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Lesson 65.
T"@pZ@/@pZ@ - {\"W"[O"#
{O"rY"p {\"W"[O"#
Level 2. The second vibhakti.
It is time that we take our study of Sanskrit to Level 2. You would have
developed quite a bit of understanding of the language by now. However,
when reading texts or when attempting to translate subhashitas, you might
find yourself wondering why a particular vibhakti has been used and not
another more 'logical' one. The answer is quite simple actually. grammar
rules. And how!
I'll take you through each vibhakti and list out the words that compel you to
use a particular vibhakti. Explanations/examples follow after the list.
Let's understand a few technical terms first.
example when ever you use {W"O"# , which means 'all around', you
Whenever you use the following words, you must use the {O"rY"p {\"W"[O"#
You've already done a few in Level 1. This is the complete list.
The first vibhakti is used only to identify the subject and the number and
gender of the subject. It is not an T"T"Q{\"W"[O"# or a @pZ@{\"W"[O"# $
{O"rY"p {\"W"[O"#>
\Y"Y"# 1. (between)
2. (without, excepting, with
reference to, regarding)
3. {W"O"#
4. W"Y"O"#
5. :
6.
7.
8. :
9. (near)
10. _"X"Y"p (near)
T"Q/R"pO"s# 1. @X"
2. Verbs signifying " to name", "to choose",
"to make" " to appoint" " to call" " to know"
" to consider" govern the accusative.
G"pS"p{X" O\"pz T"@w{O"T"s^"X"o$ I know thee to be
the chief person.
3. BpX"o and all verbs that mean 'to go.'
(greater detail is given in the explanation)
4. T"{\"po (also with the. _".{\". , and in the
^".{\". if SO"Z is used)
5. {\"po (also with the. _".{\". , and in the
^".{\". if SO"Z is used)
6. T"pT"o (destination)
7. {R" + pr ( General rule to follow: when
intransitive verbs are preceded by an
upasarga, they are governed by the
Accusative: S"s + \"wO"o = S"s\"O"O"u to follow,
act according to; p + `o = pZpu`{O"
ascend; S"s + R"p\"{O" = S"sR"p\"{O" to run
behind )
8. {R" + _P"p
9. {R" + p_"o
10. T"- S"s- {R"- p- \"_"o
11. Y"G"o
12. words denoting duration of space and time
are put in the Accusative.
13. T"{NpT"O"o , T"NpX"o ( also dative)
14. QpY"{O" ( also dative)
15. the secondary object with the root , to
think, takes accusative when contempt is
NOT to be shown.
16. dp governs the accusative. Other words
implying belief and confidence govern the
Locative.
\Y"Y"#
(between)
SO"Zp O"z E" O"pz BpSP"#$ There is a book between him and her.
O"X"o SO"ZuNp @pY"| @# @O"s| pS"pu{O"? Who can do the work except for
him?
ZpX"pY"NpX"o SO"ZuNp \" `z O"Qo pu@z \"Qp{X"$ I say this shloka with
reference to the Ramayana.
ma< ANtre[ tSy k> ivcar> , What is his opinion regarding me?
{W"O"#
g&hm! Ai_at> v&]a> vtRNte , There are trees all around the house.
W"Y"O"#
g&hm! W"Y"O"# v&]a> vtRNte , There are trees on both sides of the house.
:
g&h< : v&]a> vtRNte , There are trees all around the house.
AXyapk< it Ahm! AgCDm! , I went towards the teacher.
Tva< ivna s> iv*aly< gNtu< n #CDit , Without you he does not desire to go
to school.
:
am< svRt> pvRta> siNt , There are mountains all around the village.
(near)
mm g&h< ink;a @k> tfag> vtRte , There is a pond near my house.
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smya (near)
(woe be to)
ha Alsm! ! Woe be to laziness!
v&]Sy %pyuRpir / AXyix me"> , The sun is far above the tree.
pd / xatu>
kmR
The object in a sentence is always picked from the second vibhakti.
balk> og< pZyit , The boy sees the bird.
Verbs signifying 'to name', 'to choose', 'to make', 'to appoint', 'to
call', 'to know', 'to consider' govern the accusative.
janaim Tva< k&itpu;m! , I know thee to be the chief person.
ivz! (also with the. s. iv. , and in the ;. iv. if ANtr is used)
ivz! (also with the. s. iv. , and in the ;. iv. if ANtr is used)
ap! (destination)
ten am< aPt< , The village was reached by him ( he arrived at the village)
Aix + Swa
Aix + Swa
All these upasargas when added to vs! retain the original meaning of the
word 'to stay'. Without the upasarga, vs! is used with the s. iv
Words denoting duration of space and time are put in the Accusative.
aez< kuiqla ndI The river runs winding for two miles.
n vv;R v;aRi[ adz dzzta]> The thousand eyed Indra did not 'rain' for
twelve years.
