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GHAZIABAD
A
SUMMER INTERNSHIP PROJECT REPORT ON
STUDY ON GOODS AND SERVICE TAX AND COMPARISON
BETWEEN PREVAILING TAX REGIME AND GST REGIME.
OF
POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA IN MANAGEMENT
Academic session
2016-18
SUBMITTED BY
VAIBHAV SONI (BM-016267)
I, Vaibhav Soni, do hereby declare that the Summer Internship Project entitled study on goods
and service tax and comparison between prevailing tax regime and GST regime has been
undertaken by me as part of my studies in the degree of Post-graduation diploma in management.
I have completed this study under the guidance of Mr. GAURAV DAWAR, PROFESSOR OF
FINANCE.
I also declare that this work has not been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma,
associate ship or fellowship or any other title in this Institute or any other College/ University.
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Summer Internship Project submitted by Mr. Vaibhav Soni on the title
study on goods and service tax and comparison between prevailing tax regime and GST regime, is a
record of project work done by him during the academic year 2016-2018 under my guidance and
supervision in partial fulfillment of Post Graduate Diploma in Management. This Summer
Internship Project has not been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, associate ship or
fellowship or any other title in the Institute or any other College/ University.
Place: Ghaziabad
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CERTIFICATE FROM THE COMPANY
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First, I thank to the Director, Dr. J.P. SHARMA of Institute of Management Studies for giving
me the opportunity to do my summer internship project.
I wish to take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to thank Mr. MAHESH
SHARMA (Head of finance) for this invaluable guidance throughout my project. I sincerely
thank ATMA AUTOTECH ENGINEERS PVT. LTD. for providing me with an opportunity to
work in the Finance Department of Atma to get an insight about the Prevailing Tax and GST
Regime.
I thank Prof. Gaurav Dawar, for his support and guidance during the course of my summer
internship. I remember him with much gratitude for his patience and motivation, but for which I
could not have submitted this work.
I thank my parents for their blessings and constant support, without which this summer
internship would not have seen the light of day.
Vaibhav Soni
BM- 016267
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary 8
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 9
9.1 Interpretation 62
9.2 Benefits 63
9.3 Limitations 64
Bibliography 69
Annexure 70
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LIST OF TABLE AND FIGURES
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report is structural as well as procedural study about the extent of flexibility and
transparency present inside the framework of financial industry. GST stands for goods and
service tax, GST will be a single destination based tax that will replace existing taxes, including
CENVAT, octroi, Sales tax, and excise duty, etc. unlike the old tax structure, where the state of
origin received tax revenue in the new GST model the state in which goods and services are
consumed is the state that will receive the revenue. This study focuses on the Introduction of the
sector as well as the company. Firstly it is describing about manufacturing sector, secondly about
the Company (Atma Autotech Engineers Pvt. Ltd.) and about the GST regime which includes the
types, features etc. Also its describes about the Elements Of GST and it includes Taxable events,
liability, Input Tax Credit, Indirect Tax Regime and includes the types of indirect tax. This study
is also contains the comparison between indirect tax regime and GST regime. In the end its
describes the technical analysis of GST and its interpretation, benefits, limitations of GST regime
and Impact of GST on manufacturing Sector. A Goods and Services Tax Council (GSTC) shall
be constituted comprising the Union Finance Minister, the Minister of State (Revenue) and the
State Finance Ministers to recommend on the GST rate, exemption and thresholds, taxes to be
subsumed and other features.
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CHAPTER-I
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
PLASTIC INDUSTRY
The plastics industry manufactures polymer materials - commonly called plastics and offers
services in plastics important to a range of industries, including packaging, building and
construction, electronics, aerospace, and transportation. It is part of the chemical industry. In
addition, as mineral oil is the major constituent of plastics, it is regarded a part of the
petrochemical industry.
Besides plastics production, plastics engineering is an important part of the industrial sector. The
latter field is dominated by engineering plastic as raw material because of its better mechanical
and thermal properties than the more widely used commodity plastics
Plastics production grows globally. The numbers include thermoplastics and polyurethanes, as
well as thermosets, adhesives, coatings and sealants and PP-fibers.
YEAR MEGATONNES
2002 204
2007 250
2009 257
2011 279
2012 288
2013 299
2015 330
2017 350(APPROAX)
SOURCE: - Wikipedia
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MACHINE INDUSTRY
The machine industry or machinery industry is a subsector of the industry that produces and
maintains machines for consumers, the industry, and most other companies in the economy.
This machine industry traditionally belongs to the heavy industry. Nowadays, many smaller
companies in this branch are considered part of the light industry. Most manufacturers in the
machinery industry are called machine factories.
Source: - Wikipedia
The machine industry is a subsector of the industry that produces a range of products from power
tools, different types of machines, and domestic technology to factory equipment etc. On the one
hand the machine industry provides. These means of production are called capital goods, because
a certain amount of capital is invested. Much of those production machines require regular
maintenance, which becomes supplied specialized companies in the machine industry.
On the other end the machinery industry supplies consumer goods, including kitchen appliances,
refrigerators, washers, dryers and a like. Production of radio and television, however, is generally
considered belonging to the electrical equipment industry. The machinery industry itself is a
major customer of the steel industry.
The production of the machinery industry varies widely from single-unit production and series
production to mass production. Single-unit production is about constructing unique products,
which are specified in specific customer requirements. Due to modular design such devices and
machines can often be manufactured in small series, which significantly reduces the costs. From
a certain stage in the production, the specific customer requirements are built in, and the unique
product is created.
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SPECIAL PURPOSE MACHINE
Special Purpose Machines (SPM) are those Machine which are not available off the Shelf. These
are not covered in Standard Manufacturing Programs. There Fore they have to be Designed &
Tailor Made as Per the Customers Specific Requirements.
They are also called as Bespoke Machines. Always in the Production process there is a Long Felt
need to improve the Quality of Product, Minimize Rejection and Increase the Productivity per
Person, to Cater to the Pressing Circumstances in the globalized world economy.
