National environmental concerns © Australia: Land of costly problems LAJ There are numerous concerns for the environment in Australia: some B)_¥ 2nd accidental others longstanding and the direct result of human activity, but all of them costly {LZ AC inctude populations of mammals, such as rabbits and fones; insects; birds; fungi and parasites; marine life, from fish to mussels and crabs and weeds, all of which were brought to Austialia from other 6 lands. These plants and animals pose a significant threat to Australia's bio-diversity because native species can become extinct or struggle to survive, Clearing weeds alone casts an estimated $13 billion a year, SA 8 |) occurs when salt levels in the land x Increase. In some areas of Australia this is making once fertile land unsuitable for agriculture and animal grazing, In the past, native plants absorbed the salt in the dirt and salt levels in underground water were stable. However, with European agricultural practices and the removal of native plants, underground salt has washed into waterways and come to the grounds surface, C[_] levels have remained dangerous for over 50 years since British nuclear tests were conducted in the desert area of Maratinga. After numerous costly clean up operations, the site is still considered hazardous, Recently, the local Maralinga ‘Tjarutja people were awarded $13.5 million in compensation, DL] have occurred a few timesin Australas recent history including. | ‘one in the Great Barrier Reef, one of Australia’s most precious natural wonders. A coal ship was en route to China when it ran aground, damaging its fuel tank; Fortunately, the heavy fuel that escaped was broken up with chemicals, preventing an environmental catastrophe "Nevertheless the ship left a three kilometre sear on the reef, which may take 10-20 years to recover. Reading ‘Ta Look at the pictures of different environmental b Match the words from the previous exercise concerns. Math the words (1-5) to each (1-8) to paragraphs A-D In the text. There Is picture (A-E). one extra ttle + Lt Rectation « What is the significance of these numbers in 2 inroduced species theta 30 isp 1 afew 43 oie oe 2 50 5 135 5 © Soil salinity +. 5 “Vocabulary © 2a Complete the table with the different forms of the words from the text. extinction | to 1 survival 2 | toinvade 3 popu! ical to prevent torecover @ b Mark the word stress on each word as in the example. Can you pronounce them? Listen to the recording and check, @ € Complete the sentences with a form of the word given, 1 1. Increasingly growing urban areas are threatening the of many animals and plants. (survive) 2 The complet srsmsinnsnnne Of the plant's, habitat mean that It became extinet nvade) 3 Because some nature reserves are too small they actually divide... of animals. (populate) 1 4 Controlling the numbers of whales that can a be killed has enabled a inthe 3 numbers found, (recover) DC Ce try Listening 3a In pairs, look at the photos and discuss the questions below, b Usten to the conversation and answer the questions below. What kind of environmental disaster do the pictures show? Have you ever seen anything like this? Has there ever been a similar event in your country? What |s the name of the event? ‘What caused the accident? How much {uel was spilled? © Read this sentence from the audio, then The protest was AbOUt o.oo Native species and national laws to protect them (threat) 6 The best way to control introduced species 15 voososusion them fram entering the area. i (prevention) 2 answer the questions below. ‘But really, ifthe cyclone had not hit, the accident wouldn't have happened, Did the eyelone hit? Did the accident happen?The tl conditional We wouldn't have used 60 many trees if weld If they'd known that an endange 4a Make sentences about the environmental disaster using clauses 1-5 and A-£. Sometimes there is more than one possibility. 1 ifthe cyclone hadn't hit, [© ifthe containers hadn't moved, L ifthe other cargo had not been hit, [ Ifless fuel had poured into the ocean, (2 Ifthe clean-up groups had not worked sohard, the coast wouldn't have been polluted. the area would not have recovered so quickly, they wouldn't have hit the other cargo and made the spil there wouldn't have been a spill, the containers wouldn't have moved. Es GRADE & CII. ty To talk about imaginary past events and thelr results we use the third conditional: if-+ had (not) + past participle, + would (not) + have + past participle If they had been more careful, the accident would not have happened. In spoken and informal English we contract auxiliary verbs and negatives. lf the ship hadn't crashed, the oll wouldn't have spilled inta the ocean, ‘We can change the order of the condition and the result. We don Would the accident have happened If they hadn't been so tred? \We often use the third conditional to talk about things we wish had happened in the past. arted recycling paper sooner. We can use other modal verbs instead of would to talk about results. lee lived there, they might have IF we hadn't moved into their habitat, they could have survived use a comma here. ad It b Complete the sentences using the verbs supplied. 