. Longer oxidation times at 600 C formed a thicker
protective surface layer, which did not show any weight
loss in 36 h. Among the investigated materials, the
sample oxidized at 600 C for 60 h exhibited the
maximum corrosion resistance.
Fig. 7 shows the optical micrographs of the cylindrical
surfaces of the samples after corrosion testing time of
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
.
H. Gulery . H. C
uz, & / Biomaterials 25 (2004) 33253333
- imenoglu 3329

Fig. 5. The effect of oxidation time and temperature on thickness of

OL and ODZ.

Fig. 6. Weight loss data obtained through the accelerated corrosion

tests.

60 h. The surfaces of the samples can be characterized by

dark and light colored regions. Light colored regions are
the substrate, while the dark colored regions are the
oxide layer. During corrosion testing, light colored
regions appeared due to local removal of dark colored
oxide layers. Fragments of oxide lost contact with the
substrate and separated from the surface without
dissolving in the acidic solution. The surface of the
sample, which exhibited the maximum corrosion resis-
tance, was still covered with oxide layer. This indicates
that, very stable oxide formed on the surface of the
examined Ti6Al4V alloy after oxidation at 600 C
for 60 h. Thick oxide layers (formed on surfaces of
the samples oxidized at 650 C) resisted the attack
of corrosive media for 36 h without any weight loss
(Fig. 6). However, at longer testing times fragments of
oxide layers detached from the surfaces allowing further
corrosion progress at a rate similar to that for untreated
alloy. Therefore, after a testing period of 60 h very few
Fig. 7. Photographs of surface appearances of oxidized samples after
60 h of accelerated corrosion testing.
oxide pieces (dark regions) were observed on sample
surfaces (Fig. 7). Since the oxide layer is very effective in
protecting the titanium and its alloys from the
detrimental effects of corrosive media, the higher the
stability of the oxide layer through out the testing
period, the better is the corrosion resistance.
3.3. Corrosionwear tests
Corrosionwear tests were carried out to compare the
wear resistance of untreated alloy with that of the alloy
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
3330 .
H. Gulery . H. C
uz, & / Biomaterials 25 (2004) 33253333
- imenoglu
Fig. 8. 3-D surface proles of untreated and oxidized surfaces at certain intervals of corrosion wear tests.
oxidized at 600 C for 60 h in a mild corrosive media.
Fig. 8 displays the 3-D proles of the wear tracks
developed on the untreated and oxidized surfaces at
certain intervals of corrosionwear tests. It is clearly
seen that shallower and narrower wear track was formed
on oxidized surfaces than untreated ones. The results of
corrosionwear tests were quantied by measuring the
cross-sectional areas of the wear tracks from their 2-D
proles. Fig. 9 graphically shows the progress of wear
track area with respect to testing time. Steady wear of
untreated surface was restrained by thermal oxidation.
Accordingly, oxidized surface exhibited approximately
25 times higher corrosionwear resistance than the
untreated alloy, after testing time of 300 min.
In Fig. 10 SEM micrographs of the wear tracks
developed on the untreated and oxidized surfaces after a
testing time of 300 min are presented. The wear tracks
produced on these samples exhibited different topogra-
phy. A typical feature of rough wear track produced on
untreated surface was extensive shear deformation due
to ploughing action of the Al2O3 ball (Fig. 10a). The
wear tracks on oxidized surface were smooth (Fig. 10b)
and contained microcracks with traces of local material
removal (Fig. 10c). Thus, on oxidized surface wear was
initiated by disruption of oxide layer and followed by
the wear of oxygen diffusion zone, which was locally
removed by cracking at extended testing times.
The Al2O3 balls were also subjected to wear during
testing. The wear scars formed on the balls are depicted
in Fig. 11. Optical microscopic examinations revealed
that, heavy wear of the ball on untreated surface
progressed by grain pull out mechanism. The topogra-
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
.
H. Gulery . H. C
uz, & / Biomaterials 25 (2004) 33253333
- imenoglu 3331

phy of wear scar developed on the ball that slid on the
oxidized surface was almost similar with that of
untreated surface but smaller by a factor of 16. Thus,
the size of wear scar was proportional to the size of the
wear track formed on the surface of the material being
tested.
Fig. 9. Progress of wear track areas during corrosionwear tests.
4. Discussion
Thermal oxidation at 600 C and 650 C modied the
surface of the examined Ti6Al4V alloy by introducing
an oxide layer (anatase and/or rutile) with an oxygen
diffusion zone beneath it. Increase of surface hardness
after thermal oxidation can be attributed to the hard
oxide layer covering the surface and contribution of
strains in the matrix due to dissolution of oxygen
[16,17].
The thickness of the oxide layer and oxygen diffusion
zone increased with increasing oxidation time. However,
growth of the oxide layer during thermal oxidation was
accompanied by surface roughening. The thickness and
the roughness of the oxide layer increased in an
accelerated manner, when oxidation was conducted at
650 C. This situation afrms the role of temperature on
oxidation rate by activating diffusing species. On the
other hand, accelerated oxidation rate due to increasing
temperature may put the whole oxide layer in a more
stressed condition as a result of intrinsic and thermal
effects [18,19]. The formation of defective oxide
structure provides easy diffusion paths for oxygen and
metal ions allowing oxidation progress in an uncontrol-
lable way. Since the corrosion resistance of thermally
oxidized surface layers relies on their chemical stability
and defect free structure, this observation may also be

