GIS 5th Unit - PDF.WWW - Chennaiuniversity.net - Notes

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CE2O24-REMOTE SENSING TECHMQUES & GIS
I]NIT-5
2-marks
l. Deline DEM?
The term digital elevation model or EDM is frequently used to refer to any digital representation of
a topography surface, however, most o{ien it is used to refer specifically or a raster or regular grid
;.DEM's" raster file containing elevations at regularly spaced surface coordinates
ofspot heights. In
. over an area is interpreted using specialised computer software, which creates a 3D rendering ofthe
surface.
2. What are the uses of DEM?

i) Determining atkibutes terrain, such as elvation at any point, slope and aspect'
ii)Finding features on the terrain, such as drainage basins and watersheds' Drainage
networks and ohannels, peaks and pits and other landforms'
iii) Modelling ofhydrologic functions, energy flux and forest fires'
3. Wiat is meant by spatial analysis?

entities
ln statistics, spatial analysis or spatial statistics includes any ofthe techniques which study
using their-topological, geometric or geographic properties.
4. What is overlayingz / oac-Qolo)

{xte v
Map overlay is the pr*ei bt *hi"h it i$*mle to take two or more different thematic map layers
of the other and form a composite new tayer this technique is used to overlay vector based system
tine cons.rning complex and computationally expensive. In raster base systems it is

map ovorlay is
quick, straightforward and efficient.
5. What is buffering? 9\',,/ { No") De L'-fuotl)

The creation of a zone oi interest around an entity. It is an important function used
to detemine
spatial proximity or neamess of various features by defining a distance zone around

map features.
-
Buffer can be generated for points' lines and polygons'
6. What is reclassification?
it ofthe query idea in GIS and is used in place ofa query in raster GIS' In
is an important variation
raster GIS, the method ofreclassification can be in place ofquery to obtain information
undel
search from a GIS database.
7, What are the different input method into a GIS?

The dif.ferent methods of input into a GIS are by,
i) Keyboard
iD Manual digitizing
iii) Scanning and automatic digitizing
Page 1
P.RamamoorthyAsst'Prof/Civil
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8. What are the advantages and disadvantages
ofraster.and yector?
Advantages:
Raster model
Vector model
/ Simple data structure

r' Easy and efficient overlaying / Individual identity ofdiscrete objects like line,
/ Compatible with remote sensing imagery polygon, etc.
r' High spatial variability is efficiently represented r' E{Iicient projection
transformation
/ Efficient to represent continuous data y' Accurate map output
Derine roporogy?
4:yJl:::i9?1)
A branch of geomeui.rilu,t,.rn.rt.. *ffi concerned with order, contiguity and
relative
position rather than actuar linear dimensions.
The descriprion ofrow spatial features are connected
each other-
,0.
::n1":':,*trutu
( lvov) oac - e b\)
It is defined as observation, measurem"nt
,od r-fl""tion of information abour the actuar
conditions
on the ground in order to determine
the relationship between remote
se"ri.g _O ,h" ; ;"
observed- ";;
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P.Ramamoorthy,Asst.prof/Civil
Page 2
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ll. Detine TIN?
Triangular Irregular Nefiork is a digital data structure used in GIS for the representation ofa
structure. A series of triangles constructed using elevation data poins takea from coverage,s. These
triargles are used for surface representation and display.
r^
plna/- b)
12. what is meant bv -\LIs? ( B 4o
Land Information system means to acquire, manage, retrieve, analyse, display hd records. LIS is a
flexible land surface modelling and data assimilation frame rvork develo@ *ith the goal of
integrating satellite and ground based observationai eiata products and adnanoed hnd sgrface
modelling techniques to produce optimal fields of land surface states and fures.
13. What are the difference between Raster and Veclor form?
Raster: Data in pixel, grid format, capturing analysis and retrieving data-
Vector: Data in point, line andpolygon format, srores spatiai and non spatiat &ils
14. Define Land use and Land cover?

Land use: Low the land is utilized by natural and various manmade acrivifi= lfte agrinlnre,
plant3lion. buildings. etc.
Land cover: Natural cover of earth surfaces like oceani agricuturre and desert hilB e*c.
ls.What are the types of GIS data?

. Athibute Data
. Spatial Data.
16,What are the types of spatial data models?

. Raster
Vector
. lmage.
l7.Whal are the major data sources of GIS?

o . Conventional analog map sources
. Report & Publications
. Aerial Remote Sensing
. Satellite Remole Sensing
o Field data sources (or) Surveying & Global Positional System.

