Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted by:
Erik Khzouz
________________
__________________________
Professor Richard D. Sisson Jr.
Abstract
The effects of temperature and time on the grain growth kinetics of selected steels have been
experimentally determined. The steels examined are 1045, 4140, 4340, 8620, 9310 and 52100. Samples
were heat treated at temperatures ranging from 850C to 1050C in increments of 50C and held for 30
minutes, 2, 4, and 9 hours. Using the standard ASTM test methods to measure grain size it was found
that grain growth exhibited parabolic behavior and the activation energy for grain growth ranged from
175.2 to 353.4 KJ/mol.
II
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Professor Richard D. Sisson Jr. for his advice and guidance throughout the
duration of this project. I would also like to thank Dr. Boquan Li, Adam Sears for their assistance in
ensuring that I had the necessary equipment and training to complete this project. In addition I would
like to thank George F. Vander Vort for his assistance with the etchant for revealing prior austenite grain
boundaries. Lastly, I would like to thank the following graduate research students: Danielle Belsito,
Chun-Min Chou, Guannan Guo, Zhijia Jin, Wendi Liu, Sidath Wijesooriya and Lei Zhang for their
experimental and analytical support.
III
Table of Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... II
Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................................... III
List of Figures .............................................................................................................................................. VII
List of Tables .............................................................................................................................................. VIII
List of Equations ........................................................................................................................................... IX
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Literature Review ....................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1 Heat Treatment ................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1.1 Austenitizing................................................................................................................................. 2
2.1.2 Tempering .................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Grain Size and Growth ........................................................................................................................ 5
2.2.1 What is Grain Growth?................................................................................................................. 5
2.2.2 Factors Affecting Grain Growth ................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Materials ............................................................................................................................................. 7
2.3.1 AISI 1045 ...................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.2 AISI 4140 ...................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3.3 AISI 4340 ...................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.4 AISI 8620 Steel............................................................................................................................. 8
2.3.5 AISI 9310 Steel ............................................................................................................................. 8
2.3.6 AISI 52100 .................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.7 Material Composition .................................................................................................................. 8
3 Methodology ............................................................................................................................................ 10
3.1 Furnace Calibration ........................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.1 Temperature Mapping ............................................................................................................... 10
3.1.2 Temperature Calibration............................................................................................................ 10
3.2 Heat Treatment Procedure ............................................................................................................... 11
3.3 Sample Preparation .......................................................................................................................... 13
3.4 Optical Microscopy Measurements .................................................................................................. 13
3.4.1 Hyen Intercept Method ............................................................................................................. 13
IV
3.4.2 Jefferies Method ........................................................................................................................ 14
4 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................................. 17
4.1 Gain Size Evolution............................................................................................................................ 17
4.2 Average Grain Diameters .................................................................................................................. 18
4.3 ASTM Grain Size ................................................................................................................................ 19
4.4 Effective Time ................................................................................................................................... 19
4.5 Ideal Grain Growth ............................................................................................................................ 21
4.5.1 Evaluating K and D0 .................................................................................................................... 21
4.5.2 Evaluating Activation Energy ..................................................................................................... 23
5 Conclusions & Recommendations ........................................................................................................... 25
5.1 Heat Treatment ................................................................................................................................. 25
5.2 Sample Preparation .......................................................................................................................... 25
5.3 Average Grain Size Measurements ................................................................................................... 25
5.4 Growth Kinetics ................................................................................................................................. 26
Works Cited ................................................................................................................................................. 27
Appendix 1: Isothermal Transformation Diagrams..................................................................................... 29
Appendix 2: Sample Grinding & Polishing Procedures ............................................................................... 32
Mark V CS600 - Sectioning ...................................................................................................................... 32
Beuhler Simplimet II Mounting ............................................................................................................ 33
Appendix 3: Sample Etching Procedures .................................................................................................... 34
Appendix 4: Jefferies Planimetric Method Calibration Studies .................................................................. 35
Calibration Study #1 ................................................................................................................................ 35
Calibration Study #2 ................................................................................................................................ 37
Appendix 5: Average Grain Diameters........................................................................................................ 39
Appendix 6: Effective Time Results ............................................................................................................. 44
Appendix 7: D2 vs. Effective Time Graphs ................................................................................................... 60
AISI 1045 ................................................................................................................................................. 60
AISI 4140 ................................................................................................................................................. 63
AISI 4340 ................................................................................................................................................. 66
AISI 8620 ................................................................................................................................................. 69
AISI 9310 ................................................................................................................................................. 72
V
AISI 52100 ............................................................................................................................................... 75
Appendix 8: Log(K) vs. 1/T Graphs .............................................................................................................. 78
Appendix 9: Micrographs ............................................................................................................................ 81
AISI 1045 ................................................................................................................................................. 81
AISI 4140 ................................................................................................................................................. 92
AISI 4340 ............................................................................................................................................... 103
AISI 8620 ............................................................................................................................................... 114
AISI 9310 ............................................................................................................................................... 125
AISI 52100 ............................................................................................................................................. 134
VI
List of Figures
Figure 1 - Temperature vs. Time Plot of Solution and Precipitation Heat Treatments [4] ........................... 2
Figure 2 Fe3C Phase Diagram [2] ................................................................................................................ 3
Figure 3 - Isothermal Transformation Diagram Fe-C Alloy of Eutectiod Composition [1] ............................ 4
Figure 4 - Comparison of Thermocouple Connections [12] ........................................................................ 11
Figure 5 - Heating Rate of 8620 to 900C ..................................................................................................... 12
Figure 6 Time-Temperature Graph of 900C Heat Treatment ..................................................................... 12
Figure 7 - Heyn Intercept Method at 200x Magnification: 1045 850C 9Hr ................................................ 14
Figure 8 - Jefferies Method at 200x Magnification: 1045 850C 4Hr ........................................................... 15
Figure 9: Variation in Grain Size of AISI 4140 with Time at 1050C ............................................................ 17
Figure 10: Variation of Grain Size of AISI 4140 with Temperature at 2 Hours ........................................... 18
Figure 11: Plot of Average Grain Diameter squared vs. Effective Time ...................................................... 21
Figure 12 - Log(Kp) vs. 1/T Comparison ...................................................................................................... 23
VII
List of Tables
VIII
List of Equations
IX
1 Introduction
Steels are utilized in a wide variety of applications ranging from automobiles, bolts, to structural
components, etc. The addition of alloying elements within low, medium and high carbon steels leads to
enhanced mechanical properties over traditional plain carbon steel. Alloying elements that are added
within the steel can include: chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorous, sulfur and
silicon. [1] In the past, researchers have noted significant changes in the microstructure of steels that
undergo alloy element addition to enhance the desired mechanical properties. As grain size increases,
the strength, hardness and fatigue life of the steel decrease. [3] It was observed that the prior austenite
grain size is directly influenced by the temperatures and the various time durations of exposure.
