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w 2=gk tanh(kh)
A Matlab function kfromw.m has been given to us, we can set the values of different
angular frequencies wi and water depth hi, the testing pairs of these two parameters are
present in Table xx:
h=50m(deep water) h=8m(intermediate water) h=2m(shallow water)
W1 K1 W2 K2 W3 K3
0.25 0.0119 0.25 0.0285 0.25 0.0566
0.50 0.0286 0.50 0.0584 0.50 0.1138
0.75 0.0577 0.75 0.0917 0.75 0.1726
1.00 0.1019 1.00 0.1307 1.00 0.2337
1.25 0.1593 1.25 0.1787 1.25 0.2981
1.50 0.2294 1.50 0.2395 1.50 0.3668
1.75 0.3122 1.75 0.3162 1.75 0.4412
2.00 0.4077 2.00 0.4089 2.00 0.5227
2.25 0.5161 2.25 0.5163 2.25 0.6132
C 2 kh C C
C g=
2 (
1+
) (1+ 0 )=
sinh ( 2 kh ) 2 2
Question 2
There are three parameters (water depth, h; wave amplitude, A; time period, T). in this
part, we set two of these three parameters, only change one parameter.
1. A=0.5m, T=8s
H=2,8,50m
Deep water will have large wave length, velocity will higher
2. H=50m, A=0.5m
T=6,8,10s
Lower time period will have large kh
3. H=50m, T=8s
A=0.5,0.75,1m
The value of kh will not change, the elevations of the free surface are different.
kh
Question 3
The wave steepness, =kA , is a small paremeter in this case based on Stokess
assumption, then the elevation is perturbed as:
' (1) (2) 2
= + + O( )
By using Taylor expansion for 2nd order Stokes solution, we can neglect the items
(1 ) (2 )
By referring to the notes in class, we obtain the solution for and :
2
' 2 3tanh (kh)
= Acos( kxwt )+ k A cos[2(kx-wt)]
4 tanh 3 ( kh)
In the above equation, the first component is the linear solution which we have
discussed in Question 2, and the second component is the 2nd solution.
The elevations of both 1st order and 2nd order and the combination
1. A=2m, T=4s
H=5,15,30m
2. H=30m, A=2m
T=3.5,4,4.5s
3. H=30m, T=4s
A=0.5,0.75,1m
kh
location x=2m;
Question 4.a
The formula of JONSWAP Spectrum is valid for Wind Sea to fully-developed sea.
4 5
(2 ) f 4 fp =0.09 f f p
As can be seen in Figure xx above, the shape of the JONSWAP spectrum will be
sharper with bigger value of . However, all the shapes have the same frequency
location for the peak because of the same Tp.
Question 4.b
In this part, we study the wave profile with the time evolution at a given location
(x=2m) for three different values of .
The final wave profile is assumed as linear superposition of 200 regular sinusoidal
function waves.
( x , t )= i ( x , t )= ai cos ( k i x wi t + i )
i i
1. ai
After creating the JONSWAP spectrum in Case a, the frequency is discrete into 200
parts in the range of 0 to 0.6 Hz. Each part is a very short frequency f i and the
corresponding spectrum S (f i) , so the corresponding ai can be obtained by
using the following formula:
ai = 2 S (f i) f i
2. ki , w i
3. i
The phase i which is a random value, is very important for the final wave profile,
because we must make sure to have the same phases at each i of all the three
different .
In order to ensure the same random values for different tests, a vector can be
used to store the 200 random phase values. The range of the random phase value is
between -2 to 2 .
In the above part, the irregular wave fields have been studied based on JONSWAP
Spectrum. After choosing a JONSWAP Spectrum with normal parameters (Hs=2m,
Tp=10s, =3.3), a typical irregular wave is created from 0 to 200 seconds, as
shown in Figure xx.
Now we have the above irregular wave as our input data, we want to obtain the
response spectrum for large body with the help of transfer function RAO (Response
Amplitude Operator).
The large body in the report is the cargo ship with the length of 126 meters. The
response spectrum (in Heave) of the ship is studied in heading sea in two conditions
(without forward speed and with forward speed of Fn=0.22).
