International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509

Photovoltaic Thermal PV/T systems: A review

Ali H. A. Al-Waeli, K. Sopian, Hussein A Kazem and Miqdam T Chaichan

AbstractPhotovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) combine the solar
thermal and photovoltaic systems. This technique benefits from
both light and heat of the solar radiation to produce electricity
and hot fluids. Research in PV/T systems is rapidly growing with
more methods and techniques to increase the overall efficiency,
reduce the cost, improve the modeling, and maintain the system
for long periods of time and employing them for suitable
application. The paper aims to study some of the research
conducted in this field in order to understand and derive key
points to producing more research and providing constructive
criticism for the work presented. Also a detailed explanation of
PV/T systems' principles and operation is presented.
Classifications of PV/T in terms of absorber design, shape of
pipes, PV configuration, type of working fluid (base-fluid) and
type of PV panels are all discussed in the literature survey.
Finally, it is concluded that there is a clear lack in electrical,
economic and environmental evaluations, where most of articles
in PV/T are dominated by the thermal study of the system.
Index TermsSolar Thermal; photovoltaic thermal PV/T;
Base-fluid; Solar radiation
I. INTRODUCTION
I n the past decade more research has been granted to
enhance the performance of photovoltaic thermal (PV/T)
systems. This is due to the increasing interest in the utilization
of solar energy technologies. Many researchers have focused
on improving the performance parameters of photovoltaics
and Solar Thermal (ST) systems [1-5]. Therefore, more
emphasis on increasing electrical efficiency for photovoltaics
and thermal efficiency for solar thermal systems. Photovoltaic
thermal (PV/T) systems offer the opportunity to utilize more
of the solar spectrum where both heat and light are being
harvested [6]. On the other hand, it also saves space by
combining the two structure to cover lesser area than two
systems separately [7]. The base fluid used in the thermal
system is very important to ensure better cooling for the PV
panel as well as heat gain for the thermal system's output.
Many fluids have been used in this type of solar technologies
such as water, air, water and air, phase change material and
nanofluids [8-12].
Reducing the photovoltaic temperature is crucial for
maintaining the open circuit voltage and thus the overall
power output of the cell [13]. Since, PV/T systems are a
combination of PV and ST systems then it is important to
explain both first. Photovoltaic are semiconductor devices that
converts sun light or photons into Direct Current (DC). PV
cells can be connected to each other in parallel and series to
form modules and the same can be done by those modules to
produce panels [14]. Many researchers try to discover and test
the various parameters affecting these devices. Weather is
considered the main reason for irregularities for PV cells as
humidity, heat and other conditions like dust may cause a
reduction in the performance [15-20].
Certainly PV panels can come in two configurations; either
grid-connected or standalone. The grid-connected PV systems
can be very helpful for electrical companies during high load
hours, also in aiding certain applications like health clinics
[21].
Usually, grid-connected PV systems do not use battery
solution for storage as it feeds the grid directly, unlike
standalone systems. This could be very beneficial as it makes
grid-connected systems utilize generated power effectively
because of the absence of storage losses. In addition, they are
easier to install than standalone systems. On the other hand,
such systems may cause some problems to the grid,
specifically with voltage regulation. Also, other costs and
considerations for equipment's to guarantee protection and
avoid dangerous conditions like islanding [22-24]. The other
configuration of PV is standalone systems. These systems
work independent of the grid. General configuration of these
systems is shown in figure 1.

Ali H A Al-Waeli, is with Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI),

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia. (e-mail:
ali9alwaeli@gmail.com).
Kamaruzzaman Sopian is with Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI),
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
(e-mail: ksopian@eng.ukm.my).
Hussein A Kazem is with the Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University,
PO Box 44, Sohar, PCI 311, Sultanate of Oman. (e-mail: Fig. 1: Standalone PV system configuration
h.kazem@soharuni.edu.om).
Miqdam T Chaichan is with Energy and Renewable Energies Technology
Center, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq. (miqdam1959@yahoo.com)

62
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
Each element carries significant role in the process of
delivering power to the load. PV panels produce DC power
during daytime, this power is either stored in the battery and
use in another time, or sent to the inverter where it is turned
Alternating Current (AC) and feed to the load. This decision is
based on whether the load can be meet by the AC and not be
affected by the irregularities. Charge controller carries similar
function to voltage regulators as well as protect the overall
system. If the battery has been overcharged then the panel is
disconnected from it, while if battery have been discharged
below a certain level then charge controller will disconnect the
load [25-27]. These systems can be used in particular for rural
areas where it is not feasible to connect to national utility grid.