Austenite grains grow at elevated temperatures which can affect mechanical properties. Grain growth is
dependent upon heat treatment time and temperature as well pinning effects of second phase
precipitates within the steel.
The goal of this project is to investigate the effect of temperature and time upon the grain
growth kinetics of selected steels. The steels examined included 1045, 4140, 4340, 8620, 9310 and
52100. Heat treatment temperature and time were varied ranging from 850C to 1050C in increments
of 50C and held for 30 minutes, 2, 4, and 9 hours. Utilizing the standard ASTM test methods, average
grain size measurements could be determined using the Jefferies Planimetric Method to further
examine the growth kinetics.
1
2 Literature Review
Figure 1 - Temperature vs. Time Plot of Solution and Precipitation Heat Treatments [4]
2.1.1 Austenitizing
Austenitizing is the first step heat treatment and involves transforming the initial microstructure
to an austenitic structure. [3] By observing the Fe-C phase diagram in Figure 2 the phase transformation
can be seen.
2
Figure 2 Fe3C Phase Diagram [2]
To transform the microstructure to austenite, the sample is heated above the eutectoid
temperature (727C). If the material is a hypoeutectoid alloy (contains less than 0.76 weight % C), the
ferrite will start to transform into austenite and continue to do so as the temperature rises above the
eutectoid temperature. If the material is a hypereutectoid alloy (contains between 0.76 and 2.14 weight
% C), the cementite will transform into austenite and continue to do so as the temperature increases.
The temperature at which the microstructure is completely austenite depends upon the amount of
carbon within the alloy. [4]
After being held for the desired time, the steel can be rapidly quenched from the austenitic
region. The resulting microstructure is dependent on the rate of cooling as well as the concentration of
alloying elements within the steel. The Isothermal Transformation Diagram for a steel with a eutectoid
composition is presented in Figure 3, additional ITT diagrams for each steel examined within this study
can be seen within Appendix 1.
3
Figure 3 - Isothermal Transformation Diagram Fe-C Alloy of Eutectiod Composition [1]
By referencing the appropriate ITT diagrams, the final microstructure can be controlled to produce
desired microstructures and properties. A rapid quench may avoid the formation of Pearlite or Bainite
and allow martensite to form.
2.1.2 Tempering
Generally the microstructure of steel in its post-quenched state is undesirable due to internal
stresses, brittleness and hardness. . Tempering is generally utilized for martensitic steels as their
ductility and toughness are not optimal for most applications. [1] The process of tempering steel is
utilized to relieve the internal stresses and remove other undesirable properties that may have arisen in
previous heat treatment. The microstructure of tempered martensite consists of carbide particles
embedded within a ferrite matrix leading to a substantially enhanced ductility and toughness.
Martensite (BCT, single phase) Tempered Martensite ( +Fe3C and other carbides)
Tempering is normally carried out at temperatures between 250 and 650C, but stress relief can be
accomplished at temperatures as low as 200C. [4]
4
2.2 Grain Size and Growth
The grain size within steels largely contributes to bulk material properties such as strength,
creep, and fatigue resistance, electrical and magnetic properties.[5] The Hall-Petch equation relates
yield strength, , to the average grain diameter, d, where 0 and k are constants as seen in the equation
below. [7]
The relationship introduced in Equation 1 can be explained via dislocation theory which assumes that
grain boundaries act as obstacles to slip dislocations, causing dislocations to pile up on their slip planes
behind the grain boundaries. Dislocations that attempt to pass from one grain to the adjacent grain will
have to change its direction of motion due to crystallographic misorientation. [4] An increase in the
number of dislocations is assumed with increasing grain size and magnitude of applied stress. [3] Thus a
fine grained material possess a higher yield strength compared to a coarse grained material as a greater
applied stress would be needed to cause slip to pass through the boundary. In order to estimate
material properties as a function of heat treatment, the kinetics of grain growth must be understood.
D is the average grain diameter, D0 is the initial grain size, K is a constant of proportionality that relates
heating temperature and activation energy for grain growth, and t is the holding time. The Ideal Grain
Growth Law is commonly written in a more general form by substituting the exponent as the variable m.
5
Equation 3 - General Grain Growth Law
Early theories of grain growth are based upon the proportionality of the growth rate to the
interfacial free energy per unit volume or based on the inverse proportionality of the rate of boundary
migration to the boundary curvature predict a value of m to be 2. [8] Experimentally it has been shown
that values of m lie within the range of 2 to 5. The kinetic exponent, m, within an ideal system controlled
by diffusion, has a value of 2, meaning that the system has no defects or precipitates. A value of 3
indicates several phenomena such as precipitate phases with diffusion in the produced grains. If a value
of 4 is determined, it means there is an effect of the precipitate with diffusion along the grain boundary.
[9]
6
2.2.2.2 Zener Pinning
Grain growth can be inhibited in the presence of second phase particles which pin grain
boundaries in place. The restraining forces exerted on grain boundaries are called Zener forces. [9] A
grain of critical radius Rcr is the radius where the driving force is equivalent to the pinning force exerted
by second phase particles on grain boundaries. The limiting size for which grain growth can occur can be
seen in the Zener Equation. [10]
A is a constant, r is the mean second phase particle radius, and f is the volume fraction of second phase
particles. Second phase particles which can inhibit grain growth include very small oxide, sulfide, carbide
or silicate particles. [2] Zener pining can be observed at lower temperatures where second phase
particles are present, but not at elevated temperatures the particles dissolve. [11]
2.3 Materials
The following steels were used throughout the duration of this project. Each of the steels
utilized have distinct chemical and physical properties which allow them to be used in a variety of
applications.
7
2.3.3 AISI 4340
AISI 4340 is a nickel chromium-molybdenum steel alloy known for its toughness and ability of
developing a high strength in the heat treated condition while retaining good fatigue strength. This alloy
is utilized in structural applications such as aircraft landing gear, power transmission gears and shafts.
AISI 4340 possesses a carbon content generally within the range of 0.38 to 0.43 wt%. [18]
Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES) was used to determine the chemical composition of the
steels. The average readings of three measurements are shown in Table 1. The addition of each element
within the steel provides a specified role in determining the properties of the alloy. The function of each
element can be seen within Table 2. [1]
8
Table 1 - Material Composition Obtained via OES
C Cr Fe Mn Mo Ni P S Si
1045 0.484 0.1195 Bal. 0.745 0.0225 0.081 0.00435 0.0135 0.215
4140 0.377 1.025 Bal. 0.695 0.1505 0.1565 0.0071 0.011 0.2265
4340 0.417 0.79 Bal. 0.76 0.2283 1.71 0.00893 0.021 0.241
8620 0.2135 0.56 Bal. 0.805 0.1535 0.4525 0.00645 0.014 0.2355
9310 0.121 1.3 Bal. 0.605 0.141 3.49 0.0053 0.0098 0.2405
52100 0.975 1.57 Bal. 0.316 0.029 0.102 0.00625 0.0075 0.2045
Mn Hardenability
S To Improve Machinability
By observing the chemical composition of each element in relation to the function of the element grain
growth rates can be compared due to Zenner Pinning Effects.
