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TRANSISTOR
as a switch
TRANSISTOR
NPN & PNP type bipolar transistors can be made to operate as ON/OFF type solid
state switches by biasing the transistors base differently to that of a signal amplifier.
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The terminals of the switch are the transistor collector and emitter.
The input voltage, or controlling voltage, for the transistor switch is the
base-emitter voltage VBE.
VBE = VCC ICRC
OFF Condition VCE = VCC
ON Condition VCE = 0
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The terminals of the switch are the transistor collector and emitter.
The input voltage, or controlling voltage, for the transistor switch is the
base-emitter voltage VBE.
VBE = VCC ICRC
OFF Condition VCE = VCC
ON Condition VCE = 0
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3 REGIONS OF OPERATION
ACTIVE REGION CUT-OFF REGION SATURATION REGION
Only employed in an amplifier Exists below the level of IB=0 VCE exists depends upon IC
circuits & internal resistances of a
When IB =0, a small current ICO transistor.
A linear change in IB results in a flows
nearly linear VCE change. ICO collector-base reverse leackage
current (Collector Cut-off Current)
Known as ICBO practically at 25 C in a
nA range and when the temp increase the
current also increase in uA scale
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CUT-OFF CHARACTERISTICS
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SATURATION CHARACTERISTICS
OVERDRIVEN
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IMPROVING TRANSISTOR
SWITCHING TIME
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To minimize the turn-on time, VBE should be zero or have a very small reverse bias
before switch on.
Larger IB so that the junction capacitance are charged faster.
To shorten turn-off time one must provide a larger negative input voltage at switch
off.
Ideally for fast switching, VBE should start at zero and IB should be large at switch-
on. Also switch-off should be occupied by a large reverse bias voltage which
quickly returns to zero.
The best way to improve switching speed is to select a speed-up capacitor that is
large enough to maintain the charging current.
ton = 0.1RSCS
C1 charges by 10% during the time of 0.1 0.1RSCS
For correct switching CS should be at least 90% discharged during the time
interval between transistor switch-off and switch-on.
RECOVERY TIME tRE Time required for the capacitor to return to its discharged
condition.
tre = 2.3RBCS
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TOTAL = 1 X 2
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