Fig. 10. SEM micrographs of the wear tracks developed on (a) untreated and (b) oxidized surfaces. High magnication of the framed region is shown
in the in micrograph (c).
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
3332 .
H. Gulery . H. C
uz,
- imenoglu
Fig. 11. The wear scars that formed on Al2O3 balls during corrosionwear testing of: (a) untreated, and (b) oxidized surfaces.
valid for explaining the corrosion behavior of oxidized
samples because strong reducing acids would not
dissolve heavy oxide layer on titanium [20]. Small
structural defects (microcracks and micropores) may
be responsible for the failure of oxidized surfaces [21].
During incubation period, aggressive ions penetrate
towards the oxidemetal interface and steadily extend,
undermining the oxide because of the galvanic
coupling of the oxide and substrate metal. Oxide layers
gradually detached from the surface as fragments.
This observation points out the fact that corrosive
solution has entered the interface through individual
defects. As soon as the oxide fragments lost their contact
with the substrate, they detached. The corrosion
behavior of the samples that were oxidized for short
times at 600 C differed to that of the other samples. The
relatively thin oxide layer that covered these samples
was a mixture of anatase and rutile. Anatase was readily
attacked and dissolved in reducing acids whereas rutile
was inert and resistant to attack [2,21]. Dissolution of
anatase at the beginning of the corrosion test left some
sites of oxidized samples unprotected and further
corrosion continued with total removal of the oxide
layer. Increasing oxidation time yielded higher amount
of rutile in the oxidized surface, which increased
protective nature of oxide layer against the corrosive
environment. Less defective structures of oxide
containing more rutile formed at 600 C after longer
oxidation times. And this combination presented the
most corrosion resistant oxide layer that formed on
Ti6Al4V alloy.
Corrosionwear test results conrmed the superiority
of the thermally oxidized surface over untreated alloy.
Surface degradation of untreated alloy commenced with
the onset of sliding action and large amount of wear
debris was produced through the entire test duration.
The oxide layer prevented the wear of Ti6Al4V
alloy over a certain period of testing time. The removal
of oxide layer and diffusion hardened zone occurred
due to mechanical and chemical effects. Even though the
oxidized (at 600 C for 60 h) surface exhibited the best
corrosion resistance in HCl solution with its less
& / Biomaterials 25 (2004) 33253333
defective structure, it was subjected to mechanical
stresses during corrosionwear test. This situation
caused the local breakdown of the oxide layer and
allowed the corrosive solution to enter the oxideoxygen
diffusion zone interface. The oxide layer was gradually
removed by the combined action of corrosion and wear
together. Eventually, corrosionwear continued on the
oxygen diffusion zone by producing a smaller amount of
wear debris. After extended testing times, cracking of
oxygen diffusion zone caused local material removal,
and thereafter the depth of the wear track reached to the
substrate. When the Al2O3 ball contacted with the
substrate, it was subjected to wear with the mechanism
(grain pull out) which was observed during testing of
untreated surface Apparently, the wear mechanism of
Al2O3 ball on untreated surface was maintained on
oxidized surface when the depth of the wear track
reached to substrate. Grain pull out wear mechanism is
inevitable when the adhesion stresses between the sliding
surfaces tend to be greater than the cohesive strength of
the materials [22]. It should be emphasized that, the
extent of wear developed on the Al2O3 ball is controlled
by the size of the contact area between the ball and the
surface being tested.
5. Conclusion
The Ti6Al4V alloy was thermally oxidized at 600 C
and 650 C to produce corrosion and wear resistant
surface layers. Oxide thickness and oxygen diffusion
zone depth steadily increased with increasing oxidation
temperature and time. Oxide layers were composed
of anatase and rutile structures of TiO2. Roughening
of oxidized surfaces was more severe after oxidation
at 650 C. A signicant increment in surface hardness
(3500 to 9000 HV) was achieved due to formation of a
hard oxide layer and an oxygen diffusion zone beneath
it. According to results of corrosion tests carried out in
an aggressive acidic solution (5 m HCl), oxidation at
600 C for 60 h produced the most corrosion resistant
surface on Ti6Al4V alloy. Wear tests that were