The answer to this need is use of Special Purpose Machines (SPM) giving very High
Productivity. The theme can be Further Elaborated by doing a Full Scale Automation of the of
the Industrial Process, wherever Possible. The use of Special Purpose Machines (SPM) And
Automation Minimizes Possibility of Human Errors and also Reduces Human Fatigue in
Carrying out Repetitive Operations again And again. It also assures the Quality and
Interchangeability of Parts, by Carrying out the Same Designed Process each time without any
Shortcuts.
The Special Purpose Machines (SPM) And Automatic Machines are designed to Operate
Continuously for 24 hours a day, with Minimum Supervision. The Special Purpose Machines are
Generally Product Specific & they are required to be Designed & Developed for each Specific
Requirement. Sometimes it May be Possible to Cater to the Jobs having Similar Features but
Differing in Dimensions by Using Change Tooling Concept.
These Special Purpose Machines (SPM) are either Cam Operated Machine or they use
Hydraulics & Pneumatics as Actuating Elements or Combination of all the three of them. Many
times a Dedicated Programmable Logic Controller is used in Conjunction with Positional
Sensors & Transducers, to give Commands to the Actuating Elements some Times Different
Special Motors like Stepper Motor & Servo Motors are used as Actuating Element. The
Productivity Achieved after all these Efforts is very high. Productivity of 3 to 10 times are
Achievable. However to Fetch the Fruits of these Highly Specialized Machines the Pre-
Condition is that the Input to the Automatic Machine must have Strict Quality Control.
Source: - prabodhnirman.com
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1.2 COMPANY OVERVIEW
ATMA AUTOTECH
We, at ATMA, are proud to have contributed to the progress of Indian Industry by excelling in
the field of manufacturing Automotive Products & SPMs (Special Purpose Machines) within a
short span of time. Our success is attributable to our sincerity and approach towards excellence.
Employing the world's most advanced machines and using the best practices in our processes, we
work towards attaining perfection with continual improvement in our product, quality and
providing entire satisfaction to our customers with up-gradation of the competence of our
employees and fulfilling our objective to be a world class company recognize by our customers.
Atma Group established in 1998 as a center of excellence to provide design, development and
consulting expertise in the field of engineering services. In April 2008 initially to cater the need
for testing equipment and assembly automation in automotive industry switchgear, medical
industries.
COMPANY INFORMATION
CIN : - U34300DL2005PTC143391
Company Name : - ATMA AUTOTECH ENGINEERS PRIVATE LIMITED
Company Status : - Active
Date of Incorporation : - Dec 7, 2005
RoC : - RoC-Delhi
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Registration Number : - 143391
Company Category : - Company limited by Shares
Company Sub-Category :- Non-govt Company
Class of Company : - Private
Authorized Capital : - 1, 00, 00,000 (One Crore Indian Rupees)
Paid Up Capital : - 80, 25,600 (Eighty Lakh, Twenty-five Thousand And Six
Hundred Indian Rupees)
Listing Status : - Unlisted
Date of Last Annual General Meeting (AGM) :- Sep 30, 2016
Date of Latest Balance Sheet : - Mar 31, 2016
Website : - http://www.atmaautotech.com
o There are 2 Directors associated with Atma Autotech Engineers Private Limited. They
are
(1) Krishan Kumar Yadav
(2) Asha Yadav
o As per the records of Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), Atma Autotech Engineers
Private Limited's last Annual General Meeting (AGM) was held on Sep 30, 2016, and the
date of latest Balance Sheet is Mar 31, 2016.
GROUP OF COMPANIES
Atma Autotech have 3 types of group of companies in manesar, Gurgaon (Haryana) and have 1
registered office in rohini, Delhi. The group of companies are the different manufacturing unit in
the Gurgaon are:-
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AIM
This division has design, development and manufacturing of special purpose machines for
assembly and testing automation. This division of Atma Autotech has 141 member in the
company working hard to achieve the daily goals.
AIM
This division does production of plastic molded parts for Automotive, Electrical, Health care,
solar and kitchen part industries. This production unit has 100 members in the organization to
achieve its objective.
AIM
This unit is indulge in production of control cable assembly for clutch, brake, window regulator
and plastic parts and also take projects for special purpose machines. This unit has a 50 member
who work hard achieve the daily and monthly goal for the company.
COMPETITION ADVANTAGE
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AWARDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS
FARO
Atma Autotech Carves a Time-efficient Future with FARO
Special Purpose Machines (SPMs) are innovative turnkey solutions that are not readily available
in the market. Also known as Bespoke Machines, these exclusive technologies are tailor made to
suit specific requirements, and they provide improvements in safety, throughput, efficiency, and
quality. Customizing SPMs is a service that requires specialized knowledge and attention to
detail. One such company that supports Indian automotive manufacturers in achieving high
productivity is Atma Autotech Engineers Pvt. Ltd (Atma Autotech).
SIEMENS
Hitting on all cylinders
Solid Edge drives Atma Autotech Engineers strategy of expansion; software enables design
cycle time reduction of 30 percent, with an almost 70 percent reduction in design errors and
rework.
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COMPANY MISSION, VISION AND VALUES
Corporate culture refers to the beliefs and behaviors that determine how a company's employees
and management interact and handle outside business transactions. Often, corporate culture is
implied, not expressly defined, and develops organically over time from the cumulative traits of
the people the company hires. A company's culture will be reflected in its dress code, business
hours, office setup, employee benefits, turnover, hiring decisions, treatment of clients, client
satisfaction.
MISSION
We aim to expand our horizon into innovation and development of efficient yet economical
solutions for our customers with Rs. 500 Million Turn over in Financial Year2017-18.
VISION
People working together as a lean, global enterprise to make peoples lives better through
mobility leadership.
To produce high-quality, low cost, easy to use products that incorporate high technology for the
individual.
Even the best culture needs to revisit itself to meet a growing companys team. The most
successful company culture leads to successful business, and that requires an evolving culture
that can grow with it.