. Exisiing digital map sources.
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18.What is meant by intersect?
An intersect overlay definer
the area where both inputs overlay
& retains a set ofattribute fiejd
for each-
l9.What are the types ofvector overlay?

. point_in-polygon. t
. Line_on_polygon.
. polygon_on-polygon-
20. What is meant by network

analysis?
Network anarysis is a range
oftechniques emproyee engineer and pranners
to study the properties of
networks, including connectivity,
capacity and rates offlow.
2I. What is meant by Reclassificatio

oZ Qvo r/ pn a - goatl )
Rectassification is ro reassign
n.* rt ;Iiffi.of
in a new merged data set;hat "ruri"ii;;; sparial features which resuks
is data fa, within a crass according to crassification
to create a new layer. scheme are merged
(e.9.) Districr map ofindia.

all districrc ara.a.^^:^,^r -
.atus. we can merge rhe dishicts
accordins to their c,"..,"..,;3',:J"::'":'" #;T :H:;*
22. Define is GpS?
! Globar Position Sysrem is

a space based saterite
I navigation system that provides
r location and time
where on or near the *rth,
*r,"." th.." is an unobstructed line of iight
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Explain on the different methods
of Data lnput in GlS.(Nov/Dec-2O10)
Data lnput Methods
Before explaining the input methods,

it is necessary ro make a distinction between
anarogue (non-
digital) and digitar sources of spatiar
data. Anarogue data are normary in paper
form and incrude paper
meps' iables of statistics and hardcopy aerial photographs.
All these forms of data need to be
converted to digitar form before use in a GIS. Digitar
data rike remote sensing data are arready in
compute-readabre formats and are
suppried on diskette, magnetic tape or cD-RoM
or across a
computer network A, data in anarogue
form need to be converted to digitar form before
they can be
input into'Grs There are four methods
of data input which are widery used: keyboard entry, manuar
digitising, automatic digitisation, and scanning.
Digital data must be downloaded from lheir source
media and may require reformafting to
convert them to an appropriate format for the Grs
being used.
Reformatting or conversion may arso be
required aftef anarogue data have been converted
to digitar
form' For exampre' after scanning a paper
rflap, the fire produced by the scanning equipment
. may not
be compatibre with the Grs, so it needs reformatting.
For both the anarogue and digitar data, keyboard
entry method, manuar digitising and automatic
digitizing and scanning methods are very impo(ant
as
detailed below.
Keyboard Entry
Keyboard entry, often referred to as keycoding,

is the entry data into a fire at a computer terminar.
'technique This
is used for attribute data that are available only
on paper. This technique can be mixed with
digitising process for the creation of Gls database
as discussed in chapter 13 for the land use/and
cover database for Hyderabad city. The aftribute
data, 'once in digital format, are linked to the relevant
map features in the spalial database using identification
codes. There are unique codes that are
a'llocated to each< point, line and area feature
in the dataset. The coordinates of spatial entities like
point, line and area features can be
encoded by keyboard entry. This method is used when the
coordinates of these spatial entities are known and
there are not too many of them. lf the coordinates
are more in number, this data can be encoded using
digitising. The procedure of keyboard
entry can
be used to enter land record information. This method
leads to obtain very high
level of precision data by entering the actual surveying
measurements. This method is used for the
development of cadastral informatioh system.
Manual Digitising
Manual digitising is the most common method of encoding

spatiar features from paper rnaps- n b a
process of converting the spatial features on a
map into a digital format. point, line, and area Edres
P.Ramamoorthy,Asst prof/Civil
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that form a map, are converted into (x, y) coordinates. A point is represented by a single coordinatei a
line by a string of coordinates, and, when one or more lines are combined with a label point inside an
outline, then an area (polygon) is identified. Thus digitising is lhe process of capturing
a series of points and lines. Points are used for two different purposes: to represent point features or to
identify the presence of a polygon. Manual digitising requires a table digitiser that iJ linked to a
computer work station (Fig 10.2). To achieve good results, the following steps are necessary. Before,
discussing these steps, the description of digltisers is provided for the beginners in this field of
technology. Digitisers are the most common device for extracting spatial information from maps and
photographs. The position of an indicator as it is moved over the surface of the. digitizlng tablet is
detected by the computer and interpreted as pairs ofx, y coordinates. The indicator may be a pen-like
'stylus or a cursor. Frequently, there aic conirol buttons
on the cursor which permit control of ihe
system without having to turn attention from the digitising tablet to a computer terminal. The current
most popular digitiser is contdmporary tablets using a gird of wires embedded in the tabldl to a
generate magnetic field which is detected by the cursor. The accura'cy of such tabtes are typically
better than 0.1 mm which is better than the accuracy with which the average operator can position the
cursor. Sometimes the functions for transforming coordinates are built into the tablet and used to
process data before it is sent to the host (Fig 10.2).
Fb- iO2 Coluryorsi raar.i' lrl.lr a t r d ri!3 sEDedd.d h Are tanlct to gener.E
r maSnetis lbrd $+idr a ,.*itd ty |tr qrr.
P.Ramamoorthy,Asst.Prof/Civil Page lP
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rnode through i;; ;;[Ji* furins.lhe Proaess or converting lhe maps tnto diortat
oepends upon ths ***r,*n"-t- oPitlssrlon val'v from one c*o ip"oror-iJ ,riltiJrl' , ,
ano polygons of the mao- ,ff^11o skill o_f l}le @eralor.and dnsity of proints, tines
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mse 9s $reil. Js, these n'drs g,rq entere{, f.nto t.re
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Page /6
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O eo?n ^ *boal JaTf q co''nfuoztr'tq 2-
O h;ejLy oy?ta,a +l,j_ *silitel;6() pyDcesseg )n Cotg