However, the problem of irregularity continues as sometimes
PV cells may fall short in meeting the load due to changing of
solar irradiance. In order to solve this problem different
systems may be connected to the PV panel in order to make it
reliable at all times. This connection makes the system hybrid
PV system. These systems could be renewable or non-
renewable. As some may use hybrid PV/Genset system, while
others use hybrid PV/wind/battery configuration [28-29]. On
the other hand, solar thermal systems utilize the heat (or
infrared radiation) of the solar radiation. Exposing ST systems
to the hot sun helps in producing thermal energy. The system
may be a collector with a number of pipes where a fluid will
flow in. Once these pipes are heated the fluid will heat and so
thermal energy can be produced or integrated. Thermal energy
in form of hot water could be applied for domestic use or
heating swimming pools, while thermal energy in form of hot
steam could be used to run turbines and generate electricity
[30-31]. Figure 2 shows a block diagram of simple solar
thermal collector.
Fig. 2: block diagram of solar thermal collector and storage
tank
Solar thermal systems are the foundation for PV/T system.
Where they are important to absorbing the heat from the PV
panel and using it to produce thermal energy. Many absorber
designs are proposed by different research articles in the field
[32-35]. Solar thermal system can also be classified to two
main configurations; either active or passive systems. Active
systems utilize pumps and/or other mechanical devices while
passive systems are designed to function without them as they
mainly relay on south-facing windows as collectors to capture
solar energy. Different types of solar thermal collectors exist
and can be used in PV/T systems. It is crucial to study each
and observe its effect on overall PV/T efficiency or thermal
63
efficiency in particular. Collector may be shaped or designed
in different forms such as evacuated tube, glazed, unglazed
flat-plate, concentrated etc. As for the absorber it may have
different designs and shapes as well such as rectangular, round
and square shapes, also web flow, direct flow, spiral flow,
oscillatory flow, serpentine flow, parallel serpentine flow and
modified serpentine-parallel flow designs. These systems
could also have single passing or double passing [36-40]. This
paper aims to revise and review research articles core related
to PV/T systems in order to find critical points that can be
either enhanced in the future. The principle of operation will
show both design and function of typical PV/T systems.
II. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) systems are hybrid systems
combining the abilities to produce electricity from light and
harvest heat. Understanding photovoltaics and solar thermal
systems is crucial to understand the overall entity. The solar
radiation strikes the PV panel which in its turn will produce
DC power. Infrared radiation is part of the solar spectrum and
so the PV panel will begin to heat. Based on the concepts of
PV cells; when the temperature of the cell increases, the open
circuit voltage decrease. This is due to temperature affecting
the band gap of this semiconductor cell and decreasing the gap
[81]. This decrease accompanied by increase in temperature
and is considered as an increase in the energy of the electrons
within the material. So, in order to break the bond lower
energy is needed. Reduction in the bond energy also reduces
the band gap. Therefore, increasing the temperature reduces
the band gap. Cooling methods could be used to maintain cell
temperature or a hybrid PV/T system can be put in place. The
solar thermal collector will be place on the back of the PV
panel to absorb the heat. A running fluid within the tubes of
the ST absorber or as it's known as 'base-fluid', will absorb
that thermal energy and transfer it to a container. A heat
exchanger is also used to separate the fluid within the system
and the one to be stored in insulated water tanks. Also, if
utilizing another fluid with different heat capacity or thermo-
physical properties [41-43]. Lv J. et al (2013) [44], attempted
to analyze the performance of PV/T by testing the system
indoors and using a solar simulator. The variation in output of
PV due to changing cell temperature was used as an input for
a MATLAB code. The code is based on the mathematical
model and a number of weather data inputs. Finally, authors
conclude that meteorological parameters in typical summer
and warm winter areas in china has the potential for good
electrical and thermal efficiencies for PV/T. This is a valid and
effective method to test out a PV/T system. However,
conducting the testing outdoors might give a more precise
reading for PV and cell temperature under clear sky as there
are certain weather irregularities that cannot be avoided.
Figure 3 shows a typical PV/T system with heat exchanger
and insulated storage tank.
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
Fig. 3: PV/T system with heat exchanger, insulated storage
tank and sensors.
The system in figure 3 is suitable for hosting a nanofluid as
a base-fluid. This method is relatively new for PV/T systems.
Some nanofluids have great potential due to their thermo-
physical properties and heat capacity, and so it is important to
use a heat exchanger to transfer the heat from the nanofluid
into water. The circulation process in such system is carried
out using water pumps [45-46]. The use of nanofluid is not the
most feasible for domestic use where it can either be produced
with two step method, or purchased with one step method both
of which may not be encouraging to some consumers.
