LABORATORY MANUAL

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 Table of Content
S.No. Name of Experiment Page No.

1 To obtain magnetization characteristics of a d.c. shunt generator 3

2 To obtain load characteristics of a d.c. shunt generator and 7

compound generator (a) Cumulatively compounded (b) Differentially
compounded

3 To obtain efficiency of a dc shunt machine using Swinburns test 13

4 To draw speed-torque characterisitcs of d.c. series generator. 17

5 To obtain speed-torque characteristics of a dc shunt motor 20

6 To obtain speed control of dc shunt motor using (a) armature 23

resistance control (b) field control

7 To perform parallel operation of two single phase transformers. 26

8 To study polarity and ratio test of single phase and 3-phase 29

transformers

9 To obtain equivalent circuit, efficiency and voltage regulation of a 32

single phase transformer using O.C. and S.C. tests.

10 To find the efficiency and voltage regulation of single phase 37

transformer under different loading conditions.

11 To obtain 3-phase to 2-phase conversion by Scott connection. 40

12 To determine excitation phenomenon (B.H. loop) of single phase 42

transformer using C.R.O.

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 Experiment no :- 1

Aim : To obtain Magnetization characteristics of a dc Shunt Generator

Apparatus :

Name Range Quantity

DC voltmeter 0-300V 2no

DC ammeter 0-20A 2no

DC ammeter 0-2A 2no

Tachometer 1no

Rheostat 300ohm for motor 1no

Rheostat 500ohm for motor 1no

Specifications of Appraratus :-

Motor Generator

Power = 3.0hp Power = 3.0Kw

Armature voltage = 220V Armature voltage = 220v

Armature current = 13.6amp Armature current = 13.6amp

Field voltage = 220V Field voltage = 220V

Field current = 1,0amp. Field current = 1.0amp

Speed = 1500 rpm Speed = 1500rpm

Wound = shunt Wound = shunt

Learning Objective:-Student will learn how to measure armature resistance & Field
Resistance & open circuit Characteristics of a dc Shunt Generator

Circuit Diagram :

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Procedure:

1. Note down the ratings of DC shunt motor and DC shunt generator

2. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in figure

3. Keep the generator field rheostat at maximum resistance

4. Now start the motor and bring the speed ot rated value

5. Note residual voltage

6. Now decrease the field rheostat and record If and Eg up to rated voltage of generator .

7. Note 4-5 values of field current and generated voltage

8. Maintain the speed of motor at a constant value during experiment

9. Plot the O.C.C curve using proper scale on graph paper

10. To fing the value of armature & field resistance connect the circuit as shown in
the diagram

11. Note the values of voltage and current and find the value of resistance
(R=V/I) Scope of Result Expected: Students can know when Saturation is reached

Observation Table :
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 Speed.. r.p.m

Sr no. Load current IL Terminal voltage V Field current If

Observation for armature resistance

Sr no. Voltmeter reading Ammeter reading

Graphs :- Plot graph V vs IF find O.C.C

Learning Outcome to be written by student in 50-70 words

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 Experiment no :- 2

Aim : To obtain the load characteristics of dc

shunt /compound generator

Load characteristics of DC shunt generator

Apparatus :

Name Range Quantity

DC voltmeter 0-300V 2no

DC ammeter 0-20A 2no

DC ammeter 0-2A 2no

Tachometer 1no

Rheostat 300ohm for motor 1no

Rheostat 500ohm for motor 1no

Load as required

Specifications :-

Motor Generator

Power = 3.0hp Power = 3.0Kw

Armature voltage = 220V Armature voltage = 220v

Armature current = 13.6amp Armature current = 13.6amp

Field voltage = 220V Field voltage = 220V

Field current = 1,0amp. Field current = 1.0amp

Speed = 1500 rpm Speed = 1500rpm

Wound = shunt Wound = shunt

Learning Objective:

Students will know how to put load on DC

Generator, also they will know how to plot
internal & external characteristics

Circuit Diagrams :

Measurement of armature resistance:

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 Procedure:

1) Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram . Start the motor with the help
of the starter

2) Adjust the field regulator of the motor so that the generator runs at its rated speed .

3) Adjust the field regulator so that rate voltage is obtained at its terminal.

4) Gradually apply the load in steps and note down the readings if the load as given on
name plate generator . Keep the speed constant at its rated value by adjusting motor field
regulator .

