Earth structure and earth interior

1 The interior structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells, like an onion
2 These layers can be defined by either their chemical or their rheological properties. Earth has
an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less
viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core
3 The force exerted by Earth's gravity can be used to calculate its mass, and by estimating the
volume of the Earth, its average density can be calculated. Astronomers can also calculate
Earth's mass from its orbit and effects on nearby planetary bodies.
4 The interior of Earth is divided into 5 important layers. Chemically, Earth can be divided into
the crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, and inner core. The geologic component
layers of Earth are at the following depths below the surface
5 The average density of Earth is 5,515 kg/m3. Since the average density of surface material is
only around 3,000 kg/m3
6 In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet or natural satellite, which
is chemically distinct from the underlying mantle. The crusts of Earth, the Moon, Mercury,
Venus, Mars, Io, and other planetary bodies have been generated largely by igneous
processes, and these crusts are richer in incompatible elements than their respective mantles.
7 The crust of the Earth is composed of a great variety of igneous, metamorphic, and
sedimentary rocks
8 The oceanic crust of the sheet is different from its continental crust
9 The oceanic crust is 5 km (3 mi) to 10 km (6 mi) thick[and is composed primarily of basalt,
diabase, and gabbro.
10 The continental crust is typically from 30 km (20 mi) to 50 km (30 mi) thick and is mostly
composed of slightly less dense rocks than those of the oceanic crust. Some of these less
dense rocks, such as granite, are common in the continental crust but rare to absent in the
oceanic crust
11 The thin outermost shell of the upper mantle is similar to the crust, though cooler and more
rigid. Together with the crust, this layer is called the Earth's lithosphere. Asthenosphere.
12 Earth's upper mantle is a highly viscous layer, with a capacity up to 600 kilometers, which
lies between the crust and lower mantle of the Earth.
13 the mantle is a part of a terrestrial planet or other rocky body large enough to have
differentiation by density.
14 The lower mantle comprises 55 percent of the planet by volume and extends from
670 and 2900 kilometers in depth,
15 Pressures in the lower mantle start at 237,000 times atmospheric pressure (24
gigapascals) and reach 1.3 million times atmospheric pressure (136 gigapascals) at
the core-mantle boundary.
16 The Earth's core is a liquid layer about 2,300 km (1,400 mi) thick composed of iron and
nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies
2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface.
17 The Outer Core is about 4000-5000 degrees Celsius. The Inner Core is so hot it causes all the
metal in the Outer Core to melt into liquid magma.
18 The Outer Core is composed of iron and some nickel. There is very few rocks and iron and
nickel ore left in the Outer Core because of the Inner Core melting all the metal into liquid
magma
19 The Outer Core is about 2200 km thick. It is the second largest layer and made entirely out
of liquid magma.
20 Because the outer core moves around the inner core, Earth's magnetism is created.
21 The inner core is made mostly of iron. It is approximately 1,200 kilometers (750 miles)
thick. Although the iron is extremely hotbetween 5,000 and 7,000 degrees
22 the inner core is denser (12.8 ~ 13.1)gcm[ than pure iron or nickel at Earth's inner core
pressures, the composition of the inner core contain a great amount of heavy elements with
only a small amount of light elements, mainly Si with traces of O
The temperature of the inner core can be estimated by considering both the theoretical
and the experimentally demonstrated constraints on the melting temperature of impure iron
at the pressure which iron is under at the boundary of the inner core (about 330 GPa

23 It has lithosphere,asthenosphere ,mesosphere

24 Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard
and rigid outer layer of the earth
25 The uppermost part of the lithosphere that chemically reacts to the atmosphere, hydrosphere
and biosphere through the soil forming process is called the pedosphere.
26 There are two types of lithosphere:
27 Oceanic lithosphere, which is associated with oceanic crust and exists in the ocean
basins (mean density of about 2.9 grams per cubic centimeter)
28 Continental lithosphere, which is associated with continental crust (mean density of
about 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter)
29 asthenosphere, zone of Earths mantle lying beneath the lithosphere and believed to be much
hotter and more fluid than the lithosphere. The asthenosphere is thought to extend from about
60 miles (100 km) to about 450 miles (700 km) below Earths surface.
30 zone of a celestial body (as the earth) which lies beneath the lithosphere and within which the
material is believed to yield readily to persistent stresses
31 Space Shuttle Endeavour appears to straddle the stratosphere and mesosphere in this
photo. "The orange layer is the troposphere, where all of the weather and clouds
which we typically watch and experience are generated and contained. This orange
layer gives way to the whitish Stratosphere and then into the Mesosphere
32 Earth atmosphere diagram showing the exosphere and other layers. The layers are to
scale. From Earth's surface to the top of the stratosphere (50 km or 31 mi) is just
under 1.2% of Earth's radius.
33 The mesospher s the layer of the Earth's atmosphere that is directly above the stratopause
and directly below the mesopause.
34 The main dynamic features in this region are strong zonal (East-West) winds, atmospheric
tides, internal atmospheric gravity waves (commonly called "gravity waves") and planetary
waves. Most of these tides and waves are excited in the troposphere and lower stratosphere,
and propagate upward to the
 35 The mesosphere lies above the maximum altitude for aircraft and nearly all balloons, and
below the minimum altitude for orbital spacecraft. Above the 53.0 km balloon altitude
36 The presence of red sprites and blue jets (electrical discharges or lightning within the lower
mesosphere), noctilucent clouds and density shears within the poorly understood layer are of
current scientific interest
Composition of Earth's mantle in weigh
Element Amount Compound Amount
O 44.8
Mg 22.8 SiO2 46
Si 21.5 MgO 37.8
Fe 5.8 FeO 7.5
Ca 2.3 Al2O3 4.2
Al 2.2 CaO 3.2
Na 0.3 Na2O 0.4
K 0.03 K2O 0.04
Sum 99.7 Sum