However, water could be a replacement [47-48].
III. LITERATURE SURVEY
The following research articles represent abroad range of ideas
that are either core related to PV/T or includes it as an
application.
Staebler et al. [49] claimed that replacing glass cover of glazed
thermal collectors with transparent amorphous-silicon PV
modules would produce a total PV/T efficiency of 32.5% with
4.7% being PV efficiency. Authors argued that this type of
PV/T systems is suitable for consumers due to the cheap cost
of amorphous silicon. This brings a fair point which is cost.
However, a compromise between cost and efficiency must be
made.
Haddad et al. [50] compared between three systems; PV/T, PV
and ST in order to shows the potential of PV/T systems.
Monocrystalline silicon type PV module was used and copper
tubes were attached to it. Authors claim the system reaches
42% of thermal efficiency around noon. This article shows the
importance of comparing the hybrid PV/T system to
conventional PV and ST system. However, it needs more
elaboration on the electrical performance. Hence, thermal
efficiency of PV/T can only be compared to that of ST. while,
electrical output is neglected in this article.
Khelifa et al. [51] presented a modeling method for PV/T
collector using both experimental and theoretical steps. As for
the theoretical part authors performed energy balance
equations. Heat balance equations were performed for each
element in the system such as the glass cover, absorber place
and PV panel. Authors claimed to find a 69% efficiency for
64
PV/T with 14.8% of it coming from PV and 55% from ST.
The efficiency is higher due to careful planning and detailed
study of the heat. This is an important point to be raise which
is understanding the heat flow within the system and detecting
the losses. The article recommends utilizing advantage
material to lower the costs. Here again, the compromise
between efficiency and cost is present but it is less because the
design of the system is much more suitable to avoiding losses.
This type of system could be used in different applications.
Ammous et al. [52] presented a Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) as
a tool to employ PV/T for Reverse Osmosis (RO) desalination
plant. The proposed system contains sheet collector and tubes.
The article shows comparison of temperature between PV and
hybrid PV/T. results shows that PV/T temperature is way less
than conventional PV. This system may require more cost and
time for design and safety when employed in RO desalination
plants. Authors did not clearly discuss the cost nor efficiency.
However, this article shows how PV/T systems could work in
desalination plants.
Haber [53] used a collector tube and a metal absorber then
combined with a PV module to produce a PV/T. The analysis
of this system was carried out using a heat transfer matrix.
Authors claim that yearly efficiencies of PV/T with cooling
and PV/T without heat control are 14.46% and 14.61%,
respectively. This shows the importance of the base-fluid as it
can provide more cooling to the system to produce higher
efficiency.
Mojumder J. C. et al (2016) [54] investigated the effect of
collector type on the performance of the system by proposing
two types of collectors (type A and B) and conducting testing
indoors with a solar simulator. Once testing is completed it is
followed by data collection. These data were input for support
vector machine model, which will estimate electrical and
thermal output and so finding the electrical and thermal
efficiency. Authors compared the estimated data with actual
recorded ones and found that type B has higher performance
than A. This article provides a good method to validate the
results and compare between different types of collectors.
Generally, most articles with PV/T systems do not clearly
show how to deal with electrical efficiency regardless of
thermal efficiency. This is due to PV panel's efficiency is
usually set in the manufacturing stage. However, the PV
system (including other elements) could be improved and
studied as well. Also, the effect of cooling on electrical
efficiency must be in every PV/T article. Even with high
electrical production load management remains an important
process for such systems. As exhausting resources like
batteries and charge controllers may cause more money loss
on the long term for standalone PVT systems. Ogunjuyigbe A.
S. O. et al (2016) [55] states that using Mixed Integral Linear
Programming (MILP) could be very benifical for functions
like setting load priority where the battery state of charge
leads these loads in correspondence to the varying solar
radiation without causing a reduction in the quality of life of
the user. The MILP is applied to a residential building and
shows to have great promise for BIPV systems. This could
also be used for BIPV/T systems.
Florschuetz L. W. (1978) [56] performed analysis on PV/T
systems through extending the HOTTEL-WHILLIER model
to include the hybrid PV/T. This method can analyze a thermal
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
collector in PV/T similar to analyzing a conventional solar
thermal collector. This analysis is helpful for various
applications and PV/T types. The model can be applied to PV
models for cooling purposes as well. This article is very raises
a very important idea which is looking into improving the
overall efficiency of the system through improving both
subsystems (PV and ST) separately. When studying the
electrical side of PV/T it is clear that fluctuations are a major
issue and dependency on light intensity. Even though it may
seem to be less feasible for countries with cloudy weather, PV
technology has relatively significant use in European countries
like Germany. In 2014, there is about 177 GW of power from
solar panels [57-60].