5) Plot the external load characteristics form the observations.

6) Determine the external load armature resistance experimentally using the circuit diagram

Observation Table :

Speed .. r.p.m

Sr no. Load current IL Terminal voltage V Field current If

Sr no. Load current IL Terminal Voltage V

Precautions :

1) Lose connection must be avoided

2) The position of the starter must be check before giving supply

Learning Outcome to be written by student in 50-70 words

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 Experiment No :3

Aim : To perform Swinburnes test (no load test) to determine the losses of dc shunt motor

Apparatus :

s.no. Name Range Quantity

1 Ammeter 0-2A 1

2 Ammeter 0-5A 1

3 Ammeter 0-25A 1

4 Voltmeter 0-300V 1

5 Voltmeter 0-30V 1

6 Rheostat 290.1.4A 1

7 Tachometer 0-2000 rpm 1

8 Lamp bank load 250V,5kw 1

Learning Objective: Students will know how to measure losses and efficiency of Dc machine

Circuit Diagram :

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Procedure :

(a) For conducting Swinburnes test :-

1. Connect the dc motor as per the circuit diagram

2. Ensure that the external resistance in th field circuit is zero .

3. Switch on the dc supply to the motor and start it with the help of starter . In case the
starter is not provided with the motor , then a rheostat of 45,5 A can be included in the
armature circuit , which should be fully inserted in the armature circuit at the instant of
starting the motor and should be cut out after the motor has picked up the speed .
Ensure that the voltage applied to the motor is of the rated value .

4. Adjust the speed of motor to rated value by varying the resistance in the field circuit

5. Record the reading of all the meters connected in the circuit

6. To stop the motor , switch off the dc supply

(b) For measurement of armature resistance

1. Connect the circuit as per the figure

2. Switch on the dc supply

3. Switch on some bulbs in the lamp bank load , so that the current flowing in the armature
circuit is the rated full load current of the dc motor , wait for 30min with the full load
current flowing in the armature winding , so that the temperature of the armature
winding approximately becomes equivalent to that obtained under working conditions

4. Record the readings of both the meters connected in the circuit

5. Switch off the dc supply

Observations :

For Swinburnes Test For Armature Resistance

S.no. V Iao Ish S.no. Va Ia Ra

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Learning Outcome to be written by student in 50-70 words
 Experiment no. 4

Aim : To connect and find the constant of a single phase energy meter .

Objective : By performing this experiment students shall bi in position to connect an

energy meter in the circuit and shall be position to read it .

Apparatus :

Single Phase AC supply .

Double Pole iron clad (DPIC) switch .

Single Phase Energy meter of rating 10-40Amp.

Lamp load .

Connection leads etc.

Theory : Energy meter is an integrating instrument which measures electrical energy in

Kwh. One Kwh energy is called one unit of energy.

No. of phases and voltage =1X240V

Frequency =50Hz

Current rating =10 to 40 A

Energy meter constant =375rev/Kwh

10000 1000 100 10 1.0 0.1

::::::::::::::

Energy meter constant K = No. of rev. made by the disc/Elect. Energy consumed in Kwh (in
a given time )

Procedure :

Connect energy meter to the supply and load the energy meter .

Read the energy meter reading say-----Kwh (initial value).

 Keep the red mark of the disc in front of you .

Put load on the energy meter by switching - ON various number of lamps through DPST
switch and switches S1,S2,S3(about 1Kw).

Start counting the revolution of the disc.

After about 15 minutes , Switch OFF DPST.

Record the readings of energy meter . Also record the number of revolutions made by
the disc .

Repeat the experiment 2 or 3 times and make the calculations.

Observation :

S no. Pervious Final Energy No. of Energymeter Average

energymeter energymeter measured rev. R constant of K
reading E1 reading E2 E=E2-E1 K=R/E

Result :

Energy meter constant K =

Learning Outcome to be written by student in 50-70 words

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Experiment no 5:-

Aim : To obtain speed - torque characteristics of DC series motor

Specifications :

Motor Generator

Power = 3.0hp Power = 3.0Kw

Armature voltage = 220V Armature voltage = 220v

Armature current = 13.6amp Armature current = 13.6amp

Field voltage = 220V Field voltage = 220V

Field current = 1,0amp. Field current = 13.6amp

Speed = 1500 rpm Speed = 1500rpm

Wound = shunt Wound = shunt

Learning Objective: students will know how to put load on Dc motor & how to measure
torque, how speed varies with torque

THEORY:

In a series motor the load current , armature current and field current are same terminal
voltage.

