Unit Grammar Explanation
Form the present perfect with: S+has/have+(not)+past participle Sean has moved five times in his life, and he plans to
of a verb. Use the present perfect to talk about things that: 1.
Began in the past and continue until now 2. Have happened
several times 3. Happened at an unspecified past time and are
connected with the present
Present perfect vs Form the present continuous with: S+has/have+present participle
present perfect (ing form) of a verb. Use the present perfect continuous to
continuous tense emphasize: 1. That things which began in the past are unfinished
or temporary
1
Use so+adjective+that to explain that: 1. a condition is quite extreme and
2. That it has a result.
So+adjective+that
A gerund is a noun formed from a verb + ing
Gerunds can be usedas the subject of a sentence
Gerunds as subjects
Gerunds can be used after a preposition
and after
prepositions
2
Use may, might, and could + base verb to say that something is
May, might, and possible, now or in the future.
could for possibility Use may, might, and could to express that we are not completely
sure about something
Form the passive with be+ the past participle of the main verb.
We can use the passive with any verb tense.
Use the passive: 1. When the agent (the doer) is not know or not
The passive importan. 2. To emphasize the object of the verb.
Use a by phrase to say who or what does something (the agent)
3 New tres are being planted by local children
Use the past perfect tense to talk about something that happened
before another event in the past (simple past): S+had+(not)+past
participle.
The past perfect
The simple past tense is often used with words such as before or
after that make time relationship clear. Both forms are
grammatically correct
Verb + infinitive. We use infinitives after certain verbs,
4 Gerund vs Infinitive including: hope, try, learn, need, promise, decide, agree
Examples
move again next year.
Professor Brown has spoken Swahili since he was a
child.
Weve had three big earthquakes this year, and many
people have left.
Ive already eaten breakfast, so ill just have some
coffee, please
Laura has been staying with her cousins while her
parents are in Europe
Theyve been trying to improve the citys
transportation system, but its still difficult to geta round
Its been raining all day
C: He was so tired
R: That he fell sleep when his head touched the pillow
C: The climate is so dry here
R: that water is brought in on trucks
Saying new vocabulary words is a good way to
remember them. Learning english is important for my
future.
Im intrested in becoming a taxi driver. We talked
about studying together. Hes afraid of flying on
airplanes.
We may find dangerous animals in the jungle. Monkeys
might learn to be afraid of things. People could
develop a fear of snakes.
Scientist say that other fears might be learned.
Often, trees are removed to make room for farming.
Thousands of acres of forest have been destroyed in
recent years.
Oil can be refined into gasolina and disel fuel for cars,
trucks, and ships. Six countries in the regin were
affected by drought last year.
The game warden arrived on Wednesday and saw that
many fish had died. They had not had problems in that
lake previously.
Cats had come to the island on ships before the rabbits
arrived. Cats came to islands on ships before the rabbits
arrived.
I try to make a Budget for how i will spend my money
I enjoy finding a bargain when i go shopping.
I prefer to pay in cash. Or I prefer paying in cash.
 Verb + gerund. We use infinitives after certain verbs, including:
avoid, enjoy, stop, finish, give up, consider
Verb + infinitive or gerund. We use infinitives after certain verbs,
including: like, prefer, hate, begin, continue, love
Form the passive with: S+be+past participle (+by agent)
Affirmative statement, negative statement, yes/no questions, Wh-
quiestions
The focus of the passive is usually on the result of the action, not
on who does the action (the agent)
Review of the
passive voice Use the passive with any verb tense. Change the form of be to
show the tense
The agent, or by phrase, is included only if that information is
important or surprising.
Use the present unreal condition to talk about a situation that is
not true now
Conditional sentences have two clauses: the condition clause and
Unreal conditional the result clause
in the present The condition clause can be at the beginning or end of the
sentence
When the verb be is in the condition clause, we always use were.
5
(was is only usea informally)
We use wish when we want things to be different than they really
are.
The verb after wish is in the past tense
Wish in the present
After wish, the auxiliary verbs can or will change to could or
would
Use reported speech tos ay what another person said. The Word
that is optional.
The verb in reported speech usually changes: 1. From present to
Reported speech past 2. From past to past perfect
Pronouns usually change in reported speech
Other words can also change in reported speech
6 An adjective clause modifies (give more information about) a noun. It
comes after the noun. Use who in adjective clauses about people, to
replace she, he or they. Use that in adjective clauses about things, to
Subject adjective replace it or they. We can use which instead of that in more formal
clauses sentences.
You can meet people. (they make traditional crafts.)
Youll find presents. (they are perfect for all your friends)
An artist has strong hands. (he Works with clay)
The money is usually deposited by the store manager
The receipt will be printed automatically. Bank tellers
are not paid very much. Are credit cards accepted
here? Where was that coin made?
Coffe is grown in Brazil (by farmers). We were not
told about the quiz (by the teacher).
Lunch is being served on the terrace. Gold coins have
been used for a long time
Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare
(important). That movie was made by two teenagers
(surprising)
If you were in an emergency situation, you would
know what to do. (Youre not in an emergency situation
at the momento.)
C: if+S+past tense verb
R: S+would+base form of verb
I would bring a lot of warm clothes if I were you. If I
were you, I would bring a lot of warm clothes
If the building were on fire, we would evacuate
I wish I didnt have to get up early (in reality, I do have
to get up early)
I wish the fish were protected (theyre not protected). I
wish you spoke Russian (you dont)
We wish you could come to our house. I wish they
would ban fishing here.
Im an artista Meg said (that) she was an artista
I paint every day He said that he painted every day.
I won an awart She said she had won an award.
We saw some sculptures downtown. Tom told me
they had seen some sculptures downtown
Im returning the books tomorrow she said that she
was returning the books the next day
You can meet people who make traditional crafts.
Youll find presents that are perfect for alll your friends
An artist who works with clay has strong hands.