Katsumata et al. (2011) [63] illustrated that exposing PV cells
to high intensity irradiance accompanied with high
temperature for long period of time may affect its
performance, which is mainly based on geographical areas and
the changing weather was either urban, rural, or desert areas.
As explained in principle of operation; the solar cell
temperature raise will decrease the performance. Where every
increase up to 10C will cost a reduction in solar cell
efficiency up to 5% [64]. Several researchers suggested heat
removal using cooling fluids. In addition to increasing the
electricity produced from the cell, this hybrid PV/T solar
collector can heat air or water or both at the same time [65].
Zhang S. et al (2015) [66] provided a description for an
application of hybrid renewable energy systems which
includes water-based PV/T system. The methodology
followed in this article shows the primary stage to be field
tests where PVT is tested outdoors in the site. Then analysis of
the model follows and finally, a curve is produced from the
analysis in order to back up the experimental data. Authors
used the system to adapt to heating and cooling periods. The
authors claim that The annual energy consumption is
3658.7kWh which is less than annual on-site energy
generation 4000.1kWh. This article shows how important it is
to follow the right methodology in applying these systems for
Net-Zero energy houses. The system being utilized to its
fullest by providing heat, cooling and electricity based on the
demand. Even though many researchers in the literature have
discussed these ideas [67,68,70,71,73] the general trend is to
focus only on one condition while this design corresponds to
various conditions. The effect of having Net-Zero energy
houses is massive to the environment if applied on large scale
[69]. Also, the modelling process continues to produce major
achievements for PV/T systems. However, modelling without
experimental data for validation may not be completely
accurate [72].
Tripanagnostopoulos Y. et al (2003) [74], present water-based
PV/T system design aspects for residential application on a
small scale. These aspects are made to reduce the cost and
improve thermal efficiency as well. The authors here conduct
experiments for these modules to show electrical and thermal
efficiencies which is very important as stated above in the
literature. Many researchers neglect the type of PV used in the
study. However, this article shows a clear description of these
system parameters [75-76].
Tripanagnostopoulos et al. [77] performed experiments on
glazed and unglazed PV/T water cooling systems in Greece.
Authors were able to enhance the conductivity through
65
aluminum reflectors then calculated the LCA, EPBT, and
LCA. The authors concluded with a EPBT of 0.8 years is a
good result relative to conventional PV. Clara [79] performed
an environmental study to measure the impact of PV/T on the
environment. The authors claim to finding a EPBT in the
range of 0.814.33 years and a GPBT 0.84.0 years.
IV. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) systems have great
potential for expansion and development. With the current
state of research and rapid growth in this field more technique
is being adopted and so are the applications for PV/T systems.
This paper provides a literature survey of a number of research
articles in order to establish main points for future work. There
is a clear lack of research in the electrical side of PV/T. Also,
lack in economic and environmental evaluations. Majority of
research focuses on standalone PV/T systems and building
integrated PV/T systems. Different design considerations have
been discussed in this review such as safety, cost, efficiency,
emissions, material, absorber design, absorber network and
working fluid. Most research conducted follows the process of
performing experimental tests then validating it by designing a
numerical (mathematical) model. Also, changing the used
material could help in reducing the cost but it is important not
to compromise the efficiency. Integration of PV/T in
residential and commercial buildings is an area of study that
require more focus. Especially from the design aspect; in order
to create a PV/T system with good visual impact on the
building.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank the staff of Solar Energy
Research Institute (SERI) for their continuous support.
REFERENCES
[1] M. T. Chaichan, A. H. Al-Hamdani, A. M. Kasem, Enhancing a Trombe
wall charging and discharging processes by adding nano-Al2O3 to phase
change materials, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
Research, vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 736-741, 2016.
[2] A. Ibrahim, A. Fudholi, K. Sopian, M. Y. Othman, M. H. Ruslan,
Efficiencies and improvement potential of building integrated PV
thermal (BIPVT) system, Energy Conversion and Management, 77
(2014) 527534
[3] Camargo R L.; Zink, R.; Dorner, W.; Stoeglehner, G. Spatio-temporal
modeling of roof-top PV panels for improved technical potential
assessment and electricity peak load offsetting at the municipal scale.
Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2015, 52, 5869.
