SOLVED PROBLEM 24.7 AAplatioum wire $0 om longi to haye a resistance of U1 2. What should ts diameter be? Ihe scsistivity of platinum is 1.1 x 1077 Q-m. Since R = plLA = pl/0?, (ok _ [kino amyoam ‘ Var“ Y@yoray 82 #1 08mm ‘The wires diameter should therefore be 2r = 1.06 mm. SOLVED PROBLEM 24.12 ‘The current through 2 50-2 resistance is 2 A. How much power is dissipated as heat? P=PR= (2 A)*(500) = 200 W SOLVED PROBLEM 24.13 A2.KW water heater ita he connected to a 240-V power ine whose circuit breaker is rated at 10 A. Will the breaker open when the heater i switched on? “The beter deus a cuent of P_200w Poe = Sine this carota les han 10 A, the breker will act open.sto oats fo dicing a whine ‘wcsance Ry wih th hlp ofthe Red reisore Ry and, and th caliente ceil eer 2 ResisanceR. is varied unt te galvanometer G shows no deecon. station described by saying thatthe bridge is Belance. Find the value of fin tems of R, Rs, and No curreat passer trough the gavanonete wien the ncge i balanced, so the same current / passes through Ry and R; andthe sane caren pastes through Rs and R. Alo pois 4 and mst Inne 9 puenial difference eineen then, hence ae ~ Fae aed Fup ~ Va. Sino Mae = 4K Vio= hs Voc =bR So = ke we have te equations Yac=¥ac Yo = Yio DR=BRS hhh, Diving te ast equation inthe fis coluna by dels equation i he second caus gives 1A tks TR he The suns nd ues end 0 Re Row [BATTERIES The emf of asetof bates connected in series i the sum ofthe em’ ofthe individual els. The intel resistance ofthe set isthe sum of the individual intemal resistances, Thus feat Beat Meat Fate = MMT ‘Bates that are infended wo be connected in parallel should always have the same emf, otherwise ‘curenis would ecuate among them, wasting energy. If ¥ isthe emf ofeach batery, the emf ofa set ‘of batteries connected in puale! is also V. The internal tesistance of the set is 1 tat, Fanta ry FeseesSOLVED PROBLEM 25.14 'A generator has an emt of 120 V and an intemal resistance of U.2 12. (a) How much current ‘does the generator supply when the terminal voltage ia 115 V2 (2) How mush power dos i supply? (e) How much power is dissipated in the generator itself? (0) From PW — tr we cain po fez ova usy A 7 7 —oan ® 1 = QS AUIS V) =7875W © P—Pr—Q5aF (020) — 25 W SOLVED PROBLEM 25.15 {A source of what potential difference is required to charge a battery of ¥; = 6 Vand r = 0.1. arate of 10. A? ‘The required potential difference must equal the emf of the battery plus the Fr drop in its internal residance Hence Vata = Vo 4 r= 6V + (10 A019) = v SOLVED PROBLEM 25.16 (What are the advantages of connecting a set oF battcrcs in parallel? (1) The reduced internal seistance of the set enables more coment tbe dene by «Ton (2) The arspere-hourexpacity ofthe sti he sum ofthe capacities ofthe individual bateres and sos greater ‘than that of any of them,10, A rectangular metal strip has dimensions x = 100 cm; y = 1 em and : = 0.5 em. Oban the ratio of resistances RR, and R, between respective pairs of opposite faces. Solution In Fig 1.7, R,=esistance along the length =p [Ry = tesistance along the breadth) and R.= —5— [R= resistance along the thickness! eo ray Me long 1 rye sis a » = 10, 1,05 05100" io0%7 tl 30 * 300 = 40,000: 4: 1. = 200 6A given conductor has a resistor of 5 02. What isthe resistance of another condue- ise" 6t the sare material, which bas one-half the diameter and five times the length of the ‘given conductor? 11, A circular wire of resistance 5 9 is stretched to twice its original length. ‘What will be the resistance of the wire now? - (Ans: 20.2) 14. A wite of resistance 20 2 is bend to form a 2 oinplete round loop. Find the amount of heat it will generate if a voltage of 10 V is applied at diametrical opposite points m — n in the loop (Fig. 1.12). (Ans: 20 W) [Hint: Let us assume two points p, q at the top 4 and bottom of the circle and diametrically oppo- +o site. It is obvious that across 10 V source, cur- tov rent will enter at m and pass to n through two parallel paths mpn and mga, Thus the equivalent Fig 11216. A copper wire of resistivity 1.7 x 10° ohm - m and density £900 kg/m? and an aluminium wire of resistivity 2.8 > 10° obm « m and density 2700 kg/m here the samme mass per nit length, What would be the ratio of resistances of aluminium and copper wire per unt length? Ry length sR Tlengih ct Basic Blecirical Engineering [Hint: Let &, and & be the resistance per unit length of copper and aluminium. SL Ah pla & 7 Rll” play a A Also, mass = volume x density. Here, amy = (ail dys m; = Caghaedy ion, Bot as per guenion, = d, _1.7x10* — g000 tewee ae wig © 2700"? &: __resistanceflength of aluminium — 1 Hence = = ———_______ = — & resistance/lengih of copper 218. Two wires made of the same materials and same cross-sectional area but the second wire has twice the mass than the first wire. If same current / flows through both the wites, what is the ratio of heat produced in the two wires? (Ans: In series Hy : Hy = 1: 2, im parallel, Hy : Hy =2: 1) (Hint: Let the first wire have mass m while the second wire have mass (2m). Using the relation, m =(a Dd (+: mass = volume x density) we find pu r= pt, 7 Pa Ry If they are connected in series, inthe first one heat produced is H ‘while in the second one heat produced is H; = PR, Fundamentals 35 On the other hand, when they are in parallel, V across each of them , rein sane Tete = vie y= i SOLVED PROBLEM 24.1 Since electric current is a flow of change, why are two wires rather than a single one used 10 ‘carry current? Ia single wire were used, charge of one sign or the other (depending on the situation) would be ppermancntly transferred ftom the source of eurrent tothe appliance at the far end ofthe wire. In a short time so much charge would have been transferred thatthe source would be unable to shift further charge against the repulsive force of the charge piled up at the appliance. Thus a single wire cannot carry ‘eurent continuously. The use of two wires, however, enables charge to be circulated fom source to appliance and back, so that a coatiauous one-way uw of cuciyy call lake place. SOLVED PROBLEM 24.7 A platinum wire 80 cm long is to have a resistance of U.1 {2. What should its diameter be? The resistivity of platinum is 1.1 = 10°? Om, Since R = pL/A = pLin?, iz (1.1 x 10-7 2-m)(0.8 m) a worm ‘The wire’ diameter should therefore be 2r= 1.06 mm. 0.53 mmThe same volume of copper can have any of the following combinations of length 1 and eross-sectional area A. Which combination has the most resistance? (@) Landa (®) U2 and 24 (©) Wand an (@) All have the same resistance because the volume of copper is the same. Find the resistance of 8 m of aluminum wire 0.1 mm in diameter. The resistivity of aluminum is 26 x 10° Om. How long should a copper wire 0.4 mm in diameter be for it to have a resistance of 10 12? The resistivity of copper is 1.7 x 10 ° im,