1 iffd studied harder, ... better marks. (get) 2 Mf -iumm in the disabled car parking space, | wouldn't have got a fine. (park) 3. | would have done it better the fist time if the instructions clearer, (be} 4 We «to the beach if the weather had been better. (go) 5. Would you have started this course if you how hard it was? (know) 6. you to this city if someone had told you how expensive it was? (move) € Listen to four people talking about @ what happened to them. Write third conditional sentences about their situations. zuneal ‘New English File Teacher's Book Itermedate ‘hotocpiable © Oxford University Press 2006, cy Grammar second condit © Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets to make second conditional sentences 1 | wouldn't be (not be) so broke if L spent __(spend) abit less on going out 211 (have) more money, I (can) travel next summer. 3 My parents (be) happier iff (not go out) so much. 4 Maybe if (share) a flat with friends, I (get on) better with my parents. 5 If (go) to bed earlier, = (not be) so tired all the time. 6 IE (paint) my room white, then it__(not look) so depressing, 71 (feel) alot better if I (go) to the gym more. 81 ____ (not argue) with my brother ifhe {not borrow) my things all the time, 9 Ifmy girlfriend __ (not have to) work so hard, we (can) see each other more often. 10 If (do) something with my life instead of just thinking about it, maybe | things (improve). } © First or second conditional? Complete the sentences with a verb from the list in the correct form. can__be jot drive _noteat _ not hav. look have not reduce see 1 Ifwe hurry, we Il catch the earlier train. It leaves in three minutes. 2 Ifit wasn't so windy, we have lunch in the garden. 3 They'll never sell their house if they __ the price. 4 Ifyou James, tell him to phone me. I need to speak to him urgently. 5 If1_____you, I'd buy the black dress. ts much more ‘you. 6 He won't pass his driving test ifhe__a few more lessons. 7 Atl more time, I'd do it myself, 8 1____ to work if public transport was better in this town, 9 Gavin that soup ifit has meat in it, He's a strict vegetarian. 10 Your sister__ much better if she cut her haira bit shorter.Riri eka ait ed Phonology ™ Contractions and weak forms in conditional sentences: Sa Underline the words in the following sentences that are contracted when spoken. Then listen and check your answers. 1. ft had known it was going to rain, would have brought an umbrella 2. She would have won the race if she had not fallen over at the end, 3. if we had not come early, we would not have got a place, [BD b How are these words pronounced? Usten to the recording and repeat them. 1 twould have. 2. she would not have, 3. they had. 4) be had no « Now you practise. Read the story below and make third conditional sentences about It Practise your sentences, making sure you get your contractions right. 7A third conditional third conditional sentences: if + had + past participle, would + have + past al + Use third conditional sentences to talk about a hypothetical / If’ known about the meeting, I would have gone If T hadn't gone to that party | wouldn't have met my wife. ‘You wouldn't have been late if you'd got up earlier. ‘We would have arrived at 6.00 if we hadn’t got lost. + To make a third conditional, use f+ past perfect and would + The contraction of had is ‘d. 7A a Match the phrases. 1 Ifyou hadn't reminded me, I A if you'd seen what happened. Es. f Marke lock had worked, 6 got up late imaginary situation in the past (which didn't happen) and its consequence, Compare: Yesterday got up late and missed my train (= the real situati rE hadn't got up late Twwouldy't have missed my train (retrial emery tenn: = have * past participle, ¢ Complete the third conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs. 2 This wouldn't have happened B we wouldn't have got lost. Ifyou hadnt helped me, 1 would’ have finshed 3. If they hadn't worn their seat belts, |") C if it hadn't rained. ‘on time, (not help, not finish) 4 We wouldn't have been late D you would have seen them. 1 We_____ifourbest player 5 Wewould have gone to thebeach |") if 'd known you didn't like it. = ajar (win, not be) 6 {fyowhadnttold meit was him, |" F ifwe'd bought tickets on the internet, > "she meee =e marry) 7. You would have laughed G if you'd been moe carefl. 3 = jogpentone ica 8 [wouldn't have bought it H they would have been killed, ——____— me. (lend, ask) 9. Ifyou arrived two minutes earlier") 1 Twould have forgotten, 4 we — more time, we 10 If you hadn't forgotten the map, 1] [wouldn't have recognized him. ‘another day in London. (have, spend) 11 It would have been cheaper K if we hadn't missed the bus. st Se ee eake tie dis) } Cover A-K. Look at 1-9 and try to remember the end of the sentence. § Ifyou mas asia 1 ray plans, (ask change) 7 You. the weekend ifyou with us, (enjoy, come)