Professional Documents
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a
Facultad de Fsica-IMRE, Universidad de la Habana, San L azaro y L, Vedado, CP 10400, Cuba
b
Cntro de Ciencias de la Mat. Condens., Instituto de Fsica-UNAM, Laboratorio de Ensenada, Apartado Postal 2681, Ensenada,
Baja California, M exico 22800, Mexico
Abstract
The diuse phase transition (DPT) in ferroelectric ceramics of the type Pb(Fe1=2 Nb1=2 )O3 has been studied by the
SmolenskyIsupov's theory. A Gaussian-logarithmic distribution for the relaxation time was obtained from the as-
sumption that the activation energies have a Gaussian distribution. The dielectric permittivity is obtained by taking into
account these approximations. Experimental curves of the dielectric permittivity as a function of temperature at dier-
ent frequencies are reported. 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: 52 617 44602; fax: 52 617 44603; Diuse phase transitions (DPT) take place in
e-mail: abefun@isicaen.unam.mx. materials where the composition uctuations lead
0022-3093/98/$19.00 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 0 2 2 - 3 0 9 3 ( 9 8 ) 0 0 5 6 7 - 5
568 A. Fundora et al. / Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 235237 (1998) 567569
2
to large uctuations in the Curie temperature. In 1 ln s=s0
general it is assumed [1,2] that the Curie tempera- f s ds p exp d lns; 5
2pa2 2a2
tures have a Gaussian distribution around some
average Tc with a mean square deviation, d, which where s0 (1/c) exp (U0 /kT) and a r/kT. r stands
is the parameter characterizing the degree of dif- for the activation energy uctuations. In order to
fusivity of the transition. solve this equation we approximate it by the fol-
According to the SmolenskyIsupov theory the lowing function:
8
e0 and e00 as functions of temperature and relax- >
> d lns s
ation time are given by < p
>
2pa2
for a 6 ln 6 a;
s0
f s ds 6
8pl2 V0 n 1 >
> s
e0 e1 1 >
:
0 for ln > a:
7kT 1 x2 s2 s0
8pl2 V0 n xs Finally, the expressions for the real and the imag-
e00 ; 2 inary parts of the dielectric constant will be
7kT 1 x2 s2
0 8pl2 V0 n 1 1 x2 s20 e2a
where l is the dipolar moment in a polarized re- e e1 1 ln ; 7
7kT 4a 1 x2 s20 e2a
gion, V0 is the average volume in this region, s is
the relaxation time and n is the number of relaxors 8pl2 V0 n
per unit volume e00 tan1 xs0 ea tan1 xs0 ea : 8
7kT
N DT T Tc 2
n p e 2d2 ; 3
2pd2
4. Results
where N 1/V0 is the maximum number of relax-
ors and T DT/2 with DTT is the range of Cu- In Fig. 1 the theoretical and the experimental
rie temperatures of the polar regions that curves of e0 vs. T are shown for dierent fre-
contribute to the polarization.
In this theory only one relaxation time, s, is as-
sumed:
1
s eU =kT ; 4
c
where U is the activation energy, k is Boltzmann's
constant and c is the Debye frequency. In the
SmolenskyIsupov theory only the aect of the
composition uctuations in the distribution of Cu-
rie temperature across the crystal is taken into ac-
count. We additionally assume that this
uctuation also aects the dipolar moment magni-
tude of polar microregions (PMR) and, conse-
quently, not all the PMR in the crystal have the
same activation energy.
We assume that, just as for the Curie tempera-
ture, the activation energy has also a Gaussian dis-
tribution around an average value, U0 , with a
mean square deviation, r. Therefore, according
to Eq. (4), the relaxation time will have a Gauss- Fig. 1. Theoretical and experimental curves of e0 vs. T at dier-
ian-logarithmic distribution: ent frequencies.
A. Fundora et al. / Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 235237 (1998) 567569 569