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TYPES OF SOLUTION OFFERED
Source: - atmaautotech.com
Source: - atmaautotech.com
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Burnishing machine
Source: - atmaautotech.com
Source: - atmaautotech.com
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PROJECTS HANDLED BY ATMA AUTOTECH
TABLE 2:- WORK HANDLED BY ATMA AUTOTECH
Endurance test Axial & Radial Endurance Test Machine For Rubber
Mount
Gear Shifter
Lever Pulsato
Servo pressing machine Pulley & Impeller Pressing Machine for Water Pump
Line
Bearing & Mechanical Seal Pressing for W P Line
Needle Bearing Pressing Machine
Lower Shaft Pressing Machine
Leak testing Dry Leak & Electrical Testing for Fuel Filter
Throttle Body
Exhaust Tank
Air Fuel Cock
Air intake Manifold
End of line tester EOL for Parking Break
EOL for Brake Paddle
EOL for Clutch Paddle
EOL for Drum Brake
Segregation
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Process machine Bending Machine
Bellow Making Machine
Testing machine
Source: - atmaautotech.com
All projects of ATMA AUTOTECH ENGINEERS PVT. LTD. is handled under the guidance of
respected director Mr. Krishan Kumar Yadav and Mrs. Asha Yadav. So all projects can be
handled very successfully and both are the person with great knowledge and know about to solve
the problem and completed the task very efficiently and effectively. After the testing and
inspection is passed and give to the customer. Special purpose machine (SPM) required time and
money.
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OUR CLIENTS-PARTNERS
We work with a number of industries ranging from technology, to consumer. Our clients are our
partners and our priority. The list are:-
Source: - atmaautotech.com
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1.3 INTRODUCTION TO GST
OVERVIEW OF GST
GST stands for goods and service tax, GST will be a single destination based tax that will replace
existing taxes, including CENVAT, octroi, Sales tax, and excise duty, etc. unlike the old tax
structure, where the state of origin received tax revenue in the new GST model the state in which
goods and services are consumed is the state that will receive the revenue.
The introduction of Goods and Services Tax (GST) would be a very significant step in the field
of indirect tax reforms in India. By amalgamating a large number of Central and State taxes into
a single tax, it would mitigate cascading or double taxation in a major way and pave the way for
a common national market. From the consumer point of view, the biggest advantage would be in
terms of a reduction in the overall tax burden on goods, which is currently estimated to be around
25%-30%. Introduction of GST would also make Indian products competitive in the domestic
and international markets. Studies show that this would have a boosting impact on economic
growth. Last but not the least, this tax, because of its transparent and self-policing character,
would be easier to administer.
GENESIS
The idea of moving towards the GST was first mooted by the then Union Finance Minister in his
Budget for 2006-07. Initially, it was proposed that GST would be introduced from 1st April,
2010. The Empowered Committee of State Finance Ministers (EC) which had formulated the
design of State VAT was requested to come up with a roadmap and structure for the GST. Joint
Working Groups of officials having representatives of the States as well as the Centre were set
up to examine various aspects of the GST and draw up reports specifically on exemptions and
thresholds, taxation of services and taxation of inter-State supplies. Based on discussions within
and between it and the Central Government, the EC released its First Discussion Paper (FDP) on
GST in November, 2009. This spells out the features of the proposed GST and has formed the
basis for discussion between the Centre and the States so far.
TRIGGER GST AND APPLICABILITY
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TYPE OF GST
CGST: - central goods and services tax, paid on all transactions, collected by the central
government. This process is fully done with help of softwares.
SGST: - state goods and services tax, paid on all transactions within a state, collected by the state
government. This process is fully done online.
IGST: - Integrated goods and services tax, paid on all inter-state transactions, or import of goods
into INDIA, collected by the central government. This process is done online.
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CONSTITUTION AMENDMENT BILL
The Constitution Amendment Bill was passed by the Lok Sabha in May, 2015. The Bill was
referred to the Select Committee of Rajya Sabha on 12.05.2015. The Select Committee had
submitted its Report on the Bill on 22.07.2015. The Bill with certain amendments was finally
passed in the Rajya Sabha and thereafter by Lok Sabha in August, 2016. Further the bill had
been ratified by required number of States and received assent of the President on 8th September,
2016 and has since been enacted as Constitution (101st Amendment) Act, 2016 w.e.f. 16th
September, 2016.
ROLE OF CBEC
CBEC is playing an active role in the drafting of GST law and procedures, particularly the CGST
and IGST law, which will be exclusive domain of the Centre. This apart, the CBEC would need
to prepare, in advance, for meeting the implementation challenges, which are quite formidable.
The number of taxpayers is likely to go up significantly. The existing IT infrastructure of CBEC
would also need to be suitably scaled up to handle such large volumes of data. Based on the legal
provisions and procedure for GST, the content of work-flow software such as ACES (Automated
Central Excise & Service Tax) would require re-engineering.
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(iii) Existing tax incentive schemes of Central or State governments may be continued by
respective government by way of reimbursement through budgetary route. The schemes, in the
present form, would not continue in GST.
(iv) There would be four tax rates namely 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%. Besides, some goods and
services would be under the list of exempt items. Rate for precious metals is yet to be fixed. A
cess over the peak rate of 28% on certain specified luxury and demerit goods would be imposed
for a period of five years to compensate States for any revenue loss on account of
implementation of GST. The Council has asked the Committee of officers to fit various goods
and services in these four slabs keeping in view the present incidence of tax.
(v) The five laws namely CGST Law, UTGST Law, IGST Law, SGST Law and GST
Compensation Law have been recommended.
(vi) In order to ensure single interface, all administrative control over 90% of taxpayers having
turnover below Rs. 1.5 crore would vest with State tax administration and over 10% with the
Central tax administration. Further all administrative control over taxpayers having turnover
above Rs. 1.5 crore shall be divided equally in the ratio of 50% each for the Central and State tax
administration.
(vii) Powers under the IGST Act shall also be cross-empowered on the same basis as under
CGST and SGST Acts with few exceptions.
(viii) Power to collect GST in territorial waters shall be delegated by Central Government to the
States.
(ix) Formula and mechanism for GST Compensation Cess has been finalized.
(x) Four rules on input tax credit, composition levy, transitional provisions and valuation have
been recommended. Further five Rules on registration, invoice, payments, returns and refund,
finalized in September, 2016 and as amended in light of the GST bills introduced in the
Parliament, have also been recommended.
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GST SUVIDHA PROVIDERS (GSPS).