t (.y/,,^n e6)e)
Dlgitizart on:
You supply an urban or
regi,
",.,n"p"i",ron ;;*?r:TfJn:l:,";Tffi.;sv' sas and waler o. vou operare
Present is on paper. Becausr
system,i.,,t".al;;;;;:".".",,,*ia*;::ffi.fl
a tormat suitabte ,or your
GtS systen].
J,iliH*1T,L".;:
h the digital files all-cables, pipes,
' .on lhe technically cjimensions, oparational
obiects etc. must be ptacd
approp ate layer All cables pipa,,n"",
captlred and digjtized geo ret "*"r" and objects mug be
isonhundreds;,.;;;;T;T:::,::1ffi
shortest time and in high quality- ;flT;fl ,!lli"J;:i,f
**
P.Ramarnoorthy,Asst. prof/Civil
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> DtiEae,&are t e,qd qmrdl devica fur q'afi.

rna* a,o phobgr+tu.
> Tlp nry, ptnao, o ofircr docrrmrr _ .._
arErr b irr*.r
ic pbEsd ol lre 3
- - srrfueLdcEq[HrE
iabre{-
themapisaffi<edbaeErg&
three or mse std p(.fs
(t&ece ptlF, Tcsf, eb_) are digitized for each
map shept
o theiertri[ be c+hu prtfthefu dmaiorst et3, najor
peaks. pdrB me.Q
P. Ramamoorthy,tust.prof/Civil
Page t{
to celculate fhe oec
hf done in tvro different fiodes:
t
F
o slream mod@ris mote demandjrg on the user
wh.ile point mode reguire$
some Judgments about how lo represent
the line
r 6ns smof most:map$ wore not drafted fA!-

lhe purpose of digilizing
o paper rnaps are unstable: each
time the map is removgd fiom the
digitizing table, the refere.nce points must
t be re_entered when the map is
affixed lo the table again
F .
o if the map has stretched or shrunk in the interim,
the newly digitized points
wilt be slightJy off in their location when
compared to previously digilized
points
Plamarnoorthy,Asstprof/Civil
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o enors occur on these maps, and hese errofs are enlered
F.
E.
f:
i
mAps ai6 meant to display informalion, and do not always

locational information
placed next to each other
1984
Editing erlors from digitizing:
. so l0 errDrs can be corrected autqnatically

o srnall gaps at line junctions
o o\Ershoots and sudden spikes in lines
I error rates dryend on the carnprexity of the rnap, are high for srna scale,
complex mad
. hese topics are explfred in greater deliail in later Units
o Unlt 13 looks ai the process d ediling dtgitized data
o Units 45 and 46 discuss dgilizinJ enor
P.Rama moorthy,Asst.Prof/Civil Page lo
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scara
. @nigl,ris,,l +! i*uu a,b:eg.*3;ff[U]tr3r';"'"
ggjf-a"n'' ('*'i ' '*.^
Jetnd {armo.i.ioo
rn
Land information system (LIS)
Means to acquire, manage, retrieve, analyse, display land records.
. LIS ascomponent of GIS or vice-versa... a long-standing debate, mostly a matter

of semantics and disciplinary orientation.
. Typical LIS:
' o maintained by unit of government responsible for tracking land