9
3 Methodology
Steels were received from Peterson Steel Corporation and A.M. Castle Metals in a rod stock
form. With assistance from the machinists at WPIs Haas Technical Education Center, these rods were
turned down to 46, 1cm thick disks. The process of furnace calibration, heat treatment, sample
preparation, and analysis are outlined within this chapter.
The temperature of each furnace was mapped using an Omega brand K-type thermocouple and
an Omega HH111 data-logger. To ensure the thermocouple and the datalogger were functioning within
specifications, a container of water was set to boil on a hotplate, and the temperature was measured.
The furnace was heated to a set temperature, and held for several minutes. The thermocouple was then
placed within the furnace at set locations to determine if a variance in temperature existed with respect
to location within the chamber.
10
thermocouples were not utilized as the bead of the bimetal could become easily damaged resulting in
inaccurate readings as seen in Figure 4 below.
The core temperature of the disks was measured at fifteen minute intervals to ensure the samples did
not deviate from the specified heat treatment temperature.
The furnace was heated to the desired temperature; once this temperature was achieved the
samples were placed within the furnace. One of these samples contained the thermocouple, which
would monitor the internal core temperature. The time temperature curve for the heating rates can
be observed by recording the temperatures at 10 second intervals until the samples are within 10 C of
the target temperature. Once the core temperatures reached 10C of the target temperature, the heat
treatment process began with temperature measurements at 15 minute intervals to ensure thermal
stability. A time-temperature curve can be seen in Figure 5 & Figure 6.
11
8620 Heating Rate to 900C
1000
900
800
Temperature (C) 700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Time (s)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Time (S)
Once the samples reached the prescribed length of heat treatment, they were immediately quenched
within a bath of ice water which was vigorously stirred.
12
3.3 Sample Preparation
Once the samples were quenched, they were sectioned and mounted via standard
metallographic procedures using a Mark V CS600 cutting wheel and a Buehler Simplimet II mounting
press. The samples underwent a grinding process using a Buehler Metaserv 2000 grinding wheel with
progressively finer grits of sandpaper. After achieving uniform directional wear with 600 grit sandpaper,
the samples were finely polished via a combination of the Buehler Vibromet I polisher and Century E-
plus polishers to produce a mirror finish. A Picric Acid Etchant was used in order to observe the
microstructure of the samples. Detailed instructions regarding sample preparation can be seen within
Appendix 2 and 3.
13
Figure 7 - Heyn Intercept Method at 200x Magnification: 1045 850C 9Hr
A set of rules are utilized to count the number of intersections and interceptions across the
length of the line. If the ends of the line end within a grain boundary, each end is counted as one-half
interception. Grain boundary intersections are counted as one point, triple-point intersections are
counted as 1.5 points and tangent hits are counted as one-half point. [8] Once the intersections along
the line have been tallied up, the mean intercept length, L3, can be determined:
[ ]
where NL is the tallied intercept count. With the mean intercept length, the ASTM grain size, G, can be
determined and further correlated to the average grain diameter via ASTM E112. [9]
14
During this analysis, it is suggested that a standard circle of 79.8 mm in diameter (5000 mm2) be drawn
on the micrograph obtained at 100x. Figure 8 shows an example of the Jefferies Method on one of the
samples. By calibrating the software ImageJ with the micrographs scale bar, an accurate value of the
circles area can be determined for non-standardized sizes.
A set of rules are also utilized for the Jefferies Method, but are much simpler in comparison to
the Heyn Intercept Method. A grain that is within the area of interest counts as a full point, where a
grain that intersects the boundary counts as a half point. [8] The grain area and diameter can be
determined via the following equations:
While the Jefferies Method provides slower results, the results were observed to be more accurate. This
was seen when multiple measurements were taken along the same micrograph, consistent values were
observed via the Jefferies Method, but a spread could be seen using the Heyn Intercept Method.
To achieve a more representative value for the average grain diameter, it was decided that the
Jefferies Method would be utilized with a total of fifteen measurements per sample. To remove bias
15
within the measurements, several graduate students assisted in calculating the grain sizes. A calibration
study was performed on a known sample to further measure the bias of each individual with results
seen in Appendix 4. Each individual performed three distinct measurements at different locations within
the sample. Outlying data was discarded by utilizing the Inter-Quartile Range (IQR) and the average of
the remaining data was taken as the representative average grain diameter for the sample.
16
4 Results and Discussion
4 Hours 9 Hours
17
850C 900C
950C 1000C
1050C
Figure 10: Variation of Grain Size of AISI 4140 with Temperature at 2 Hours
18
Table 3: Average Grain Diameter (mm) for AISI 8620 Steel
From observed values of the average grain diameter, grain size increased with both holding temperature
as well as time. Variance within measurements at lower temperatures can be attributed to minimal
grain growth resulting in consistent diameters.
[ ]
Equation 6 was utilized to calculate the ASTM Grain Size Number for each sample where NA is the
number of grains per square millimeter. Calculated ASTM Grain Size Numbers for each steel can be seen
within Appendix 5.
19
Through the use of Equation 7 and Equation 8, the effective heating time and time grains were allowed
to grow can be calculated. The effective heating time was taken to be the amount of time the steel took
to go from the eutectoid temperature of 727C, where austenite initially forms to the lower extreme of
the holding temperature tolerance, 10C from the holding temperature. Detailed as well as tabulated
calculations for the total heating time each steel can be seen in Appendix 6.
20
4.5 Ideal Grain Growth
4.5.1 Evaluating K and D0
The grain growth kinetics of Equation 3 can be observed for each steel by plotting values of
average grain diameter squared vs. effective time. In doing so an assumption is made that ideal grain
growth is present, thus the value of the exponent m is 2.
A comparison of D2 vs. time for 8620 can be seen within Figure 11. At lower temperatures grain growth
is minimal; at elevated temperatures substantial growth can be seen. Plots of each steel can be seen in
Appendix 7.
8620 Comparison
0.003
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
0.0025
850C
0.002
900C
0.0015
950C
0.001
1000C
0.0005 1050C
0
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
Effective Time (min)
Figure 11: Plot of Average Grain Diameter squared vs. Effective Time
The proportionality constant, K, and initial grain size D0 were determined from the slope and intercept
of the trend line. Calculated values of K and D0 for each steel can be seen within Table 4.
21
Table 4: Comparison of K and D0 for Various Alloys
An increase in initial grain size, D0, as well as the constant K can be seen with increasing temperature as
growth occurs at an accelerated rate at elevated temperatures.
22
4.5.2 Evaluating Activation Energy
For grain growth to occur, a number of barriers must be surpassed, one of which is the
necessary activation energy must be supplied to the steel. The activation energy, Q, is related to grain
growth via Equation 4.
By plotting the inverse of absolute temperature against the proportionality constant K, the activation
energy was determined from the slope of a linear trend line.