[4] Shah, R., Mithulananthan, N., Bansal, R., Ramachandaramurthy, V.,
2015. A review of key power system stability challenges for large-scale
PV integration. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 41, 14231436.
[5] Lev S., Dolar A., Grimacci F., Mussett M., Ogliari E., 2015. Analysis
and validation of 24 hours ahead neural network forecasting of PV
output power. Math. Comput. Simul., 0378-4754.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2015.05.010.
[6] K. Sopian, P. Ooshaksaraei, A. Fugholi, R. Zulkifli, S.H. Zaidi, Hussein
A. Kazem, Performance characterization of single-path and double-path
air-based bifacial photovoltaic thermal solar collector, 2nd International
Conference on Energy Systems, Environment, Antalya, Turkey, October
8-10, 2013, ISBN: 978-960-474-338-4, pp. 42-47.
[7] Al-Waeli A H, Sopian K, Kazem H A and Chaichan M T, Photovoltaic
Solar Thermal (PV/T) Collectors Past, Present and Future: A Review,
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509
International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, vol. 11, No. 22,
pp. 1075-10765, 2016.
[8] E. E. Bajestan, M. C. Moghadam, H N W Daungthongsuk, S
Wongwises, Experimental and numerical investigation of nanofluids
heat transfer characteristics for application in solar heat exchangers,
International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 92 (2016) 10411052
[9] SLIMANI M. E., AMIRAT M., & BAHRIA S., "Analysis of thermal
and electrical performance of a solar PV / T air collector Energetic study
for two configurations". 3rd International Conference on Control,
Engineering & Information Technology (CEIT), pp. 1-6.
[10] M.Y. Othman, S. A. Hamid, M. A. S. Tabook, K. Sopian, M. H. Roslan,
Z. Ibarahim, Performance analysis of PV/T Combi with water and air
heating system: An experimental study, Renewable Energy 86 (2016)
716-722.
[11] M.T. Chaichan, S. H. Kamel & A. N. M. Al-Ajeely, Thermal
conductivity enhancement by using nano-material in phase change
material for latent heat thermal energy storage Systems, SAUSSUREA,
vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 48-55, 2015.
[12] A. Lenert, E.N. Wang, Optimization of nanofluid volumetric receivers
for solar thermal energy conversion, Sol. Energy 86 (1) (2012) 253265.
[13] U. Qureshi, P. Baredar, A. Kumar, Effect of weather conditions on the
Hybrid solar PV/T Collector in variation of Voltage and Current
International Journal of Research (IJR) Vol-1, Issue-6, July 2014 ISSN
2348-6848.
[14] M. T. Chaichan, H. A. Kazem, Experimental analysis of solar intensity
on PV in hot and humid weather conditions, International Journal of
Scientific & Engineering Research, vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 91-96, March-
2016.
[15] H. A. Kazem, M. T. Chaichan, Effect of Humidity on PV Performance
Based on Experimental Study, International Journal of Applied
Engineering Research, vol. 10, No. 23 (2015) pp. 43572-43577
[16] Kazem H A, Chaichan M T, Effect of Environmental Variables on PV
Performance-Based on Experimental Studies, International Journal of
Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES), vol. 2, No. 4, pp: 1-8,
2016.
[17] Kazem H A, Chaichan M T, Effect of Environmental Variables on
Photovoltaic Performance-Based on Experimental Studies, International
Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES), vol. 2, No.
4, pp: 1-8, 2016
[18] Kazem H A and Chaichan M T, Effect of Humidity on Photovoltaic
Performance Based on Experimental Study, International Journal of
Applied Engineering Research (IJAER), vol. 10, No. 23, pp: 43572-
43577, 2015.
[19] Chaichan M T, Kazem H A, Experimental analysis of solar intensity on
photovoltaic in hot and humid weather conditions, International Journal
of Scientific & Engineering Research, vol. 7, No. 3, 91-96, 2016.
[20] Kazem A A, Chaichan M T & Kazem H A, Effect of dust on
photovoltaic utilization in Iraq: review article, Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 37, September, pp: 734-749, 2014.
[21] H.A. Kazem, S Q Ali, A H A Alwaeli, K Mani and M.T. Chaichan,
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis and Optimization of Health Clinic PV System
for aRural Area in Oman, World Congress on Engineering (WEC
2013), The 2013 International Conference of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering,London, UK, Vol. I, 3-5 July, 2013.
[22] Hussein A Kazem, Tamer Khatib, K. Sopian and Wilfried Elmenreich,
Performance and feasibility assessment of a 1.4kW roof top grid-
connected photovoltaic power system under desertic weather conditions,
Energy and Building 82 (2014) 123-129.
