Annexure A: Table of Notations and

Formulae
Item Notation Formula Abbreviation & Units
Load P N (Newton)
Load Newton per
p = N/mm2 square
Stress Area
millimeter
Increase in length l
e = No Units
Tensile Strain Original length l

Elongation l = exl
(increase in length) mm Millimeter
Decrease in length l
ec = No Units
Compressive strain Original length l

Youngs Modulus or p Newton per

Modulus of E = N/mm2 square
Elasticity e
millimeter
Ultimate stress
FOS = No Units
Factor of safety Permissible stress
Mega
Stress at the elastic Load at the elastic limit Newton per
= MN/mm2
limit Area square
millimeter
p
= Also l = l mm Millimeter
E
Poissons ratio 1/m e la
or = No Units
e lo
Volumetric strain v
ev = No Units
V
l 2
ev = 1 No Units
l m
Volumetric strain of 2
a cylinder ev = el x No Units
l
Volumetric strain of 3
a sphere diameter ev = No Units
d d
Volumetric strain of
a rectangular bar ev =
1
p x p y p z 1 2 No Units
E m

162
 Newton per
Bulk Modulus K = N/mm2 square
millimeter

E
=
2
31
m
Shear Strain = Angular deformation r Radians
Shear Force Newton per
Shear Stress = N/mm2 square
Area
millimeter
Shear Stress
= =
Shear Strain
G Newton per
Modulus of rigidity or N/mm2 square
E
C = millimeter
1
21
m
Thermal coefficient per degree
of linear expansion /oc
centigrade
Change in
T Degree
temperature
Change in length l = lT mm Millimeter
Newton per
Thermal Stress pt = E T N/mm2 square
millimeter
Least radius of
k mm millimeter
gyration
millimeter
Least moment of
Inertia
I = Ak2 mm 4 raised to
four
Critical load-
2 EI
column both ends P = N Newtons
hinged L2
Critical load -
2 EI
column one end P = N Newtons
fixed, other free 4L2
Critical load-
4 2 EI
column both ends P = N Newtons
fixed L2
Critical load -
2 2 EI
column one end P = N Newtons
fixed, other hinged L2

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