SCH4U Preparation Safety in the Chemistry Laboratory and Classroom answers

Atomic Properties and Trends in the Periodic Table

The sum of the protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus of an atom is the mass number for the
atom. The atomic number of an atom represents the number of protons in the atom. Some elements
have different isotopes, which are atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers
of neutrons.
The Bohr-Rutherford model of the atom depicts a central core, called the nucleus, which is surrounded
by electrons. The electrons exist in particular energy levels, or shells, which are often represented in
models as rings around the nucleus. Lewis diagrams are simplified models for representing atoms. The
chemical symbol for the element is used and dots, which represent the valence electrons, are placed
around the symbol. Both paired and unpaired valence electrons are represented in Lewis diagrams.
Trends occur within the periodic table according to the different properties of the atoms of each
element. The placement of an element in the periodic table can predict the atomic radius, ionization
energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity of the element, relative to other elements.

PEN TABLE FOR THE FIRST TWENTY ELEMENTS ANSWERS

Name of Atomic symbol Atomic Mass Number # protons # electrons # neutrons

(equals atomic (mass number atomic
element
(letters used to Number (atomic mass rounded (equals atomic number) number)
represent the off to a whole number) number)
element)

Hydrogen 1 1 1 1 0
Helium 2 4 2 2 2
Lithium 3 7 3 3 4
Beryllium 4 9 4 4 5
Boron 5 11 5 5 6
Carbon 6 12 6 6 6
Nitrogen 7 14 7 7 7
Oxygen 8 16 8 8 8
Fluorine 9 19 9 9 10
Neon 10 20 10 10 10
Sodium 11 23 11 11 12
Magnesium 12 24 12 12 12
Aluminum 13 27 13 13 14
Silicon 14 28 14 14 14
Phosphorus 15 31 15 15 16
Sulfur 16 32 16 16 16
Chlorine 17 35 17 17 18
Argon 18 40 18 18 22
Potassium 19 39 19 19 20
Calcium 20 40 20 20 20
!
5. Complete the table below. Isotope Data

Name of Notation for Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of

Isotope Isotope Number Number Protons Electrons Neutrons

35 81 35 35 46
Bromine-81

10 22 10 10 12

Neon-2
2
calcium44 20 44 20 20 24

Silver-10 47 107 47 47 60
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6. Define the term valence electron and explain the role these electrons play in chemical bonds.
Valence electrons are those electrons that exist in the outer
energy level. They are the only electrons that are involved in
chemical bonds.

8. Which of the following represents the correct Lewis diagram of sulfur?

9. Explain why the electrons depicted in the diagram below are placed as far apart as possible.

!
The first four electrons, in a Lewis diagram, are drawn as far apart
as possible because their negative charges repel each other.
 Use the diagram below to answer questions 10 to 12.
ELECTRONEGATIVITY VALUES FOR THE ELEMENTS
1 2
H He
2.2
3 4 1 Atomic number 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be H Element symbol B C N O F Ne
1.0 1.6 2.2 electronegativit 2.0 2.6 3.0 3.4 4.0
y
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.9 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.2
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
0.8 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.6 3.0
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.6 2.2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.7 2.6
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
0.8 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Uuo
0.7 0.9 1.1

10. Define the following terms.

a)atomic radius
The distance from the centre of the atom to the boundary within
which the electrons spend 90 percent of their time.

b)electron affinity
The energy absorbed or released when an electron is added to a
neutral atom.

c)electronegativity
An indicator of the relative ability of an atom to attract shared
electrons

d)ionization energy
 The amount of energy required to remove the outermost electron
from an atom or ion in the gaseous state.

11. For each term in question 10, describe how the values of this property change
a) down a group
A Atomic radius Increases
B Electron affinity Decreases
C Electronegativity Decreases
d Ionization energy Decreases

b) from left to right across a period

A Atomic radius Decreases

B Electron affinity Increases
C Electronegativity Increases
d Ionization energy Increases

The Formation of Ionic and Covalent Bonds

The octet rule can be used to predict the way in which bonds will form between many atoms.
An ionic bond between two atoms forms due to the attraction between a negatively charged ion, called
an anion, and a positively charged ion, called a cation.
Ionic bonds form between metal and non-metal atoms. A compound held together by covalent bonds is
referred to as a molecular compound. It exists as individual molecules. Molecular compounds consist of
non-metals.
Covalent bonds can be single, double, or triple bonds, depending on the number of shared electron
pairs involved in the bond.

13. Write a caption to explain what is occurring in the following diagram.

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In both cases, the metal is donating, in one case 1 e- and in the other 2 e-,
to a non-metal. This leaves a positive metal ion and a negative non-metal
 ion that are attracted to each other by electrostatic forces and they form an
ionic compound.

14. Describe the octet rule and explain why certain elements do not follow this rule.
The octet rule states that when bonds form between atoms, the atoms gain,
lose, or share electrons in a way that will create an outer shell containing
either (an octet) of electrons. However, the electron configurations of the
transition elements are such that they can have more than eight electrons
in their outer shell.

15. Draw Lewis diagrams for the following ionic compounds containing transition metals.
a) Fe2O3

b) FeCl2

16. Which statement best describes a covalent bond?

a) A bond that involves an uneven distribution of electrons.
b) The electrostatic attraction between positively charged electrons and negatively charged nuclei.
c) The attractive electrostatic force between a negative ion and a positive ion.
d)The attraction between atoms that results from the sharing of
electrons.
e) none of the above