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
.
H. Gulery . H. C
uz, & / Biomaterials 25 (2004) 33253333
- imenoglu
conducted in a mild corrosive solution (0.9% NaCl),
indicated that thermal oxidation treatment performed at
600 C for 60 h prevented extensive corrosionwear of
Ti6Al4V alloy and increased wear resistance by a
factor of 25.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of
the NATO TU PVD Coatings project for the equipment
supplied to the Metallurgy and Materials Engineering
Department of Istanbul Technical University, which
was utilized in characterization work carried out in this
study. One of the authors (H.G.) would like to thank
The State Planning Organization of Turkey for the
support of his MSc. study.
References
[1] Brunette DM, Tengvall P, Textor M, Thomsen P. Titanium in
medicine. Heidelberg: Springer; 2001.
[2] Boyer R, Welsch G, Collings EW. Materials properties hand-
book: titanium alloys. Materials Park, OH: ASM International;
1994.
[3] Donachie MJ. Titanium: a technical guide. Materials Park, OH:
ASM International; 1989.
[4] Gilbert JL, Buckley CA, Lautenschlager EP. Titanium oxide lm
fracture and repassivation: The effect of potential, pH and
aeration. In: Brown SA, Lemons JE, editors. Medical applications
of titanium and its alloys: the material and biological issues,
ASTM STP 1272. Philadelphia: ASTM; 1996. p. 199214.
[5] Komotori J, Lee BJ, Dong H, Dearnley PA. Corrosion response
of surface engineered titanium alloys damaged by prior abrasion.
Wear 2001;8898:111.
[6] Galliano F, Galvanetto E, Mischler S, Landolt D. Tribocorrosion
behavior of plasma nitrided Ti6Al4V alloy in neutral NaCl
solution. Surf Coat Technol 2001;145:12131.
[7] Long M, Rack HJ. Titanium alloys in total joint replacementa
materials science perspective. Biomaterials 1998;19:162139.
[8] Kovacs P, Davidson JA. Chemical and electrochemical aspects of
biocompatibility of titanium and its alloys. In: Brown SA,
Lemons JE, editors. Medical applications of titanium and its
3333
alloys: the material and biological issues, ASTM STP 1272.
Philadelphia: ASTM; 1996. p. 16377.
[9] Dearnley PA. A review of metallic, ceramic and surface-treated
metals used for bearing surfaces in human joint replacements.
Institution of Mechanical Engineers proceedings, Part H. J Eng
Med 1999;213:10735.
[10] Kofstad P. High temperature corrosion. Essex: Elsevier Applied
Science; 1988.
[11] Mishra AK, Davidson JA, Poggie RA, Kovacs P, FitzGerald TJ.
Mechanical and tribological properties and biocompatibility of
diffusion hardened Ti13Nb13Zra new titanium alloy for
surgical implants. In: Brown SA, Lemons JE, editors. Medical
applications of titanium and its alloys: the material and biological
issues, ASTM STP 1272. Philadelphia: ASTM; 1996. p. 96112.
[12] Lopez MF, Jimenez JA, Gutierrez A. Corrosion study of surface-
modied vanadium-free titanium alloys. Electrochim Acta 2003;
48:1395401.
[13] Garcia-Alonso MC, Saldana L, Valles G, Gonzalez-Garrasco JL,
Gonzalez-Cabrero J, Martinez ME, Gil-Garay E, Munuera L. In
vitro corrosion behavior and osteoblast response of thermally
oxidised Ti6Al4V alloy. Biomaterials 2003;24:1926.
[14] .
Gulery . H. Surface treatment of Ti6Al4V alloy by thermal
uz
oxidation. M.Sc. thesis, 2003.
[15] Standard practice for laboratory immersion corrosion testing of
metals. ASTM G3172. Philadelphia: ASTM; 1995.
[16] Weissman S, Shrier A. Strain distribution in oxidized alpha
titanium crystals. In: Jaffee RI, Promisel NE, editors. The science,
technology and application of titanium. London: Pergamon Press;
1968. p. 44158.
[17] Borgioli F, Galvanetto E, Galliano FP, Bacci T. Air treatment of
pure titanium by furnace and glow-discharge processes. Surf Coat
Technol 2001;141:1037.
[18] Coddet C, Chaze AM, Beranger G. Measurement of the adhesion
of thermal oxide lms: application to the oxidation of titanium.
J Mater Sci 1987;22:296974.
[19] .
Schutze M. Failure of oxide scales on advanced materials due to
.
presence of stresses. In: Saito Y, Onay B, Maruyama T, editors.
High temperature corrosion of advanced materials and protective
coatings. B.V. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers; 1992.
p. 3949.
[20] Baboian R. Corrosion tests and standards: application and
interpretation. Philadelphia: ASTM Manual Series; 1995.
[21] Bloyce A, Qi P-Y, Dong H, Bell T. Surface modication of
titanium alloys for combined improvements in corrosion and wear
resistance. Surf Coat Technol 1998;107:12532.
[22] Dearnley PA, Dahm KL, Cimenoglu H. The corrosionwear
behaviour of thermally oxidised CpTi and Ti6Al4V. Wear,
in press.