The secondary object with the root, to think, takes accusative when
contempt is NOT to be shown.
]Mytam! Ah< Tva< k&:[< mNye, I'm sorry, I thought you were Krishna.
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kmRvcnIym!
_aKt> devm! Ai_a it:Qit , The devotee stands before the Lord.
Lesson 66.
%ppd/kark- iv_aiKt>
t&tIya iv_aiKt>
Level 2. The third vibhakti.
Let me give you the list first. Then we'll work on each word in turn just as
we've done for the second vibhakti.
t&tIya iv_aiKt>
AVyy> 1.
2. @wO"z
3.
4.
5.
6.
AVyy>
enough of
Al< zynen ! Enough of sleeping!
@wO"z .
k&tm! Aen Away with the horse!
pQnen ivna iv*a kw< l_yte ? How can knowledge be received without
studying?
/ /
ten / / xRm! Ahm! %*anm! AgCDm! , I went to the garden with him.
zaeken ik< kayR< / k> AwR> / ik< yaejnm! ? What's the point in lamenting?
pd / xatu>
Agent
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Conveyance
s> ivmanen gCDit , He travels by airplane.
sevk> _at&Rra}a< mUXnaR Aaday ..... , The servant, having accepted his master's
command 'upon his head'
Words denoting space and time when the accomplishment of the desired
object is expressed.
adzv;ER> Vyakr[< Uyte ... , grammar is learnt in twelve years.
Object or purpose
AXyynen vsit , Lives (somewhere) for the sake of studying.
guraE _aKTya ItaiSm te , I am pleased with thee with thy devotion to thy
preceptor.
We'll work on the fourth vibhakti next. That list is rather long, but we'll
survive, not to worry.
Lesson 67.
%pkark/kark- iv_aiKt>
ctuwIR - iv_aiKt>
Level 2. The fourth vibhakti.
ctuwIR - iv_aiKt>
AVyy> 1.
2. :
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. Svagtm!
pd / 1. sMdan
xatu> 2. ux! , kup!, kw!, da, ApR!, %pidz!, invedy, uh!, $:yR!, AsUy!
3. c!
4. Sp&h!
5. xary! owe
10.ihtm!
11. suom!
12._a<
13.kuzlm!
14.Verbs meaning to despatch or send
15.dzRyit ( also accusative.)
16. the secondary object with the root , to think, takes
either the dative or accusative when contempt is to
be shown
17.When physical motion is indicated, the place to which
is directed is either accusative or dative.
18.The person who is propitiated or to whom questions
regarding welfare or good fortune are asked.
AVyy>
a match for; sufficient
: salutations
nm> izvay , Salutations to Shiva.
But when : is used in combination with the k& xatu> , then the second
vibhakti is used.
s> dev< nmSkraeit , He salutes the Lord.
dev< nmSk&Ty s> AXyyn< kraeit , Having saluted the Lord, he studies.
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(A blessing)
SviSt tu_ym! , May auspiciousness be upon you!
Svagtm! welcome
pd / xatu>
sMdan
ten devay pu:p< dTtm! , The Lord was offered a flower by him.
The person who is given something is 'chosen' from the fourth vibhakti.
ux! , kup!, kw!, da, ApR!, %pidz!, invedy, uh!, $:yR!, AsUy! , Oya, z<s,! c]!
The person towards whom the above actions (and other verbs
conveying the same meanings) are directed , is picked from the fourth
vibhakti:
ux! , kup!, To be angry. mata puay kuPyit , The mother is angry with her
son.
uh!, To cause injury.
( Note: When ux! and uh! are prefixed with an %psgR> then the person
towards whom the anger and the injury is directed is in the second
vibhakti- mata pum! Ai_auXyit , The mother is angry with her son.
c! to like. The person who likes is placed in the dative and the
object that is liked is placed in the first vibhakti, the nominative case
in the case of the c! xatu> and other verbs that convey a similar
meaning.
g[ezay maedk< raecte , g[ezay maedk< Svdte , Ganesha likes modak ( a sweet)
Sp&h! to like. The opposite holds true here and only in the case of
Sp&h!, The person who likes is in the nominative case and the object
that is liked is placed in the fourth, the dative case.
g[ez> maedkay Sp&hyit , Ganesha likes modak.
x& (10th g[) to owe. The person, to whom one owes something, is in
the fourth vibhakti.
Kl&p! kLpte (haena, ke il@ ), jn!, sMpd!, _aU verbs having a similar sense as
in 'adequate for', tends to',' brings about'. the result or the end
product is placed in the fourth vibhakti
iv*a }anay kLpte sMp*te jayte va , Knowledge tends to lead to /brings
about wisdom.
ihtm! ( also used with the sixth vibhakti and the vocative case if it
_a< / kuzlm! / suom! greeting, blessing. ( also used with the sixth
vibhakti)
devdTtay _a< / kuzlm! / suom! , May auspicious be upon Devadutta!
n&p> sevk< am< e;yit , The king sends the servant to village.