[23] H.A. Kazem, T. Khatib, K. Sopian, W. Elmenreich, Performance and
Feasibil-ity Assessment of a 1.4 kW Roof Top Grid-Connected PV
Power System under Desertic Weather Conditions," Energy and
Building, vol. 82, pp. 123-129, 2014.
[24] H.A. Kazem, T. Khatib, Techno-Economical Assessment of Grid
Connected PV Power Systems Productivity in Oman," Sustainable
Energy Tech-nologies and Assessments, vol. 3, pp. 6164, 2013.
[25] Hussein A. Kazem, Tamer Khatib, and K. Sopian, Sizing of a
standalone PV/ battery system at minimum cost for remote housing
electrification in Sohar, Oman, Energy and Building, Vol. 6C, 2013,
pp. 108-115.
[26] Kazem H A and Chaichan M T, The impact of using solar colored filters
to cover the PV panel on its outcomes, Bulletin Journal, vol. 2, No. 7,
464-469, 2016. DOI: 10.21276/sb.2016.2.7.5.
[27] Hussein A. Kazem, Tamer Khatib, and K. Sopian, Sizing of a standalone
photovoltaic/ battery system at minimum cost for remote housing
electrification in Sohar, Oman, Energy and Building 6C (2013) 108-115.
66
[28] Kazem H A, Al-Waeli A. H., Chaichan M T, Al-Mamari A. S., Al-
Kabi A. H., Design, measurement and evaluation of photovoltaic
pumping system for rural areas in Oman, Environ Dev Sustain, 2016, pp.
1-13. DOI 10.1007/s10668-016-9773-z.
[29] Kazem H A, Al-Badi H A S, Al Busaidi A S & Chaichan M T, Optimum
design and evaluation of hybrid solar/wind/diesel power system for
Masirah Island, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 2016.
DOI: 10.1007/s10668-016-9828-1
[30] Kern E. C., & Russell M. C., 1978, "Combined photovoltaic and thermal
hybrid collector systems", The 13th IEEE photovoltaic specialists'
conference, pp. 1153-1157.
[31] Garg H. P., Agarwal R. K., & Joshi J. C., 1994, " Experimental study on
a hybrid photovoltaic-thermal solar water heater and its performance
predictions,", Energy Convers, Vol. 35, Issue 7, pp. 621-633.
[32] Reatti1 A., Kazimierczuk M. K., Catelani M., & Ciani L., 2015, "Linear
Solar PV/T Concentrator Monitoring System and Derivation of
Performance Index", IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society,
pp. 1285 - 1290.
[33] Zhang B., Lv J., Yang H., Li T., & Ren S., 2015, "Performance analysis
of a heat pipe PV/T system with different circulation tank capacities,",
Applied Thermal Engineering, Vol. 87, pp. 89-97.
[34] Ahna J. G., Kimb J. H., & Kim J. T., 2015, "A Study on Experimental
Performance of Air Type PV/T Collector with HRV,", Energy Procedia,
Vol. 78, pp. 3007 3012.
[35] Marimuthu M., Geetha P., Deepiha P., & Sridharan M., 2015,
"MATLAB Simulation of Transparent Glass PV/T Hybrid Water
Collectors" 9th International Conference on Intelligent Systems and
Control (ISCO), pp. 1-7.
[36] K. Sopian, Adnan Ibrahim, Ahmed Fudhol, Mohd Yusof Othman, Mohd
Hafidz Ruslan, Hussein A. Kazem, Experimental Studies on Building
Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal Collectors with Different Absorber
Design, 2nd International Conference on Energy Systems,
Environment, Antalya, Turkey, October 8-10, 2013, ISBN: 978-960-
474-346-9, pp. 50-54.
[37] K. Sopian, G. L. Jin, M. Y. Othman, S. H Zaidi, M. H. Ruslan,
Advanced absorber design for PV thermal (PVT) collectors, Recent
Resources of Energy Environment and Land scape Archit, pp. 7783.
[38] A. Fudholi, K. Sopian, M. H. Yazdi, M. H. Ruslan, A. Ibrahim, H. A.
Kazem, Performance analysis of PV thermal (PVT) water collectors,
Energy Conversion and Management, vol.78, February 2014, pp. 641
651.
[39] R. Daghigh, A. Ibrahim, G. L. Jina, M. H. Ruslan, K. Sopian, Predicting
the performance of amorphous and crystalline silicon based PV solar
thermal collectors, Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 52, No. 3,
March 2011, pp. 17411747.