GSTN has selected 34 IT, ITES and financial technology companies, to be called GST Suvidha
Providers (GSPs). GSPs would develop applications to be used by taxpayers for interacting with
the GSTN.
1. GST would be applicable on supply of goods or services as against the present concept
of tax on the manufacture of goods or on sale of goods or on provision of services.
3. It would be a dual GST with the Centre and the States simultaneously levying it on a
common base. The GST to be levied by the Centre would be called Central GST (CGST)
and that to be levied by the States [including Union territories with legislature] would be
called State GST (SGST). Union territories without legislature would levy Union territory
GST (UTGST).
4. Import of goods would be treated as inter-State supplies and would be subject to IGST in
addition to the applicable customs duties. Whereas Import of services would be treated as
inter-State supplies and would be subject to IGST.CGST, SGST /UTGST & IGST would
be levied at rates to be mutually agreed upon by the Centre and the States under the aegis
of the GSTC.
5. GST would replace the following taxes currently levied and collected by the Centre:-
a. State VAT;
b. Central Sales Tax;
c. Purchase Tax;
d. Luxury Tax;
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e. Entry Tax (All forms);
f. Entertainment Tax (except those levied by the local bodies);
g. Taxes on advertisements;
h. Taxes on lotteries, betting and gambling;
7. GST would apply to all goods and services except Alcohol for human consumption. GST
on five specified petroleum products (Crude, Petrol, Diesel, & Natural gas) would be
applicable from a date to be recommended by the GSTC. Tobacco and tobacco products
would be subject to GST. Taxpayers with an annual turnover of Rs. 20 lakh (Rs. 10 lakh
for special category States as specified in article 279A of the Constitution) would be
exempt from GST. A compounding option (i.e. to pay tax at a flat rate without credits)
would be available to small taxpayers (including to specified category of manufacturers
and service providers) having an annual turnover of up to Rs. 50 lakh. The threshold
exemption and compounding scheme would be optional.
8. Exports would be zero-rated.
9. Credit of CGST paid on inputs may be used only for paying CGST on the output and the
credit of SGST/UTGST paid on inputs may be used only for paying SGST/UTGST. In
other words, the two streams of input tax credit (ITC) cannot be cross utilized, except in
specified circumstances of inter-State supplies for payment of IGST. The credit would be
permitted to be utilized in the following manner:
a. ITC of CGST allowed for payment of CGST & IGST in that order
NOTE:-ITC of CGST cannot be used for payment of SGST/UTGST and vice versa.
10. Accounts would be settled periodically between the Centre and the State to ensure that
the credit of SGST used for payment of IGST is transferred by the originating State to the
Centre. Similarly the IGST used for payment of SGST would be transferred by Centre to
the Destination State. Further the SGST portion of IGST collected on B2C supplies
would also be transferred by Centre to the Destination State. The transfer of funds would
be carried out on the basis of information contained in the returns filed by the taxpayers.
11. Input Tax Credit (ITC) to be broad based by making it available in respect of taxes paid
on any supply of goods or services or both used or intended to be used in the course or
furtherance of business.
12. Electronic filing of returns by different class of persons at different cut-off dates.
13. Various modes of payment of tax available to the taxpayer including internet banking,
debit/ credit card and National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) / Real Time Gross
Settlement (RTGS).
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14. Obligation on certain persons including government departments, local authorities and
government agencies, who are recipients of supply, to deduct tax at the rate of 1% from
the payment made or credited to the supplier where total value of supply, under a
contract, exceeds two lakh and fifty thousand rupees (Rs. 2.5 lac). Refund of tax to be
sought by taxpayer or by any other person who has borne the incidence of tax within two
years from the relevant date.
15. Obligation on electronic commerce operators to collect tax at source, at such rate not
exceeding two per cent. (2%) of net value of taxable supplies, out of payments to
suppliers supplying goods or services through their portals.
16. System of self-assessment of the taxes payable by the registered person.
17. Audit of registered persons to be conducted in order to verify compliance with the
provisions of Act.
18. Limitation period for raising demand is three (3) years from the due date of filing of
annual return or from the date of erroneous refund for raising demand for short-payment
or non-payment of tax or erroneous refund and its adjudication in normal cases.
19. Limitation period for raising demand is five (5) years from the due date of filing of
annual return or from the date of erroneous refund for raising demand for short-payment
or non-payment of tax or erroneous refund and its adjudication in case of fraud,
suppression or willful mis-statement.
20. Arrears of tax to be recovered using various modes including detaining and sale of goods,
movable and immovable property of defaulting taxable person.
21. Officers would have restrictive powers of inspection, search, seizure and arrest.
BENEFITS OF GST
MAKE IN INDIA:-
1. Will help to create a unified common national market for India, giving a boost to foreign
investment and Make in India campaign.
2. Will prevent cascading of taxes as Input Tax Credit will be available across goods and
services at every stage of supply.
3. Harmonization of laws, procedures and rates of tax.
4. It will boost export and manufacturing activity, generate more employment and thus
increase GDP with gainful employment leading to substantive economic growth.
5. Ultimately it will help in poverty eradication by generating more employment and more
financial resources.
6. More efficient neutralization of taxes especially for exports thereby making our products
more competitive in the international market and give boost to Indian Exports.
7. Improve the overall investment climate in the country which will naturally benefit the
development in the states.
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8. Uniform SGST and IGST rates will reduce the incentive for evasion by eliminating rate
arbitrage between neighboring States and that between intra and inter-State sales.
9. Average tax burden on companies is likely to come down which is expected to reduce
prices and lower prices mean more consumption, which in turn means more production
thereby helping in the growth of the industries . This will create India as a
Manufacturing hub.
BENEFIT TO CONSUMERS:-
1. Final price of goods is expected to be lower due to seamless flow of input tax credit
between the manufacturer, retailer and service supplier.
2. It is expected that a relatively large segment of small retailers will be either exempted
from tax or will suffer very low tax rates under a compounding scheme- purchases from
such entities will cost less for the consumers.
3. Average tax burden on companies is likely to come down which is expected to reduce
prices and lower prices mean more consumption.
