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No. 15-2154
Appellee,
v.
MIGUEL NIEVES-BORRERO,
Defendant, Appellant.
Before
May 1, 2017
BARRON, Circuit Judge. This appeal requires us to review
I.
that Nieves' base offense level under the United States Sentencing
forth a total adjusted offense level of 12. The parties did not
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Prior to sentencing, but after the parties entered into
("PSR"). The PSR set forth a base offense level of 26 for Nieves,
which was higher than the base offense level that the plea
agreement had set forth. The PSR used the higher figure because
to U.S.S.G. 4B1.2.
Puerto Rico Penal Code. See P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 33, 4750. The
PSR specified that the conviction was "for conduct that qualifies
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Act. See P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 24, 2406. The PSR specified that
conviction was for conduct that involved five firearms, and applied
of 25 for Nieves. The PSR also specified that Nieves had a CHC of
of 15 months' imprisonment.
the one set forth in the PSR, and specifically referred to Nieves'
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II.
Leonardo, 468 F.3d 34, 38 (1st Cir. 2006). Nieves responds that
error. See United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732 (1993). We
F.3d 131, 135 n.2 (1st Cir. 2016) (declining to decide whether
A.
Penal Code, see P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 33, 4750, cannot constitute
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a "crime of violence" under U.S.S.G. 2K2.1(a)(1)(B), as defined
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the residual clause. Cf. United States v. Thompson, No. 13-1822,
Guidelines).
clause and focus solely on the force clause, as the parties did in
F.3d 28, 35 (1st Cir. 2015). But, as the government points out,
on its face, Article 122 does not appear to apply to mere offensive
Cir. 2014) -- because Article 122 applies only where the defendant
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definition provided in the force clause. As Nieves fails to argue
force clause -- much less "point to his own case or other cases in
which the state courts in fact did apply the statute" in such a
B.
the Puerto Rico Controlled Substances Act. See P.R. Laws Ann.
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unreasonable, inconsistent with the guideline's text, or contrary
to law." United States v. Duong, 665 F.3d 364, 368 (1st Cir. 2012)
States v. Piper, 35 F.3d 611, 617 (1st Cir. 1994) (relying on the
C.
those offenses were qualifying. But Nieves did not make this
argument below, and, reviewing for plain error, see United States
that Nieves provides us with no basis for concluding that his prior
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rights were affected by any error. See United States v. Davis,
676 F.3d 3, 9-10 (1st Cir. 2012) (holding that a defendant failed
rights had been affected -- because he could not show that any
III.
religion. But Nieves did not raise this objection below either,
and so, here, too, our review is only for plain error. See Dvila-
following:
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received mental health treatment for anxiety as an adult
under State custody.
factor Nieves now identifies. But the District Court did take the
IV.
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