[40] K. Sopian, G. L. Jin, M. Y. Othman, S. H Zaidi, M. H. Ruslan,
Advanced absorber design for PV thermal (PVT) collectors, Recent
Resources of Energy Environment and Land scape Architecture (2011)
7783.
[41] M. Q. Raza, M. Nadarajah, C. Ekanayake, Review On recent advances
in PV output power forecast, Solar Energy 136 (2016) 125144.
[42] Zervos A., Lins C., Muth J., 2010. RE-thinking 2050: a 100%
Renewable Energy Vision for the European Union, EREC.
[43] H. M S Al-Maamary, H. A. Kazem, M. T. Chaichan, Changing the
Energy Profile of the GCC States: A Review, International Journal of
Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 11, Number 3
(2016) pp 1980-1988.
[44] Lv J., He Z., Zhao G., Li Z, Hu Z., & Zhang J., 2013, "Analysis on the
Performance of Photovoltiac/thermal Solar System", ICMREE, pp. 831 -
834.
[45] S R Chitra, S Sendhilnathan, An innovative studies and analysis on
thermal behavior in nanofluids, International Journal of Scientific &
Engineering Research, vol. 4, no. 5, pp. 284- 290, 2013.
[46] J. Sarkar, P. Ghosh, A. Adil, A review on hybrid nanofluids: recent
research, development and applications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 43
(2015) 164177.
[47] M. A. M. Rosli, S. Mat, M.H. Ruslan, K. Sopian, Parametric Study on
Water Based PV Thermal Collector, Latest Trends in Renewable Energy
and Environmental Informatics, Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Renewable Energy Sources (RES '13), Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia, April 2013.
[48] Ahmad F., K. Sopian, M. H. Yazdi, M. H. Ruslan, A. Ibrahim, Hussein
A Kazem, Performance analysis of PV thermal (PVT) water collectors,
Energy Conversion and Management 78 (2014) 641651.
International Journal of Computation and Applied Sciences IJOCAAS, Volume2, Issue 2, April 2017, ISSN: 2399-4509

[49] David L. S., Natko B. U., & Zoltan J. K., 2002,"Development of High [70] M. E. Oruc, A.V. Desai, P. J.A. Kenis, R. G. Nuzzo, Comprehensive
Efficiency Hybrid PV-Thermal Modules", 29th IEEE Photovoltaic energy analysis of a photovoltaic thermal water electrolyzer, Applied
Specialists Conference, 29th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Energy 164 (2016) 294302.
pp. 1660 - 1663. [71] A. Ibrahim, M.Y. Othman, M. H. Ruslan, S. Mat, K. Sopian, Recent
[50] Haddad S., Touafek K., & Khelifa A., 2015, "Investigation of the advances in flat plate photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collectors,
Electrical and Thermal Performance of a PV/T Hybrid System", Tenth Renewable and Sustainable Energy review, vol.15, no. 1, pp.352-
International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable 365,2011.
Energies (EVER), pp. 1-6. [72] Ortiz M, Barsun H, He H, Modeling of a solar-assisted HVAC system
[51] Khelifa A., Touafek K., & Moussa H. B., 2015, "Approach for the with thermal storage. Energy and Buildings 2010; 42(4):500-509.
modelling of hybrid photovoltaicthermal solar collector", IET [73] Yoon J, Li LF, Semichaevsky AV, Ryu JH, Johnson HT, Nuzzo RG,
Renewable Power Generation, Vol. 9, Issue 3, pp. 207 217. Flexible concentrator photovoltaics based on microscale silicon solar
[52] Ammous M., Yahyaoui I., Harb A., & Chaabene M., 2015, "On Fuzzy cells embedded in luminescent waveguides. Nat Commun 2011; 2:18
Logic Control of PV/T based Reverse osmosis desalination plant", 6th 343.
International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC), pp. 1-6. [74] Y. Tripanagnostopoulos, S. Tselepis, M. Souliotis, J. K. Tonui, Design
[53] Haber E. I., 2015, "Energy transport modeling of PV/T collectors", 4th aspects of hybrid PVT/water solar systems, 19th European Solar Energy
International Conference on Renewable Energy Research and Conference and Exhibition 7-11 June 2004, Paris, France
Applications, pp. 1615 - 1617. [75] Huang B.J. Lin T.H. Hung W.C. and Sun F.S. Performance evaluation of
[54] Mojumdera J. C., Onga H. C., Chong W. T., Shamshirband S., & Al- solar photovoltaic/thermal systems. Solar Energy, 2001; 70: 443-448.