Comparison of Alloys
-10.5
1045
-11
4140
-11.5
4340
-12
Log(Kp)
8620
-12.5
9310
-13
-13.5 52100
-14
0.00074 0.00076 0.00078 0.0008 0.00082 0.00084 0.00086 0.00088 0.0009
1/T
The relation between the slope of the trend line and the activation energy needed for grain growth can
be seen below where R is the gas constant. Plots of individual alloys with accompanying linear trend
lines can be seen within Appendix 8.
Values obtained for the activation energy as well as the pre-exponential constant, k0 for each alloy can
be seen in Table 5 below:
23
Table 5 - Comparison of Activation Energy and Pre-exponential constant
Steel Q (KJ/mol) K0
24
5 Conclusions & Recommendations
Recommendations for further heat treatment include the use of a Data Acquisition System
(DAQ) to record temperature measurements over time. Without the use of a DAQ, measurements had
to be recorded by hand for the course of the heat treatment cycle. Implementation of such a system
would provide an accurate temperature profile during quenching to ensure a martensitic microstructure
was obtained.
Etching the grain boundaries proved to be the most challenging portion of this project. Due to
the varying chemical composition between each of the steels, they had to be immersed within the
etchant for varying amounts of time. In addition, each batch of etchant provided varying grain boundary
visibility as the etchant concentration changed over time on the hot plate. Additionally, samples
behaved differently to the etchant within clear grain boundaries outlined in all steels but 1045.
25
grain of Jefferies Method compared to an intersection, triple point and tangent in the Intercept Method.
Even though the Jefferies Method proved to produce more reliable results, the quality of the etchant
strongly impacted visibility of the grain boundaries. If grain boundaries are not well defined, it is
recommended to outline the boundaries on the micrograph to aid in further analysis.
As expected, average grain sizes increased with both holding time and temperature, as
predicted from the grain growth equations. An increase in temperature was found to have a larger
effect on grain size than an increase in holding time as temperature is exponentially dependent
compared to times linear dependence. At lower temperatures, grain growth was minimal or severely
restricted due to grain pinning effects. By utilizing the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) function of
an SEM, the chemical composition of the grain boundaries can be analyzed indicating if carbides or
other inclusions are present within the sample. The addition of pinning mechanisms within the sample
alter the growth kinetics as the growth exponent, m, is no longer equal to 2. In order to predict a value
of m for non-ideal growth, an iterative algorithm would have to be developed which solves for values of
m, k and d0.
26
Works Cited
[1] Seco / Warwick, Heat Treating Data Book, 10th ed. Meadville, PA: Seco / Warwick Corporation,
2011.
[2] Reza Abbaschian, Lara Abbaschian, and Robert E. Reed-Hill, Physical Metallurgy Principles.
Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning, 2009.
[3] William D. Callister Jr., Materials Science and Engineering an Introduction. York: Wiley, 2007.
[5] A.K. Giumelli, M. Militzer, and E.B Hawbolt, "Analysis of the Austenite Grain Size Distribution in
Plain Carbon Steels," The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 271-280, 1998.
[6] J. W. Morris, Jr., "The Influence of Grain Size on the Mechanical Properties of Steel," Berkeley, 2001.
[7] Chongxiang Yue, Liwen Zhang, Shulun Liao, and Huiju Gao, "Kinetic Analysis of the Austenite Grain
Growth in GCr15 Steel," Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 112-
115, February 2009.
[8] S. Illescas, J. Fernandez, and J.M. Guilemany, "Kinetic Analysis of the Austenitic Grain Growth in
HSLA Steel with a Low Carbon Content," Materials Letters, vol. 62, pp. 3478 - 3480, March 2008.
[9] Alan Giumelli, "Austenite Grain Growth Kinetics and the Grain Size Distribution," University of
British Columbia, Vancouver, M.A.Sc. Thesis 601896139, 1995.
[10] J Rudnizki, B Zeislmair, U Prahl, and W Bleck, "Prediction of Abnormal Grain Growth During High
Temperature Treatment," Computational Materials Science, vol. 47, pp. 209-216, April 2010.
[12] P. A. Beck, M. L. Holzworth, and P. Sperry, "Effect of a Dispersed Phase on Grain Growth in Al-Mn
Alloys," AIME Transactions, vol. 180, no. 163, 1949.
[13] Tata Steel International Ltd. Medium Tensile Steel - AISI 1045. [Online].
http://www.corusnz.com/downloads/MeduimTens_AISI1045.pdf
[14] Granta Design. (2010) CES EduPack - Low Alloy Steel, AISI 9310. Software v. 5.2.0.
27
[15] West Yorkshire Steel Company Ltd. West Yorkshire Steel: UK Special Steel Stockholders. [Online].
http://www.westyorkssteel.com/AISI_4140.html
[17] Metal Suppliers. (2009) Material Property Data Alloy Steels 4340. [Online].
http://www.suppliersonline.com/propertypages/4340.asp
[19] Sullivan Steel Service. Applications of 52100 Alloy Steel Tubing. [Online].
http://www.52100steel.com/about.html
[21] George F Vander Voort, Metallography: Principles and Practice. New York: ASM International, 2004.
[22] ASTM International, ASTM E112 - 10: Standard Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size.:
ASTM International, 2010.
[23] Joseph D Petruccelli, Applied Statistics for Engineers and Scientists. Upper Saddle River, N.J., United
States of America: Prentice Hall, 1999.
[24] American Society for Metals, Atlas of Isothermal Transformation and Cooling Transformation
Diagrams.: ASM, Metals Park, Ohio, 1977.
[25] Key to Metals: The World's Most Comprehensive METALS Database. [Online].
http://www.keytometals.com/page.aspx?ID=CheckArticle&site=kts&NM=62
[26] Mike Meier. (2004, September) UC Davis: Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials
Science. [Online]. http://chms.engineering.ucdavis.edu/students/undergraduates/labs/files/HT-
Steel.pdf
[27] C.S Smith,. Cleveland, United States of America: ASM International, 1952, p. 65.
[28] Mid-Atlantic Casting Services. (2005, Feburary) A Guide to Mechanical Properties of Cast Carbon
and Low Alloy Steels. [Online]. http://www.mid-atlanticcasting.com/cast-steel-guide_FEB05.pdf
28
Appendix 1: Isothermal Transformation Diagrams
29
Isothermal Transformation Diagram for AISI 4340 Steel
30
Isothermal Transformation Diagram for AISI 52100 Steel
31
Appendix 2: Sample Grinding & Polishing Procedures
The following details instructions on how to section and mount a sample utilizing the Mark V CS600
cutting wheel and Buehler Simplimet II mounting press.
Mark V CS600
32
Beuhler Simplimet II Mounting
1) Power on the Mounting Press via the On button located on the display panel.
2) Turn on the water from the flow control valve located on the wall behind the press.
3) Ensure both the metallic stopper on the underside of the handle as well as the ram are clear of
debris.
4) Place the desired sample on the center of the ram with the face of interest faced down.