RAO=
Sinput (f )
S output (f )
From the file RAO-0nd.dat we can know 18 different periods from 3 seconds to 20
seconds. We have the RAOi of each period T i , then we can know each f i :
f i =T i , i=3,4, , 20
After getting each corresponding f i , we can read the value of S input (f i ) from the
input JONSWAP spectrum. Finally we can calculate the corresponding S output (f i )
in each frequency. All the data are present in Table xx below:
Based on the column FREQUENCY and OUTPUT, we can create a curve. In the end,
we can obtain the response spectrum of the cargo ship without forward speed in
heading sea (Figure xx).
2. With Forward Speed
In Case 1, all the consideration is in the fixed reference frame. However, when the
ship is navigating in the sea, the concept of Encounter Frequency is used (because the
problem is in heading sea, the heading angle, , is 180 ).
2 2
U U
e= cos =+
g g
Here, U is the speed of the ship, U=Fn gL=7.735 m/s .
=2 f
So the encounter frequency, f e , is calculated as:
U
f e =f + 2 f2
g
In the other hand, the original input spectrum must be modified based on the
conservation of energy.
S ( )
S ( e ) =
| 1
2 U
g
cos|
Then we can get the updated input wave spectrum in moving reference frame. The
difference between the previous and current spectrum is shown in Figure xx. As the
speed of the ship increases, the shape of the spectrum will shift to the right side.
Again, with the encounter frequency and new input spectrum, we are able to calculate
the output of each encounter frequency. All the data can be seen in Table xx.
Period T FREQUENCY ENCOUNTER fe RAO INPUT OUTPUT
3 0.3333 0.8838 0.0001 0.0046 0.0000
4 0.2500 0.5596 0.0009 0.0234 0.0000
5 0.2000 0.3982 0.0024 0.0795 0.0000
6 0.1667 0.3043 0.0070 0.2048 0.0000
7 0.1429 0.2440 0.0964 0.4225 0.0039
8 0.1250 0.2024 0.0638 0.7391 0.0030
9 0.1111 0.1723 0.8168 1.7940 1.1969
10 0.1000 0.1495 2.0721 3.8400 16.4877
11 0.0909 0.1319 1.8201 1.8870 6.2511
12 0.0833 0.1177 1.3996 0.9020 1.7669
13 0.0769 0.1062 1.1716 0.4888 0.6710
14 0.0714 0.0967 1.0518 0.2165 0.2395
15 0.0667 0.0887 1.0008 0.0710 0.0711
16 0.0625 0.0819 0.9860 0.0173 0.0168
17 0.0588 0.0760 0.9852 0.0027 0.0026
18 0.0556 0.0708 0.9882 0.0003 0.0003
19 0.0526 0.0664 0.9914 0.0001 0.0001
20 0.0500 0.0624 0.9940 0.0000 0.0000
In the end, the response spectrum (in Heave) of the cargo ship with forward speed of
Fn=0.22 in heading sea is created in Figure xx below.
The Heave responses with forward speed will be more strong than that without
forward speed.
Directional wave spectrum
For this part, a typical JONSWAP spectrum is discretized into 200 parts along
different frequencies (between 0.01Hz and 0.6 Hz) as shown in Figure xx. The
parameters used in this spectrum are:
H z =2 m ; T p =10 s ; =3.3
Here we introduce the spreading function, D(f ,) , which has to satisfy the
following condition:
D (f , ) d=1
S ( f , )=S ( f ) D(f , )
After obtaining the spreading function, we are able to calculate the parameters,
a , k , , used in creating the regular waves.
In our report, the water depth is 25 meters and the space is equally divided into 18
directions with 20 degrees between two neighboring directions. For each direction
D(i) , firstly we should get the parameters of each frequency f i depending on
the below formulas. The value D(i) in one given direction is constant, only
different directions will have different values of D(i) .
ai = 2 S ( i ) df D(i)
i =2 f i
k i=kfromw ( i , h , g)
Since we have the values of ai , i , k i for all the frequency f i . We can create the
water surface of each ai , i , k i and f i . So we can obtain 200 layers of regular
water surface for one given direction. We can do the same procedures for 18 times, in
the end there are 3600 layers of different regulars combined together to create the
final sea surface, as seen in Figure xx
It is also possible to change the mean direction of the wave m . The two situations
of m =0 and m = /3 can be observed in the below Figure xx.
Question 5
In this question, we compare the differences of free surface elevations, kinematics and
pressures in both conditions. The locations are both fixed at x=5 m . In order to
make a better comparison, other parameters are present in the below Table xx:
This time, we discrete the time from 0 to 20 seconds with 0.1 second interval.
The