V= EgIa (Ra+Rse)

Where ,

V = terminal voltage

Eg = EMF generated in the armature

(Volts) Ia = armature current (A) = Ise=IL

Ra = Armature resistance ()

Rsc = series field resistance

This voltage drop for different values load current may be represented by a straight Line .

Internal Characteristic : It is the characteristic drawn between E.g and Ia (Ia=IL=Isc)

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External Characteristic : It is the characteristic drawn between terminal voltage V and load
current I1.

The ohmic drop line OA is added to these external characteristic , in order to get the internal
characteristic.

Graph I : O.C.C

Graph II : Internal characteristics

Graph III : External characteristics

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 Procedure :

a) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure

b) Keep the motor field rheostat in minimum resistance position and do not connect any
load on the generator

c) Switch ON the power supply and start the motor with the help of starter

d) Adjust the speed by controlling the motor field resistance

e) Now, switch On the load and for different values of load ,note the ammeter and
voltmeter readings

f) After loading the generator up to the rated value gradually reduce the load in steps
and switch off the supply

TABULAR COLUMN:

Spring Balance Output Input

Voltage Current Reading Speed Torque
Power Power
(S1 Efficiency
S.No. V I N T
S2)Kg Pm
Pi %
(Volts) (Amps) S1(Kg) S2(Kg) (rpm) (Nm)
(Watts) (Watts)

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MODEL GRAPHS:
y3 y2 y1
m)
(N
T(rp
N m)
Efficiency %

N
y
Torq
Spee
ue
d

Speed N (rpm)
Output Power (Watts) x

Torque T (Nm)
PRECAUTIONS:

1. DC compound motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.

Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.

2. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.

RESULT:

Thus load test on DC compound motor is conducted and its efficiency as well as torque is
determined.

Learning Outcome to be written by student in 50-70 words

 Experiment No : 6

Experiment : To study the speed control of a dc shunt motor . To draw the speed variation with
respect to change of

a) Field current (field control)

b) Armature circuit resistance (armature Control)

Objective : After performance the experiment the students understand that speed of shunt motor
can be varied by inserting and changing a resistance in the field circuit or armature circuit .

Apparatus:

250 V dc supply

One 250 V dc shunt motor of capacity 2.2kw

Two rheostat Rf and Ras

Rf = 200ohm , 10 amp i.e high resistance low current rating and

Ras = 5 ohm , 100amp i.e low resistance higher current rating

Ammeters A1(0-10amp) A2 (0-100amp)

One tachometer

DPST switch

Connecting leads

Circuit Diagram :

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Procedure :

Make the connections as per the circuit diagram and get it checked by the teacher

Bring the rheostats Rf and Ras to zero position

Switch in the DC supply through DPST switch

Field control :

Take the reding of the ammeter A1 and measure speed with tachometer.

Change the value of the rheostat R f in steps and take the reading of ammeter A1
and measure the speed of motor and record them .

Now , bring the rheostat R f back to its zero position .

Armature control:

Insert a resistance in series through rheostat Ras

Take the reading of ammeter A2 and measure the speed of the motor at each step
and record them.

Bring the rheostat Ras back to zero position. Switch OFF supply

Field control:

S.no Ammeter reading A1 Speed of motor rmp

Armature control:

S.no Ammeter reading A2 Speed of motor rmp

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Precautions

1) Lose connection must be avoided

2) The position of the starter must be check before giving supply

Result:

1. In field control method by adding a resistance in the field winding the speed of
motor increases N 1/ 1/If

2. In the armature control method by adding a resistance in armature circuit the speed
of motor decreases. Speed { N Eb V-Ia(Ra+Ras) }

Learning Outcome to be written by student in 50-70 words

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 Experiment no.7

Aim : To study the parallel operation of two single phase transformer

Apparatus :

sr no. Name Type Range Qty

1 Ammeter MI 0-15A 2

2 Ammeter MI 0-30A 1

3 Voltmeter MI 0-300/600V 1

4 Wattmeter Dynamometer 200V,15A 2

5 Load Inductive 250V,7.5Kw 1

Learning Objective:- How to connect two single phase transformers in parallel

Conditions for the transformers to be connected in parallel:

I. All the Ratings of both transformers should be same

II. Transformation ratios of both transformers must be same

III. Polarities of both transformers should be same.

IV. Percentage Impedance of both transformers should be same

Circuit Diagram

Figure 1
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 Procedure :

Step 1: Polarity check

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1

2. Switch on the supply to the primary circuit where the primaries of both the transformer
are connected In parallel

3. The voltmeter connected in the secondary circuit of transformer will read either zero or
twice the secondary terminal voltage of each transformer

4. If the voltmeter reads zero connect a1 to a1 and a2 to a2 for the secondary windings to
be In parallel

In case the voltmeter reads twice the secondary terminal voltage then
connect a1 to a2 and a2 to a1 for parallel operation of the two transformers

Step 2:

1. Ensure the correct Polarity of secondary windings of transformers from

step 1

2. Make the connections of both transformers to be connected in parallel according to

circuit diagram shown in fig2

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 3. Close the switch S1 to energize both the primaries. Ensure that the switch S2 is kept
open. In case then voltage ratio of the two transformer are unequal , there will be a
circulating current .

4. Close the switch S2 adjust a particular load on secondary and record the readings of
all the instruments connected in circuit .

5. Repeat the step 3 for various values of load current upto rated capacity of the transformer
operating in parallel .

6. Switch off the load slowly.Open the switch S2 and then switch off the supply to
the primaries of the transformers.

OBSERVATIONS:-

Sr no. VL IL I1 I2

Precautions:

1) Lose connection must be avoided

2) The position of the starter must be check before giving supply SCOPE
RESULT EXPECTED: Load sharing between two Transformers

Learning Outcome to be written by student in 50-70 words

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 Experiment no.8

Aim : To study the polarity & ratio test of single phase transformer

Apparatus :

sr no. Name Type Range Qty

1 Ammeter MI 0-15A 2

2 Ammeter MI 0-30A 1

3 Voltmeter MI 0-300/600V 1

4 Wattmeter Dynamometer 200V,15A 2

5 Wattmeter Dynamometer 200V,30A 1

6 Load Inductive 250V,7.5Kw 1

Learning Objective:- How to check the polarity of single phase transformers in parallel

Procedure :-

Polarity check
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 5. Connect the circuit as shown in figure

6. Switch on the supply to the primary circuit where the primaries of both the
transformer are connected In parallel

7. The voltmeter connected in the secondary circuit of transformer will read either
zero or twice the secondary terminal voltage of each transformer

8. If the voltmeter reads zero connect a1 to a1 and a2 to a2 for the secondaries to

be In parallel

In case the voltmeter reads twice the secondary terminal

voltage then connect a1 to a2 and a2 to a1 for parallel operation of the
two transformers

OBSERVATIONS:-

Sr no. VL IL WL I1 I2

Learning Outcome to be written by student in 50-70 words

 Experiment no :- 9

Experiment :- To perform open circuit and short circuit test on a single phase transformer
and find equivalent circuit , voltage regulation & efficiency .

Apparatus:-

Single phase ac supply

Single phase transformer (3KVA 230V/0-230-240-250 Volt

) One variac

One Wattmeter (0-20W) for OCT & One Wattmeter (0-200W) for
SCT Two voltmeter 0-300V

Ammeter 0-2 Amp for OCT & 0-15Afor

SCT Connecting leads

Learning Objectives: How to find out Iron & Copper Losses of a single
phase Transformer

Circuit diagram:-

a) Open Circuit Test

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 b) Short Circuit Test:

Procedure

Make the connection as per th circuit to perform open circuit test (OCT)

To perform short circuit test (SCT) make the connection

accordingly Get the connection checked by the teacher

To perform open circuit test switch on th ac supply through DPST switch at rated voltage
. take the readings of wattmeter Wi(iron losses) voltmeter readings V1 and V2 (for
transformer ratio)

To perform short circuit test switch on supply through DPST to variac increase the
voltage fed to be primary of the transformer insteps so that ammeter carries current Isc =
0.25IFL =0.51I FL=0.75I FL=1I FL .For each take the reading of wattmeter Wc