ownership, control; typically county government in US
o parcel-oriented
o hard copy maps and/or CAD or GIS software for spatial representations
o relatively large (cartographic) scale (e.g., 1:4800 in rural areas, 1:1200 in
developed areas)'
o bridge between legal (e.g., deeds) and technical (e.g., maps, GIS
coordinates) land descriptions
o may incorporate other technologies
.parcel indexing systems (relational data base. management
systems)
.fiche and document imaging systems
surveying
. multipurpose cadastre -
. o National Research Council effort of early 1980s
-.--o--recognized limitations in manual systems
o proposed automated methods for managing land records, linking to other
spatial data
. o parcel as primary organizing principle
. multipurpose land information svstem
o alternative to multipurpose cadastre
o parcels as one component of layer-based system
o oriented to integration and analysis of data
o geodetic reference framework as organizing principle
Land Tgnure.
.
Rights and obligations in land, along with system for defining and governing.
Difficult to capture all tenure rights in a land information system -- multiple

dimensions.
P.Ramamoorthy/sstProf/Civil fie 41
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i
. definition of rights
i o "bundle of sticks,, _ all the possible ways
of using Iand, allocated betweenl
individuars (and organizationsl
*," ,ir-t'""10r other form of society)
o rules and procedures defining who "na
porr"rr*,Jrf,,.f, sticks _ can be MORE
EXpLtCIT and MORE COMplEif
*i,f, ,ri"r"iua frna informationi system
o responsibilities _ obligations oftenure
environmental protection Oorr".ror, e.g., land taxation,
Land records
components of regal and

fiscar cadastre maintained
by locar governments (typicary
counties)
Many components amenable

to automation; appropriate
data models still evolving
. titles - a description of a.l.and parcel,
potentially including:
o description of location. or b.#.ry
description, metes.and Uorna, i;.;.;;arings and distances survey
aer.ripiion',"prUf i. land survey
reference, lot number i" plrtt"d;;il;ir,.r, system
o method of conv ",..f
_ _.,ro*ens,
','..,Tll{i; Ji,';#iiT,lill::*::#:fr
governmen-t backs claim ;",,:,1",,,
to land title
I
h
' 3::::i resistration or r.na t'.nsuJi;ffih
pubric authority (Register
N
of
I
o land transaction are hprr^,o-^ ;^.J;..:r._-,
i
. J;x":ff
o n,y re q u re J
; ."J;:y i: :
,
:[:,:?1:[: l:., :::il," ",

o registration is esl;entially
i
voluntary though typically done

claim to land to support
o grantor and gra ntee.(conveyed from,
(manuat system _-> ,bo"k,
to) used to organize records
. chains of title _ a fully
*t;;; r.rJ,, ,, ,."r""."f
supported land claim ;;r;;
conveyance from goveinment traced back to original
or.ro*n,
trnsactions to present is "rr""." ira.,r,
chain ortitte; ;;;;;;
through all
i,rrnrnrri.ation of chain of
. indexes - to make chains
of title easier to research.
cr.eategrontor/g**""i,n.an,"rr;;;;;;;;;;;,';:::5:Hrrrr#,f f
,
and tinked to Grs represen;;;,;;;;';"[h
;ff:io,* spatiaily into parcer
P. Ra mamoorthy,Asrt-p;rm
Page AQ
jt,
tax roles, tax maps -- other than Registry (which is maintained as public service)
the main interest of local government in land ownership information is tax
assessment. Tax roles and associated tax maps:
o accoult for all lands, their value and their owner.
o may or may not be directly linked to Registry
o may or may not be derived from deed/title descriptions
o often used as source of data for GIS (Registry typically not involved in
mapping)
. o often not maintained at accuracy needed to convey land, onty to assess
and collect taxes
related "layers" -- assessment, zoning, permits, etc.
private records
o title insurance -.private backing of title validity
o title abstracts - summarization of evidence about ownership
o plat maps -- approximations of land ownership parceis, derived from a
variety of public and private data sources
P.Ramamoorthy,Asst.Prof/Civil GilE 2,

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2. What are the uses of DEM?

iii) Modelling ofhydrologic functions, energy flux and forest fires'

3. Wiat is meant by spatial analysis?

4. What is overlayingz / oac-Qolo)

tine cons.rning complex and computationally expensive. In raster base systems it is

5. What is buffering? 9\',,/ { No") De L'-fuotl)

spatial proximity or neamess of various features by defining a distance zone around

search from a GIS database.

7, What are the different input method into a GIS?

iii) Scanning and automatic digitizing

/ Simple data structure

14. Define Land use and Land cover?

ls.What are the types of GIS data?

16,What are the types of spatial data models?

l7.Whal are the major data sources of GIS?

o Field data sources (or) Surveying & Global Positional System.

l9.What are the types ofvector overlay?

20. What is meant by network

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