5) Lower the ram via the down arrow on the display. Pour/place the mounting powder or disk on
top of the sample.
6) Once the sample has been lowered to the bottom of the chamber, press the metallic stopper
into the chamber and lock by rotating.
7) To start the mounting process, press Start on the display panel. Once completed, the press
will beep.
8) Unlock the stopper and press the Up arrow to raise the ram. Remove the sample as well as any
present residual polymer flakes on the ram or stopper.
9) Lower the ram to just below the top of the machine, stop the flow of water, and power off the
machine.
33
Appendix 3: Sample Etching Procedures
The following details the procedure for creating the Picric Acid etchant utilized to reveal the
microstructure of 1045 samples. The following dictates how to prepare 300 mL of etchant.
1. Measure 12g of Picric Acid into a beaker and mix with 300mL of water to create an aqueous
solution.
2. Place a magnetic stir rod within the beaker and utilize a stirring plate to dissolve the majority of the
Picric Acid, creating a saturated solution.
3. Add two tablespoons of Nacconal 90G, a wetting agent made of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate.
4. Excess Picric Acid and wetting agent are filtered out via a funnel and wetted cotton to create a seal.
5. The filtered solution is heated between 80 and 90C underneath a hood.
6. If the samples to be etched contain > 0.5% Cr, 18 drops of HCl are added to the solution (6 drops per
100mL).
7. Samples are submerged within the etchant sample facing up for initially 30 seconds.
8. Once the time has elapsed, samples are washed under running warm water, rinsed with acetone
and blown dry.
9. The quality of the procedure is observed via an Optical Microscope, if the grains are faint further
time within the etchant is required. If the sample is dark, it has been over-etched and must be back-
polished with figure eight motions to remove smut build up.
10. A blue hue will be visible on the samples surface, providing a visual clue that it has been etched
sufficiently.
34
Appendix 4: Jefferies Planimetric Method Calibration Studies
The following details the calibration methods utilized for the Jefferies Planimetric Method. The
Jefferies method was performed on known micrographs in order to compare measured values of
inscribed and partial grains. The calibration studies were also utilized to determine the impact of the
number of full and partial grains on calculated grain size.
Calibration Study #1
The first micrograph utilized below is of an austenitic manganese steel that was solution
annealed at 1038C and aged at 621C. The micrograph is taken at 100x magnification and the area is
approximately 5000 mm2. [8]
Value of both the inscribed and partial grains were counted by each individual and compared to the
known values. As seen in the following tables, a discrepancy of 12.27% in determining full and partial
grains results in a 1.34% difference in average grain diameter.
35
Results: Calibration Study #1
36
Calibration Study #2
The second micrograph utilized below is of low-carbon sheet steel taken at 500x magnification
and an area of approximately 5000 mm2. [8]
Value of both the inscribed and partial grains were counted by each individual and compared to the
known values. The second calibration study is a closer representation to micrographs of 1045 steel due
to the faint grain boundaries. As seen in the following tables, a discrepancy of 18.15% in determining full
and partial grains results in a 1.77% difference in average grain diameter.
37
Results: Calibration Study #2
38
Appendix 5: Average Grain Diameters
AISI 1045
Temperature Effective Time ASTM Grain Size Avg Grain Diameter Kp (mm^2 / D0
(C) (min) # (mm) min) (mm)
850 34 10.263 0.0103 6.65E-08 0.0107
850 124 9.815 0.0120 6.65E-08 0.0107
850 244 10.090 0.0109 6.65E-08 0.0107
850 544 9.743 0.0123 6.65E-08 0.0107
900 34.67 9.905 0.0116 2.31E-07 0.0116
900 124.67 9.560 0.0131 2.31E-07 0.0116
900 244.67 9.418 0.0138 2.31E-07 0.0116
900 544.67 8.968 0.0161 2.31E-07 0.0116
950 35.42 9.130 0.0152 2.58E-07 0.0148
950 125.42 8.895 0.0165 2.58E-07 0.0148
950 245.42 9.025 0.0158 2.58E-07 0.0148
950 545.42 8.450 0.0192 2.58E-07 0.0148
1000 44.92 7.226 0.0294 2.19E-06 0.0311
1000 134.92 6.590 0.0367 2.19E-06 0.0311
1000 254.92 6.200 0.0420 2.19E-06 0.0311
1000 554.92 5.963 0.0456 2.19E-06 0.0311
1050 42.08 6.645 0.0360 3.73E-06 0.0400
1050 132.08 5.951 0.0457 3.73E-06 0.0400
1050 252.08 5.279 0.0577 3.73E-06 0.0400
1050 552.08 5.279 0.0577 3.73E-06 0.0400
39
AISI 4140
Temperature Effective ASTM Grain Size Avg Grain Diameter Kp (mm^2 / min) D0
(C) Time (min) # (mm) (mm)
850 33.33 10.188 0.0105 2.73E-08 0.0109
850 123.33 10.027 0.0111 2.73E-08 0.0109
850 243.33 9.893 0.0117 2.73E-08 0.0109
850 543.33 9.978 0.0113 2.73E-08 0.0109
900 33.83 9.768 0.0122 6.61E-08 0.0125
900 123.83 9.658 0.0127 6.61E-08 0.0125
900 243.83 9.351 0.0141 6.61E-08 0.0125
900 543.83 9.462 0.0135 6.61E-08 0.0125
950 35.83 9.511 0.0133 5.64E-08 0.0136
950 125.83 9.428 0.0137 5.64E-08 0.0136
950 245.83 9.160 0.0150 5.64E-08 0.0136
950 545.83 9.287 0.0144 5.64E-08 0.0136
1000 43.83 8.824 0.0169 1.28E-07 0.0173
1000 133.83 8.584 0.0184 1.28E-07 0.0173
1000 253.83 8.471 0.0191 1.28E-07 0.0173
1000 553.83 8.597 0.0183 1.28E-07 0.0173
1050 42.83 6.784 0.0343 7.26E-07 0.0341
1050 132.83 6.375 0.0395 7.26E-07 0.0341
1050 252.83 6.658 0.0358 7.26E-07 0.0341
1050 552.83 6.576 0.0368 7.26E-07 0.0341
40
AISI 4340
Temperature Effective ASTM Grain Size Avg Grain Diameter Kp (mm^2 / min) D0
(C) Time (min) # (mm) (mm)
850 33.33 10.126 0.0108 3.13E-08 0.0107
850 123.33 10.044 0.0111 3.13E-08 0.0107
850 243.33 10.112 0.0108 3.13E-08 0.0107
850 543.33 9.923 0.0115 3.13E-08 0.0107
900 32.33 9.924 0.0115 4.55E-08 0.0114
900 122.33 10.127 0.0108 4.55E-08 0.0114
900 242.33 9.614 0.0128 4.55E-08 0.0114
900 542.33 9.772 0.0122 4.55E-08 0.0114
950 35.67 9.318 0.0142 1.28E-07 0.0133
950 125.67 9.626 0.0128 1.28E-07 0.0133
950 245.67 9.225 0.0147 1.28E-07 0.0133
950 545.67 9.017 0.0158 1.28E-07 0.0133
1000 40.58 8.542 0.0186 2.82E-07 0.0184
1000 130.58 8.529 0.0187 2.82E-07 0.0184
1000 250.58 8.068 0.0220 2.82E-07 0.0184
1000 550.58 8.187 0.0211 2.82E-07 0.0184
1050 43.58 7.364 0.0280 9.90E-07 0.0304
1050 133.58 6.739 0.0348 9.90E-07 0.0304
1050 253.58 6.670 0.0357 9.90E-07 0.0304
1050 553.58 6.523 0.0375 9.90E-07 0.0304
41
AISI 8620
Temperature Effective ASTM Grain Size Avg Grain Diameter Kp (mm^2 / min) D0
(C) Time (min) # (mm) (mm)
850 34.25 10.008 0.0112 3.39E-08 0.0107
850 124.25 10.122 0.0108 3.39E-08 0.0107
850 244.25 10.161 0.0106 3.39E-08 0.0107
850 544.25 9.864 0.0118 3.39E-08 0.0107
900 33.75 9.782 0.0121 1.65E-07 0.0128
900 123.75 9.320 0.0142 1.65E-07 0.0128
900 243.75 9.257 0.0145 1.65E-07 0.0128
900 543.75 9.044 0.0157 1.65E-07 0.0128
950 34.50 9.364 0.0140 7.65E-07 0.0124
950 124.50 8.864 0.0167 7.65E-07 0.0124
950 244.50 8.887 0.0165 7.65E-07 0.0124
950 544.50 7.770 0.0244 7.65E-07 0.0124
1000 44.42 8.768 0.0172 1.33E-06 0.0146
1000 134.42 8.282 0.0204 1.33E-06 0.0146
1000 254.42 8.082 0.0219 1.33E-06 0.0146
1000 554.42 7.050 0.0313 1.33E-06 0.0146
1050 43.75 7.931 0.0230 3.95E-06 0.0220
1050 133.75 6.768 0.0345 3.95E-06 0.0220
1050 253.75 6.474 0.0382 3.95E-06 0.0220
1050 553.75 5.610 0.0515 3.95E-06 0.0220
42
AISI 9310
Temperature Effective ASTM Grain Size Avg Grain Diameter Kp (mm^2 / min) D0
(C) Time (min) # (mm) (mm)
900 33.00 10.135 0.0107 7.62E-08 0.0111
900 123.00 10.322 0.0101 7.62E-08 0.0111
900 243.00 9.320 0.0142 7.62E-08 0.0111
900 543.00 9.806 0.0120 7.62E-08 0.0111
950 35.25 9.683 0.0125 8.74E-08 0.0125
950 125.25 9.590 0.0130 8.74E-08 0.0125
950 245.25 9.469 0.0135 8.74E-08 0.0125
950 545.25 9.317 0.0142 8.74E-08 0.0125
1000 41.50 9.012 0.0158 5.47E-07 0.0163
1000 131.50 8.511 0.0188 5.47E-07 0.0163
1000 251.50 8.193 0.0210 5.47E-07 0.0163
1000 551.50 7.884 0.0234 5.47E-07 0.0163
1050 38.58 7.131 0.0304 1.46E-06 0.0346
1050 128.58 6.406 0.0391 1.46E-06 0.0346
1050 248.58 6.067 0.0439 1.46E-06 0.0346
1050 548.58 6.151 0.0427 1.46E-06 0.0346
AISI 52100
43
Appendix 6: Effective Time Results
The effective time was calculated via Equation 7 & Equation 8 to determine the total amount of
