A Project Report

On

Design of Half Wave Dipole

Antenna for LTE Applications

by
Md Saif H2016124031
Mounesh H2016124024

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, PILANI (RAJASTHAN)

Hyderabad Campus
(NOV 2016)
 ABSTRACT
The dipole antenna or dipole aerial is one of the most important and
commonly used types of RF antenna. It is widely used on its own, and it
is also incorporated into many other RF antenna designs where it forms
the driven element for the antenna. In this paper, an attempt has been made
to investigate new half wave dipole antenna for LTE Applications.
A dipole antenna approximately one-half wavelength long is the half
Wave dipole antenna. The antenna is made to resonate at the 2.6 GHz
frequency.
The design presented in the paper is modified to have wider impedance
bandwidth for same frequency by increasing the radius of the dipole.
Software is used for the simulation and design calculations of the half
wave dipole antennas. The return loss, VSWR, gain and radiation pattern
are evaluated.
CONTENTS
Introduction to Antennas
Wire Antennas
Hertzian Dipole
Finite Length Dipole
Half Wave Dipole
Design of Half Wave Dipole for LTE Application
Proposed Design of Half Wave Dipole
Simulation Results
Discussion on Results
References
 INTRODUCTION
In any wireless communication system, after a radio frequency (rf) signal
has been generated in a transmitter, some means must be used to radiate
this signal through space to a receiver. The device that does this job is the
antenna. The transmitter signal energy is sent into space by a transmitting
antenna, the rf signal is then picked up from space by a receiving antenna.
The rf energy is transmitted into space in the form of an electromagnetic
field. As the travelling electromagnetic field arrives at the receiving
antenna, a voltage is induced into the antenna (usually a conductor). The
rf voltages induced into the receiving antenna are then passed into the
receiver and converted back into the transmitted rf information. So,
antennas can be thought of as a transducer that converts radio waves
into electrical currents and voltages and vice versa. More specifically,
these are devices designed to radiate or receive electromagnetic energy
efficiently in a prescribed manner
plaintext.

Types of Antennas
Wire antennas
Aperture antennas
Reflector antennas
Lens antennas
Microstrip antennas
Array antennas
Wire antennas:
Wire antennas are some of the oldest, simplest, cheapest but at the same
time, most versatile variety of antenna. If we take a current that is varying
as a function of time, makes the electric charges to undergo acceleration
and deceleration. So when the charges accelerate or decelerate, there is a
possibility of electromagnetic radiation.

Hertz Dipole Antenna:

Hertzian dipole is a wire antenna which practically doesnt exist but it
serves as building block from which field of practical antenna can be
calculated by integration.So The analysis of Hertz dipole is important as
any complicated radiating structure can be decomposed into Hertz dipoles

Fields due to the Hertz Dipole :

For the Hertz dipole, the magnetic field has only component and the
electric field does not have the -component. The electric field lies in the
plane (, ).
The fields can be divided into three categories depending upon their
variation as a function of distance.

1)The field which varies as , is called the electrostatic field. This field

is dominant in the close vicinity of the dipole since its amplitude decreases
rapidly as function of distance.

2)The field which varies as , is called the induction field . This field

extends little further than the electrostatic field but still decays rapidly as
a function of distance.

3)The field which varies as , is called the radiation field . This is the

field which extends over farthest distance from the antenna and is
responsible for the radiation of power from the antenna.

The electrostatic and the induction fields together are called the Near
Fields, and the radiation fields are called the Far Fields.
Finite Length Dipoles :
Finite length dipoles are the ones whose lengths are comparable with
wavelength of antenna

The analysis of Finite length dipole is done by considering this dipole as

array of Hertzian dipoles placed on same axis. The finite-length is
subdivided into an infinite number of infinitesimal dipoles .

Performance parameters of dipole antenna:

Typical parameters of antennas are gain, radiation pattern, beamwidth,
polarization, and impedance.
Gain: The term Antenna Gain describes how much power is transmitted
in the direction of peak radiation to that of an isotropic source.

Radiation pattern: A radiation pattern defines the variation of the power

radiated by an antenna as a function of the direction away from the
antenna. This power variation as a function of the arrival angle is observed
in the antenna's far field.
Beamwidth: In a radio antenna pattern, the half power beam width is the
angle between the half-power (-3 dB) points of the main lobe, when
referenced to the peak effective radiated power of the main lobe.

Polarization: polarization is the direction in which E field is oriented.

Radiation Resistance : It is impedance seen by line feed . For half wave

dipole Radiation resistance is 73 ohm.

Among finite length dipoles half wave dipole is most commonly used .
Half wave dipole:
A dipole antenna of length 2H oriented in the z-direction with its center
at the origin of the coordinate system is shown in Fig.

For these antennas since the length is comparable to the wavelength, the
current distribution cannot be uniform as it is assumed for the Hertz
dipole.

The radiation electric field due to the dipole can be obtained by dividing
the dipole into small Hertz dipoles with appropriate currents and
superposing their radiation fields with proper phase.
Radiation Pattern of a Dipole Antenna

Since the electric field is independent of , the H-plane radiation pattern

is a circle which is same as that of the Hertz dipole.
The input impedance of a dipole antenna is not a monotonic function of
length as it was in case of the Hertz dipole.
Design of half wave dipole for LTE mobile application:
Design Parametres:
Resonant Radius of the Length of the Length of feed
Frequency Dipole in mm dipole in mm in mm
2.6GHz
= 0.115 = 57.69 = 0.275
1000 2 200

Geometry of Dipole Antenna

Dipole material is chosen as Perfect electric.

A standard rule of thumb in antenna design is an antenna can be made
more broadband by increasing the volume it occupies. Hence, a dipole
antenna can be made more broadband by increasing the radius of the
dipole. These antennas are also known as wideband dipoles
Proposed design:
In our design, we will see the effect of changing the radius of dipole on
bandwidth. As we keep on increasing the radius of the dipole, bandwidth
will increase to certain extent and then it decreases.
Design Parameters:
Resonant Radius of the Length of the Length of feed
Frequency Dipole dipole
2.6GHz Variable
= 57.69 = 0.275
2 200

Geometry of Proposed design =

Length of the Feed

Simulation Results :
Return Loss

Impedance Bandwidth=200MHz

for = = .115mm

Antenna gain :

Gain in dB for = .
Radiation Pattern :
Simulation results Showing Varied Impedance Bandwidth for
Different Radius of Dipole :
= 0.23078 = 0.4615

= 1.153 = 0.076
Table Showing Comparison of Bandwidths for Different radius

Radius of the Dipole Bandwidth in MHz % change in BW

in mm
180 10
= .

200 reference
= .

230 15
= .

260 30
= .

300 50
= .

Bandwidth Vs Radius of Dipole
Discussion on Results:
As we have seen from the results above with increase in radius of dipole
Wideband band dipole antennas can be designed operating at same
frequencies. But radius can only be increased to certain limit above which
we cant get advantage of wider bandwidths.

References:
Matthew N. O Sadiku Principles of Electromagnetics , 2013, pp. 545-
555.

A. Osman ; Alaa A. Yassin ; B. Ali ; H. Ahmed ; S. Noor, Design and

Simulation of High Performance Half wave-dipole Antenna for L TE
Applications, International Conference on Computing, Control,
Networking, Electronics and Embedded Systems Engineering, 2015

Amandeep Bath, Abhishek Thakur, Jitender Sharma , Basudeo Prasad,

Analyzing the Different Parameters of Dipole Antenna International
Journal of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Vol. 1, Spl. Issue 1
(March 2014),India