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CHAPTER-II
LITERATURE REVIEW
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2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Jha Diwakar (2017) describe in the article on 1 July 2017. Its been more than a decade now
since we have been listening the buzz about Goods and Services Tax (GST), but now we have
seen implementation of GST turning into reality as the Govt. has launched GST on 01/07/2017.
The GST is a value added tax that will replace all indirect taxes levied on goods and services by
the Government, both Central and States. Amalgamating several central and state taxes into a
single tax would mitigate cascading or double taxation, facilitating a common nation market.
This is the biggest taxation reform since independence that is going to take place in India.
Chaturvedi Ajay (2017) elucidate the benefits of GST in his article. Much awaited Goods and
Services Tax (GST) will finally be a reality tonight that would radically change the way
manufacturer, service provider, trader and eventually the consumer, pay taxes to the exchequer,
both at the state and Central level, through a single levy, subsuming a plethora of indirect taxes
and making India unified market. All the imported goods will be charged Integrated Goods &
Services Tax (IGST) which is equivalent to the Central GST + State GST. This will bring
equality with taxation on local products.
Raj Ravishu (2016) analyze the impact of GST on consumers. The goods and services tax is the
biggest and substantial indirect tax reforms since 1947. The main idea of GST is to replace
existing tax like value added tax, excise duty, service tax and sales tax. The consumer shall also
be equally benefited by availing the goods and services at lower price as the cascading effect will
be eliminated under proposed GST. The revenue of both central government and state
government shall be increased in long run. It is expected to iron out wrinkles of existing indirect
tax system and play a vital role in growth of India. The only hurdle to cross over in
implementation of GST at the earliest is the disagreement of some of the state to do implement it.
The goods and services is aimed at creating a single, unified market that will benefit both
corporate and the economy. Several countries implemented this tax system followed by France,
the first country introducing GST. India is centralized democratic and therefore the GST will be
implemented parallel by the central and state government.
Goyal Nitin (2017) illustrates Payment of GST on Supply of GOODS under Reverse Charge
Mechanism. Prior to introduction of GST, Reverse Charge Mechanism was common for Service
Sector as several of the services were in Reverse Charge. Thus Service Sector is well
comfortable with the Reverse Charge provisions. However the goods sector is in dilemma as
with GST set to be roll-out from the mid-night of 30th June, the manufacturing and trading
sector will face a big change with respect to Payment of GST on Reverse Charge in respect of
Goods.
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Gupta Rajiv (2017), describes the why Indian bureaucracy is undermining the GST. GST is a
technology driven system. The system is adopted per force because it is not humanly possible to
organize the tax collection efficiently & minimize leakages. However, by increasing the number
of rates within the product in itself they have unnecessarily created scope for adjustments. The
policymakers say that the system is robust but if the system is robust enough then the strength of
the system should have been used to facilitate the users particularly the exporters. The point is
simple that that exports including deemed exports are zero rated. Therefore, the GST on imports
related to the exports should have never been collected in the system. Please see the irony that
you believe in the system for collection, validation & refund of the taxes wherever applicable but
dont believe in it for the purpose of grant & monitoring of exemption.
Jain Surbhi (2017) emphasized the need of audit under GST. He Commissioner or any officer
authorized by him, by way of a general or a specific order, may undertake audit of any registered
person for such period, at such frequency and in such manner as may be prescribed. Audit may
be conducted at the place of business of the registered person or in the office of the
Commissioner or officer authorized by him. A notice will be sent to the registered person at least
15 days prior to the conduct of the audit. The audit shall be completed within a period of 3
months from the date of commencement of the audit. The Commissioner can extend the audit
period for a further period of 6 months with reasons recorded in writing.
Purohit C Mahesh and Purohit Vishnu (July) describes Estimating Revenue Implications of the
Proposed GST. With a view to furthering progress made under the system of VAT in the
country, the Union Finance Minister announced in his budget speech of 2007-08 that the Goods
and Services Tax (GST) would be introduced by 2010. The proposed GST will replace the
existing Cen VAT and service tax levied by the Central Government and the state-VAT levied
by the State Governments. There will be major changes in the structure of all these taxes under
the GST regime. Such change s are essential due to the fact that the existing system of dual-VAT
is fraught with certain weaknesses. First, due to the separate taxation of goods and services there
is the need to split the value of transactions into the value of goods and the value of services for
the purpose of taxation. This leads to greater complexities, and higher administrative and
compliance costs. Second, due to further globalization of the Indian economy, a number of Free
Trade Agreements have been signed in the recent years. This allows duty free or low duty
imports into India. Hence, there is need to have a nationwide simple and transparent system of
taxation to enable the Indian industry to compete not only internationally but also in the domestic
market. To pave the way for the introduction of GST, the Empowered Committee (EC)
appointed a Joint Working Group (JWG) on GST consisting of four Joint Secretaries from the
Central Government and Secretaries/ Principal Secretaries of Finance/Taxation of the States as
its members, and with Advisers to the Union Finance Minister and Member Secretary (EC) as
the Co-conveners. Additional Secretary (Revenue), Ministry of Finance Adviser (Financial
Resources), Planning Commission; Commissioner, Central Board of Excise and Customs
(Service Tax); and Director (Sales Tax), Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, were
requested to join the deliberations of the JWG as special invitees.
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CHAPTER-III
OBJECTIVE OF THE
STUDY
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3. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
It was a very good opportunity to familiarize myself with the Goods and service tax, introduce
by the government to reduce the burden from the manufacturer, consumer as well as from the
government itself. It is a very good step by the government to introduce this in India for better
future. This study gives me the opportunity to understand the concept of GST and its
implications and how it is different from the prevailing or old tax regime.
1. To study the probable impact of Goods and service tax through case study method.
2. To study the differences between prevailing tax regime and Goods and Service Tax regime.
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CHAPTER-IV
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
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4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
SECONDARY DATA
The secondary data is the already existing data from the other sources. This data is cheaper and is
easily available. This type of data is used to save time. The secondary data comprises of
information from internal records of the organization, text books, journals and various literature
available in and outside of the corporation, presentation reports on various topics, standing
orders. This is the data which is already available, published or unpublished and is collected
from the company records and manuals which are maintained by it.
PERIOD OF STUDY
The study was done in the period of May and June.