time that austenite grains were allowed to grow. Tabulated results are listed below for both effective
heating time as well as the effective time that grains were allowed to grow. Following the tabulated
results are the accompanying Mathcad calculations.
44
Tabulated Effective Time for AISI 4140
45
Tabulated Effective Time for AISI 4340
46
Tabulated Effective Time for AISI 8620
47
Tabulated Effective Time for AISI 9310
48
Tabulated Effective Time for AISI 52100
49
At T = 850 Celsius Ttarget 850 10
1045 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 1.886 10
x
min
Area
effective 224.494
Ttarget
4140 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 1.532 10
x
min
Area
effective 182.388
Ttarget
4340 Steel
0.0008 x
f ( x) 622.9 e xmin 180 xmax 375
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 1.518 10
x
min
Area
effective 180.729
Ttarget
8620 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 2.017 10
x
min
Area
effective 240.087
Ttarget
50
9310 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 1.382 10
x
min
Area
effective 164.478
Ttarget
52100 Steel
2 6.84 10 4 x
f ( x) 6.31 10 e xmin 215 xmax 430
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 1.693 10
x
min
Area
effective 201.549
Ttarget
51
At T = 900 Celsius Ttarget 900 10
1045 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 2.457 10
x
min
Area
effective 276.12
T target
4140 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 1.811 10
x
min
Area
effective 203.521
Ttarget
4340 Steel
2 1.62 10 4 x
f ( x) 5.80 10 e xmin 140 xmax 280
x
max 4
Area f ( x) d x 8.401 10
x
min
Area
effective 94.395
T target
8620 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 1.849 10
x
min
Area
effective 207.801
Ttarget
52
9310 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 1.444 10
x
min
Area
effective 162.284
Ttarget
52100 Steel
2 6.32 10 4 x
f ( x) 6.77 10 e xmin 155 xmax 490
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 2.786 10
x
min
Area
effective 313.02
T target
53
At T = 950 Celsius Ttarget 950 10
1045 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 2.819 10
x
min
Area
effective 299.859
Ttarget
4140 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 3.031 10
x
min
Area
effective 322.46
T target
4340 Steel
2 7.46 10 4 x
f ( x) 6.63 10 e xmin 205 xmax 540
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 2.94 10
x
min
Area
effective 312.784
Ttarget
8620 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 2.342 10
x
min
Area
effective 249.197
Ttarget
54
9310 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 2.784 10
x
min
Area
effective 296.214
Ttarget
52100 Steel
2 7.62 10 4 x
f ( x) 6.93 10 e xmin 125 xmax 460
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 2.909 10
x
min
Area
effective 309.476
Ttarget
55
At T = 1000 Celsius Ttarget 1000 10
1045 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 8.006 10
x
min
Area
effective 808.657
Ttarget
4140 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 7.417 10
x
min
Area
effective 749.153
Ttarget
4340 Steel
2 4.47 10 4 x
f ( x) 7.34 10 e xmin 145 xmax 780
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 5.751 10
x
min
Area
effective 580.867
Ttarget
8620 Steel
4
2 2.63 10 x xmin 125 xmax 990
f ( x) 8.01 10 e
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 8.04 10
x
min
Area
effective 812.132
Ttarget
56
9310 Steel
4
2 3.97 10 x xmin 180 xmax 870
f ( x) 7.35 10 e
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 6.266 10
x
min
Area
effective 632.96
T target
52100 Steel
4
2 3.75 10 x
f ( x) 7.07 10 e xmin 250 xmax 1020
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 6.932 10
x
min
Area
effective 700.163
Ttarget
57
At T = 1050 Celsius Ttarget 1050 10
1045 Steel
4
2 4.25 10 x xmin 145 xmax 870
f ( x) 7.61 10 e
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 6.872 10
x
min
Area
effective 660.812
Ttarget
4140 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 7.358 10
x
min
Area
effective 707.527
Ttarget
4340 Steel
2 3.77 10 4 x
f ( x) 7.32 10 e xmin 265 xmax 1080
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 7.718 10
x
min
Area
effective 742.079
Ttarget
8620 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 7.928 10
x
min
Area
effective 762.354
Ttarget
58
9310 Steel
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 4.887 10
x
min
Area
effective 469.865
Ttarget
52100 Steel
2 5.89 10 4 x
f ( x) 6.68 10 e xmin 190 xmax 730
x
max 5
Area f ( x) d x 4.75 10
x
min
Area
effective 456.703
Ttarget
59
Appendix 7: D2 vs. Effective Time Graphs
AISI 1045
1045 Comparison
4.00E-03
3.50E-03
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
850C
3.00E-03
2.50E-03 900C
2.00E-03 950C
1.50E-03 1000C
1.00E-03
1050C
5.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
1045 850C
1.60E-04
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
1.40E-04
1.20E-04
1.00E-04
8.00E-05
y = 6.65E-08x + 1.14E-04
6.00E-05
R = 4.79E-01
4.00E-05
2.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
60
1045 900C
3.00E-04
2.00E-04
1.50E-04
y = 2.312E-07x + 1.337E-04
1.00E-04 R = 9.843E-01
5.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
1045 950C
4.00E-04
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
3.50E-04
3.00E-04
2.50E-04
2.00E-04
y = 2.583E-07x + 2.190E-04
1.50E-04
R = 8.544E-01
1.00E-04
5.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
61
1045 1000C
2.50E-03
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2) 2.00E-03
1.50E-03
y = 2.192E-06x + 9.717E-04
1.00E-03 R = 8.624E-01
5.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
1045 1050C
4.00E-03
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
3.50E-03
3.00E-03
2.50E-03
2.00E-03
1.50E-03 y = 3.728E-06x + 1.605E-03
R = 6.849E-01
1.00E-03
5.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
62
AISI 4140
4140 Comparison
1.80E-03
1.60E-03
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
1.40E-03 850C
1.20E-03
900C
1.00E-03
8.00E-04 950C
6.00E-04 1000C
4.00E-04
1050C
2.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
4140 850C
1.60E-04
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
1.40E-04
1.20E-04
1.00E-04
8.00E-05
y = 2.733E-08x + 1.184E-04
6.00E-05
R = 3.324E-01
4.00E-05
2.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
63
4140 900C
2.50E-04
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
2.00E-04
1.50E-04
y = 6.612E-08x + 1.570E-04
1.00E-04
R = 4.300E-01
5.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
4140 950C
2.50E-04
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
2.00E-04
1.50E-04
y = 5.639E-08x + 1.863E-04
R = 3.365E-01
1.00E-04
5.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
64
4140 1000C
4.00E-04
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
3.50E-04
3.00E-04
2.50E-04
2.00E-04
1.50E-04 y = 1.275E-07x + 2.992E-04
R = 7.413E-01
1.00E-04
5.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
4140 1050C
1.80E-03
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
1.60E-03
1.40E-03
1.20E-03
1.00E-03
8.00E-04 y = 7.257E-07x + 1.166E-03
R = 9.872E-01
6.00E-04
4.00E-04
2.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
65
AISI 4340
4340 Comparison
1.60E-03
1.40E-03
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
850C
1.20E-03
1.00E-03 900C
8.00E-04 950C
6.00E-04
1000C
4.00E-04
1050C
2.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
4340 850C
1.35E-04
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
1.30E-04
1.25E-04
1.10E-04
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
66
4340 900C
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2) 1.80E-04
1.60E-04
1.40E-04
1.20E-04
1.00E-04
8.00E-05 y = 4.552E-08x + 1.299E-04
6.00E-05 R = 2.316E-01
4.00E-05
2.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
4340 950C
3.00E-04
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
2.50E-04
2.00E-04
1.50E-04
y = 1.277E-07x + 1.778E-04
1.00E-04
R = 6.374E-01
5.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
67
4340 1000C
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2) 6.00E-04
5.00E-04
4.00E-04
3.00E-04
y = 2.822E-07x + 3.376E-04
2.00E-04 R = 8.566E-01
1.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
4340 1050C
1.60E-03
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
1.40E-03
1.20E-03
1.00E-03
8.00E-04 y = 9.897E-07x + 9.267E-04
R = 6.731E-01
