MECHANICS

* Moment of Force
1) Moment about a point 2) Moment about an axis
M=rxF M = u (r x F)
* Reactions and Equilibrium
1) Smooth Surface 4) Smooth Pin Support

2) Roller Support 5) Fixed Support

3) Rocker Support 6) Ball-and-Socket Support

 MECHANICS
* Friction
Friction, f = N = Ntan
R
Coefficient of friction, = tan N
Angle of friction,
* Belt Frction f
T2 = T1 e
where T2 = larger tension = angle of contact (in rad)
T1 = smaller tension = coefficient of belt friction

=90o =180o =90o+

 MECHANICS
* Moment of Inertia
1) Rectangle 2) Right Triangle

h h

B B
bh3 hb3 bh3 hb3
Ixc = ; Iyc = Ixc = ; Iyc =
12 12 36 36
bh3 hb3 bh3 hb3
Ix = ; Iy = Ix = ; Iy =
3 3 12 12
B h B h
x = 2 ; = 2 x = 3 ; = 3
 MECHANICS
3) Circle 4) Semi-circle

r
r

r4 Ixc = 0.1098r4
Ixc = Iyc = 4 r4
x = = 0 Iyc = Ix = 8
4r
x = 0 ; =
3
 MECHANICS
5) Quadrant
Ixc = Iyc = 0.055r4
r4
Ix = Iy = 16
4r
x = = 3

* Truss Analysis
1) Method of Joints (Fv = 0, FH = 0)
2) Method of Sections (Fv = 0, FH = 0, M = 0)
*Structural Analysis
1) Method of Members
 MECHANICS
* Stresses
Axial force, P
Normal Stress, = Perpendicular Area, A
Shear force, V
Shear Stress (Single Shear), = D2
n
4
Shear force, V
Shear Stress (Double Shear), = D2
2n
4
Pb
Bearing Stress, b = D t n
* Thin-walled Pressure on Cylindrical Pipes
pD
Tangential/Girth/Circumferential Stress, T = 2t
pD
Longitudinal Stress, L = 4t
 MECHANICS
* Thin-walled Pressure on Spherical Pipes
pD
Stress, = 4t
* Strain

Strain, = L = E
PL L
Deformation, = AE = E
* Thermal Stress
Deformation due to temperature, T = L T
* Poissons Ratio
Y Z
= =
X X
E
Modulus of Rigidity, G = 2 (1+ )
 MECHANICS
1) Biaxial Deformation 2) Triaxial Deformation
1 1
x = E [x y] x = E [x (y + z)]
1 1
y = E [y x] y = E [y (x + z)]
1
z = [z (x + y)]
E

* Torsion
T
Torsional Shearing Stress, = J

Frequency, f = (in cycle/sec, Hertz)
2
Power, p = 2Tf (in Watts, kW, hp, lb-ft/min)
Nm lbft
Note: 1 = 1 Watt ; 1 hp = 33000
s min
 MECHANICS
TL
Angular Rotation/ Angle of Twist, =
JG
a) Solid Shaft
D4
Polar Moment of Inertia, J = 32
D
Radial Distance, =
2
16T
Torsional Shearing Stress, = D3
b) Hollow Shaft
(D4 d4 )
Polar Moment of Inertia, J =
32
D
Radial Distance, = 2
16TD
Torsional Shearing Stress, = (D4d4)
 MECHANICS
* Torsion of Thin-Walled Tubes
Torque, T = 2Aq = 2At
shear flow, q
Shear Stress, =
thickness, t
Shear Flow, q = t
* Shearing Stress for Helical Spring
1) Approximate Formula for Light Spring
16PR d
= 3 [1 + ]
d 4R
2) Exact Formula for Heavy Spring
16PR 4m1 0.615 D 2R
= d3 [4m4 + m ] where m = d = d
where d = spring diameter, R = mean radius
64PR3 n
Spring Deformation, = Gd4
 MECHANICS
* Flanged Bolt Couplings
d2
Torque, T = PRn = ( )Rn = P1R1n1 + P2R2n2 + + PnRnnn
4
T
For staggered bolts, use = J
Relationship:
P1 P2 Pn
= =
R 1 R2 R n
d2
J = A2 = 2
4

Use max (farthest radial distance) for max

Use min (nearest radial distance) for min
 MECHANICS
* Shear & Moment Diagram
Load Shear Moment
Increasing
Decreasing
Increasing
Decreasing