TOOLS USED
Comparative analysis is done between Indirect tax regime and Goods and Service tax regime
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CHAPTER-V
MAIN ELEMENTS OF GST
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5. MAIN ELEMENTS OF GST LAW
TAXABLE EVENT:-
1. Tax on supply of goods or services rather than manufacture / production of goods,
provision of services or sale of goods.
2. Powers to declare certain supplies as supply of goods or of services Schedule II.
3. Powers to declare certain activities/transactions as neither supply of goods nor of services
- Schedule III.
4. On Intra-State supplies of goods or services - CGST & SGST shall be levied by the
Central and State Government respectively, at the rate to be prescribed.
5. Maximum rate ring fenced in law.
6. On Inter -State supplies of goods or services - IGST shall be levied by the Central
Government, at the rate to be prescribed.
7. Maximum rate ring fenced in law.
LIABILITY TO PAY:
1. Liability to pay tax arises only when the taxable person crosses the exemption
threshold.
2. Provision for levy of tax on fixed rate on aggregate turnover up to a prescribed limit
in a financial year (Composition scheme) without participation in ITC chain.
Source:- customs.gov
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TIME & VALUE OF SUPPLY:
1. Elaborate principles devised for determining the time of supply of goods or services
with following being crucial determinants with certain exceptions.
:-Date on which supplier issues invoice.
:-Date on which supplier receives the payment, whichever is earlier.
2. Tax is to be paid on Transaction value (TV) of supply generally i.e. the price actually
paid or payable for the supply of goods or services.
Source:- legalraasta.com
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PAN BASED REGISTRATION
1. Required to be obtained for each State from where taxable supplies are being
made.
2. A person having multiple business verticals in a State may obtain separate
registration for each business vertical.
3. Liability to be registered.
4. Every person who is registered or who holds a license under an earlier law.
5. Every person whose turnover in a year exceeds the threshold limit.
6. A person, though not liable to be registered, may take voluntary registration.
7. Certain suppliers liable for registration without threshold..
8. Registration to be given by both Central and State Tax Authorities on a common
e-application.
9. Deemed registration after three common working days from date of application
unless objected to self serviced Amendments except for certain core fields.
10. Provision for surrender of registration and also for suo-moto cancellation by the
tax authorities.
Source:- legalraasta.com
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PAYMENT OF MONEY
1. System of electronic cash ledger and electronic ITC ledger.
2. Tax can be deposited by internet banking, NEFT / RTGS, debit/credit card and
Over the Counter.
3. Date of credit to the Govt. account in the authorized bank is the date of payment
for credit in electronic cash ledger.
4. Payment of Tax is made by way of the debit in the electronic cash or credit
ledger.
5. Cross-utilization of ITC between CGST & IGST, between SGST/UTGST &
IGST allowed.
6. Hierarchy for discharging payments of various tax liabilities.
7. Provision for TDS on certain entities.
8. E-Commerce Operators, facilitating supplies by other suppliers, to collect Tax at
source (TCS), at the time of supply, out of payments to be made to such
suppliers.
Source: - klmanagement.com
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REFUND OF MONEY BY GOVERMENT
1. Refund claim along with documentary evidence to be filed online without any
physical interface with tax authorities.
2. Provisional sanction of 90% of refund claim on account of zero-rated supplies
within 7 days.
3. Tax refund will be directly credited to the bank account of applicant.
Source:- slideshare.net
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CHAPTER-VI
CURRENT INDIRECT TAX
REGIME
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6. CURRENT INDIRECT TAX REGIME IN INDIA
Sales Tax:
As the name suggests, sales tax is a tax that is levied on the sale of a product. This product can
be something that was produced in India or imported and can even cover services rendered. This
tax is levied on the seller of the product who then transfers it onto the person who buys said
product with the sales tax added to the price of the product. The limitation of this tax is that it
can be levied only ones for a particular product, which means that if the product is sold a second
time, sales tax cannot be applied to it.
Service Tax:
Like sales tax is added to the price of goods sold in India, so is service tax added to services
provided in India. In the reading of the budget 2015, it was announced that the service tax will be
raised from 12.36% to 14%. It is not applicable on goods but on companies that provide services
and is collected every month or once every quarter based on how the services are provided. If the
establishment is an individual service provider then the service tax is paid only once the
customer pays the bills however, for companies the service tax is payable the moment the
invoice is raised, irrespective of the customer paying the bill.
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The value added tax is a tax that is levied at the discretion of the state government and not all
states implemented it when it was first announced. The tax is levied on various goods sold in the
state and the amount of the tax is decided by the state itself. For example in Gujarat the
government split all the good into various categories called schedules. There are 3 schedules and
each schedule has its own VAT percentage. For Schedule 3 the VAT is 1%, for schedule 2 the
VAT is 5% and so on. Goods that have not been classified into any category have a VAT of
15%.
Excise Duty:
This is a tax that is levied on all the goods manufactured or produced in India. It is different from
customs duty because it is applicable only on things produced in India and is also known as the
Central Value Added Tax or CENVAT. This tax is collected by the government from the
manufacturer of the goods. It can also be collected from those entities that receive manufactured
goods and employ people to transport the goods from the manufacturer to themselves.
The Central Excise Rule set by the central government provide suggest that every person that
produces or manufactures any 'excisable goods', or who stores such goods in a warehouse, will
have to pay the duty applicable on such goods in. Under this rule no excisable goods, on which
any duty is payable, will be allowed to move without payment of duty from any place, where
they are produced or manufactured.
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Other Indirect taxes:-
While direct and indirect taxes are the two main types of taxes, there are also these small cess
taxes that are also seen in the country. Although, they arent major revenue generators and are
not considered to be as such, these taxes help the government fund several initiatives that
concentrate on the improving the basic infrastructure and maintain general wellbeing of the
country. The taxes in this category are primarily referred to as a cess, which are taxes levied by
the government and the funds generated through this are used for specific purposes as per the
Finance Ministers discretions.
Professional Tax:
Professional Tax, or employment tax, is another form of tax levied only by state governments in
India. According to professional tax norms, individuals earning income or practicing a profession
such as a doctor, lawyer, chartered accountant, or company secretary etc. are required to pay this
tax. However, not all states levy professional tax and the rate differs across all the states that levy
the tax.