6.00E-04
4.00E-04
2.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
68
AISI 8620
3.00E-03
8620 Comparison
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
2.50E-03
850C
2.00E-03
900C
1.50E-03
950C
1.00E-03
1000C
5.00E-04 1050C
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
8620 850C
1.60E-04
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
1.40E-04
1.20E-04
1.00E-04
8.00E-05
y = 3.394E-08x + 1.154E-04
6.00E-05 R = 4.216E-01
4.00E-05
2.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
69
8620 900C
3.00E-04
2.00E-04
1.50E-04
y = 1.647E-07x + 1.626E-04
1.00E-04
R = 8.082E-01
5.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
8620 950C
7.00E-04
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
6.00E-04
5.00E-04
4.00E-04
3.00E-04
y = 7.647E-07x + 1.542E-04
2.00E-04
R = 9.339E-01
1.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
70
8620 1000C
1.20E-03
8.00E-04
6.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
8620 1050C
3.00E-03
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
2.50E-03
2.00E-03
1.50E-03
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
71
AISI 9310
9310 Comparison
2.50E-03
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
2.00E-03
900C
1.50E-03 950C
1.00E-03 1000C
5.00E-04 1050C
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
9310 900C
2.50E-04
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
2.00E-04
1.50E-04
1.00E-04
y = 7.622E-08x + 1.229E-04
R = 1.424E-01
5.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
72
9310 950C
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2) 2.50E-04
2.00E-04
1.50E-04
1.00E-04
y = 8.745E-08x + 1.570E-04
5.00E-05 R = 9.764E-01
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
9310 1000C
6.00E-04
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
5.00E-04
4.00E-04
3.00E-04
y = 5.473E-07x + 2.659E-04
2.00E-04
R = 9.249E-01
1.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
73
9310 1050C
2.50E-03
1.50E-03
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
74
AISI 52100
52100 Comparison
0.0018
0.0016
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
0.0014 850C
0.0012 900C
0.001
950C
0.0008
0.0006 1000C
0.0004 1050C
0.0002
0
0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00
Effective Time (min)
52100 850C
1.80E-04
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
1.60E-04
1.40E-04
1.20E-04
1.00E-04
8.00E-05
6.00E-05
y = -7.897E-08x + 1.408E-04
4.00E-05
R = 2.515E-01
2.00E-05
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
75
52100 900C
2.50E-04
1.50E-04
1.00E-04
y = 2.490E-08x + 1.936E-04
5.00E-05 R = 4.175E-02
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
52100 950C
3.00E-04
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
2.50E-04
2.00E-04
1.50E-04
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
76
52100 1000C
8.00E-04
52100 1050C
1.80E-03
Average Grain Diameter2 (mm2)
1.60E-03
1.40E-03
1.20E-03
1.00E-03
8.00E-04 y = 1.648E-06x + 7.286E-04
R = 8.271E-01
6.00E-04
4.00E-04
2.00E-04
0.00E+00
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Effective Time (min)
77
Appendix 8: Log(K) vs. 1/T Graphs
y = -13244x - 3.2101
1045 R = 0.9307
-13
-13.5
-14
Log(Kp)
-14.5
-15
-15.5
0.00072 0.00076 0.0008 0.00084 0.00088 0.00092
1/T
-14.6
-14.8
-15
-15.2
-15.4
-15.6
0.00072 0.00076 0.0008 0.00084 0.00088 0.00092
1/T
78
y = -11174x - 5.4695
4340 R = 0.9576
-13.5
-14
-14.5
Log(Kp)
-15
-15.5
-16
0.00072 0.00076 0.0008 0.00084 0.00088 0.00092
1/T
y = -15054x - 1.7578
8620 R = 0.9828
-13
-13.5
-14
Log(Kp)
-14.5
-15
-15.5
0.00072 0.00076 0.0008 0.00084 0.00088 0.00092
1/T
79
9310 y = -14295x - 2.8691
R = 0.9059
-13.4
-13.6
-13.8
-14
Log(Kp)
-14.2
-14.4
-14.6
-14.8
-15
-15.2
0.00074 0.00076 0.00078 0.0008 0.00082 0.00084 0.00086
1/T
y = -18483x - 0.3912
52100 R = 0.9967
-13
-13.5
-14
Log(Kp)
-14.5
-15
-15.5
0.00074 0.00076 0.00078 0.0008 0.00082 0.00084 0.00086
1/T
80
Appendix 9: Micrographs
AISI 1045
Micrograph 1-1
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 850C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
81
Micrograph 1-2
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 850C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 1-3
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 850C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
82
Micrograph 1-4
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 850C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 1-5
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 900C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
83
Micrograph 1-6
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 900C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 1-7
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 900C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
84
Micrograph 1-8
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 900C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 1-9
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 950C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
85
Micrograph 1-10
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 950C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 1-11
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 950C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
86
Micrograph 1-12
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 950C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 1-13
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
87
Micrograph 1-14
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 50x.
Micrograph 1-15
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 50x.
88
Micrograph 1-16
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 50x.
Micrograph 1-17
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 50x.
89
Micrograph 1-18
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 50x.
Micrograph 1-19
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 50x.
90
Micrograph 1-20
Microstructure of AISI 1045 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 50x.
91
AISI 4140
Micrograph 2-1
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 850C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
92
Micrograph 2-2
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 850C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 2-3
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 850C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
93
Micrograph 2-4
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 850C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 2-5
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 900C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
94
Micrograph 2-6
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 900C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 2-7
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 900C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
95
Micrograph 2-8
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 900C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 2-9
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 950C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
96
Micrograph 2-10
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 950C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 2-11
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 950C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
97
Micrograph 2-12
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 950C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 2-13
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
98
Micrograph 2-14
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 2-15
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
99
Micrograph 2-16
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 2-17
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
100
Micrograph 2-18
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
Micrograph 2-19
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
101
Micrograph 2-20
Microstructure of AISI 4140 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
102
AISI 4340
Micrograph 3-1
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 850C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