Calculate the efficiency of transformer at different loads

Plot a curve between load current and efficiency of the transformer

Observation

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Sr no Primary Secondary Wattmeter Ammeter K= V2/ V1

Voltmeter Voltmeter reading reading
reading reading V2 Wi(watts) I(amp)
V1(volts) (volts)

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Transformation ratio K = V2/V1

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

IFL = Full load Current = KVA rating / V1

Power Factor Cos = 0.8 (lagging)

S.No. Voltmeter Reading Ammeter Reading Wattmeter Reading Efficiency

%
V(Volts) Isc (amp) WC (watt)

= efficiency , Pi=iron loss , Pc=copper

loss cos=power factor

S.No. Observation Calculations

Primary Side Secondary Side Efficiency Voltage Regulation

V I P V I P (V2-V1)/V2*100

Volts Amp watts Volts amp watts

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where output = Voltmeter Reading V1 (at OCT) X Ammeter reading A
(at SCT)X p.f.

Precautions :-

Beware of live terminals

Never touch bare conductors or terminals while performing the

experiment

All connection should be tight

Learning Outcome to be written by student in 50-70 words

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 Experiment no:- 10

Aim : to find the efficiency and voltage regulation of single phase transformer under
different loading conditions .

Apparatus :

Single phase AC supply

Single phase transformer (3KVA 230V/0-230-240-250 Volt

) One variac

Wattmeter 0-200W

Two voltmeter 0-300V

Ammeter 0-10Amp.

Connecting leads

Learning Objectives: How to find out Iron & Copper Losses of a single phase transformer

Circuit diagram :

Procedure :-

Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram .

Put on Supply
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 Switch on Load so that suitable load current flows

Take readings of wattmeters ,voltmeters & ammeters

Increase Load on transformer & take five to seven sets of reading at different loads .

Throw the load off & note the readings again

SCOPE OF RESULT EXPECTED:-Students will learn how to find Efficiency & Regulation
of Single Phase Transformer at different Loads

OBSERVATION & CALCULATIONS:-

S.No. Observation Calculations

Primary Side Secondary Side Efficiency= Voltage

Regulation
O/P
V I P V I P *100
I/P (V2-V1)/V2*100
Volts Amp watts Volts amp Watts

Precautions :-

Beware of live terminals

Never touch bare conductors or terminals while performing the

experiment All conection should be tight

Took off the load after performing the experiment

Learning Outcome to be written by student in 50-70 words

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 Experiment no: 11

Aim : To obtain 3-phase to 2-phase conversion by Scott connections

Objective : In industry load usually 3 phase . By performing this experiment the students
will be in position to convert3-phase powerto 2-phase power

Apparatus :

3 phase AC supply .

3 phase balance load (like induction motor or 3 resistors connected in star connection ).

TPIC switch .

Circuit Diagram

Procedure

Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram .

Get the connections checked by the teacher in charge.

Switch ON the supply through TPIC switch .

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 Take readings of wattmeters ,voltmeters & ammeters

Increase Load on transformer & take five to seven sets of reading at different loads .

Throw the load off & note the readings again

Learning Outcome to be written by student in 50-70 words

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 Experiment no: 12

Aim : To measure the power and power factor of 3 phase balanced circuit by two watt
meter method

Objective : In industry load usually 3 phase . By performing this experiment the students
will be in position to measure power and power factor of 3 phase load .

Apparatus :

3 phase AC supply .

3 phase balance load (like induction motor or 3 resistors connected in star connection ).

TPIC switch .

2 watt meter of range 0-2000W.

Connecting leads

Procedure :

Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram .

Get the connections checked by the teacher in charge.

Switch ON the supply through TPIC switch .

Switch on the load ( i.e start the motor through starter if the load is induction motor )

Note : Observe the reading of two watt meters , if any of them gives down scale reading (if
happens when load power factor is below 0.5) switch off the supply and reverse the
connection of current coil of the watt meter and while doing the calculation consider the
reading as negative ).

Change the load (in case of inducting motor put the mechanical load by tightening the belt
on the pulley .

Take the readings of two watt meters and record in the observation table

Circuit diagram

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Observation Table :

S.no. Wattmeter Wattmeter Power drawn Power factor

reading W1 reading W2 in by load
watts P=W1+W2

Average power watts

Average power factor ..

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Learning Outcome to be written by student in 50-70 words

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