Mamoona A., 2016, " Application of support vector machine for [76] Arif H. M, Sumathy K. Photovoltaic thermal module concepts and their
prediction of electrical andthermal performance in PV/T system", performance analysis: a review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev
Energy and Buildings, Vol. 111, pp. 267277. 2010; 14: 184559.
[55] Ogunjuyigbe A.S.O., Ayodele T.R., & Oladimeji O.E., 2016, " [77] Tripanagnostopoulos Y, Souliotis M, Battisti R, Corrado A.,
Management of loads in residential buildings installed with PV system Performance, cost and life-cycle assessment study of hybrid PVT/AIR
under intermittent solar irradiation using mixed integer linear solar systems, Progress in Photovoltaic: Resources and Applications 14
programming", Energy and Buildings, Vol. 130, pp. 253271. (2006) 6576.
[56] Florschuetz L. W., 1979, "Extension of the Hottel-Whillier Model to the [78] S. Allgu, Wiosun PV Therm (product data sheet), http://www.
Analysis of Combined Photovoltaic/Thermal Flat Plate Collectors", solarzentrum-wiosun.com/products/pv-therm/principle-infos; 2014.
Solar Energy, 22, PP. 361-366. [79] C. Good, I. Andresen, A. G. Hestnes, Solar energy for net zero energy
[57] Denholm, P., Margolis, R.M., 2007. Evaluating the limits of solar PVs buildings A comparison between solar thermal, PV and PVthermal
(PV) in traditional electric power systems. Energy Policy 35, 2852 (PV/T) systems, Solar Energy 122 (2015) 986996.
2861. [80] Kazem H A and Chaichan M T, The impact of using solar colored filters
[58] Dixon, R.K., McGowan, E., Onysko, G., Scheer, R.M., 2010. US energy to cover the PV panel on its outcomes, Bulletin Journal, vol. 2, No. 7,
conservation and efficiency policies: challenges and opportunities. 464-469, 2016. DOI: 10.21276/sb.2016.2.7.5.
Energy Policy 38, 63986408.
[59] Rodrigyuez, G.D., 2010. A utility perspective of the role of energy
storage in the smart grid. In: Power and Energy Society General
Meeting, 2010 IEEE, 2529, July 2010, pp. 12.
[60] Dolara A., Leva S., Manzolini G., 2015. Comparison of different
physical models for PV power output prediction. Sol. Energy 119, 83
99.
[61] Agugiaro, G.; Nex, F.; Remondino, F.; de Filippi, R.; Droghetti, S.;
Furlanello, C. Solar radiation estimation on building roofs and web-
based solar cadaster. In Proceedings of the ISPRS Annals of the
Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,
Melbourne, Australia, 25 August1 September 2012; pp. 177182.
[62] T. Huld and A. M. G. Amillo, Estimating PV Module Performance over
Large Geographical Regions: The Role of Irradiance, Air Temperature,
Wind Speed and Solar Spectrum, Energies, 2015, 8, 5159-5181;
doi:10.3390/en8065159
[63] N. Katsumata, Y. Nakada, T. Minemoto, H. Takakura, Estimation of
Irradiance and Outdoor Performance of PV Modules by Meteorological
Data, Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 95, pp. 199-202,
2011.
[64] T.T. Chow, J.W. Hand, P.A. Strachan, Building-integrated PV and
thermal applications in a subtropical hotel building, Appl. Therm. Eng.
23 (2003) 20352049.
[65] M. N. Abu Bakar, M. Othman, M. H. Din, N. A. Manaf, H. Jarimi,
Design concept and mathematical model of a bi-fluid PV/thermal (PV/T)
solar collector, Renew. Energy, 67 (2014) 153164.
[66] S Zhang, Z Zhuang, Y Hu, B Yang, H Tan, Applicability Study on a
Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Net-Zero Energy House in
Shanghai, CUE2015-Applied Energy Symposium and Summit 2015:
Low carbon cities and urban energy systems, Energy Procedia 88 ( 2016
) 768 774
[67] B. Joy, R. Zachariah, Experimental Investigation and comparative study
of PV water-ethlene glycol collector and PV system, International
Journal of Current Engineering and Scientific Research (IJCESR), Vol.
2, No. 9, pp. 68-73, 2015.
[68] Tan H. The development and applicability of renewable energy for
buildings. Building Science 2015;8:34-42
[69] Al-Maamary H M S, Kazem H A, Chaichan M T, Changing the energy
profile of the GCC States: A review, International Journal of Applied
Engineering Research (IJAER), vol. 11, No. 3, pp: 1980-1988, 2016.

67