Entertainment Tax:
Entertainment Tax is yet another type of tax commonly seen in India. It is levied by the
government on feature films, television series, exhibitions, amusement, and recreational parlors.
This tax is collected taking into account a business entitys gross collection collected from
earnings based on commercial shows, film festival earnings, and audience participation.
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Education Cess/Surcharge:
Education cess is a tax in India primarily introduced to help cover the cost of government-
sponsored educational programs. This tax is collected independently of other taxes and is
applicable to all Indian citizens, corporations, and other people living in the country.
Source: - quora.com
Gift Tax:
When an individual receives a gift from another person. It is considered to be a part of their
income generated through other sources and the relevant tax is levied. This tax is applicable if
the gift amount is more than Rs. 50,000 in a year.
Wealth Tax:
Wealth Tax was another tax levied by the government, which was charged based on the net
wealth of the assesse. Wealth tax is chargeable with respect to the net wealth of a property. Net
wealth is equal to all the assets an individual owns minus the cost of acquiring them (any loan
taken to acquire them). Wealth tax is no longer operational as it was abolished during the Union
Budget of 2015.
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Toll Tax & Road Tax:
Toll tax is a tax you often pay to use any form of infrastructure developed by the government,
example roads and bridges. The tax amount levied is rather negligible which is used for
maintenance and basic upkeep of a particular project.
Source: taxpage.com
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CHAPTER-VII
COMPARISON BETWEEN
INDIRECT TAX REGIME
AND GST REGIME
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7.1 DIFFERENCE IN INDIRECT TAX REGIME AND GST REGIME
TABLE 3:- DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TAX REGIMES
Broad scheme There are separate laws for separate There will be only one such law because GST
levy. For e.g. Central Excise Act, shall subsume various taxes as specified above.
1944, respective State VAT laws.
Tax rates There are separate rates. For e.g. There will be one CGST rate and a uniform rate
Excise 12.36 % and Service Tax of SGST across all states.
14%.
Cascading effect This Problem arises because credit This situation will not arise as CST concept is
of CST and many other taxes not being eliminated with introduction of IGST.
allowed.
Tax burden Under present scenario, tax burden Under this, tax burden is expected to reduce
on tax payer is high. since all taxes are integrated which make it
possible the burden to be split equitably between
manufacturing and services
Cost Burden on Due to presence of cascading effect, As GST mechanism removes such effect by
Consumers certain taxes become part of cost. providing credit, cost burden is reduced.
Concurrent Power At present, there is no such power to Both Centre and State are vested with the power
both Centre and State on same to make law on GST by virtue of proposed
subject tax matter Article 246A of the Constitution
Compliance Tax compliance is complex because Tax compliance would be easier as only one law
of multiplicity of laws and their subsuming other taxes need to be followed
provisions to be followed.
Transparent Tax Presently, tax is levied at two stages GST is to be levied only at final destination of
Administration in broad manner i.e. 1. When consumption and not at various points. This
product moves out of factory. 2. At brings more transparency and corruption free tax
retail outlet. administration.
Source: - gstindia.com
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7.2 TAX RATES BEFORE AND AFTER GST
Rates for most items and services under the Goods and Services Tax have been finalized in the
two-day meeting of the GST Council that ended on Friday. While the rates on key daily use
items like sugar, tea and hair oil have come down, they have been increased for luxury and sin
products. Eating out in a five-star restaurant will be taxed at the highest bracket.
CONSUMERS GOODS
TABLE 4:- RATES DIFFERENCE FOR CONSUMER GOODS
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BEAUTY AND PERSONAL CARE
TABLE 6:- RATES DIFFERENCE FOR BEAUTY AND PERSONAL CARE
SOURCE: - BLOOMBERGQUINT.COM
PEAT 5 19.5
KEROSENE PDS 5 17
TAR 5 12
COAL 5 12
LIGNITE 5 12
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COPPER BARS, SCREWS, NUTS, BOLTS 18 18.5
OTHERS
TABLE 9:- RATES DIFFERENCE FOR OTHER GOODS
STEAM 12 0
PRINTED BOOKS 0 0
HELMETS 18 18.5
TRACTOR 12 18.5
SOURCE: - BLOOMBERGQUINT.COM
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SERVICES
TABLE 10:- RATES DIFFERENCE FOR SERVICES
WORK CONTRACTS 12 15
SOURCE: - BLOOMBERGQUINT.COM
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CHAPTER-VIII
CASE ANALYSIS
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8. CASE ANALYSIS
PRODUCT
TRANSFER Cost of goods transferred = Rs. 1000 Cost of goods transferred = Rs. 1000
TO
MUMBAI TO + Value Added Tax(@10%) = Rs. 100 + SGST (@6%) = Rs. 60
NAGPUR + CGST (@6%) = Rs. 60
BRANCH Total = Rs.1100
Total = Rs.1120
PRODUCT
SOLD TO Cost of goods sold = Rs. 1100 Cost of goods sold = Rs. 1120
NAGPUR TO
CHENNAI + Profit Margin = Rs. 1000 + Profit Margin = Rs. 1000
SOURCE: - GSTINDIA.COM
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CASE-2 CASE ON MANUFACTURING A MACHINE
A manufacturer bears the cost of Rs.1, 00,000 on the manufacturing of plastic parts for daily
use. He further sells the blocks to the wholesaler with the profit margin of 10%. Again the goods
were sold by wholesaler to the retailer with the same profit margin i.e.10%. Calculate the invoice
value at each stage with the prevailing tax/indirect tax system and GST system.