103
Micrograph 3-2
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 850C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 3-3
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 850C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
104
Micrograph 3-4
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 850C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 3-5
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 900C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
105
Micrograph 3-6
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 900C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 3-7
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 900C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
106
Micrograph 3-8
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 900C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 3-9
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 950C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
107
Micrograph 3-10
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 950C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 3-11
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 950C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
108
Micrograph 3-12
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 950C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 3-13
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
109
Micrograph 3-14
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 3-15
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
110
Micrograph 3-16
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 3-17
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
111
Micrograph 3-18
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
Micrograph 3-19
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
112
Micrograph 3-20
Microstructure of AISI 4340 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
113
AISI 8620
Micrograph 4-1
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 850C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
114
Micrograph 4-2
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 850C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 500x.
Micrograph 4-3
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 850C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 500x.
115
Micrograph 4-4
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 850C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 500x.
Micrograph 4-5
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 900C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
116
Micrograph 4-6
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 900C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 500x.
Micrograph 4-7
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 900C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
117
Micrograph 4-8
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 900C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 4-9
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 950C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
118
Micrograph 4-10
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 950C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 4-11
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 950C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
119
Micrograph 4-12
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 950C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
Micrograph 4-13
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
120
Micrograph 4-14
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 4-15
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
121
Micrograph 4-16
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
Micrograph 4-17
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
122
Micrograph 4-18
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
Micrograph 4-19
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
123
Micrograph 4-20
Microstructure of AISI 8620 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 50x.
124
AISI 9310
Micrograph 5-1
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 900C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
125
Micrograph 5-2
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 900C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 500x.
Micrograph 5-3
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 900C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
126
Micrograph 5-4
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 900C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 5-5
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 950C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
127
Micrograph 5-6
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 950C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 5-7
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 950C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
128
Micrograph 5-8
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 950C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 5-9
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
129
Micrograph 5-10
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 5-11
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
130
Micrograph 5-12
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 5-13
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
131
Micrograph 5-14
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
Micrograph 5-15
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
132
Micrograph 5-16
Microstructure of AISI 9310 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
133
AISI 52100
Micrograph 6-1
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 850C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
134
Micrograph 6-2
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 850C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 500x.
Micrograph 6-3
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 850C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 500x.
135
Micrograph 6-4
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 850C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 500x.
Micrograph 6-5
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 900C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
136
Micrograph 6-6
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 900C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 500x.
Micrograph 6-7
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 900C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 500x.
137
Micrograph 6-8
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 900C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 500x.
Micrograph 6-9
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 950C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
138
Micrograph 6-10
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 950C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 6-11
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 950C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
139
Micrograph 6-12
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 950C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 6-13
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
140
Micrograph 6-14
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 6-15
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
141
Micrograph 6-16
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 1000C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 6-17
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 0.5 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
142
Micrograph 6-18
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 2 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 200x.
Micrograph 6-19
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 4 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
143
Micrograph 6-20
Microstructure of AISI 52100 Steel, austenized at 1050C for 9 Hours then water quenched. Etchant utilized is an aqueous HCl-
Picral Acid solution. Magnification is 100x.
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