The secondary object with the root ' to think', takes either the
dative or accusative when contempt is to be shown. (Note: it takes
the accusative alone, when contempt is NOT to be shown.)
Ah< Tva< t&[ay t&[< va mNye , I consider you as worthless as grass.
Lesson 68.
%ppd/kark- iv_aiKt>
pmI-iv_aiKt>
Level 2. The fifth vibhakti.
pmI iv_aiKt>
9. / pUvRm!
13. dUr<
14. smIpm!
15. AnNtrm!
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pd / 1. Apadan
2. A noun in the ablative case frequently denotes
xatu>
cause of an action or phenomenon and has the
same sense of on account of, for, by reason
of.
3. The place where an action is performed
4. Comparison
5. Words denoting abhorrence, cessation and
swerving
6. The teacher from whom something is learnt,
7. The prime cause in the case of jn! to be born
AVyy>
ANy, pr, #tr> other than, different from.
k&:[at! ANy k> mm Aay> ? Other than Krishna, who else is my refuge?
near/ far.
: The pond is near/far from the village.
after...
: | We will go in a moment.
hO"u without.
c"pS"pO"o hO"u @sO"# X"pub"# ? How is liberation possible without wisdom?
/ AnNtrm!
_aaejnat! / AnNtr< ina AavZykI , Sleep is necessary after a meal.
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T"W"w{O"
V"pY"pO"o T"W"w{O" _"# _"pR"s#$ He has been a good person from childhood itself.
Aar_y
@tSmat! ][at! Aar_y Ah< s<Sk&t< vdaim , I will speak in Sanskrit from this
moment onwards.
/ pUvRm!
Actual directions. amat! pUvR< east %Ttr> north, di][a south, ak! east,
amat! pUvR< miNdrm! AiSt , There is a temple to the east of the village.
V"{`#
Bpw`pO"o V"{`# : | There is a tree outside the house.
dUr<
amat! dUr< miNdrm! AiSt , There is a temple far from the village.
smIpm!
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pd / xatu>
Apadan
That from which separation takes place is put in the fifth vibhakti
p[R< v&]at! ptit , The leaf falls from the tree.
ten kar[en sa n AagCDit , Because of that/ For that reason, she does
not come.
Comparison
k&:[at! ram> ctur> , Rama is more clever than Krishna.
The teacher from whom something is learnt, the prime cause in the
case of jn! to be born and the source in the case of _aU are put in the
ablative case.
%paXyayat! pQit , Learns from the teacher.
In words implying fear and protection from danger that from which
the fear proceeds is put in the ablative.
Ah< mm iptu> aexat! n _aIta , I am not afraid of my father's anger.
In the case of the root jI with pra, meaning unbearable, that which is
intolerable is put in the ablative.
Alsat! prajyte , finds laziness intolerable.
kmRvcnIym!
it in the sense of "representative" or "in exchange for"
k&:[> pa{fve_y> it , Krishna is the Pandavas' representative.
Lesson 69.
%ppdiv_aiKt>
;:QIiv_aiKt>
Level 2. The sixth vibhakti.
Here is a list of words for the sixth vibhakti, the Genitive case. Since verbs
are not connected to this vibhakti, it is not a karkiv_aiKt> , And wherever
verbs do come into the picture, grammarians tell us that we ought to
consider those verbs and the sixth vibhakti as having a 'relation'. (Sounds
confusing but let's leave it at that.) However there are several words and
ideas best expressed with the Genitive.
;:QIiv_aiKt>
AVyy> 1.
2. :
3. @wO"u
4. :, : ,,:
5. , :
6. :
7. :
8.
9.
10. Ape]ya
11. AnNtrm!
12. ANte
13. mXye
Indicates a relationship...called the Genitive case.
pd/
Represents 'of'.
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, sm, s<kaz ,
Words denoting ' worthy of', 'proper', 'befitting.'
AVyy>
Above
\Y"G"S"X"o | There is a fan above me.
: Under
: : [_O"$ There is a hole under (at the bottom of) the
tree.
@wO"u For
V"p@_Y" @wO"u X"pO"p W"puG"S"z T"E"{O"$ The mother cooks a meal for the child.
:, : ,, : In front of
W"\"S"_Y" : : | There is a lake in front of the building.
, : Behind
T"w>O"# E"@_Y" | The priest's house is behind the
temple.
: To the left
: | The Devi is to the left of Shiva.
: To the right
: : : | Shiva is to the right of the Devi.