Sol:
TABLE 12:- QUESTION OF MANUFACTURING OF MACHINE
Value to manufacturer
Production cost 100000 100000
Add Profit Margin @10% 10000 10000
Add excise duty @12% 13200
Value to wholesaler
Cost of goods 138600 123200
Add profit margin @10% 13860 12320
Total Value 152460 135520
Add VAT @12.5% 19058
Add SGST @6% 8131
Add CGST @6% 8131
Invoice value to wholesaler 171518 151782
Value to Retailer
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Cost of goods 171518 151782
Add Profit margin @10% 17152 15178
Total Value 188670 166960
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G (E+F) 263836 225500
SOURCE: - SELF
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CHAPTER-IX
INTERPRETATION,
BENEFITS AND
LIMITATIONS
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9.1 INTERPRETATIONS
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INTERPRETATION FOR CASE-3
The case is about the tax incurred on the plastic product of Atma Autotech and the total price
which a customer has to pay for the product in both the cases. In the case of manufacturing of
plastic products GST is 28% where as in prevailing regime tax rate is total 21% before it sell to
the consumer.
If we check the example the total tax in the indirect tax regime comes out to be Rs. 51538 i.e.
Excise duty@12.5%, VAT@4% and Sales tax@5% whereas, in the GST total tax comes out to
be Rs. 63140 i.e. 28%. By which we can say that the plastic products will be sold at the much
higher rate than that of the previous rate. In this example GST rate is 28%, and it is divided into
two equal parts i.e. for CGST and SGST. In GST tax amount is equally divide in equal parts to
central and state government.
9.2 BENEFITS
The Goods & Service Tax or GST is one of the biggest fiscal reforms in India since
Independence. All businesses, small or large, will be impacted by this new indirect tax regime.
GST will be levied on both goods and services and will subsume and replace the current indirect
taxes such as excise, VAT, and service tax.
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SIMPLER ONLINE PROCEDURE UNDER GST
The entire GST process starting from registration to filing returns and payment of GST tax is
online. Startups do not have to run around to tax offices to get various registrations under excise,
VAT, service tax.
GST will not be a cost to registered retailers therefore there will be no hidden taxes and the cost
of doing business will be lower. This in turn will help Export being more competitive. In GST
System both Central GST and State GST will be charged on manufacturing cost and will be
collected on point of sale. This will benefit people as prices will come down which in turn will
help companies as consumption will increase. Critics say that GST would impact negatively on
the real estate market. It would add up to 8 percent to the cost of new homes and reduce demand
by about 12 percent.
Critics say that GST would impact negatively on the real estate market. It would add up to 8
percent to the cost of new homes and reduce demand by about 12 percent. Some Economist says
that CGST, SGST and IGST are nothing but new names for Central Excise/Service Tax, VAT
and CST and hence GST brings nothing new for which we should cheer.
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CHAPTER-X
IMPACT OF GST ON
MANUFACTURING
SECTOR
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10. IMPACT OF GST ON THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR
Introduction
The manufacturing sector in India is not only plagued with concerns ranging from decline in
exports and infrastructure spending but also with the burden of complying with a complex
indirect taxation system. Multiple indirect tax legislations have led to significant compliance and
administrative costs, classification and valuation disputes and generally impaired the ease of
doing business in this sector. The implementation of goods and services tax (GST) is therefore
critical and necessary to give a boost to an already flagging sector.
In this update, we analyze the key impact of the model goods and services tax law (Model GST
Law) and the likely issues relevant to the manufacturing sector. This is our second update in the
series of updates regarding the impact of GST on key sectors of the Indian economy. Our first
update on the impact of GST in the e-commerce sector can be accessed from here.
State incentives
Companies have set up units with significant investment outlays based on incentives offered by
States under their respective investment promotion policies. These incentives are usually in the
form of tariff incentives (lower tax rates, refund /deferment of taxes etc.) and non-tariff
incentives (economical land lease terms, lower electricity duty etc.). At present, States have the
flexibility to offer such incentives. However, under the GST regime, such flexibility given to the
States is likely to be curtailed to achieve the intended effect of uniformity. Further, the Model
GST Law does not clarify the fate of current incentives. Companies which have based their
financial projections around these fiscal incentives may have to reassess their projections.
The implementation of GST will also signal a move away from the producer State tax system to
a consumption State tax system. Producer States will have a lower financial incentive to offer
such concessions, as GST will only be credited to the State where the supplies are consumed, as
opposed to the present situation where the Producer State is credited with central sales tax on
inter-state sales. This would lead to a loss of revenue for the producer States and therefore such
States may not be in a financial position to continue offering such incentives, even though there
may be other compelling reasons such as generation of labor, improvement of infrastructure,
market creation etc. However, it seems likely that future incentives may only be non-tariff based.
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There is no clarity under the Model GST Law on the treatment of such area based exemptions.
Given this uncertainty, companies should make a representation to the Government for
appropriate compensation for the unutilized portion of such incentives.
Discounts
The Model GST Law stipulates that post supply discounts are to be excluded from the
transaction value, provided such discounts are known at or before the time of supply of goods
and are linked to the invoices for such supply. Companies may need to analyze existing post
supply discounts/incentive schemes where the quantum of discount is not known at the supply
stage. Example, secondary market incentive schemes, volume based discounts etc.
MRP valuation
Currently, various pre-packaged products for retail consumption are subject to excise duty not on
the ex-factory transaction value but on a specified percentage of the maximum retail price (MRP)
printed on the package. The MRP based value (which is usually between 30%-35% of the MRP)
is in most cases, much higher than the ex-factory transaction value leading to a higher excise
duty liability than would otherwise be the case.
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credit of central or state levies. Further, central sales tax paid on inter-state procurements is also
not creditable and are costs for the company.
Another issue faced currently is the cascading of taxes at the post manufacturing stage. Dealers,
retailers etc. are subject to taxes on their input side which are not creditable (service tax on input
services, excise duty on capital goods).
This leads to an increase in the cost of goods, ultimately affecting the competitiveness of Indian
manufactured imports goods.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Websites
http://www.customs.gov.
https://www.legalraasta.com
http://www.klmanagement.com.
https://www.slideshare.net.
https://www.quora.com.
https://www.Bloomberg.com.
http://www.klmanagement.com.
http://taxguru.in.
http://indianexpress.com.
https://en.wikipedia.org.
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com.
http://www.ey.com.
https://www.aces.gov.in.
http://www.cbec.gov.in.
References
Purohit C Mahesh and Purohit Vishnu, (July 1th 2017). Estimating Revenue Implications of the
Proposed GST. Retrieved July 4, 2017, from https://scholar.google.co.in/scholar.
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ANNEXURE
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