Far
Near
Ape]ya Instead of
AnNtrm! After
ANte End
_aa;[Sy ANte ][< ivrmtu , Rest for a moment after (your) speech.
mXye middle
ngrSy mXye %*anm! AiSt , There is a garden in the middle of the city.
pd / xatu>
Indicates a relationship between two nouns in a sentence. It is called
the Genitive case.
Represents 'of'.
izvSy pu> g[ez> , Ganesha is the son of Shiva.
The Partitive Genitive is also found used with ordinals and pronouns or
adjectives implying number.
Tvmev tasa< mla , You alone are the blessed one amongst them all.
Sometimes the word is used with the Genitive in the sense of 'of' or
'among.'
@te;a< mXye kae=ip gNtu< n #CDit , Amongst them no one is willing to go.
When a time frame elapses after the occurence of an action, the word
expressing the occurence is put in the sixth vibhakti.
A* dzm> mas> sItaya> ivvahSy , It is the tenth month today since
Sita's marriage.
@td! @v AiSt ivze;> Aavyae> , This alone is the difference between the
two of us.
In the case of potential passive participles, the one who performs the
action is put in either the Genitive or the instrumental.
laekiht< mm kr[Iym! , I ought to do that which is beneficial to the
world/people.
mya piQtVyym! , I ought to study.
balSy hetae> sa amat! ngr< gNtum! #CDit , She wishes to go from her
village to the city for the sake of her child.
iz:yay ihtm! / suom! / _am! / kuzlm! / AwR> / mm! / Aayu:ym! _avet! , May
good fortune be with the student.
When the Past participles are used, if the present tense is intended,
then the Genitive is used. If the past is intended, then the Instrumental
alone is used.
Ahmev mt> mhIpte , I alone am regarded by the king.
When the past participles are used as abstract neuter nouns only the
Genitive is used.
myUrSy n&Ttm! , The peacock's dance.
Verbs implying ' to be master of', 'to rule','to pity', 'to take
compassion upon', 'to remember (with regret),' to think of' govern the
object of these actions in the Genitive.
yid s> _aivtu< smwR> ivdezjnanam! , If he is capable of ruling/ being the
master of the people from another land.
_aKtSy dymana devI Avtrit , The Goddess, taking pity upon the devotee,
incarnates (before him).
zkuNtla du:yNtSy Sm&Tva ioNna jata , Shakuntala remembering
Dushyanta became unhappy.
And now we will work with the seventh vibhakti, the Locative case.
Lesson 70.
%ppd/kark- iv_aiKt>
sPtmIiv_aiKt>
Level 2. The seventh vibhakti.
sPtmIiv_aiKt>
AVyy>
1. The place in or on which an action takes place.
pd /
2. The Locative is used to denote the time when an action
xatu> has taken place.
3. The Locative also has the sense of 'towards', 'about',
'as to'.
4. With adjectives in the superlative degree.
5. Words expressing an interval in time or space is put in
either the Ablative or Locative.
6. Words in lexicons are expressed in this vibhakti to mean
'in the sense of.'
7. The Locative is sometimes used to denote the object or
purpose for which anything is done.
8. Words meaning 'to act', ' to behave', ' to deal with'.
9. Words signifying 'love', 'attachment', 'respect' such as
iSnh! govern the Locative of the person or thing for whom
or which the love is shown.
10. Words indicating a cause or effect are often put in the
Locative.
11. The root yj! and its derivatives in the sense of 'to' in
English.
12. Words expressing fitness and suitability with the nouns
regarding which the fitness is expressed are put into the
Locative or Genitive.
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'engaged in', ' intent on' and kuzl, inpu[, zaE{f,pqu, vI[,
pd / xatu>
The Locative is used to denote the time when an action has taken
place
_aate tSya> jpm! , Her japa is done in the morning.
The Locative also has the sense of 'towards', 'about', 'as to'
miy ma tI[a , Do not be severe towards me.
ht> , Man kills the tiger for skin, the elephant for tusks, the
Chamari for hair and the musk deer for musk.
The root yj! and its derivatives in the sense of 'to' in English.
Words like AxIitn! " who has learned", g&hIitn! "who has
comprehended" govern the Locative of that which forms their
object. And saxu and Asaxu of that towards whom goodness or
otherwise is shown.
AxItI vede;u , He who is well versed in the Vedas.
guraE saxu> Asaxu> va , Well behaved or ill behaved towards his Guru.
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'engaged in', ' intent on' and kuzl, inpu[, zaE{f, pqu, vI[ pi{ft
meaning 'skilfull' and xUtR, iktv meaning 'a rogue' are used in the
Locative.
s> pUjaya< Vyap&t> / AasKt> / Vy / tTpr> , He is absorbed in the
worship (of the Lord).
s> xnuivR*aya< kuzl> / inpu[> / zaE{f> / pqu> / vI[> / pi{ft> , He is
skilfull in archery.
Vyvsaye s> xUtR> / iktv> , He is a rogue in matters relating to
business.